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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Terminology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognized_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognized_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Recognized peoples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recognized_peoples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recognized peoples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recognized_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_ethnic_groups_recognized_by_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_ethnic_groups_recognized_by_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Indigenous ethnic groups recognized by Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_ethnic_groups_recognized_by_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Taiwanese_in_the_PRC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Taiwanese_in_the_PRC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Indigenous Taiwanese in the PRC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Taiwanese_in_the_PRC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assimilation_and_acculturation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assimilation_and_acculturation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Assimilation and acculturation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assimilation_and_acculturation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assimilation and acculturation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assimilation_and_acculturation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Current_forms_of_assimilation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_forms_of_assimilation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Current forms of assimilation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_forms_of_assimilation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surnames_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surnames_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Surnames and identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surnames_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 History of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plains_indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plains_indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Plains indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plains_indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contact_with_Chinese" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contact_with_Chinese"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Contact with Chinese </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contact_with_Chinese-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_period_(1623–1662)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_period_(1623–1662)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 European period (1623–1662) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_period_(1623–1662)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kingdom_of_Tungning_(1661–1683)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kingdom_of_Tungning_(1661–1683)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Tungning_(1661–1683)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_dynasty_rule_(1683–1895)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_dynasty_rule_(1683–1895)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Qing dynasty rule (1683–1895) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_dynasty_rule_(1683–1895)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quarantine_policies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarantine_policies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Quarantine policies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarantine_policies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Qing_classification_of_indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Qing_classification_of_indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Qing classification of indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Qing_classification_of_indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settler_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settler_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Settler expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settler_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_to_highlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_to_highlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.4 Migration to highlands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_to_highlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonization_in_reaction_to_crises" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonization_in_reaction_to_crises"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.5 Colonization in reaction to crises </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonization_in_reaction_to_crises-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Highland_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Highland_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Highland peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Highland_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Headhunting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Headhunting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6.1 Headhunting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Headhunting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_rule_(1895–1945)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_rule_(1895–1945)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Japanese rule (1895–1945) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_rule_(1895–1945)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kuomintang_single-party_rule_(1945–1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kuomintang_single-party_rule_(1945–1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Kuomintang single-party rule (1945–1987) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kuomintang_single-party_rule_(1945–1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transition_to_democracy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transition_to_democracy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Transition to democracy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transition_to_democracy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aborigines_in_the_democratic_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aborigines_in_the_democratic_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Aborigines in the democratic era </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aborigines_in_the_democratic_era-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Aborigines in the democratic era subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Aborigines_in_the_democratic_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indigenous_political_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_political_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Indigenous political movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_political_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_political_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_political_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Indigenous political representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_political_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Right_to_hunt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Right_to_hunt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 Right to hunt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Right_to_hunt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Claimed_admixture_with_Taiwanese_Han" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Claimed_admixture_with_Taiwanese_Han"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Claimed admixture with Taiwanese Han </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Claimed_admixture_with_Taiwanese_Han-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Economic issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecological_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Ecological issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks,_tourism,_and_commercialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks,_tourism,_and_commercialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Parks, tourism, and commercialization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks,_tourism,_and_commercialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indigenous_Peoples'_Day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indigenous_Peoples'_Day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.9 Indigenous Peoples' Day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indigenous_Peoples'_Day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pulima_Art_Festival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pulima_Art_Festival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.10 Pulima Art Festival </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pulima_Art_Festival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Genetics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 46 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-46" aria-hidden="true" > 46 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D8%B5%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="تايوانيون أصليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تايوانيون أصليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abor%C3%ADxenes_de_Taiw%C3%A1n" title="Aboríxenes de Taiwán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aboríxenes de Taiwán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%80" title="তাইওয়ানীয় আদিবাসী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তাইওয়ানীয় আদিবাসী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2i-o%C3%A2n_go%C3%A2n-ch%C5%AB-b%C3%AEn" title="Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tâi-oân goân-chū-bîn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ind%C3%ADgenes_taiwanesos" title="Indígenes taiwanesos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Indígenes taiwanesos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oprindelige_taiwanere" title="Oprindelige taiwanere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oprindelige taiwanere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigene_V%C3%B6lker_Taiwans" title="Indigene Völker Taiwans – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Indigene Völker Taiwans" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abor%C3%ADgenes_de_Taiw%C3%A1n" title="Aborígenes de Taiwán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aborígenes de Taiwán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indi%C4%9Denoj_de_Tajvano" title="Indiĝenoj de Tajvano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Indiĝenoj de Tajvano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بومیان تایوان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بومیان تایوان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborig%C3%A8nes_de_Ta%C3%AFwan" title="Aborigènes de Taïwan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Aborigènes de Taïwan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bund%C3%BAchasaigh_Fhorm%C3%B3sacha" title="Bundúchasaigh Fhormósacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bundúchasaigh Fhormósacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobos_ind%C3%ADxenas_de_Taiw%C3%A1n" title="Pobos indíxenas de Taiwán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobos indíxenas de Taiwán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%B2i-v%C3%A2n_Ngi%C3%A8n-chhu-m%C3%ACn" title="Thòi-vân Ngièn-chhu-mìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Thòi-vân Ngièn-chhu-mìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%A7%8C_%EC%9B%90%EC%A3%BC%EB%AF%BC" title="대만 원주민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대만 원주민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80" title="ताइवानी आदिवासी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ताइवानी आदिवासी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penduduk_asli_Taiwan" title="Penduduk asli Taiwan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penduduk asli Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborigeni_di_Taiwan" title="Aborigeni di Taiwan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aborigeni di Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_pribumi_Taiwan" title="Wong pribumi Taiwan – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong pribumi Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гаошань – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Гаошань" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiv%C4%81nas_aborig%C4%93ni" title="Taivānas aborigēni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Taivānas aborigēni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taivano_aborigenai" title="Taivano aborigenai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Taivano aborigenai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaum_asli_Taiwan" title="Kaum asli Taiwan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaum asli Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panduduak_asali_Taiwan" title="Panduduak asali Taiwan – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Panduduak asali Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A0i-u%C4%83ng_ngu%C3%B2ng-c%C3%AA%CC%A4%E1%B9%B3-m%C3%ACng" title="Dài-uăng nguòng-cê̤ṳ-mìng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Dài-uăng nguòng-cê̤ṳ-mìng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%91%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9D%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8_%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ထိုင်ဝမ် တိုင်းရင်းသား လူမျိုးများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ထိုင်ဝမ် တိုင်းရင်းသား လူမျိုးများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheemse_volken_van_Taiwan" title="Inheemse volken van Taiwan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Inheemse volken van Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="台湾原住民 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="台湾原住民" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanske_urfolk" title="Taiwanske urfolk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Taiwanske urfolk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanske_urfolk" title="Taiwanske urfolk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Taiwanske urfolk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciyaw_Anang_Taywan_Yancumincu" title="Ciyaw Anang Taywan Yancumincu – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Ciyaw Anang Taywan Yancumincu" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گاؤشان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گاؤشان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pwn mw-list-item"><a href="https://pwn.wikipedia.org/wiki/kacalisian" title="kacalisian – Paiwan" lang="pwn" hreflang="pwn" data-title="kacalisian" data-language-autonym="Pinayuanan" data-language-local-name="Paiwan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pinayuanan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aborygeni_tajwa%C5%84scy" title="Aborygeni tajwańscy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Aborygeni tajwańscy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abor%C3%ADgenes_de_Taiwan" title="Aborígenes de Taiwan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aborígenes de Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Аборигены Тайваня – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Аборигены Тайваня" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tnpusu_seejiq_Taywan" title="Tnpusu seejiq Taywan – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Tnpusu seejiq Taywan" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Тајвански старосједиоци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тајвански старосједиоци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gao%C5%A1an" title="Gaošan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gaošan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwanin_alkuper%C3%A4iskansat" title="Taiwanin alkuperäiskansat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taiwanin alkuperäiskansat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taywan_Genzyuminrok" title="Taywan Genzyuminrok – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Taywan Genzyuminrok" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tayvan_aborjinleri" title="Tayvan aborjinleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tayvan aborjinleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Гаошань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гаошань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%95_d%C3%A2n_%C4%90%C3%A0i_Loan" title="Thổ dân Đài Loan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thổ dân Đài Loan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" title="臺灣原住民 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="臺灣原住民" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:08.15_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C2016%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%96%80%E9%84%89%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%B6%E7%A9%AB%E7%A5%AD%E3%80%8D_(28706865630).