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<span>Benefits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Benefits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Crime</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8" title="اتصال بواسطة الحاسوب – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتصال بواسطة الحاسوب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komp%C3%BCter_vasit%C9%99%C3%A7iliyi_il%C9%99_kommunikasiya" title="Kompüter vasitəçiliyi ilə kommunikasiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kompüter vasitəçiliyi ilə kommunikasiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="পরিগণকের মধ্যস্থতায় যোগাযোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পরিগণকের মধ্যস্থতায় যোগাযোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8E%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Комуникация посредством компютър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Комуникация посредством компютър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sk%C3%A6rmbaseret_kommunikation" title="Skærmbaseret kommunikation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Skærmbaseret kommunikation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computervermittelte_Kommunikation" title="Computervermittelte Kommunikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Computervermittelte Kommunikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arvutisuhtlus" title="Arvutisuhtlus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Arvutisuhtlus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="ارتباطات با واسطه رایانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتباطات با واسطه رایانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_virtuelle" title="Communication virtuelle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communication virtuelle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BB%B4%ED%93%A8%ED%84%B0_%EB%A7%A4%EA%B0%9C_%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0" title="컴퓨터 매개 통신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="컴퓨터 매개 통신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="संगणक द्वारा संचार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संगणक द्वारा संचार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_bermediasi_komputer" title="Komunikasi bermediasi komputer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunikasi bermediasi komputer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicazione_mediata_dal_computer" title="Comunicazione mediata dal computer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Comunicazione mediata dal computer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91" title="למידה משולבת מחשב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="למידה משולבת מחשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interneta_komunik%C4%81cijas" title="Interneta komunikācijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Interneta komunikācijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicazzion_mediada_del_computer" title="Comunicazzion mediada del computer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Comunicazzion mediada del computer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Сметачки посредувано општење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сметачки посредувано општење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computerondersteunde_communicatie" title="Computerondersteunde communicatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Computerondersteunde communicatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer-Mediated_Communication" title="Computer-Mediated Communication – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Computer-Mediated Communication" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datamediert_kommunikasjon" title="Datamediert kommunikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Datamediert kommunikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikacja_internetowa" title="Komunikacja internetowa – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Komunikacja internetowa" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_em_rede" title="Comunicação em rede – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunicação em rede" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicarea_%C3%AEn_mediul_online" title="Comunicarea în mediul online – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Comunicarea în mediul online" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Компьютерно-опосредованная коммуникация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Компьютерно-опосредованная коммуникация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunalni%C5%A1ko_posredovana_komunikacija" title="Računalniško posredovana komunikacija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Računalniško posredovana komunikacija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tietokonev%C3%A4litteinen_viestint%C3%A4" title="Tietokonevälitteinen viestintä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tietokonevälitteinen viestintä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasyong_gamit_ang_kompyuter" title="Komunikasyong gamit ang kompyuter – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Komunikasyong gamit ang kompyuter" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilgisayar_arac%C4%B1l%C4%B1_ileti%C5%9Fim" title="Bilgisayar aracılı iletişim – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bilgisayar aracılı iletişim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мережеве спілкування – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мережеве спілкування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giao_ti%E1%BA%BFp_qua_m%C3%A1y_t%C3%ADnh_trung_gian" title="Giao tiếp qua máy tính trung gian – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giao tiếp qua máy tính trung gian" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E4%B8%AD%E4%BB%8B%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD" title="電腦中介傳播 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="電腦中介傳播" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q796573#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Human communication that occurs through the use of two or more electronic devices</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/CMC_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="CMC (disambiguation)">CMC (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the technical aspects, see <a href="/wiki/Data_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Data transmission">Data transmission</a>.</div> <p><b>Computer-mediated communication</b> (<b>CMC</b>) is defined as any human communication that occurs through the use of two or more <a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">electronic</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the term has <a href="/wiki/Traditionally" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionally">traditionally</a> referred to those communications that occur via computer-mediated formats (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a>, <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chat_room" title="Chat room">chat rooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Online_forums" class="mw-redirect" title="Online forums">online forums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">social network services</a>), it has also been applied to other forms of text-based interaction such as <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Research on CMC focuses largely on the social effects of different computer-supported communication technologies. Many recent studies involve Internet-based <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">social software</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Forms">Forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Computer-mediated communication can be broken down into two forms: synchronous and asynchronous.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Synchronous computer-mediated communication refers to communication that occurs in real-time. All parties are engaged in the communication simultaneously; however, they are not necessarily all in the same location.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of synchronous communication are video chats and audio calls. On the other hand, asynchronous computer-mediated communication refers to communication that takes place when the parties engaged are not communicating in unison. In other words, the sender does not receive an immediate response from the receiver. Most forms of computer-mediated technology are asynchronous.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of asynchronous communication are <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">emails</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope">Scope</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scope"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SmileyFaceEmoticonExample.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SmileyFaceEmoticonExample.png/222px-SmileyFaceEmoticonExample.