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/08.15_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C2016%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%96%80%E9%84%89%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%B6%E7%A9%AB%E7%A5%AD%E3%80%8D_%2828706865630%29.jpg/220px-08.15_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C2016%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%96%80%E9%84%89%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%B6%E7%A9%AB%E7%A5%AD%E3%80%8D_%2828706865630%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/08.15_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C2016%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%96%80%E9%84%89%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%B6%E7%A9%AB%E7%A5%AD%E3%80%8D_%2828706865630%29.jpg/330px-08.15_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C2016%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%96%80%E9%84%89%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%B6%E7%A9%AB%E7%A5%AD%E3%80%8D_%2828706865630%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/08.15_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C2016%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%96%80%E9%84%89%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%B6%E7%A9%AB%E7%A5%AD%E3%80%8D_%2828706865630%29.jpg/440px-08.15_%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%87%BA%E5%B8%AD%E3%80%8C2016%E4%B8%89%E5%9C%B0%E9%96%80%E9%84%89%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88%E6%94%B6%E7%A9%AB%E7%A5%AD%E3%80%8D_%2828706865630%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1044" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rukai_people" title="Rukai people">Rukai people</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pingtung_County" title="Pingtung County">Pingtung County</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">~600,303 or 3% of the population of Taiwan (Non-status and unrecognized indigenous peoples excluded) 3,479 in Mainland China （2020 data）<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a>, others) or <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami language</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese languages">Chinese languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a>) <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yilan_Creole_Japanese" title="Yilan Creole Japanese">Yilan Creole Japanese</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Majority <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, minority <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton2002-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesians</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3" class="extiw" title="wikt:臺灣">臺灣</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:原住民">原住民</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E6%B9%BE" class="extiw" title="wikt:台湾">台湾</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91" class="extiw" title="wikt:原住民">原住民</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Literal meaning</th><td class="infobox-data">Taiwanese original inhabitants</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" 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title="Tongyong Pinyin">Tongyong Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Táiwan yuán-jhù-mín</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[tʰǎɪ.wán ɥɛ̌n.ʈʂû.mǐn]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_Romanization#Hakka" title="Guangdong Romanization">Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Toi2 van ngian2 cu4 min2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Pha%CC%8Dk-fa-s%E1%B9%B3" title="Pha̍k-fa-sṳ">Pha̍k-fa-sṳ</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Thòi-vân Ngièn-chhu-mìn</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" 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selflink">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Rukai_chief.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rukai_chief.jpg/140px-Rukai_chief.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rukai_chief.jpg/210px-Rukai_chief.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Rukai_chief.jpg/280px-Rukai_chief.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="1280" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: lavender; font-size: 110%;"> Peoples</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> Nationally Recognized <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_people" title="Saaroa people">Hla'alua (Saaroa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_people" title="Kanakanavu people">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_people" title="Puyuma people">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_people" title="Rukai people">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_people" title="Saisiyat people">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_people" title="Sakizaya people">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_people" title="Seediq people">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Tao (Yami)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_people" title="Thao people">Thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_people" title="Tsou people">Tsou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku people">Truku (Taroko)</a></li></ul> </div> Locally recognized <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makatao_people" title="Makatao people">Makatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_people" title="Siraya people">Siraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_people" title="Taivoan people">Taivoan</a></li></ul> </div> Unrecognized <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_people" title="Babuza people">Babuza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basay_people" title="Basay people">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoanya_people" title="Hoanya people">Hoanya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Arikun_people" title="Arikun people">Arikun</a>/<a href="/wiki/Lloa_people" title="Lloa people">Lloa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_people" title="Ketagalan people">Ketagalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines#Recognized_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Luilang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_people" title="Pazeh people">Pazeh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kaxabu_people" title="Kaxabu people">Kaxabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora_people" title="Papora people">Papora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_people" title="Qauqaut people">Qauqaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taokas_people" title="Taokas people">Taokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines#Recognized_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Trobiawan</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color: lavender; font-size: 110%;"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plains_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains indigenous peoples">Plains indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan">List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Area_(Taiwan)" title="Indigenous Area (Taiwan)">Indigenous Area (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples_sidebar" title="Template:Taiwanese indigenous peoples sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples_sidebar" title="Template talk:Taiwanese indigenous peoples sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwanese indigenous peoples sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Taiwanese indigenous peoples, also known as Formosans, Native Taiwanese or Austronesian Taiwanese,<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> and formerly as Taiwanese aborigines, Takasago people or Gaoshan people,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattaway200339,_93,_425-5">[5]</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">indigenous peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, with the nationally recognized subgroups numbering about 600,303 or 3% of the <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">island</a>'s population. This total is increased to more than 800,000 if the <a href="/wiki/Plains_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples of the plains</a> in Taiwan are included, pending future official recognition. When including those of mixed ancestry, such a number is possibly more than a million. Academic research suggests that their ancestors have been living on Taiwan for approximately 15,000 years. A wide body of evidence suggests that the Taiwanese indigenous peoples had maintained regular trade networks with numerous regional cultures of <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> before the <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> colonists <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan#Settler_expansion_(1684–1795)" title="History of Taiwan">began settling on the island from the 17th century</a>, at the behest of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa#Agriculture" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch colonial administration</a> and later by successive governments towards the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1999-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Taiwanese indigenous peoples are <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesians</a>, with linguistic, genetic and cultural ties to other Austronesian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Taiwan is the origin and <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_homeland" title="Linguistic homeland">linguistic homeland</a> of the oceanic <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>, whose descendant groups today include the majority of the ethnic groups throughout many parts of <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a> which includes <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Utsul" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsul">Utsul</a> of contemporary central and southern <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a> respectively are also a part of the Austronesian family. For centuries, Taiwan's indigenous inhabitants experienced economic competition and military conflict with a series of colonizing newcomers. Centralized government policies designed to foster <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>, as well as continued contact with the colonizers through trade, <a href="/wiki/Interethnic_marriage" title="Interethnic marriage">inter-marriage</a> and other intercultural processes, have resulted in varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">language death</a> and loss of original <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>. For example, of the approximately 26 known languages of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples – collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> – at least ten are now <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>, five are <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitounYu2005167-9">[9]</a> and several are to some degree <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>. These languages are of unique historical significance since most <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguists</a> consider Taiwan to be the original homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language family">Austronesian language family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1999-6">[6]</a> Due to discrimination or repression throughout the centuries, the indigenous peoples of Taiwan have experienced economic and social inequality, including a high unemployment rate and substandard education. Some indigenous groups today continue to be unrecognized by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">government</a>. Since the early 1980s, many indigenous groups have been actively seeking a higher degree of political <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a> and <a href="/wiki/Economic_development" title="Economic development">economic development</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu199195–9-10">[10]</a> The revival of ethnic pride is expressed in many ways by the indigenous peoples, including the incorporation of elements of their culture into cultural commodities such as <a href="/wiki/Cultural_tourism" title="Cultural tourism">cultural tourism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop music</a> and sports. Taiwan's Austronesian speakers were formerly distributed over much of the Taiwan archipelago, including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Mountain_Range" title="Central Mountain Range">Central Mountain Range</a> villages along the <a href="/wiki/Alluvial_plain" title="Alluvial plain">alluvial plains</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_Island,_Taiwan" title="Green Island, Taiwan">Green Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liuqiu_Island" title="Liuqiu Island">Liuqiu Island</a>. The bulk of contemporary Taiwanese indigenous peoples mostly reside both in their traditional mountain villages as well as increasingly in Taiwan's urban areas. There are also the <a href="/wiki/Plains_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains indigenous peoples">plains indigenous peoples</a>, which have always lived in the lowland areas of the island. Ever since the end of the <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a>, some efforts have been under way in indigenous communities to revive traditional cultural practices and preserve their distinct traditional languages on the now Han Chinese majority island and for the latter to better understand more about them.<a href="#cite_note-LKU-11">[11]</a> The founding of <a href="/wiki/NDHU_College_of_Indigenous_Studies" title="NDHU College of Indigenous Studies">NDHU College of Indigenous Studies</a> in 2001 signify an important milestone for the revitalization activity of Taiwanese indigenous people, which is Taiwan's first ethnocentric education system.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The Austronesian Cultural Festival in <a href="/wiki/Taitung_City" title="Taitung City">Taitung City</a> is one means by which community members promote indigenous culture. In addition, several indigenous communities have become extensively involved in the tourism and <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> industries with the goal of achieving increased economic self-reliance and maintaining cultural integration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000283–90-13">[13]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology">edit</a>]</div> Taxonomies imposed by colonizing forces divided the aborigines into named subgroups, referred to as "tribes". These divisions did not always correspond to distinctions drawn by the indigenous themselves. However, the categories have become so firmly established in government and popular discourse over time that they have become <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> distinctions, serving to shape in part today's political discourse within the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> (ROC), and affecting Taiwan's policies regarding indigenous peoples.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Baksa_woman_and_child,_Formosa_1871._Wellcome_L0056719_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_Baksa_woman_and_child%2C_Formosa_1871._Wellcome_L0056719_%28cropped%29.jpg/199px-A_Baksa_woman_and_child%2C_Formosa_1871._Wellcome_L0056719_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_Baksa_woman_and_child%2C_Formosa_1871._Wellcome_L0056719_%28cropped%29.jpg/299px-A_Baksa_woman_and_child%2C_Formosa_1871._Wellcome_L0056719_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/A_Baksa_woman_and_child%2C_Formosa_1871._Wellcome_L0056719_%28cropped%29.jpg/399px-A_Baksa_woman_and_child%2C_Formosa_1871._Wellcome_L0056719_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1879" data-file-height="2346" /></a><figcaption>A Taiwanese aborigine woman and infant, by <a href="/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)" title="John Thomson (photographer)">John Thomson</a>, 1871</figcaption></figure> The Han sailor <a href="/wiki/Chen_Di" title="Chen Di">Chen Di</a>, in his Record of the Eastern Seas (1603), identifies the indigenous people of Taiwan as simply "Eastern Savages" (東番; Dongfan), while the Dutch referred to Taiwan's original inhabitants as "Indians" or "blacks", based on their prior colonial experience in what is currently Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng200461–5-14">[14]</a> Beginning nearly a century later, as the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing Empire</a> expanded over wider groups of people, writers and gazetteers recast their descriptions away from reflecting degree of <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a>, and toward a system that defined the aborigines relative to their submission or hostility to Qing rule. Qing used the term "raw/wild/uncivilized" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%95%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:生番">生番</a>) to define those people who had not submitted to Qing rule, and "cooked/tamed/civilized" (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%86%9F%E7%95%AA" class="extiw" title="wikt:熟番">熟番</a>) for those who had pledged their allegiance through their payment of a head tax.<a href="#cite_note-16">[note 1]</a> According to the standards of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> and successive regimes, the epithet "cooked" was synonymous with having assimilated to Han cultural norms, and living as a subject of the Empire, but it retained a pejorative designation to signify the perceived cultural lacking of the non-Han people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDiamond1995100-17">[16]</a> This designation reflected the prevailing idea that anyone could be civilized/tamed by adopting Confucian social norms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrossley1999281–95-18">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDikotter19928–9-19">[18]</a> As the Qing consolidated their power over the plains and struggled to enter the mountains in the late 19th century, the terms <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Plains_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Plains Aborigines">Pingpu</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%94%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:平埔族">平埔族</a>; Píngpǔzú; 'Plains peoples') and Gaoshan (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B1%B1%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:高山族">高山族</a>; Gāoshānzú; 'High Mountain peoples') were used interchangeably with the epithets "civilized" and "uncivilized".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng2004125–27-20">[19]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Japanese rule</a> (1895–1945), anthropologists from Japan maintained the binary classification. In 1900 they incorporated it into their own colonial project by employing the term Peipo (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9F%94" class="extiw" title="wikt:平埔">平埔</a>) for the "civilized tribes", and creating a category of "recognized tribes" for the aborigines who had formerly been called "uncivilized". The <a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a> of 1930 led to many changes in aboriginal policy, and the Japanese government began referring to them as Takasago people (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%A0%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:高砂">高砂</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%97%8F" class="extiw" title="wikt:族">族</a>, Takasago-zoku).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETai1999294-21">[20]</a> The latter group included the <a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsou_people" title="Tsou people">Tsou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saisiat_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Saisiat people">Saisiat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyuma_people" title="Puyuma people">Puyuma</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis</a> peoples. The <a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao</a> (Yami) and <a href="/wiki/Rukai_people" title="Rukai people">Rukai</a> were added later, for a total of nine recognized peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200154–5-22">[21]</a> During the early period of Chinese Nationalist <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (KMT) rule the terms Shandi Tongbao (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E5%9C%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:山地">山地</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%83%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:同胞">同胞</a>) "mountain compatriots" and Pingdi Tongbao (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%B9%B3%E5%9C%B0" class="extiw" title="wikt:平地">平地</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E8%83%9E" class="extiw" title="wikt:同胞">同胞</a>) "plains compatriots" were invented, to remove the presumed taint of Japanese influence and reflect the place of Taiwan's indigenous people in the Chinese Nationalist state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200160-23">[22]</a> The KMT later adopted the use of all the earlier Japanese groupings except Peipo. Despite recent changes in the field of anthropology and a shift in government objectives, the Pingpu and Gaoshan labels in use today maintain the form given by the Qing to reflect indigenous' acculturation to Han culture. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]The current recognized indigenous are all regarded as Gaoshan, though the divisions are not and have never been based strictly on geographical location. The Amis, Saisiat, Tao and Kavalan are all traditionally Eastern Plains cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2001163_''n6''-24">[23]</a> The distinction between Pingpu and Gaoshan people continues to affect Taiwan's policies regarding indigenous peoples, and their ability to participate effectively in government.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> Although the ROC's <a href="/wiki/Government_Information_Office" title="Government Information Office">Government Information Office</a> officially lists 16 major groupings as "tribes," the consensus among scholars maintains that these 16 groupings do not reflect any social entities, political collectives, or self-identified alliances dating from pre-modern Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng2004104–5-26">[25]</a> The earliest detailed records, dating from the Dutch arrival in 1624, describe the aborigines as living in independent villages of varying size. Between these villages there was frequent trade, intermarriage, warfare and alliances against common enemies. Using contemporary ethnographic and linguistic criteria, these villages have been classed by anthropologists into more than 20 broad (and widely debated) ethnic groupings,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsuchida198362-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi199222–3-28">[27]</a> which were never united under a common polity, kingdom or "tribe".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199351–61-29">[28]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Population of officially recognized Taiwanese indigenous peoples in 1911<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec; vertical-align:top;"> <th>Atayal</th> <th>Saisiyat</th> <th>Bunun</th> <th>Tsou</th> <th>Rukai</th> <th>Paiwan</th> <th>Puyuma</th> <th>Amis</th> <th>Yami</th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>27,871</td> <td>770</td> <td>16,007</td> <td>2,325</td> <td>13,242</td> <td>21,067</td> <td>6,407</td> <td>32,783</td> <td>1,487</td> <td>121,950 </td></tr></tbody></table> Since 2005, some local governments, including <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> City in 2005, <a href="/wiki/Fuli,_Hualien" title="Fuli, Hualien">Fuli, Hualien</a> in 2013, and <a href="/wiki/Pingtung_County" title="Pingtung County">Pingtung County</a> in 2016, have begun to recognize <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Plains_Indigenous_Peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Plains Indigenous Peoples">Taiwanese Plain Indigenous peoples</a>. The numbers of people who have successfully registered, including Kaohsiung City Government that has opened to register but not yet recognized, as of 2017 are:<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ececec; vertical-align:top;"> <th> </th> <th>Siraya</th> <th>Taivoan</th> <th>Makatao </th> <th>Not Specific </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>Tainan </td> <td>11,830</td> <td>–</td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>11,830 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaohsiung </td> <td>107 </td> <td>129 </td> <td>– </td> <td>237 </td> <td>473 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pingtung </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>1,803 </td> <td>205 </td> <td>2,008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fuli, Hualien </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td> <td>100 </td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Total </td> <td>11,937 </td> <td>129 </td> <td>1,803 </td> <td>542 </td> <td>14,411 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognized_peoples">Recognized peoples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Recognized peoples">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_ethnic_groups_recognized_by_Taiwan">Indigenous ethnic groups recognized by Taiwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Indigenous ethnic groups recognized by Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics of Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" title="List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan">List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/General_distribution_of_indigenous_people_in_Taiwan.svg/170px-General_distribution_of_indigenous_people_in_Taiwan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/General_distribution_of_indigenous_people_in_Taiwan.svg/255px-General_distribution_of_indigenous_people_in_Taiwan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/General_distribution_of_indigenous_people_in_Taiwan.svg/340px-General_distribution_of_indigenous_people_in_Taiwan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="980" usemap="#ImageMap_999ee388187e92cf" resource="/wiki/File:General_distribution_of_indigenous_people_in_Taiwan.svg" /><map name="ImageMap_999ee388187e92cf"><area href="/wiki/Yami_people" shape="circle" coords="121,251,6" alt="Yami people" title="Yami people" /><area href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" shape="poly" coords="76,256,62,245,55,194,65,192,65,201,74,209,84,205" alt="Paiwan people" title="Paiwan people" /><area href="/wiki/Rukai_people" shape="poly" coords="57,195,64,180,72,181,74,193,81,196,73,207,65,201,65,191" alt="Rukai people" title="Rukai people" /><area href="/wiki/Puyuma_people" shape="poly" coords="74,208,85,207,97,196,91,191,80,195" alt="Puyuma people" title="Puyuma people" /><area href="/wiki/Tsou_people" shape="poly" coords="60,166,72,166,81,149,73,138,67,139,62,155" alt="Tsou people" title="Tsou people" /><area href="/wiki/Bunun_people" shape="poly" coords="63,181,61,167,81,155,82,147,73,137,78,129,86,122,82,118,85,113,99,118,110,128,101,164,92,171,89,188,91,191,81,196,73,193" alt="Bunun people" title="Bunun people" /><area href="/wiki/Amis_people" shape="poly" coords="97,197,89,190,92,170,101,165,113,121,121,124,111,172" alt="Amis people" title="Amis people" /><area href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" shape="poly" coords="113,129,110,137,110,145,115,138" alt="Kavalan people" title="Kavalan people" /><area href="/wiki/Thao_people" shape="poly" coords="67,130,78,128,85,123,80,116,72,119" alt="Thao people" title="Thao people" /><area href="/wiki/Sediq_people" shape="poly" coords="72,119,79,116,81,117,84,113,74,100,69,100,67,110" alt="Sediq people" title="Sediq people" /><area href="/wiki/Atayal_people" shape="poly" coords="110,127,101,118,85,113,74,101,80,75,99,71,98,60,103,49,127,46,121,57,136,68,135,86,126,99,120,102" alt="Atayal people" title="Atayal people" /><area href="/wiki/Truku_people" shape="poly" coords="117,112,124,114,128,107,125,100,121,101" alt="Truku people" title="Truku people" /><area href="/wiki/Sakizaya_people" shape="poly" coords="113,121,118,113,124,114,122,123" alt="Sakizaya people" title="Sakizaya people" /><area href="/wiki/Saisiyat_people" shape="poly" coords="79,75,99,73,98,60,80,67" alt="Saisiyat people" title="Saisiyat people" /></map><figcaption>Clickable imagemap of highland peoples according to traditional geographical distribution. Alternate spellings or names: Pazih (Pazeh); Taroko (Truku, Seediq); Yami (Tao)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> officially recognizes distinct people groups among the indigenous community based upon the qualifications drawn up by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a> (CIP).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricsson2004-35">[34]</a> To gain this recognition, communities must gather a number of signatures and a body of supporting evidence with which to successfully petition the CIP. Formal recognition confers certain legal benefits and rights upon a group, as well as providing them with the satisfaction of recovering their separate identity as an ethnic group. As of June 2014, 16 people groups have been recognized.<a href="#cite_note-ChinaPost-36">[35]</a> The Council of Indigenous Peoples consider several limited factors in a successful formal petition. The determining factors include collecting member genealogies, group histories and evidence of a continued linguistic and cultural identity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELee2003-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChuang2005-38">[37]</a> The lack of documentation and the extinction of many indigenous languages as the result of colonial cultural and language policies have made the prospect of official recognition of many ethnicities a remote possibility. Current trends in ethno-tourism have led many former <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples" title="Plains Indigenous peoples">Plains Indigenous peoples</a> to continue to seek cultural revival.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004-39">[38]</a> Among the Plains groups that have petitioned for official status, only the <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Kavalan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_people" title="Sakizaya people">Sakizaya</a> have been officially recognized. The remaining twelve recognized groups are traditionally regarded as mountain indigenous people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Other indigenous groups or subgroups that have pressed for recovery of legal indigenous status include Chimo (who have not formally petitioned the government, see <a href="#CITEREFLee2003">Lee 2003</a>), Kakabu, Makatao, Pazeh, Siraya,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> and Taivoan. The act of petitioning for recognized status, however, does not always reflect any consensus view among scholars that the relevant group should in fact be categorized as a separate ethnic group. The Siraya will become the 17th ethnic group to be recognized once their status, already recognized by the courts in May 2018, is officially announced by the central government.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> There is discussion among both scholars and political groups regarding the best or most appropriate name to use for many of the people groups and their languages, as well as the proper <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">romanization</a> of that name. Commonly cited examples of this ambiguity include (Seediq/Sediq/Truku/Taroko) and (Tao/Yami). Nine people groups were originally recognized before 1945 by the Japanese government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricsson2004-35">[34]</a> The Thao, Kavalan and Truku were recognized by Taiwan's government in 2001, 2002 and 2004 respectively. The Sakizaya were recognized as a 13th on 17 January 2007,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng2007-42">[41]</a> and on 23 April 2008 the Sediq were recognized as Taiwan's 14th official ethnic group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShihLoa2008-43">[42]</a> Previously the Sakizaya had been listed as Amis and the Sediq as Atayal. Hla'alua and Kanakanavu were recognized as the 15th and 16th ethnic group on 26 June 2014.<a href="#cite_note-ChinaPost-36">[35]</a> A full list of the recognized ethnic groups of Taiwan, as well as some of the more commonly cited unrecognized peoples, is as follows: <dl><dd>Recognized: <a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saaroa_people" title="Saaroa people">Hla'alua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_people" title="Kanakanavu people">Kanakanavu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Kavalan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puyuma_people" title="Puyuma people">Puyuma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rukai_people" title="Rukai people">Rukai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_people" title="Saisiyat people">Saisiyat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Tao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thao_people" title="Thao people">Thao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsou_people" title="Tsou people">Tsou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku people">Truku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_people" title="Sakizaya people">Sakizaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sediq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sediq people">Sediq</a>.</dd> <dd>Locally recognized: <a href="/wiki/Makatao_people" title="Makatao people">Makatao</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Pingtung_County" title="Pingtung County">Pingtung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fuli,_Hualien" title="Fuli, Hualien">Fuli</a>), <a href="/wiki/Siraya_people" title="Siraya people">Siraya</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> and Fuli), <a href="/wiki/Taivoan_people" title="Taivoan people">Taivoan</a> (in Fuli)</dd> <dd>Unrecognized: <a href="/wiki/Babuza_people" title="Babuza people">Babuza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basay_people" title="Basay people">Basay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoanya_people" title="Hoanya people">Hoanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_people" title="Ketagalan people">Ketagalan</a>, Luilang, <a href="/wiki/Pazeh_people" title="Pazeh people">Pazeh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Kaxabu_people" title="Kaxabu people">Kaxabu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papora_people" title="Papora people">Papora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qauqaut" class="mw-redirect" title="Qauqaut">Qauqaut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taokas_people" title="Taokas people">Taokas</a>, Trobiawan.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_Taiwanese_in_the_PRC">Indigenous Taiwanese in the PRC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Indigenous Taiwanese in the PRC">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">List of ethnic groups in China</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a> (PRC) officially recognizes indigenous Taiwanese as <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">one of its ethnic groups</a> under the name Gāoshān (高山, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'high mountain') The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_National_Population_Census_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth National Population Census of the People's Republic of China">2000 census</a> identified 600 thousand Gāoshān living in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Island">Taiwan Island</a>; other surveys suggest this accounted for 21 thousand Amis, 51 thousand Bunun, 10.5 thousand Paiwan, with the remainder belonging to other peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattaway200339,_93,_425-5">[5]</a> They are descendants of Taiwanese indigenous living on this island before the 1949 evacuation of the PRC and tracking back further to the Dutch colony in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHattaway200339,_93,_425-5">[5]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Zhengzhou" title="Zhengzhou">Zhengzhou</a>, Henan, there exists a "Taiwan Village" (台灣村) whose inhabitants' ancestors migrated from Taiwan during the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi era</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a>. In 2005, 2,674 people of the village identified themselves as Gaoshan.