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/SmileyFaceEmoticonExample.png/333px-SmileyFaceEmoticonExample.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6c/SmileyFaceEmoticonExample.png 2x" data-file-width="355" data-file-height="54" /></a><figcaption>Example of <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">emoticon</a> use, a <a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">paralinguistic</a> aspect of computer-mediated communication.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scholars from a variety of fields study phenomena that can be described under the umbrella term of computer-mediated communication (CMC) (see also <a href="/wiki/Internet_studies" title="Internet studies">Internet studies</a>). For example, many take a <a href="/wiki/Social_psychology_(sociology)" title="Social psychology (sociology)">sociopsychological</a> approach to CMC by examining how humans use "computers" (or <a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">digital media</a>) to manage interpersonal interaction, form impressions and maintain relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther96_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These studies have often focused on the differences between online and offline interactions, though contemporary research is moving towards the view that CMC should be studied as embedded in everyday life.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another branch of CMC research examines the use of <a href="/wiki/Paralanguage" title="Paralanguage">paralinguistic</a> features such as <a href="/wiki/Emoticon" title="Emoticon">emoticons</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">pragmatic</a> rules such as <a href="/wiki/Turn-taking" title="Turn-taking">turn-taking</a><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Sequential_analysis" title="Sequential analysis">sequential analysis</a> and organization of talk,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the various <a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">sociolects</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stylistics_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stylistics (linguistics)">styles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> or sets of terminology specific to these environments (see <a href="/wiki/Leet" title="Leet">Leet</a>). The study of language in these contexts is typically based on text-based forms of CMC, and is sometimes referred to as "computer-mediated discourse analysis".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way humans communicate in professional, social, and educational settings varies widely, depending upon not only the environment but also the method of communication in which the communication occurs, which in this case is through computers or other information and communication technologies (<a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology" title="Information and communications technology">ICTs</a>). The study of communication to achieve <a href="/wiki/Collaboration" title="Collaboration">collaboration</a>—common work products—is termed <a href="/wiki/Computer-supported_collaboration" title="Computer-supported collaboration">computer-supported collaboration</a> and includes only some of the concerns of other forms of CMC research. </p><p>Popular forms of CMC include <a href="/wiki/E-mail" class="mw-redirect" title="E-mail">e-mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_teleconference" class="mw-redirect" title="Video teleconference">video</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">audio</a> or <a href="/wiki/Text_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Text chat">text chat</a> (text conferencing including "instant messaging"), <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">bulletin board systems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mailing_list" title="Mailing list">list-servs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Massively_multiplayer_online_game" title="Massively multiplayer online game">MMOs</a>. These settings are changing rapidly with the development of new technologies. <a href="/wiki/Weblog" class="mw-redirect" title="Weblog">Weblogs</a> (blogs) have also become popular, and the exchange of <a href="/wiki/RSS_(file_format)" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS (file format)">RSS</a> data has better enabled users to each "become their own publisher". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communication occurring within a computer-mediated format has an effect on many different aspects of an interaction. Some of those that have received attention in the scholarly literature include impression formation, deception, group dynamics, disclosure reciprocity, disinhibition and especially relationship formation. </p><p>CMC is examined and compared to other communication media through a number of aspects thought to be universal to all forms of communication, including (but not limited to) <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">persistence</a> or "recordability", and <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a>. The association of these aspects with different forms of communication varies widely. For example, <a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a> is intrinsically synchronous but not persistent, since one loses all the content when one closes the dialog box unless one has a message log set up or has manually copy-pasted the conversation. E-mail and message boards, on the other hand, are low in synchronicity since response time varies, but high in persistence since messages sent and received are saved. Properties that separate CMC from other media also include transience, its <a href="/wiki/Multimodal_interaction" title="Multimodal interaction">multimodal</a> nature, and its relative lack of governing codes of conduct.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> CMC is able to overcome physical and social limitations of other forms of communication and therefore allow the interaction of people who are not physically sharing the same space. </p><p>Technology would be a powerful tool when defining communication as a learning process that needs a sender and receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Nicholas Jankowski in his book The Contours of Multimedia, a third party, like software, acts in the middle between a sender and receiver. The sender is interacting with this third party to send. The receiver interacts with it as well, creating an additional interaction with the medium itself along with the initially intended one between sender and receiver.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The medium in which people choose to communicate influences the extent to which people disclose personal information. CMC is marked by higher levels of self-disclosure in conversation as opposed to face-to-face interactions.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang,_C._2011_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang,_C._2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Self disclosure is any verbal communication of personally relevant information, thought, and feeling which establishes and maintains interpersonal relationships.<sup id="cite_ref-Jiang,_C._2011_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jiang,_C._2011-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due in part to visual anonymity and the absence of nonverbal cues which reduce concern for losing positive <a href="/wiki/Face_(sociological_concept)" title="Face (sociological concept)">face</a>. According to Walther’s (1996) <a href="/wiki/Hyperpersonal_model" title="Hyperpersonal model">hyperpersonal communication model</a>, computer-mediated communication is valuable in providing a better communication and better first impressions.<sup id="cite_ref-Walther96_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walther96-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Ramirez and Zhang (2007) indicate that computer-mediated communication allows more closeness and attraction between two individuals than a face-to-face communication.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Online impression management, self-disclosure, attentiveness, expressivity, composure and other skills contribute to competence in computer mediated communication.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, there is a considerable correspondence of skills in computer-mediated and face-to-face interaction<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> even though there is great diversity of online communication tools. </p><p>Anonymity and in part privacy and security depends more on the context and particular program being used or web page being visited. However, most researchers in the field acknowledge the importance of considering the psychological and social implications of these factors alongside the technical "limitations". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language_learning">Language learning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Language learning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Language_learning_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Language learning software">Language learning software</a></div> <p>CMC is widely discussed in language learning because CMC provides opportunities for language learners to practice their language.