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assimilation_and_acculturation">Assimilation and acculturation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assimilation and acculturation">edit</a>]</div> Archeological, linguistic and anecdotal evidence suggests that Taiwan's indigenous peoples have undergone a series of cultural shifts to meet the pressures of contact with other societies and new technologies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu200275–98-46">[45]</a> Beginning in the early 17th century, indigenous Taiwanese faced broad cultural change as the island became incorporated into the wider global economy by a succession of competing colonial regimes from Europe and Asia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19931–10-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKang2003115–26-48">[47]</a> In some cases groups of indigenous resisted colonial influence, but other groups and individuals readily aligned with the colonial powers. This alignment could be leveraged to achieve personal or collective economic gain, collective power over neighboring villages or freedom from unfavorable societal customs and taboos involving marriage, age-grade and child birth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199558–63-49">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlusseEverts200077–8-50">[49]</a> Particularly among the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples" title="Plains Indigenous peoples">Plains indigenous people</a>, as the degree of the "civilizing projects" increased during each successive regime, the aborigines found themselves in greater contact with outside cultures. The process of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">acculturation and assimilation</a> sometimes followed gradually in the wake of broad social currents, particularly the removal of ethnic markers (such as bound feet, dietary customs and clothing), which had formerly distinguished ethnic groups on Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200438–50-51">[50]</a> The removal or replacement of these brought about an incremental transformation from "Fan" (番, barbarian) to the dominant Confucian "Han" culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004155–64-52">[51]</a> During the Japanese and KMT periods centralized <a href="/wiki/Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist">modernist</a> government policies, rooted in ideas of <a href="/wiki/Social_Darwinism" title="Social Darwinism">Social Darwinism</a> and culturalism, directed education, genealogical customs and other traditions toward ethnic assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200160–7-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuara1995-54">[53]</a> Within the Taiwanese Han Hoklo community itself, differences in culture indicate the degree to which mixture with aboriginals took place, with most pure Hoklo Han in Northern Taiwan having almost no Aboriginal admixture, which is limited to Hoklo Han in Southern Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004156–7-55">[54]</a> Plains aboriginals who were mixed and assimilated into the Hoklo Han population at different stages were differentiated by the historian <a href="/wiki/Melissa_J._Brown" title="Melissa J. Brown">Melissa J. Brown</a> between "short-route" and "long-route"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004162-56">[55]</a> The ethnic identity of assimilated Plains Aboriginals in the immediate vicinity of Tainan was still known since a pure Hoklo Taiwanese girl was warned by her mother to stay away from them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004157-57">[56]</a> The insulting name "fan" was used against Plains indigenous by the Taiwanese, and the Hoklo Taiwanese speech was forced upon Aborigines like the Pazeh.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Hoklo Taiwanese has replaced Pazeh and driven it to near extinction.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> Indigenous status has been requested by Plains indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_forms_of_assimilation">Current forms of assimilation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Current forms of assimilation">edit</a>]</div> Many of these forms of assimilation are still at work today. For example, when a central authority <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">nationalizes</a> one language, that attaches economic and social advantages to the prestige language. As generations pass, use of the indigenous language often fades or disappears, and linguistic and cultural identity recede as well. However, some groups are seeking to revive their indigenous identities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsieh2006-61">[60]</a> One important political aspect of this pursuit is petitioning the government for official recognition as a separate and distinct ethnic group.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The complexity and scope of aboriginal assimilation and acculturation on Taiwan has led to three general narratives of Taiwanese ethnic change. The oldest holds that Han migration from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a> in the 17th century pushed the <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples" title="Plains Indigenous peoples">Plains indigenous peoples</a> into the mountains, where they became the Highland peoples of today.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993-62">[61]</a> A more recent view asserts that through widespread intermarriage between Han and aborigines between the 17th and 19th centuries, the aborigines were completely <a href="/wiki/Sinicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinicized">Sinicized</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamley1981282-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeskill1979253–55-64">[63]</a> Finally, modern <a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">ethnographical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropological</a> studies have shown a pattern of cultural shift mutually experienced by both Han and Plains indigenous, resulting in a hybrid culture. Today people who comprise <a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Taiwan's ethnic Han</a> demonstrate major cultural differences from Han elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown2004-39">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surnames_and_identity">Surnames and identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Surnames and identity">edit</a>]</div> Several factors encouraged the assimilation of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Plains_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Plains Aborigines">Plains indigenous</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[note 2]</a> Taking a Han name was a necessary step in instilling Confucian values in the aborigines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu200231–2-68">[66]</a> Confucian values were necessary to be recognized as a full person and to operate within the Confucian Qing state.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey199619–34-69">[67]</a> A surname in Han society was viewed as the most prominent legitimizing marker of a patrilineal ancestral link to the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a> (Huang Di) and the <a href="/wiki/Three_August_Ones_and_Five_Emperors#Five_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Three August Ones and Five Emperors">Five Emperors</a> of Han mythology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey199626-70">[68]</a> Possession of a Han surname, then, could confer a broad range of significant economic and social benefits upon indigenous, despite a prior non-Han identity or mixed parentage. In some cases, members of Plains indigenous adopted the Han surname <a href="/wiki/Pan_(surname)" title="Pan (surname)">Pan</a> (潘) as a modification of their designated status as Fan (番: "barbarian").<a href="#cite_note-pan-71">[69]</a> One family of Pazeh became members of the local gentry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPan1996440–62-72">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong1997310–15-73">[71]</a> complete with a lineage to Fujian province. In other cases, families of Plains indigenous adopted common Han surnames, but traced their earliest ancestor to their locality in Taiwan.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In many cases, large groups of immigrant Han would unite under a common surname to form a brotherhood. Brotherhoods were used as a form of defense, as each sworn brother was bound by an oath of blood to assist a brother in need. The brotherhood groups would link their names to a family tree, in essence manufacturing a genealogy based on names rather than blood, and taking the place of the kinship organizations commonly found in China. The practice was so widespread that today's family books are largely unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey199619–34-69">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1980-74">[72]</a> Many Plains indigenous joined the brotherhoods to gain protection of the collective as a type of insurance policy against regional strife, and through these groups they took on a Han identity with a Han lineage. The degree to which any one of these forces held sway over others is unclear. Preference for one explanation over another is sometimes predicated upon a given political viewpoint. The cumulative effect of these dynamics is that by the beginning of the 20th century the Plains indigenous were almost completely acculturated into the larger ethnic Han group, and had experienced nearly total <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> from their respective <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Chinese</a>. In addition, legal barriers to the use of traditional surnames persisted until the 1990s, and cultural barriers remain. Indigenous peoples were not permitted to use their indigenous traditional names on official identification cards until 1995 when a ban on using indigenous names dating from 1946 was finally lifted.<a href="#cite_note-names-75">[73]</a> One obstacle is that household registration forms allow a maximum of 15 characters for personal names. However, indigenous names are still phonetically translated into <a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a>, and many names require more than the allotted space.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoa2007-76">[74]</a> In April 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Yuan" title="Judicial Yuan">Constitutional Court</a> ruled that Article 4, Paragraph 2 of the Status Act for Indigenous Peoples was unconstitutional. The paragraph, which reads "Children of intermarriages between Indigenous Peoples and non-Indigenous Peoples taking the surname of the indigenous father or mother, or using a traditional Indigenous Peoples name, shall acquire Indigenous Peoples status," was ruled unconstitutional after a non-indigenous father had taken his daughter to a <a href="/wiki/Household_registration_in_Taiwan" title="Household registration in Taiwan">household registration</a> office to register her <a href="/wiki/Truku_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Truku people">Truku</a> descent. Though the applicant was of Truku descent through her mother, her application used her father's Chinese surname and was denied. The Constitutional Court ruled that the law, as written, was a violation of gender equality guaranteed by Article 7 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a>, since children in Taiwan usually take their father's surname, which in practice, meant that indigenous status could be acquired via paternal descent, but not maternal descent.<a href="#cite_note-77">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples">History of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History of the Taiwanese indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Prehistory of Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History of Taiwan</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/440px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/660px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/880px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the migration of the Austronesians out of Taiwan from c. 3000 BC</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PepoWomanChild_S.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PepoWomanChild_S.jpg/300px-PepoWomanChild_S.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PepoWomanChild_S.jpg/450px-PepoWomanChild_S.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/PepoWomanChild_S.jpg/600px-PepoWomanChild_S.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1487" data-file-height="889" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples" title="Plains Indigenous peoples">Plains Indigenous</a> boy and woman by Paul Ibis, 1877</figcaption></figure> Indigenous Taiwanese are <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian peoples</a>, with linguistic and genetic ties to other Austronesian ethnic groups, such as peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillSoaresMorminaMacaulay2007-78">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdHopeTaylor2004-79">[77]</a> Chipped-pebble tools dating from perhaps as early as 15,000 years ago suggest that the initial human inhabitants of Taiwan were <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> cultures of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> era. These people survived by eating marine life. Archeological evidence points to an abrupt change to the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> era around 6,000 years ago, with the advent of agriculture, domestic animals, polished stone adzes and pottery. The stone <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a> were mass-produced on <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> and nearby islands, from the volcanic rock found there. This suggests heavy sea traffic took place between these islands and Taiwan at this time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERolettJiaoLin2002307–8,_313-80">[78]</a> From around 5000 to 1500 BC, Taiwanese indigenous peoples started a seaborne migration to the island of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, intermingling with the older <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a> populations of the islands. This was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_expansion" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian expansion">Austronesian expansion</a>. They spread throughout the rest of the Philippines and eventually migrated further to the other islands of <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>. Taiwan is the homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1999-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gray-et-al2009-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pawley2002-84">[82]</a> There is evidence that indigenous Taiwanese continued trading with the Philippines in the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere</a>. Eastern Taiwan was the source of <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a> jade industry in the Philippines and the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hung-85">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-hung2006-86">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011jade-87">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2007-88">[86]</a> This trading network began between the animist communities of Taiwan and the Philippines which later became the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Jade Road">Maritime Jade Road</a>, one of the most extensive sea-based trade networks of a single geological material in the prehistoric world. It was in existence for 3,000 years from 2000 BCE to 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> Four centuries of non-indigenous rule can be viewed through several changing periods of governing power and shifting official policy toward aborigines. From the 17th century until the early 20th, the impact of the foreign settlers—the Dutch, Spanish, and Han—was more extensive on the Plains peoples. They were far more geographically accessible than the Mountain peoples, and thus had more dealings with the foreign powers. The reactions of indigenous people to imperial power show not only acceptance, but also incorporation or resistance through their cultural practices <a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a> By the beginning of the 20th century, the Plains peoples had largely been assimilated into contemporary Taiwanese culture as a result of European and Han colonial rule. Until the latter half of the Japanese colonial era the Mountain peoples were not entirely governed by any non-indigenous polity. However, the mid-1930s marked a shift in the intercultural dynamic, as the Japanese began to play a far more dominant role in the culture of the Highland groups. This increased degree of control over the Mountain peoples continued during Kuomintang rule. Within these two broad eras, there were many differences in the individual and regional impact of the colonizers and their "civilizing projects". At times the foreign powers were accepted readily, as some communities adopted foreign clothing styles and cultural practices (<a href="#CITEREFHarrison2003">Harrison 2003</a>), and engaged in cooperative trade in goods such as <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a>, deer hides, sugar, tea, and rice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold198624–8-95">[93]</a> At numerous other times changes from the outside world were forcibly imposed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plains_indigenous_peoples">Plains indigenous peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Plains indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples" title="Plains Indigenous peoples">plains indigenous peoples</a> mainly lived in stationary village sites surrounded by defensive walls of <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>. The village sites in southern Taiwan were more populated than other locations. Some villages supported a population of more than 1,500 people, surrounded by smaller satellite villages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKang2003111–17-96">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Siraya_people" title="Siraya people">Siraya</a> villages were constructed of dwellings made of thatch and bamboo, raised 2 m (6.6 ft) from the ground on stilts, with each household having a barn for livestock. A watchtower was located in the village to look out for headhunting parties from the Highland peoples. The concept of property was often communal, with a series of conceptualized concentric rings around each village. The innermost ring was used for gardens and orchards that followed a fallowing cycle around the ring. The second ring was used to cultivate plants and natural fibers for the exclusive use of the community. The third ring was for exclusive hunting and deer fields for community use. The plains indigenous peoples hunted herds of spotted <a href="/wiki/Formosan_sika_deer" title="Formosan sika deer">Formosan sika deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formosan_sambar_deer" title="Formosan sambar deer">Formosan sambar deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reeves%27s_muntjac" title="Reeves's muntjac">Reeves's muntjac</a> as well as conducting light <a href="/wiki/Millet" title="Millet">millet</a> farming. Sugar and rice were grown as well, but mostly for use in preparing wine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199329–34-97">[95]</a> Many of the plains indigenous peoples were <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a>/matrifocal societies. A man married into a woman's family after a courtship period during which the woman was free to reject as many men as she wished. In the age-grade communities, couples entered into marriage in their mid-30s when a man would no longer be required to perform military service or hunt heads on the battle-field. In the matriarchal system of the Siraya, it was also necessary for couples to abstain from marriage until their mid-30s, when the bride's father would be in his declining years and would not pose a challenge to the new male member of the household. It was not until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Reformed_Church" title="Dutch Reformed Church">Dutch Reformed Church</a> in the 17th century that the marriage and child-birth taboos were abolished. There is some indication that many of the younger members of Sirayan society embraced the Dutch marriage customs as a means to circumvent the age-grade system in a push for greater village power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199561–5-98">[96]</a> Almost all indigenous peoples in Taiwan have traditionally had a custom of sexual division of labor. Women did the sewing, cooking and farming, while the men hunted and prepared for military activity and securing enemy heads in headhunting raids, which was a common practice in early Taiwan. Women were also often found in the office of priestesses or mediums to the gods. For centuries, Taiwan's aboriginal peoples experienced economic competition and military conflict with a series of colonizing peoples. Centralized government policies designed to foster <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cultural_assimilation" title="Cultural assimilation">cultural assimilation</a>, as well as continued contact with the colonizers through trade, intermarriage and other dispassionate intercultural processes, have resulted in varying degrees of <a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">language death</a> and loss of original <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a>. For example, of the approximately 26 known languages of the Taiwanese aborigines (collectively referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>), at least ten are <a href="/wiki/Extinct_language" title="Extinct language">extinct</a>, five are <a href="/wiki/Moribund_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Moribund language">moribund</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZeitounYu2005167-9">[9]</a> and several are to some degree <a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">endangered</a>. These languages are of unique historical significance, since most <a href="/wiki/Historical_linguistics" title="Historical linguistics">historical linguists</a> consider Taiwan to be the original homeland of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian</a> language family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlust1999-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contact_with_Chinese">Contact with Chinese</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Contact with Chinese">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Early_Chinese_contact_with_Taiwan" title="Early Chinese contact with Taiwan">Early Chinese contact with Taiwan</a></div> Early Chinese histories refer to visits to eastern islands that some historians identify with Taiwan. Troops of the <a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms" title="Three Kingdoms">Three Kingdoms</a> state of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wu" title="Eastern Wu">Eastern Wu</a> are recorded visiting an island known as <a href="/wiki/Yizhou_(island)" title="Yizhou (island)">Yizhou</a> in the spring of 230. They brought back several thousand natives but 80 to 90 percent of the soldiers died to unknown diseases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp19805-99">[97]</a> Some scholars have identified this island as Taiwan while others do not.<a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Sui" title="Book of Sui">Book of Sui</a> relates that <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Yang_of_Sui" title="Emperor Yang of Sui">Emperor Yang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sui_dynasty" title="Sui dynasty">Sui dynasty</a> sent three expeditions to a place called "<a href="/wiki/Liuqiu_(medieval)" title="Liuqiu (medieval)">Liuqiu</a>" early in the 7th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEXiong2012201-101">[99]</a> They brought back captives, cloth, and armour. The Liuqiu described by the Book of Sui had pigs and chicken but no cows, sheep, donkeys, or horses. It produced little iron, had no writing system, taxation, or penal code, and was ruled by a king with four or five commanders. The natives used stone blades and practiced <a href="/wiki/Slash-and-burn" title="Slash-and-burn">slash-and-burn</a> agriculture to grow rice, millet, sorghum, and beans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp19805-99">[97]</a> Later the name Liuqiu (whose characters are read in Japanese as "<a href="/wiki/Ryukyu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryukyu">Ryukyu</a>") referred to the island chain to the northeast of Taiwan, but some scholars believe it may have referred to Taiwan in the Sui period.<a href="#cite_note-tanaka2008-102">[100]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> (1271–1368), <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> people started visiting Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f-103">[101]</a> The Yuan emperor <a href="/wiki/Kublai_Khan" title="Kublai Khan">Kublai Khan</a> sent officials to the <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu Kingdom</a> in 1292 to demand its loyalty to the Yuan dynasty, but the officials ended up in Taiwan and mistook it for Ryukyu. After three soldiers were killed, the delegation immediately retreated to <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> in China. Another expedition was sent in 1297. <a href="/wiki/Wang_Dayuan" title="Wang Dayuan">Wang Dayuan</a> visited Taiwan in 1349 and noted that the customs of its inhabitants were different from those of Penghu's population, but did not mention the presence of other Chinese. He mentioned the presence of Chuhou pottery from present day <a href="/wiki/Lishui" title="Lishui">Lishui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a>, suggesting that Chinese merchants had already visited the island by the 1340s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp19807–8-104">[102]</a> By the early 16th century, increasing numbers of Chinese fishermen, traders and pirates were visiting the southwestern part of the island. Some merchants from <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> were familiar enough with the indigenous peoples of Taiwan to speak <a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f-103">[101]</a> The people of Fujian sailed closer to Taiwan and the Ryukyus in the mid-16th century to trade with Japan while evading Ming authorities. Chinese who traded in Southeast Asia also began taking an East Sea Compass Course (dongyang zhenlu) that passed southwestern and southern Taiwan. Some of them traded with the Taiwanese aborigines. During this period, Taiwan was referred to as Xiaodong dao ("little eastern island") and Dahui guo ("the country of Dahui"), a corruption of Tayouan, a tribe that lived on an islet near modern <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a> from which the name "Taiwan" is derived. By the late 16th century, Chinese from Fujian were settling in southwestern Taiwan. The Chinese pirates <a href="/wiki/Lin_Daoqian" title="Lin Daoqian">Lin Daoqian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lim_Hong_(pirate)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lim Hong (pirate)">Lin Feng</a> visited Taiwan in 1563 and 1574 respectively. Lin Daoqian was a pirate from <a href="/wiki/Chaozhou" title="Chaozhou">Chaozhou</a> who fled to <a href="/wiki/Beigang" class="mw-redirect" title="Beigang">Beigang</a> in southwestern Taiwan and left shortly after. Lin Feng moved his pirate forces to Wankan (in modern <a href="/wiki/Chiayi_County" title="Chiayi County">Chiayi County</a>) in Taiwan on 3 November 1574 and used it as a base to launch raids. They left for Penghu after being attacked by natives and the Ming navy dislodged them from their bases. He later returned to Wankan on 27 December 1575 but left for Southeast Asia after losing a naval encounter with Ming forces on 15 January 1576.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp19809–10-105">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHang201533–34-106">[104]</a> The pirate <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Yan_Shiqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedro Yan Shiqi">Yan Siqi</a> also used Taiwan as a base.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f-103">[101]</a> In 1593, <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> officials started issuing ten licenses each year for Chinese junks to trade in northern Taiwan. Chinese records show that after 1593, each year five licenses were granted for trade in <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a> and five licenses for <a href="/wiki/Tamsui" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamsui">Tamsui</a>. However these licenses merely acknowledged already existing illegal trade at these locations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008d-107">[105]</a> Initially Chinese merchants arrived in northern Taiwan and sold iron and textiles to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples in return for coal, sulfur, gold, and venison. Later the southwestern part of Taiwan surpassed northern Taiwan as the destination for Chinese traders. The southwest had mullet fish, which drew more than a hundred fishing junks from Fujian each year during winter. The fishing season lasted six to eight weeks. Some of them camped on Taiwan's shores and many began trading with the indigenous people for deer products. The southwestern Taiwanese trade was of minor importance until after 1567 when it was used as a way to circumvent the ban on Sino-Japanese trade. The Chinese bought deerskins from the aborigines and sold them to the Japanese for a large profit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008a-108">[106]</a> When a Portuguese ship sailed past southwestern Taiwan in 1596, several of its crew members who had been shipwrecked there in 1582 noticed that the land had become cultivated and now had people working it, presumably by settlers from Fujian.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp198010-109">[107]</a> When the Dutch arrived in 1623, they found about 1,500 Chinese visitors and residents. Most of them were engaged in seasonal fishing, hunting, and trading. The population fluctuated throughout the year peaking during winter. A small minority brought Chinese plants with them and grew crops such as apples, oranges, bananas, watermelons.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> Some estimates of the Chinese population put it at 2,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008f-103">[101]</a> There were two Chinese villages. The larger one was located on an island that formed the Bay of Tayouan. It was inhabited year-round. The smaller village was located on the mainland and would eventually become the city of Tainan. In the early 17th century, a Chinese man described it as being inhabited by pirates and fishermen. One Dutch visitor noted that an aboriginal village near the Sino-Japanese trade center had a large number of Chinese and there was "scarcely a house in this village . . . that does not have one or two or three, or even five or six Chinese living there."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008a-108">[106]</a> The villagers' speech contained many Chinese words and sounded like "a mixed and broken language."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008a-108">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Chen_Di" title="Chen Di">Chen Di</a> visited Taiwan in 1603 on an expedition against the <a href="/wiki/Wokou" title="Wokou">Wokou</a> pirates.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> General Shen of Wuyu defeated the pirates and met a native chieftain named Damila who presented them with gifts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964178-113">[111]</a> Chen witnessed these events and wrote an account of Taiwan known as Dongfanji (An Account of the Eastern Barbarians).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964170–171-114">[112]</a> According to Chen, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> visited the natives but they remained hidden. Afterwards they came into contact with Chinese people from the harbors of Huimin, Chonglong, and Lieyu in <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> and Quanzhou. They learned their languages to trade with them. Chinese items such as agate beads, porcelain, cloth, salt, and brass were traded in return for deer meat, skins, and horns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThompson1964176–177-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_period_(1623–1662)">European period (1623–1662)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: European period (1623–1662)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Dutch_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan under Dutch rule">Taiwan under Dutch rule</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gospel_of_St._Matthew_in_Formosan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gospel_of_St._Matthew_in_Formosan.jpg/220px-Gospel_of_St._Matthew_in_Formosan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gospel_of_St._Matthew_in_Formosan.jpg/330px-Gospel_of_St._Matthew_in_Formosan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gospel_of_St._Matthew_in_Formosan.jpg/440px-Gospel_of_St._Matthew_in_Formosan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2188" data-file-height="3044" /></a><figcaption>The opening paragraphs of the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> in bilingual parallel format, from the first half of the 17th century, in the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siraya_language" title="Siraya language">Sinckan</a> languages. (<a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)" title="William Campbell (missionary)">Campbell</a> & <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gravius" title="Daniel Gravius">Gravius</a> (1888). The Gospel of St. Matthew in Formosan)</figcaption></figure> During the European period (1623–1662) soldiers and traders representing the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> maintained a colony in southwestern Taiwan (1624–1662) near present-day <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>. This established an <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asian</a> base for <a href="/wiki/Triangular_trade" title="Triangular trade">triangular trade</a> between the company, the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, with the hope of interrupting Portuguese and Spanish trading alliances with China. The Spanish also established a <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">small colony</a> in northern Taiwan (1626–1642) in present-day <a href="/wiki/Keelung" title="Keelung">Keelung</a>. However, Spanish influence wavered almost from the beginning, so that by the late 1630s they had already withdrawn most of their troops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2005296_''2n''-116">[114]</a> After they were driven out of Taiwan by a combined Dutch and aboriginal force in 1642, the Spanish "had little effect on Taiwan's history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold198610–11-117">[115]</a> Dutch influence was far more significant: expanding to the southwest and north of the island, they set up a tax system and established schools and churches in many villages. When the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> arrived in 1624 at Tayouan (<a href="/wiki/Anping,_Tainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Anping, Tainan">Anping</a>) Harbor, Siraya-speaking representatives from nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Provintia" title="Fort Provintia">Saccam</a> village soon appeared at the Dutch stockade to barter and trade; an overture which was readily welcomed by the Dutch. The Sirayan villages were, however, divided into warring factions: the village of Sinckan (<a href="/wiki/Sinshih" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinshih">Sinshih</a>) was at war with Mattau (Madou) and its ally Baccluan, while the village of <a href="/wiki/Jiali,_Tainan" class="mw-redirect" title="Jiali, Tainan">Soulang</a> maintained uneasy neutrality. In 1629 a Dutch expeditionary force searching for Han pirates was massacred by warriors from Mattau, and the victory inspired other villages to rebel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199552–3-118">[116]</a> In 1635, with reinforcements having arrived from <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Batavia</a> (now Jakarta, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>), the Dutch subjugated and burned Mattau. Since Mattau was the most powerful village in the area, the victory brought a spate of peace offerings from other nearby villages, many of which were outside the Siraya area. This was the beginning of Dutch consolidation over large parts of Taiwan, which brought an end to centuries of inter-village warfare.