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, Warschauer<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conducted several case studies on using email or discussion boards in different language classes. Warschauer<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> claimed that information and communications technology “bridge the historic divide between speech...and writing”. Thus, considerable concern has arisen over the reading and writing research in <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">L2</a> due to the booming of the Internet. In the learning process, students, especially kids, need cognitive learning, but they also need social interaction, which enhances their psychological needs. Although technology has its powerful effect in assisting the English language learners to learn, it can not be a comprehensive way that covers different aspects of the learning process.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Benefits">Benefits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Benefits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The nature of CMC means that it is easy for individuals to engage in communication with others regardless of time, location, or other spatial constraints to communication.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In that CMC allows for individuals to collaborate on projects that would otherwise be impossible due to such factors as geography,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has enhanced social interaction not only between individuals but also in working life.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, CMC can also be useful for allowing individuals who might be intimidated due to factors like character or disabilities to participate in communication. By allowing an individual to communicate in a location of their choosing, a CMC call allows a person to engage in communication with minimal stress.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Making an individual comfortable through CMC also plays a role in self-disclosure, which allows a communicative partner to open up more easily and be more expressive. When communicating through an electronic medium, individuals are less likely to engage in stereotyping and are less self-conscious about physical characteristics. The role that anonymity plays in online communication can also encourage some users to be less defensive and form relationships with others more rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While computer-mediated communication can be beneficial, technological mediation can also inhibit the communication process.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (April 2021)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> Unlike face-to-face communication, nonverbal cues such as tone and physical gestures, which assist in conveying the message, are lost through computer-mediated communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the message being communicated is more vulnerable to being misunderstood due to a wrong interpretation of tone or word meaning. Moreover, according to Dr. Sobel-Lojeski of Stony Brook University and Professor Westwell of Flinders University, the virtual distance that is fundamental to computer-mediated communication can create a psychological and emotional sense of detachment, which can contribute to sentiments of societal isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Crime">Crime</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crime"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cybersex_trafficking" title="Cybersex trafficking">Cybersex trafficking</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cybersex_Trafficking_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cybersex_Trafficking-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other <a href="/wiki/Cyber_crimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyber crimes">cyber crimes</a> involve computer-mediated communication. Cybercriminals can carry out the crimes in any location where they have a computer or tablet with a <a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">webcam</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a> with an <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> connection.<sup id="cite_ref-Cybersex_Trafficking_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cybersex_Trafficking-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also rely on <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> networks, <a href="/wiki/Videoconferences" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferences">videoconferences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pornographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pornographic">pornographic</a> video sharing websites, dating pages, online chat rooms, apps, <a href="/wiki/Dark_web" title="Dark web">dark web</a> sites,<sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews.com_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use <a href="/wiki/Online_payment" class="mw-redirect" title="Online payment">online payment systems</a><sup id="cite_ref-nbcnews.com_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nbcnews.com-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrencies">cryptocurrencies</a> to hide their identities.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millions of reports of these crimes are sent to authorities annually.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New laws and police procedures are needed to combat crimes involving CMC.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emotions_in_virtual_communication" title="Emotions in virtual communication">Emotions in virtual communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_relationship" title="Internet relationship">Internet relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_community" title="Discourse community">Discourse community</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMcQuail2005" class="citation book cs1">McQuail, Denis (2005). <i>McQuail's Mass Communication Theory</i>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0372-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-0372-1"><bdi>978-1-4129-0372-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=McQuail%27s+Mass+Communication+Theory&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-0372-1&rft.aulast=McQuail&rft.aufirst=Denis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThurlowLengelTomic2004" class="citation book cs1">Thurlow, Crispin; Lengel, Laura; Tomic, Alice (2004). <i>Computer Mediated Communication</i>. SAGE. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4954-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7619-4954-1"><bdi>978-0-7619-4954-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Mediated+Communication&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7619-4954-1&rft.aulast=Thurlow&rft.aufirst=Crispin&rft.au=Lengel%2C+Laura&rft.au=Tomic%2C+Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin2016" class="citation web cs1">Chin, Leonora (March 5, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newtechnocomm.wordpress.com/2016/03/05/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-computer-mediated-communication-in-the-context-of-unimas-students-and-staff/">"Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer-Mediated Communication in the Context of UNIMAS Students and Staff"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Advantages+and+Disadvantages+of+Computer-Mediated+Communication+in+the+Context+of+UNIMAS+Students+and+Staff&rft.date=2016-03-05&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Leonora&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewtechnocomm.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F03%2F05%2Fadvantages-and-disadvantages-of-computer-mediated-communication-in-the-context-of-unimas-students-and-staff%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaloneGulati" class="citation web cs1">Malone, Erin; Gulati, Harjeet S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190910150140/http://designingsocialinterfaces.com/patterns/Synchronous_vs._Asynchronous">"Designing Social Interfaces"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Designing+Social+Interfaces&rft.aulast=Malone&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft.au=Gulati%2C+Harjeet+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdesigningsocialinterfaces.com%2Fpatterns%2FSynchronous_vs._Asynchronous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Walther96-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walther96_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walther96_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalther1996" class="citation journal cs1">Walther, Joseph B. (1 February 1996). 