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlusseEverts200011–20-119">[117]</a> The new period of peace allowed the Dutch to construct schools and churches aimed to acculturate and convert the indigenous population.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1915240-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199566-121">[119]</a> Dutch schools taught a romanized script (<a href="/wiki/Sinckan_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinckan writing">Sinckan writing</a>), which <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(linguistics)" title="Transcription (linguistics)">transcribed</a> the Siraya language. This script maintained occasional use through the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199566–8-122">[120]</a> Today only fragments survive, in documents and stone <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> markers. The schools also served to maintain alliances and open aboriginal areas for Dutch enterprise and commerce. The Dutch soon found trade in deerskins and venison in the East Asian market to be a lucrative endeavor<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993451_''19n''-123">[121]</a> and recruited <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples" title="Plains Indigenous peoples">plains indigenous peoples</a> to procure the hides. The deer trade attracted the first Han traders to indigenous villages, but as early as 1642 the demand for deer greatly diminished the deer stocks. This drop significantly reduced the prosperity of indigenous peoples,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2005303-124">[122]</a> forcing many aborigines to take up farming to counter the economic impact of losing their most vital food source. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dapper_-_1670_-_Gedenkwaerdig_bedryf_-_UB_Radboud_Uni_Nijmegen_-_180148540_038_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dapper_-_1670_-_Gedenkwaerdig_bedryf_-_UB_Radboud_Uni_Nijmegen_-_180148540_038_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Dapper_-_1670_-_Gedenkwaerdig_bedryf_-_UB_Radboud_Uni_Nijmegen_-_180148540_038_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dapper_-_1670_-_Gedenkwaerdig_bedryf_-_UB_Radboud_Uni_Nijmegen_-_180148540_038_%28cropped%29.jpg/450px-Dapper_-_1670_-_Gedenkwaerdig_bedryf_-_UB_Radboud_Uni_Nijmegen_-_180148540_038_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Dapper_-_1670_-_Gedenkwaerdig_bedryf_-_UB_Radboud_Uni_Nijmegen_-_180148540_038_%28cropped%29.jpg/600px-Dapper_-_1670_-_Gedenkwaerdig_bedryf_-_UB_Radboud_Uni_Nijmegen_-_180148540_038_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="808" data-file-height="641" /></a><figcaption>Taiwanese indigenous depicted in <a href="/wiki/Olfert_Dapper" title="Olfert Dapper">Olfert Dapper</a> (1670): Gedenkwaerdig bedryf</figcaption></figure> As the Dutch began subjugating indigenous villages in the south and west of Taiwan, increasing numbers of Han immigrants looked to exploit areas that were fertile and rich in game. The Dutch initially encouraged this, since the Han were skilled in agriculture and large-scale hunting. Several Han took up residence in Siraya villages. The Dutch used Han agents to collect taxes, hunting license fees and other income. This set up a society in which "many of the colonists were <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> but the military and the administrative structures were Dutch".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2005298-125">[123]</a> Despite this, local alliances transcended ethnicity during the Dutch period. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Guo_Huaiyi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo Huaiyi Rebellion">Guo Huaiyi Rebellion</a> in 1652, a Han farmers' uprising, was defeated by an alliance of 120 Dutch musketeers with the aid of Han loyalists and 600 indigenous warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199390-126">[124]</a> Multiple indigenous villages in frontier areas rebelled against the Dutch in the 1650s due to oppression such as when the Dutch ordered indigenous women for sex, deer pelts, and rice be given to them from indigenous in the <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Basin" title="Taipei Basin">Taipei Basin</a> in Wu-lao-wan village which sparked a rebellion in December 1652 at the same time as the Chinese rebellion. Two Dutch translators were beheaded by the Wu-lao-wan indigenous people and in a subsequent fight, 30 indigenous and another two Dutch people died. After an embargo of salt and iron on Wu-lao-wan, the indigenous people were forced to sue for peace in February 1653.<a href="#cite_note-127">[125]</a> The Dutch period ended in 1662 when <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming</a> loyalist forces of Zheng Chenggong (<a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a>) drove out the Dutch and established the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Zheng family kingdom</a> on Taiwan. Dutch colonialism left different impressions on different indigenous groups in Taiwan. The Koaluts (Guizaijiao) tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan people</a> attacked American survivors of a shipwreck during the <a href="/wiki/Rover_incident" title="Rover incident">Rover incident</a> in 1867. The chief, Tanketok, explained that this was because in ages past, the white men came and almost exterminated their tribe, and their ancestors passed down their desire for revenge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWong2022119–120-128">[126]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/William_A._Pickering" title="William A. Pickering">William A. Pickering</a> in his Pioneering in Formosa (1898), the old people of Kong-a-na, about 15 miles from Sin-kang, loved white men and the old women there said they were their kindred.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickering1898116–18-129">[127]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kingdom_of_Tungning_(1661–1683)">Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Tungning (1661–1683)">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a> was established by Zheng Chenggong (<a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a>) after arriving in Taiwan in 1661 and ousting the Dutch in 1662. The Taiwanese indigenous tribes who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the <a href="/wiki/Guo_Huaiyi_rebellion" title="Guo Huaiyi rebellion">Guo Huaiyi rebellion</a> in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia">Siege of Fort Zeelandia</a> and defected to Koxinga's Chinese forces.<a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> The aboriginals of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a>. The Sincan indigenous people then proceeded to work for the Chinese and behead Dutch people in executions. The frontier indigenous in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese on 17 May 1661, celebrating their freedom from <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_education" title="Compulsory education">compulsory education</a> under the Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch people and beheading them and trashing their Christian school textbooks.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> Koxinga's son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a>, dispatched teachers to indigenous tribes to provide them with supplies and teach them more advanced farming techniques. He also gave them Ming gowns and caps while eating with their chiefs and gifting tobacco to indigenous people who were gathered in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHang2010210-132">[130]</a> Schools were set up to teach the indigenous people the Chinese language, writing, and the <a href="/wiki/Confucian_Classics" class="mw-redirect" title="Confucian Classics">Confucian Classics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199392–103-133">[131]</a> Those who refused were punished.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201599-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHang2010210-132">[130]</a> Zhengs brought 70,000 soldiers to Taiwan and immediately began clearing large tracts of land to support its forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199392–103-133">[131]</a> The expansion of Chinese settlements often came at the expense of aboriginal tribes, causing rebellions flared up over the course of Zheng rule. In one campaign, several hundred Shalu tribes people in modern <a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a> were killed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHang2010210-132">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHang2015160-135">[133]</a> By the start of 1684, a year after the end of Zheng rule, areas under cultivation in Taiwan had tripled in size since the end of the Dutch era in 1660.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHang2015160-135">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Qing_dynasty_rule_(1683–1895)">Qing dynasty rule (1683–1895)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Qing dynasty rule (1683–1895)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rover_incident" title="Rover incident">Rover incident</a>, <a href="/wiki/Formosa_Expedition" title="Formosa Expedition">Formosa Expedition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudan_Incident_(1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudan Incident (1871)">Mudan Incident (1871)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keelung_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Keelung Campaign">Keelung Campaign</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tamsui" title="Battle of Tamsui">Battle of Tamsui</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_native_hunting_party,_Baksa,_Formosa,_by_John_Thomson_Wellcome_L0056187.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_native_hunting_party%2C_Baksa%2C_Formosa%2C_by_John_Thomson_Wellcome_L0056187.jpg/300px-A_native_hunting_party%2C_Baksa%2C_Formosa%2C_by_John_Thomson_Wellcome_L0056187.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_native_hunting_party%2C_Baksa%2C_Formosa%2C_by_John_Thomson_Wellcome_L0056187.jpg/450px-A_native_hunting_party%2C_Baksa%2C_Formosa%2C_by_John_Thomson_Wellcome_L0056187.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/A_native_hunting_party%2C_Baksa%2C_Formosa%2C_by_John_Thomson_Wellcome_L0056187.jpg/600px-A_native_hunting_party%2C_Baksa%2C_Formosa%2C_by_John_Thomson_Wellcome_L0056187.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4700" data-file-height="4525" /></a><figcaption>A photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples" title="Plains Indigenous peoples">plain indigenous people</a> hunting party with their <a href="/wiki/Formosan_Mountain_Dog" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosan Mountain Dog">Formosan Mountain Dog</a> in Ba̍k-sa (木柵, as part of <a href="/wiki/Neimen_District" title="Neimen District">Neimen District</a> in Kaohsiung nowadays), by <a href="/wiki/John_Thomson_(photographer)" title="John Thomson (photographer)">John Thomson</a>, 1871: "A Native Hunting Party Baksa Formosa 1871".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Quarantine_policies">Quarantine policies</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quarantine policies">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> government defeated the Ming loyalist forces maintained by the Zheng family in 1683, Taiwan became increasingly integrated into the Qing dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng200435–60-136">[134]</a> Qing forces ruled areas of Taiwan's highly populated western plain for over two centuries, until 1895. This era was characterized by a marked increase in the number of Han Chinese on Taiwan, continued social unrest, the piecemeal transfer (by various means) of large amounts of land from the indigenous to the Han, and the nearly complete <a href="/wiki/Acculturation" title="Acculturation">acculturation</a> of the Western <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Plains_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Plains Aborigines">Plains indigenous</a> people to Chinese Han customs. During the Qing dynasty's two-century rule over Taiwan, the population of Han on the island increased dramatically. However, it is not clear to what extent this was due to an influx of Han settlers, who were predominantly displaced young men from <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quanzhou" title="Quanzhou">Quanzhou</a> in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsao1999331-137">[135]</a> The Qing government officially sanctioned controlled Han settlement, but sought to manage tensions between the various regional and ethnic groups. Therefore, it often recognized the plains peoples' claims to deer fields and traditional territory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp198055–68-138">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199314–20-139">[137]</a> The Qing authorities hoped to turn the Plains peoples into loyal subjects, and adopted the head and <a href="/wiki/Corv%C3%A9e" title="Corvée">corvée</a> taxes on the indigenous, which made the plains indigenous people directly responsible for payment to the government <a href="/wiki/Yamen" title="Yamen">yamen</a>. The attention paid by the Qing authorities to indigenous land rights was part of a larger administrative goal to maintain a level of peace on the turbulent Taiwan frontier, which was often marred by ethnic and regional conflict.<a href="#cite_note-conflict-140">[138]</a> The frequency of rebellions, riots, and civil strife in Qing dynasty Taiwan is often encapsulated in the saying "every three years an uprising; every five years a rebellion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr19654-141">[139]</a> In 1723, aborigines living in Dajiaxi village along the central coastal plain rebelled. Government troops from southern Taiwan were sent to put down this revolt, but in their absence, Han settlers in Fengshan County rose up in revolt under the leadership of Wu Fusheng, a settler from <a href="/wiki/Zhangzhou" title="Zhangzhou">Zhangzhou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228-142">[140]</a> Indigenous participation in major revolts during the Qing era, including the Taokas-led <a href="/wiki/Ta-Chia-hsi_revolt" title="Ta-Chia-hsi revolt">Ta-Chia-hsi revolt</a> of 1731–1732, ensured the Plains peoples would remain an important factor in crafting Qing frontier policy until the end of Qing rule in 1895.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993128–29-143">[141]</a> By 1732, five different ethnic groups were in revolt but the rebellion was defeated by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228-142">[140]</a> The struggle over land resources was one source of conflict. Large areas of the western plain were subject to large land rents called Huan Da Zu (番大租—literally, "Barbarian Big Rent"), a category which remained until the period of Japanese colonization. The large tracts of <a href="/wiki/Deer_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Deer field">deer field</a>, guaranteed by the Qing, were owned by the communities and their individual members. The communities would commonly offer Han farmers a permanent patent for use, while maintaining ownership (skeleton) of the subsoil (田骨), which was called "two lords to a field" (一田兩主). The Plains peoples were often cheated out of land or pressured to sell at unfavorable rates. Some disaffected subgroups moved to central or eastern Taiwan, but most remained in their ancestral locations and acculturated or assimilated into Han society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1997-144">[142]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Despite this, the vast majority of rebellions did not originate from indigenous peoples but the Han settlers, and the mountain aborigines were left to their own devices until the last 20 years of Qing rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019106-145">[143]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong</a> period (1735–1796), the 93 shufan acculturated aborigine villages never rebelled and over 200 non-acculturated aboriginal villages submitted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201991-146">[144]</a> During the reigns of the <a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Emperor" title="Kangxi Emperor">Kangxi</a> (r. 1661–1722), <a href="/wiki/Yongzheng_Emperor" title="Yongzheng Emperor">Yongzheng</a> (r. 1722–1735), and Qianlong (r. 1735–1796) emperors, the Qing court deliberately restricted the expansion of territory and government administration in Taiwan. A government permit was required for settlers to go beyond the <a href="/wiki/Dajia_River" title="Dajia River">Dajia River</a> at the mid-point of the western plains. In 1715, the governor-general of <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> recommended land reclamation in Taiwan but Kangxi was worried that this would cause instability and conflicts. By the time of Yongzheng's reign, the Qing extended control over the entire western plains, but this was to better control the settlers and maintain security. The quarantine policies were maintained. After the <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yigui" title="Zhu Yigui">Zhu Yigui</a> uprising which occurred in 1721, Lan Dingyuan, an advisor to Lan Tingzhen, who led forces against the rebellion, advocated for expansion and land reclamation to strengthen government control over the Chinese settlers. He wanted to convert the aborigines to Han culture and turn them into subjects of the Qing. However, the Qianlong Emperor kept the administrative structure of Taiwan largely unchanged and in 1744, he dismissed recommendations by officials to allow settlers to claim land.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201946–49-147">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Qing_classification_of_indigenous_peoples">Qing classification of indigenous peoples</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Qing classification of indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> The Qing did little to administer the indigenous and rarely tried to subjugate or impose cultural change upon them. Indigenous peoples were classified into two general categories: acculturated aborigines (shufan) and non-acculturated aborigines (shengfan). Sheng is a word used to describe uncooked food, unworked land, unripened-fruit, unskilled labor or strangers, while shu bears the opposite meaning. To the Qing, shufan were indigenous who paid taxes, performed corvée, and had adopted Han Chinese culture to some degree. When the Qing annexed Taiwan, there were 46 indigenous villages under government control: 12 in Fengshan and 34 in Zhuluo. These were likely inherited from the Zheng regime. In the Yongzheng period, 108 indigenous villages submitted as a result of encouragement and enticement from the Taiwan regional commander, Lin Liang. Shengfan who paid taxes but did not perform corvée and did not practice Han Chinese culture were called guihua shengfan (submitted non-acculturated aborigines).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201949–50-148">[146]</a> The Qianlong administration forbade enticing indigenous to submit due to fear of conflict. In the early Qianlong period, there were 299 named indigenous villages. Records show 93 shufan villages and 61 guihua shengfan villages. The number of shufan villages remained stable throughout the Qianlong period. Two indigenous affairs sub-prefects were appointed to manage aboriginal affairs in 1766. One was in charge of the north and the other in charge of the south, both focused on the plains aborigines. Boundaries were built to keep the mountain indigenous people out of settlement areas. The policy of marking settler boundaries and segregating them from indigenous territories became official policy in 1722 in response to the Zhu Yigui uprising. Fifty-four stelae were used to mark crucial points along the settler-indigenous boundary. Han settlers were forbidden from crossing into indigenous territory but settler encroachment continued, and the boundaries were rebuilt in 1750, 1760, 1784, and 1790. Settlers were forbidden from marrying indigenous as marriage was one way settlers obtained land. While the settlers drove colonization and acculturation, the Qing policy of quarantine dented the impact on aborigines, especially mountain indigenous people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55-149">[147]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Settler_expansion">Settler expansion</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Settler expansion">edit</a>]</div> Although Qing quarantine policies were maintained in the early 19th century, attitudes towards indigenous territories started to shift. Local officials repeatedly advocated for the colonization of indigenous territories, especially in the cases of <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Gamalan</a> and Shuishalian. The Gamalan or Kavalan people were situated in modern <a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Taiwan" title="Yilan County, Taiwan">Yilan County</a> in northeastern Taiwan. It was separated from the western plains and Tamsui (Danshui) by mountains. There were 36 indigenous villages in the area and the Kavalan people had started paying taxes as early as the Kangxi period (r. 1661–1722), but they were non-acculturated guihua shengfan aborigines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201955–56-150">[148]</a> In 1787, a Chinese settler named Wu Sha tried to reclaim land in Gamalan but was defeated by indigenous people. The next year, the Tamsui sub-prefect convinced the Taiwan prefect, Yang Tingli, to support Wu Sha. Yang recommended subjugating the natives and opening Gamalan for settlement to the Fujian governor but the governor refused to act due to fear of conflict. In 1797, a new Tamsui sub-prefect issued permit and financial support for Wu to recruit settlers for land reclamation, which was illegal. Wu's successors were unable to register the reclaimed land on government registers. Local officials supported land reclamation but could not officially recognize it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201956-151">[149]</a> In 1806 it was reported that a pirate, Cai Qian, was within the vicinity of Gamalan. Taiwan Prefect Yang once again recommended opening up Gamalan, arguing that to abandon it would cause trouble on the frontier. Later another pirate band tried to occupy Gamalan. Yang recommended to the Fuzhou General Saichong'a the establishment of administration and land surveys in Gamalan. Saichong'a initially refused but then changed his mind and sent a memorial to the emperor in 1808 recommending the incorporation of Gamalan. The issue was discussed by the central government officials and for the first time, one official went on record saying that if aboriginal territory was incorporated, not only would it end the pirate threat but the government would stand to profit from the land itself. In 1809, the emperor ordered for Gamalan to be incorporated. The next year an imperial decree for the formal incorporation of Gamalan was issued and a Gamalan sub-prefect was appointed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201956–57-152">[150]</a> Unlike Gamalan, debates on Shuishalian resulted in its continued status as a closed-off area. Shuishalian refers to the upstream areas of the <a href="/wiki/Zhuoshui_River" title="Zhuoshui River">Zhuoshui River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dadu_River_(Taiwan)" title="Dadu River (Taiwan)">Wu River</a> in central Taiwan. The inner mountain area of Shuishalian was inhabited by 24 indigenous villages and six of them occupied the flat and fertile basin area. The indigenous had submitted as early as 1693 but they remained non-acculturated. In 1814, some settlers were able to obtain reclamation permits through fabricating aboriginal land lease requests. In 1816, the government sent troops to evict the settlers and destroy their strongholds. Stelae were erected demarcating the land forbidden to Chinese settlers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201958-153">[151]</a> Local officials advocated for supporting colonization efforts into the mid-1800s but their recommendations were ignored.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201959–61-154">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Migration_to_highlands">Migration to highlands</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Migration to highlands">edit</a>]</div> One popular narrative holds that all of the Gaoshan peoples were originally Plains peoples, which fled to the mountains under pressure from Han encroachment. This strong version of the "migration" theory has been largely discounted by contemporary research as the Gaoshan people demonstrate a physiology, material cultures and customs that have been adapted for life at higher elevations. Linguistic, archeological, and recorded anecdotal evidence also suggests there has been island-wide migration of indigenous peoples for over 3,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-migrate-155">[153]</a> Small sub-groups of <a href="/wiki/Plains_Indigenous_peoples" title="Plains Indigenous peoples">Plains Indigenous Peoples</a> may have occasionally fled to the mountains, foothills or eastern plain to escape hostile groups of Han or other aborigines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsuchidaYamada19911–10-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2001-157">[155]</a> The "displacement scenario" is more likely rooted in the older customs of many Plains groups to withdraw into the foothills during headhunting season or when threatened by a neighboring village, as observed by the Dutch during their punitive campaign of Mattou in 1636 when the bulk of the village retreated to <a href="/wiki/Tevorangh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tevorangh">Tevorangh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlusseEverts200011–12-158">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19931–6-159">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199566–72-160">[158]</a> The "displacement scenario" may also stem from the inland migrations of Plains indigenous subgroups, who were displaced by either Han or other Plains indigenous and chose to move to the Iilan plain in 1804, the Puli basin in 1823 and another Puli migration in 1875. Each migration consisted of a number of families and totaled hundreds of people, not entire communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993391–95-161">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPan200236–7-162">[160]</a> There are also recorded oral histories that recall some Plains indigenous people were sometimes captured and killed by Highlands peoples while relocating through the mountains.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> However, as <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd (1993)</a> explained in detail, documented evidence shows that the majority of Plains people remained on the plains, intermarried <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo</a> immigrants from Fujian and <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, and adopted a Han identity. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Colonization_in_reaction_to_crises">Colonization in reaction to crises</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Colonization in reaction to crises">edit</a>]</div> In 1874, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> invaded indigenous territory in southern Taiwan in what is known as the <a href="/wiki/Mudan_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudan Incident">Mudan Incident</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a>). For six months Japanese soldiers occupied southern Taiwan and Japan argued that it was not part of the Qing dynasty. The result was the payment of an indemnity by the Qing in return for the Japanese army's withdrawal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201961–62-164">[162]</a> The imperial commissioner for Taiwan, <a href="/wiki/Shen_Baozhen" title="Shen Baozhen">Shen Baozhen</a>, argued that "the reason that Taiwan is being coveted by [Japan] is that the land is too empty."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201962-165">[163]</a> He recommended subjugating the indigenous and populating their territory with Chinese settlers. As a result, the administration of Taiwan was expanded and campaigns against the indigenous were launched. The two sub-prefects responsible for indigenous affairs were moved to inner Shushalian (Puli) and eastern Taiwan (Beinan), the focal points for colonization. Starting in 1874, mountain roads were built to make the region more accessible and indigenous people were brought into formal submission to the Qing. In 1875, the ban on entering Taiwan was lifted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201962-165">[163]</a> In 1877, 21 guidelines on subjugating indigenous peoples and opening the mountains were issued. Agencies for recruiting settlers were established on the coastal mainland and in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>. However efforts to promote settlement in Taiwan petered out soon after.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201963–64-166">[164]</a> Efforts to settle in indigenous territories were renewed under the governance of <a href="/wiki/Liu_Mingchuan" title="Liu Mingchuan">Liu Mingchuan</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a> ended in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201964–65-167">[165]</a> However few settlers went to Taiwan and those that did were accosted by aborigines and the harsh climate. Governor Liu was criticized for the high cost and little gain from the colonization activities. Liu resigned in 1891 and the colonization efforts ceased.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201965-168">[166]</a> A Taiwan Pacification and Reclamation Head Office was established with eight pacification and reclamation bureaus. Four bureaus were located in eastern Taiwan, two in Puli (inner Shuishalian), one in the north, and one on the western border of the mountains. By 1887, about 500 indigenous villages, or roughly 90,000 indigenous had formally submitted to Qing rule. This number increased to 800 villages with 148,479 indigenous over the following years. However the cost of getting them to submit was exorbitant. The Qing offered them materials and paid village chiefs monthly allowances. Not all the indigenous were under effective control and land reclamation in eastern Taiwan occurred at a slow pace.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201965-168">[166]</a> From 1884 to 1891, Liu launched more than 40 military campaigns against the aborigines with 17,500 soldiers. A third of the invasion force was killed or disabled in the conflict, amounting to a costly failure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191-169">[167]</a> By the end of the Qing period, the western plains were fully developed as farmland with about 2.5 million Chinese settlers. The mountainous areas were still largely autonomous under the control of indigenous. Indigenous land loss under the Qing occurred at a relatively slow pace compared to the following Japanese colonial period due to the absence of state sponsored land deprivation for the majority of Qing rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe20191,_10,_174-170">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177-171">[169]</a> In the 50-year period of Japanese rule that followed, the Taiwanese aborigines lost their right to legal ownership of land and were confined to small reserves one-eighth the size of their ancestral lands.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe20191-172">[170]</a> However even had Japan not taken over Taiwan, the plains indigenous were on the way to losing their residual rights to land. By the last years of Qing rule, most of the plains aborigines had been acculturated to Han culture, around 20–30% could speak their mother tongues, and gradually lost their land ownership and rent collection rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019174–175,_166-173">[171]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Highland_peoples">Highland peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Highland peoples">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_bunun_village.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Taiwan_bunun_village.jpg/300px-Taiwan_bunun_village.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Taiwan_bunun_village.jpg/450px-Taiwan_bunun_village.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a1/Taiwan_bunun_village.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a> mother and child in sling in Lona Village, <a href="/wiki/Nantou_County" title="Nantou County">Nantou County</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> Imperial Chinese and European societies had little contact with the Highland indigenous until expeditions to the region by European and American explorers and missionaries commenced in the 19th and early 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1915-174">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay1896-175">[173]</a> The lack of data before this was primarily the result of a Qing quarantine on the region to the east of the "earth oxen" (土牛) border, which ran along the eastern edge of the western plain. Han contact with the mountain peoples was usually associated with the enterprise of gathering and extracting <a href="/wiki/Camphor" title="Camphor">camphor</a> from Camphor Laurel trees (<a href="/wiki/Cinnamomum_camphora" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinnamomum camphora">Cinnamomum camphora</a>), native to the island and in particular the mountainous areas. The production and shipment of camphor (used in herbal medicines and mothballs) was then a significant industry on the island, lasting up to and including the period of Japanese rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickering1898220–24-176">[174]</a> These early encounters often involved headhunting parties from the Highland peoples, who sought out and raided unprotected Han forest workers. Together with traditional Han concepts of Taiwanese behavior, these raiding incidents helped to promote the Qing-era popular image of the "violent" aborigine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng2004230–36-177">[175]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Plains_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Plains Aborigines">Taiwanese Plains indigenous</a> were often employed and dispatched as interpreters to assist in the trade of goods between Han merchants and Highlands aborigines. The indigenous people traded cloth, pelts and meat for iron and matchlock rifles. Iron was a necessary material for the fabrication of hunting knives—long, curved sabers that were generally used as a forest tool. These blades became notorious among Han settlers, given their alternative use to decapitate Highland indigenous enemies in customary headhunting expeditions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Headhunting">Headhunting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Headhunting">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wu_Feng_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Feng Legend">Wu Feng Legend</a></div> Every tribe except the <a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao people</a> of Orchid Island practiced <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">headhunting</a>, which was a symbol of bravery and valor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu199129–36-178">[176]</a> Men who did not take heads could not cross the rainbow bridge into the spirit world upon death as per the religion of Gaya. Each tribe has its own origin story for the tradition of headhunting but the theme is similar across tribes. After the great flood, headhunting originated due to boredom (South Tsou Sa'arua, Paiwan), to improve tribal singing (Ali Mountain Tsou), as a form of population control (Atayal, Taroko, Bunun), simply for amusement and fun (Rukai, Tsou, Puyuma) or particularly for the fun and excitement of killing intellectually disabled individuals (Amis). Once the victims had been decapitated and displayed the heads were boiled and left to dry, often hanging from trees or displayed on slate shelves referred to as "skull racks". A party returning with a head was cause for celebration, as it was believed to bring good luck and the spiritual power of the slaughtered individual was believed to transfer into the headhunter. If the head was that of a woman it was even better because it meant she could not bear children. The Bunun people would often take prisoners and inscribe prayers or messages to their dead on arrows, then shoot their prisoner with the hope their prayers would be carried to the dead. Taiwanese Hoklo Han settlers and Japanese were often the victims of headhunting raids as they were considered by the indigenous to be liars and enemies. A headhunting raid would often strike at workers in the fields, or set a dwelling alight and then decapitate the inhabitants as they fled the burning structure. It was also customary to later raise the victim's surviving children as full members of the community. Often the heads themselves were ceremonially 'invited' to join the community as members, where they were supposed to watch over the community and keep them safe. The indigenous inhabitants of Taiwan accepted the convention and practice of headhunting as one of the calculated risks of community life. The last groups to practice headhunting were the Paiwan, Bunun, and Atayal groups.