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Teachers College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8077-4726-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8077-4726-1"><bdi>978-0-8077-4726-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Laptops+and+Literacy%3A+Learning+in+the+Wireless+Classroom&rft.pub=Teachers+College+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-8077-4726-1&rft.aulast=Warschauer&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeborah" class="citation web cs1">Deborah, Healey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/7999961">"Learner Autonomy with Technology: What do language learners need to be successful?"</a>. English Language Institute, Oregon State University – via academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learner+Autonomy+with+Technology%3A+What+do+language+learners+need+to+be+successful%3F&rft.pub=English+Language+Institute%2C+Oregon+State+University&rft.aulast=Deborah&rft.aufirst=Healey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7999961&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin-Rubió2018" class="citation book cs1">Martin-Rubió, Xavier (2018-09-30). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SupwDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA9"><i>Contextualising English as a Lingua Franca: From Data to Insights</i></a>. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1696-0"><bdi>978-1-5275-1696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contextualising+English+as+a+Lingua+Franca%3A+From+Data+to+Insights&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2018-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-1696-0&rft.aulast=Martin-Rubi%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSupwDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Crum, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://denvertechnology.blogspot.com/2012/11/advantages-and-disadvantages-of.html">"Advantages and Disadvantages of Computer-Mediated Communication"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzAakhus2002" class="citation book cs1">Katz, James E.; Aakhus, Mark (2002-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt5AsHEgUh0C&dq=mobile+communication+studies&pg=PR9"><i>Perpetual Contact: Mobile Communication, Private Talk, Public Performance</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00266-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-00266-0"><bdi>978-0-521-00266-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perpetual+Contact%3A+Mobile+Communication%2C+Private+Talk%2C+Public+Performance&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002-03-21&rft.isbn=978-0-521-00266-0&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=James+E.&rft.au=Aakhus%2C+Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWt5AsHEgUh0C%26dq%3Dmobile%2Bcommunication%2Bstudies%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/techno/cmcasset.htm">"Computer-Mediated Communication in the Classroom: Asset or Liability?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218182124/http://www.uky.edu/~drlane/techno/cmcasset.htm">Archived</a> 2014-12-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchoutenValkenburgPeter2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schouten, Alexander P.; Valkenburg, Patti M.; Peter, Jochen (1 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cyberpsychology.eu/article/view/4227">"An Experimental Test of Processes Underlying Self-Disclosure in Computer-Mediated Communication"</a>. <i>Cyberpsychology: Journal of Psychosocial Research on Cyberspace</i>. <b>3</b> (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cyberpsychology%3A+Journal+of+Psychosocial+Research+on+Cyberspace&rft.atitle=An+Experimental+Test+of+Processes+Underlying+Self-Disclosure+in+Computer-Mediated+Communication&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft.aulast=Schouten&rft.aufirst=Alexander+P.&rft.au=Valkenburg%2C+Patti+M.&rft.au=Peter%2C+Jochen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcyberpsychology.eu%2Farticle%2Fview%2F4227&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenell" class="citation web cs1">Fenell, Zachary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techwalla.com/articles/disadvantage-for-communication-in-computer-technology">"Disadvantage for Communication in Computer Technology"</a>. <i>Techwalla</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Techwalla&rft.atitle=Disadvantage+for+Communication+in+Computer+Technology&rft.aulast=Fenell&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techwalla.com%2Farticles%2Fdisadvantage-for-communication-in-computer-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSobel-LojeskiWestwell2016" class="citation web cs1">Sobel-Lojeski, Karen; Westwell, Martin (May 27, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/virtual-distance-technology-is-rewriting-the-rulebook-for-human-interaction-38693">"Virtual distance: technology is rewriting the rulebook for human interaction"</a>. <i>The Conversation</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Virtual+distance%3A+technology+is+rewriting+the+rulebook+for+human+interaction&rft.date=2016-05-27&rft.aulast=Sobel-Lojeski&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Westwell%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fvirtual-distance-technology-is-rewriting-the-rulebook-for-human-interaction-38693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnn.com/2013/07/17/world/asia/philippines-cybersex-trafficking/index.html">"Cyber-sex trafficking: A 21st century scourge"</a>. <i>CNN</i>. July 18, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Cyber-sex+trafficking%3A+A+21st+century+scourge&rft.date=2013-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2013%2F07%2F17%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fphilippines-cybersex-trafficking%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedom-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html">"IJM Seeks to End Cybersex Trafficking of Children and #RestartFreedom this Cyber Monday and Giving Tuesday"</a>. <i>PR Newswire</i>. November 28, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PR+Newswire&rft.atitle=IJM+Seeks+to+End+Cybersex+Trafficking+of+Children+and+%23RestartFreedom+this+Cyber+Monday+and+Giving+Tuesday&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.prnewswire.com%2Fnews-releases%2Fijm-seeks-to-end-cybersex-trafficking-of-children-and-restartfreedom-this-cyber-monday-and-giving-tuesday-300368744.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cybersex_Trafficking-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cybersex_Trafficking_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cybersex_Trafficking_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ijmuk.org/our-work/cybersex-trafficking">"Cybersex Trafficking"</a>. <i>IJM</i>. 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IJM&rft.atitle=Cybersex+Trafficking&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ijmuk.org%2Four-work%2Fcybersex-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nbcnews.com-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nbcnews.com_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nbcnews.com_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/cheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking-n886886">"Cheap tech and widespread internet access fuel rise in cybersex trafficking"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. June 30, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Cheap+tech+and+widespread+internet+access+fuel+rise+in+cybersex+trafficking&rft.date=2018-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Ftech%2Ftech-news%2Fcheap-tech-widespread-internet-access-fuel-rise-cybersex-trafficking-n886886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2019/11/11/1967750/senate-probe-rise-child-cybersex-trafficking">"Senate to probe rise in child cybersex trafficking"</a>. <i>The Philippine Star</i>. November 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Philippine+Star&rft.atitle=Senate+to+probe+rise+in+child+cybersex+trafficking&rft.date=2019-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.philstar.com%2Fheadlines%2F2019%2F11%2F11%2F1967750%2Fsenate-probe-rise-child-cybersex-trafficking&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-children/global-taskforce-tackles-cybersex-child-trafficking-in-the-philippines-idUSKCN1RR1D1">"Global taskforce tackles cybersex child trafficking in the Philippines"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. April 15, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Global+taskforce+tackles+cybersex+child+trafficking+in+the+Philippines&rft.date=2019-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-philippines-trafficking-children%2Fglobal-taskforce-tackles-cybersex-child-trafficking-in-the-philippines-idUSKCN1RR1D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-philippines-trafficking-technology/webcam-slavery-tech-turns-filipino-families-into-cybersex-child-traffickers-idUSKBN1JE00X">"Webcam slavery: tech turns Filipino families into cybersex child traffickers"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. June 17, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Webcam+slavery%3A+tech+turns+Filipino+families+into+cybersex+child+traffickers&rft.date=2018-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fus-philippines-trafficking-technology%2Fwebcam-slavery-tech-turns-filipino-families-into-cybersex-child-traffickers-idUSKBN1JE00X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/3008403/how-internet-fuels-sexual-exploitation-and-forced-labour">"How the internet fuels sexual exploitation and forced labour in Asia"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. May 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=How+the+internet+fuels+sexual+exploitation+and+forced+labour+in+Asia&rft.date=2019-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fcomment%2Finsight-opinion%2Farticle%2F3008403%2Fhow-internet-fuels-sexual-exploitation-and-forced-labour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/east-asia-pacific/philippines-makes-more-child-cybersex-crime-arrests-rescues">"Philippines Makes More Child Cybersex Crime Arrests, Rescues"</a>. <i>VOA</i>. May 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VOA&rft.atitle=Philippines+Makes+More+Child+Cybersex+Crime+Arrests%2C+Rescues&rft.date=2017-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Feast-asia-pacific%2Fphilippines-makes-more-child-cybersex-crime-arrests-rescues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/3026664/how-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder-tackle-cybersex">"Cybersex trafficking spreads across Southeast Asia, fuelled by internet boom. And the law lags behind"</a>. <i>South China Morning Post</i>. September 11, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=South+China+Morning+Post&rft.atitle=Cybersex+trafficking+spreads+across+Southeast+Asia%2C+fuelled+by+internet+boom.+And+the+law+lags+behind&rft.date=2019-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scmp.com%2Fnews%2Fasia%2Fsoutheast-asia%2Farticle%2F3026664%2Fhow-cambodias-outdated-laws-make-it-harder-tackle-cybersex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Computer-mediated_communication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhernPeckLaycock1992" class="citation journal cs1">Ahern, Terence C.; Peck, Kyle; Laycock, Mary (1 August 1992). "The Effects of Teacher Discourse in Computer-Mediated Discussion". <i>Journal of Educational Computing Research</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 291–309. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2190%2FHFPW-JYR3-YMBE-0J7D">10.2190/HFPW-JYR3-YMBE-0J7D</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:62501416">62501416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Educational+Computing+Research&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Teacher+Discourse+in+Computer-Mediated+Discussion&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=291-309&rft.date=1992-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2190%2FHFPW-JYR3-YMBE-0J7D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A62501416%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ahern&rft.aufirst=Terence+C.&rft.au=Peck%2C+Kyle&rft.au=Laycock%2C+Mary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngeliValanidesBonk2003" class="citation journal cs1">Angeli, Charoula; Valanides, Nicos; Bonk, Curtis J. (2003). "Communication in a web-based conferencing system: the quality of computer-mediated interactions". <i>British Journal of Educational Technology</i>. <b>34</b> (1): 31–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-8535.d01-4">10.1111/1467-8535.d01-4</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13312941">13312941</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Educational+Technology&rft.atitle=Communication+in+a+web-based+conferencing+system%3A+the+quality+of+computer-mediated+interactions&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=31-43&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-8535.d01-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A13312941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Angeli&rft.aufirst=Charoula&rft.au=Valanides%2C+Nicos&rft.au=Bonk%2C+Curtis+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBannan-Ritland2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bannan-Ritland, Brenda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.learntechlib.org/p/95271/">"Computer-Mediated Communication, eLearning, and Interactivity: A Review of the Research"</a>. <i>Quarterly Review of Distance Education</i>. <b>3</b> (2): 161–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Review+of+Distance+Education&rft.atitle=Computer-Mediated+Communication%2C+eLearning%2C+and+Interactivity%3A+A+Review+of+the+Research&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=161-79&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Bannan-Ritland&rft.aufirst=Brenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.learntechlib.org%2Fp%2F95271%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaym1995" class="citation book cs1">Baym, N. K. (1995). "The emergence of community in computer-mediated communication". In Jones, Steve (ed.). <i>CyberSociety</i>. SAGE. pp. 138–163. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-5677-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-5677-3"><bdi>978-0-8039-5677-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+emergence+of+community+in+computer-mediated+communication&rft.btitle=CyberSociety&rft.pages=138-163&rft.pub=SAGE&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8039-5677-3&rft.aulast=Baym&rft.aufirst=N.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosso2018" class="citation book cs1">Bosso, Rino (2018). 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Cambridge Scholars Publishing. pp. 10–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1696-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1696-0"><bdi>978-1-5275-1696-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=First+Steps+in+Exploring+Computer-Mediated+English+as+a+Lingua+Franca&rft.btitle=Contextualising+English+as+a+Lingua+Franca%3A+From+Data+to+Insights&rft.pages=10-35&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-1696-0&rft.aulast=Bosso&rft.aufirst=Rino&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AComputer-mediated+communication" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopherThomasTallent-Runnels2004" class="citation journal cs1">Christopher, Mary M.; Thomas, Julie A.; Tallent-Runnels, Mary K. 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Template talk:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated_communication" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer-mediated communication"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer-mediated_communication" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer-mediated communication</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Online chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_discussion" class="mw-redirect" title="Online discussion">Online discussion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_software" title="Communication software">Communication software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collaborative_software" title="Collaborative software">Collaborative software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">Social network service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_learning_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual learning environment">Virtual learning environment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asynchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Asynchronous conferencing">Asynchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_mailing_list" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic mailing list">Electronic mailing list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">Internet forum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Textboard" title="Textboard">Textboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imageboard" title="Imageboard">Imageboard</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_board_system" title="Bulletin board system">Bulletin board system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guestbook" title="Guestbook">Online guestbook</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_conferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous conferencing">Synchronous conferencing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Data_conferencing" title="Data conferencing">Data conferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Relay_Chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Relay Chat">Internet Relay Chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_messenger" title="LAN messenger">LAN messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talker" title="Talker">Talker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Videoconferencing" class="mw-redirect" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_over_IP" title="Voice over IP">Voice over IP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voice_chat_in_online_gaming" title="Voice chat in online gaming">Voice chat in online gaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_chat" class="mw-redirect" title="Web chat">Web chat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_conferencing" title="Web conferencing">Web conferencing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publishing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blog" title="Blog">Blog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblogging" title="Microblogging">Microblogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiki" title="Wiki">Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communication_studies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communication_studies" title="Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communication_studies" title="Template talk:Communication studies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communication_studies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communication studies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communication_studies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">Communication studies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication_studies" title="History of communication studies">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_communication" title="Outline of communication">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Topics and<br /> terminology</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biocommunication_(science)" title="Biocommunication (science)">Biocommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">Communication</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conversation" title="Conversation">Conversation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">History of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">Interpersonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrapersonal_communication" title="Intrapersonal communication">Intrapersonal </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">Symbol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_symbols" title="List of symbols">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_and_conversation_theory" title="Text and conversation theory">Text and conversation theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Writing" title="Writing">Writing</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Encoding_communication.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Encoding communication"><img alt="Encoding communication" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/120px-Encoding_communication.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_communication" title="Mass communication">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. Tankard Jr.">Tankard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Tannen" title="Deborah Tannen">Tannen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Wertheimer" title="Max Wertheimer">Wertheimer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Communication_studies" title="Category:Communication studies">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Evolutionary psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Evolutionary_psychology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology" title="Evolutionary psychology">Evolutionary psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="History of evolutionary psychology">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_evolutionary_thought" title="History of evolutionary thought">Evolutionary thought</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_foundations_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Theoretical foundations of evolutionary psychology">Theoretical foundations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adaptationism" title="Adaptationism">Adaptationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_revolution" title="Cognitive revolution">Cognitive revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitivism_(psychology)" title="Cognitivism (psychology)">Cognitivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene-centered_view_of_evolution" title="Gene-centered view of evolution">Gene selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_synthesis_(20th_century)" title="Modern synthesis (20th century)">Modern synthesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_evolutionary_psychology" title="Criticism of evolutionary psychology">Criticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Human_evolution" title="Human evolution">Evolutionary<br />processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_adaptation" title="Psychological adaptation">Adaptations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism_(biology)" title="Altruism (biology)">Altruism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheating_(biology)" title="Cheating (biology)">Cheating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamiltonian_spite" title="Hamiltonian spite">Hamiltonian spite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_altruism_in_humans" title="Reciprocal altruism in humans">Reciprocal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldwin_effect" title="Baldwin effect">Baldwin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spandrel_(biology)" title="Spandrel (biology)">By-products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionarily_stable_strategy" title="Evolutionarily stable strategy">Evolutionarily stable strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exaptation" title="Exaptation">Exaptation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fitness_(biology)" title="Fitness (biology)">Fitness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inclusive_fitness_in_humans" title="Inclusive fitness in humans">Inclusive</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin_selection" title="Kin selection">Kin selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_mismatch" title="Evolutionary mismatch">Mismatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_investment" title="Parental investment">Parental investment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parent%E2%80%93offspring_conflict" title="Parent–offspring conflict">Parent–offspring conflict</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_selection_in_humans" title="Sexual selection in humans">Sexual selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Costly_signaling_theory_in_evolutionary_psychology" title="Costly signaling theory in evolutionary psychology">Costly signaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_intrasexual_competition" title="Male intrasexual competition">Male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Female_intrasexual_competition" title="Female intrasexual competition">female intrasexual competition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_choice" title="Mate choice">Mate choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_dimorphism" title="Sexual dimorphism">Sexual dimorphism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_selection" title="Social selection">Social selection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_cognition" title="Evolution of cognition">Cognition</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_emotion" title="Evolution of emotion">Emotion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_(psychology)" title="Affect (psychology)">Affect</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affect_display" title="Affect display">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_rules" title="Display rules">Display rules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facial_expression" title="Facial expression">Facial expression</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_module" title="Cognitive module">Cognitive module</a>/<a href="/wiki/Modularity_of_mind" title="Modularity of mind">modularity of mind</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_and_controlled_processes" title="Automatic and controlled processes">Automatic and controlled processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_theory_of_mind" title="Computational theory of mind">Computational theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-general_learning" title="Domain-general learning">Domain generality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain_specificity" title="Domain specificity">Domain specificity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_process_theory" title="Dual process theory">Dual process theory</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_tradeoff_hypothesis" title="Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis">Cognitive tradeoff hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_brain" title="Evolution of the brain">Evolution of the brain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_nervous_systems" title="Evolution of nervous systems">Evolution of nervous systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight-or-flight_response" title="Fight-or-flight response">Fight-or-flight response</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arachnophobia" title="Arachnophobia">Arachnophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_falling" title="Fear of falling">Basophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophidiophobia" title="Ophidiophobia">Ophidiophobia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_biology" title="Folk biology">Folk biology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Folk_taxonomy" title="Folk taxonomy">taxonomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_psychology" title="Folk psychology">Folk psychology</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theory_of_mind" title="Theory of mind">theory of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_human_intelligence" title="Evolution of human intelligence">Intelligence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flynn_effect" title="Flynn effect">Flynn effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wason_selection_task" title="Wason selection task">Wason selection task</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motor_control" title="Motor control">Motor control</a>/<a href="/wiki/Motor_skill" title="Motor skill">skill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_multitasking" title="Human multitasking">Multitasking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sleep" title="Neuroscience of sleep">Sleep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_color_vision_in_primates" title="Evolution of color vision in primates">Color vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_the_eye" title="Evolution of the eye">Eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Na%C3%AFve_physics" title="Naïve physics">Naïve physics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_and_culture" title="Evolutionary psychology and culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_aesthetics" title="Evolutionary aesthetics">Aesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Darwinian_literary_studies" title="Darwinian literary studies">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Musicology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_anthropology" title="Evolutionary anthropology">Anthropology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_anthropology" title="Biological anthropology">Biological</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosocial_criminology" title="Biosocial criminology">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_linguistics" title="Evolutionary linguistics">Language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_language" title="Evolutionary psychology of language">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_speech" title="Origin of speech">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_morality" title="Evolution of morality">Morality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_foundations_theory" title="Moral foundations theory">Moral foundations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religions" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolutionary origin of religions">Origin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">Universals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_developmental_psychology" title="Evolutionary developmental psychology">Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_theory" title="Attachment theory">Attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_bonding" title="Human bonding">Bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affectional_bond" title="Affectional bond">Affectional</a>/<a href="/wiki/Maternal_bond" title="Maternal bond">maternal</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paternal_bond" title="Paternal bond">paternal bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_deprivation" title="Maternal deprivation">Caregiver deprivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_children" title="Attachment in children">Childhood attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinderella_effect" title="Cinderella effect">Cinderella effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_development" title="Cognitive development">Cognitive development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_educational_psychology" title="Evolutionary educational psychology">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_acquisition" title="Language acquisition">Language acquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personality_development" title="Personality development">Personality development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization" title="Socialization">Socialization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ergonomics" title="Ergonomics">Human factors</a> /<br /><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychiatry" title="Evolutionary psychiatry">Mental health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_ergonomics" title="Cognitive ergonomics">Cognitive ergonomics</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Computer-mediated communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_psychology" title="Engineering psychology">Engineering psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_naturalness_theory" title="Media naturalness theory">Media naturalness theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroergonomics" title="Neuroergonomics">Neuroergonomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_approaches_to_depression" title="Evolutionary approaches to depression">Depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Digital media use and mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accident-proneness" title="Accident-proneness">Hypophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprinted_brain_hypothesis" title="Imprinted brain hypothesis">Imprinted brain hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind-blindness" title="Mind-blindness">Mind-blindness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_effects_of_Internet_use" title="Psychological effects of Internet use">Psychological effects of Internet use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rank_theory_of_depression" title="Rank theory of depression">Rank theory of depression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_of_schizophrenia" title="Evolution of schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_time" title="Screen time">Screen time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphones_and_pedestrian_safety" title="Smartphones and pedestrian safety">Smartphones and pedestrian safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_aspects_of_television" title="Social aspects of television">Social aspects of television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Societal_impacts_of_cars" title="Societal impacts of cars">Societal impacts of cars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distracted_driving" title="Distracted driving">Distracted driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93crime_hypothesis" title="Lead–crime hypothesis">Lead–crime hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Mobile phones and driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sexology" title="Sexology">Sex</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexual_activity" title="Human sexual activity">Activity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attachment_in_adults" title="Attachment in adults">Adult attachment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_disparity_in_sexual_relationships" title="Age disparity in sexual relationships">Age disparity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">Arousal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concealed_ovulation" title="Concealed ovulation">Concealed ovulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coolidge_effect" title="Coolidge effect">Coolidge effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_desire" title="Sexual desire">Desire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_fantasy" title="Sexual fantasy">Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_hormones_on_sexual_motivation" title="Effects of hormones on sexual motivation">Hormonal motivation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_jealousy" title="Sexual jealousy">Jealousy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mate_guarding_in_humans" title="Mate guarding in humans">Mate guarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mating_preferences" title="Mating preferences">Mating preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_mating_strategies" title="Human mating strategies">Mating strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology_and_sexual_orientation" title="Biology and sexual orientation">Orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovulatory_shift_hypothesis" title="Ovulatory shift hypothesis">Ovulatory shift hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_bond" title="Pair bond">Pair bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_attractiveness" title="Physical attractiveness">Physical</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sexual_attraction" title="Sexual attraction">Sexual attraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">Sexuality</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_male_sexuality" title="Human male sexuality">male</a>/<a href="/wiki/Human_female_sexuality" title="Human female sexuality">female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexy_son_hypothesis" title="Sexy son hypothesis">Sexy son hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westermarck_effect" title="Westermarck effect">Westermarck effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_psychology" title="Sex differences in psychology">Sex differences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">Aggression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_and_gender_differences_in_autism" title="Sex and gender differences in autism">Autism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_cognition" title="Sex differences in cognition">Cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_crime" title="Sex differences in crime">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_division_of_labour" title="Sexual division of labour">Division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_emotional_intelligence" title="Sex differences in emotional intelligence">Emotional intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathising%E2%80%93systemising_theory" title="Empathising–systemising theory">Empathising–systemising theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_intelligence" title="Sex differences in intelligence">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_memory" title="Sex differences in memory">Memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_disorders_and_gender" title="Mental disorders and gender">Mental health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_narcissism" title="Sex differences in narcissism">Narcissism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_sex_differences" title="Neuroscience of sex differences">Neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_differences_in_schizophrenia" title="Sex differences in schizophrenia">Schizophrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_abuse" title="Substance abuse">Substance abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_differences_in_suicide" title="Gender differences in suicide">Suicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Variability_hypothesis" title="Variability hypothesis">Variability hypothesis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;">Related subjects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic disciplines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_economics" title="Evolutionary economics">evolutionary economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_epigenetics" title="Behavioral epigenetics">Behavioral epigenetics</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioural_genetics" title="Behavioural genetics">genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affective_neuroscience" title="Affective neuroscience">Affective</a>/<a href="/wiki/Behavioral_neuroscience" title="Behavioral neuroscience">behavioral</a>/<a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience" title="Cognitive neuroscience">cognitive</a>/<a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_neuroscience" title="Evolutionary neuroscience">evolutionary neuroscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biocultural_anthropology" title="Biocultural anthropology">Biocultural anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">Biological psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_psychology" title="Cognitive psychology">Cognitive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">Cognitive science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_psychology" title="Cross-cultural psychology">Cross-cultural psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethology" title="Ethology">Ethology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_biology" title="Evolutionary biology">Evolutionary biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_medicine" title="Evolutionary medicine">Evolutionary medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_psychology" title="Functional psychology">Functional psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuropsychology" title="Neuropsychology">Neuropsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_mind" title="Philosophy of mind">Philosophy of mind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_genetics" title="Population genetics">Population genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primatology" title="Primatology">Primatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociobiology" title="Sociobiology">Sociobiology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_evolution" title="Cultural evolution">Cultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" title="Evolutionary epistemology">Evolutionary epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_ape_language" title="Great ape language">Great ape language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93animal_communication" title="Human–animal communication">Human–animal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_heritability_problem" title="Missing heritability problem">Missing heritability problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_cognition" title="Primate cognition">Primate cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_of_selection" title="Unit of selection">Unit of selection</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coevolution" title="Coevolution">Coevolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_group_selection" title="Cultural group selection">Cultural group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_inheritance_theory" title="Dual inheritance theory">Dual inheritance theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher%27s_principle" title="Fisher's principle">Fisher's principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_selection" title="Group selection">Group selection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologenome_theory_of_evolution" title="Hologenome theory of evolution">Hologenome theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamarckism" title="Lamarckism">Lamarckism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population" title="Population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punctuated_equilibrium" title="Punctuated equilibrium">Punctuated equilibrium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recent_human_evolution" title="Recent human evolution">Recent human evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">Species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Species_complex" title="Species complex">Species complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgenerational_epigenetic_inheritance" title="Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance">Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trivers%E2%80%93Willard_hypothesis" title="Trivers–Willard hypothesis">Trivers–Willard hypothesis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theoretical positions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_selection_theory" title="Cultural selection theory">Cultural selection theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Determinism" title="Determinism">Determinism</a>/<a href="/wiki/Indeterminism" title="Indeterminism">indeterminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_determinism" title="Biological determinism">Biological determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connectionism" title="Connectionism">Connectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_determinism" title="Cultural determinism">Cultural determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_determinism" title="Environmental determinism">Environmental determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_versus_nurture" title="Nature versus nurture">Nature versus nurture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_nativism" title="Psychological nativism">Psychological nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_constructionism" title="Social constructionism">Social constructionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_determinism" title="Social determinism">Social determinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_social_science_model" title="Standard social science model">Standard social science model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)">Functionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memetics" title="Memetics">Memetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilineal_evolution" title="Multilineal evolution">Multilineal evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Darwinism" title="Neo-Darwinism">Neo-Darwinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoevolutionism" title="Neoevolutionism">Neoevolutionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociocultural_evolution" title="Sociocultural evolution">Sociocultural evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unilineal_evolution" title="Unilineal evolution">Unilineal evolution</a></li></ul> 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