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-McGovern1922-179">[177]</a> Japanese rule ended the practice by 1930, (though Japanese were not subject to this regulation and continued to headhunt their enemies throughout World War II) and as late as 2003 there are elder Taiwanese that could recall the practice firsthand.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_rule_(1895–1945)">Japanese rule (1895–1945)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japanese rule (1895–1945)">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Takasago_Volunteer_Corps.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takasago_Volunteer_Corps.JPG/300px-Takasago_Volunteer_Corps.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takasago_Volunteer_Corps.JPG/450px-Takasago_Volunteer_Corps.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Takasago_Volunteer_Corps.JPG/600px-Takasago_Volunteer_Corps.JPG 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Takasago Volunteers</a> as Imperial Japanese Army corps during World War II</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beipu_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Beipu Uprising">Beipu Uprising</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapani_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapani Incident">Tapani Incident</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></div> When the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a> was finalized on 17 April 1895, Taiwan was ceded by the Qing Empire to Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold198636-181">[179]</a> Taiwan's incorporation into the Japanese political orbit brought Taiwanese indigenous into contact with a new colonial structure, determined to define and locate indigenous people within the framework of a new, multi-ethnic empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleeman200319-182">[180]</a> The means of accomplishing this goal took three main forms: anthropological study of the natives of Taiwan, attempts to reshape the indigenous in the mold of the Japanese, and military suppression. The indigenous and Han joined to violently revolt against Japanese rule in the 1907 <a href="/wiki/Beipu_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Beipu Uprising">Beipu Uprising</a> and 1915 <a href="/wiki/Tapani_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapani Incident">Tapani Incident</a>. <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amis_postcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Amis_postcard.jpg/200px-Amis_postcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="318" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Amis_postcard.jpg/300px-Amis_postcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Amis_postcard.jpg/400px-Amis_postcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="645" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Colorized photograph of an <a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis</a> couple in traditional clothing. Taken in pre-World War II Japanese-ruled Taiwan.</figcaption></figure> Japan's sentiment regarding indigenous peoples was crafted around the memory of the <a href="/wiki/Mudan_Incident_(1871)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudan Incident (1871)">Mudan Incident</a>, when, in 1871, a group of 54 shipwrecked <a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryūkyūan</a> sailors was massacred by a Paiwan group from the village of Mudan in southern Taiwan. The resulting Japanese policy, published twenty years before the onset of their rule on Taiwan, cast Taiwanese indigenous as "vicious, violent and cruel" and concluded "this is a pitfall of the world; we must get rid of them all".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleeman200320–1-183">[181]</a> Japanese campaigns to gain aboriginal submission were often brutal, as evidenced in the desire of Japan's first Governor General, <a href="/wiki/Kabayama_Sukenori" title="Kabayama Sukenori">Kabayama Sukenori</a>, to "...conquer the barbarians" (<a href="#CITEREFKleeman2003">Kleeman 2003</a>:20). The Seediq indigenous fought against the Japanese in multiple battles such as the <a href="/wiki/Seediq_people#Major_events" title="Seediq people">Xincheng incident (新城事件), Truku battle (太魯閣之役) (Taroko)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Morris2015-184">[182]</a> 1902 Renzhiguan incident (人止關事件), and the 1903 Zimeiyuan incident (姊妹原事件). In the <a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a> of 1930, for example, a Seediq group was decimated by artillery and supplanted by the Taroko (Truku), which had sustained periods of bombardment from naval ships and airplanes dropping mustard gas. A quarantine was placed around the mountain areas enforced by armed guard stations and electrified fences until the most remote high mountain villages could be relocated closer to administrative control.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETakekoshi1907210–19-185">[183]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Divide_and_rule" title="Divide and rule">divide and rule</a> policy was formulated with Japan trying to play indigenous and Han against each other to their own benefit when Japan alternated between fighting the two with Japan first fighting Han and then fighting indigenous.<a href="#cite_note-Tierney2010-186">[184]</a> Nationalist Japanese claim indigenous were treated well by Kabayama.<a href="#cite_note-GoFoster2003-187">[185]</a> unenlightened and stubbornly stupid were the words used to describe indigenous by Kabayama Sukenori.<a href="#cite_note-AndréPeng2012-188">[186]</a> A hardline anti indigenous position aimed at the destruction of their civilization was implemented by Fukuzawa Yukichi.<a href="#cite_note-Caprio2014-189">[187]</a> The most tenacioius opposition was mounted by the Bunan and Atayal against the Japanese during the brutal mountain war in 1913–14 under Sakuma. Indigenous continued to fight against the Japanese after 1915.<a href="#cite_note-Rubinstein2015-190">[188]</a> Aboriginals were subjected to military takeover and assimilation.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> In order to exploit camphor resources, the Japanese fought against the Bngciq Atayal in 1906 and expelled them.<a href="#cite_note-guan2001-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> The war is called "Camphor War" (樟腦戰爭).<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun indigenous</a> under Chief <a href="/w/index.php?title=Raho_Ari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Raho Ari (page does not exist)">Raho Ari</a> (or Dahu Ali, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E8%8D%B7%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%9B%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:拉荷·阿雷">拉荷·阿雷</a>, lāhè āléi) engaged in guerilla warfare against the Japanese for twenty years. Raho Ari's revolt was sparked when the Japanese implemented a gun control policy in 1914 against the indigenous people in which their rifles were impounded in police stations when hunting expeditions were over. The Dafen incident <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" class="extiw" title="zh:大分事件">w:zh:大分事件</a> began at Dafen when a police platoon was slaughtered by Raho Ari's clan in 1915. A settlement holding 266 people called Tamaho was created by Raho Ari and his followers near the source of the Laonong River and attracted more Bunun rebels to their cause. Raho Ari and his followers captured bullets and guns and slew Japanese in repeated hit and run raids against Japanese police stations by infiltrating over the Japanese "guardline" of electrified fences and police stations as they pleased.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> The 1930 "New Flora and Silva, Volume 2" said of the mountain indigenous that the "majority of them live in a state of war against Japanese authority".<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> The Bunun and Atayal were described as the "most ferocious" indigenous people, and police stations were targeted by indigenous in intermittent assaults.<a href="#cite_note-auto-198">[196]</a> By January 1915, all indigenous peoples in northern Taiwan were forced to hand over their guns to the Japanese, however head hunting and assaults on police stations by indigenous still continued after that year.<a href="#cite_note-auto-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> Between 1921 and 1929 Aboriginal raids died down, but a major revival and surge in Aboriginal armed resistance erupted from 1930 to 1933 for four years during which the Musha Incident occurred and Bunun carried out raids, after which armed conflict again died down.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a> According to a 1933-year book, wounded people in the Japanese war against the Aboriginals numbered around 4,160, with 4,422 civilians dead and 2,660 military personnel killed.<a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a> According to a 1935 report, 7,081 Japanese were killed in the armed struggle from 1896 to 1933 while the Japanese confiscated 29,772 indigenous people's guns by 1933.<a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%9C%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%9C%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6.jpg/300px-%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%9C%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%9C%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6.jpg/450px-%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%9C%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%9C%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6.jpg/600px-%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E9%9C%A7%E7%A4%BE%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Seediq_people" title="Seediq people">Seediq</a> indigenous rebels beheaded by Japanese indigenous allies, in 1931 during the <a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in the first year of Japanese rule, the colonial government embarked on a mission to study the indigenous so they could be classified, located and "civilized". The Japanese "civilizing project", partially fueled by public demand in Japan to know more about the empire, would be used to benefit the Imperial government by consolidating administrative control over the entire island, opening up vast tracts of land for exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuenari20061–8-203">[201]</a> To satisfy these needs, "the Japanese portrayed and catalogued Taiwan's indigenous peoples in a welter of statistical tables, magazine and newspaper articles, photograph albums for popular consumption".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuda2003181-204">[202]</a> The Japanese based much of their information and terminology on prior Qing era narratives concerning degrees of "civilization".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKa199527–30-205">[203]</a> Japanese ethnographer <a href="/wiki/Kanori_Ino" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanori Ino">Ino Kanori</a> was charged with the task of surveying the entire population of Taiwanese indigenous, applying the first systematic study of aborigines on Taiwan. Ino's research is best known for his formalization of eight peoples of Taiwanese aborigines: Atayal, Bunun, Saisiat, Tsou, Paiwan, Puyuma, Ami and Pepo (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Plains_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Plains Aborigines">Pingpu</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESuenari20066–8-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell200015–16-207">[205]</a> This is the direct antecedent of the taxonomy used today to distinguish people groups that are officially recognized by the government. Life under the Japanese changed rapidly as many of the traditional structures were replaced by a military power. Indigenous people who wished to improve their status looked to education rather than headhunting as the new form of power. Those who learned to work with the Japanese and follow their customs would be better suited to lead villages. The Japanese encouraged aborigines to maintain traditional costumes and selected customs that were not considered detrimental to society, but invested much time and money in efforts to eliminate traditions deemed unsavory by Japanese culture, including tattooing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2006-208">[206]</a> By the mid-1930s as Japan's empire was reaching its zenith, the colonial government began a political socialization program designed to enforce Japanese customs, rituals and a loyal Japanese identity upon the aborigines. By the end of World War II, aborigines whose fathers had been killed in pacification campaigns were volunteering to serve in <a href="/wiki/Takasago_Volunteers" title="Takasago Volunteers">Special Units</a> and if need be die for the Emperor of Japan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChing2001153–73-209">[207]</a> The Japanese colonial experience left an indelible mark on many older aborigines who maintained an admiration for the Japanese long after their departure in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendel197054–5-210">[208]</a> The Japanese troops used indigenous women as sex slaves, so called "<a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">comfort women</a>".<a href="#cite_note-211">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kuomintang_single-party_rule_(1945–1987)">Kuomintang single-party rule (1945–1987)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Kuomintang single-party rule (1945–1987)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror (Taiwan)</a></div> Japanese rule of Taiwan ended in 1945, following the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">armistice with the allies</a> on 2 September and the subsequent appropriation of the island by the Chinese Nationalist Party (<a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, or KMT) on 25 October. In 1949, on losing the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>, Generalissimo <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> led the Kuomintang in a retreat from <a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">mainland China</a>, withdrawing its government and 1.3 million refugees to Taiwan. The KMT installed an authoritarian form of government and shortly thereafter inaugurated a number of political socialization programs aimed at nationalizing Taiwanese people as citizens of a Chinese nation and eradicating Japanese influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilson1970-212">[210]</a> The KMT pursued highly centralized political and cultural policies rooted in the party's decades-long history of fighting <a href="/wiki/Warlordism" class="mw-redirect" title="Warlordism">warlordism</a> in China and opposing competing concepts of a loose federation following the demise of the imperial Qing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuara1995-54">[53]</a> The project was designed to create a strong national Chinese <a href="/wiki/Cultural_identity" title="Cultural identity">cultural identity</a> (as defined by the state) at the expense of local cultures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhillips200347–8,_140–41-213">[211]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/February_28_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="February 28 Incident">February 28 Incident</a> in 1947, the Kuomintang placed Taiwan under <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">martial law</a>, which was to last for nearly four decades. Taiwanese indigenous peoples first encountered the Nationalist government in 1946, when the Japanese village schools were replaced by schools of the KMT. Documents from the Education Office show an emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">history</a> and citizenship — with a curriculum steeped in pro-KMT <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideology</a>. Some elements of the curriculum, such as the <a href="/wiki/Wu_Feng_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Feng Legend">Wu Feng Legend</a>, are currently considered offensive to the Taiwanese indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2001-214">[212]</a> Much of the burden of educating the indigenous was undertaken by unqualified teachers, who could, at best, speak <a href="/wiki/Standard_Mandarin" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Mandarin">Mandarin</a> and teach basic ideology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison200168–70-215">[213]</a> In 1951 a major political socialization campaign was launched to change the lifestyle of many aborigines, to adopt Han customs. A 1953 government report on mountain areas stated that its aims were chiefly to promote Mandarin to strengthen a national outlook and create good customs. This was included in the Shandi Pingdi Hua (山地平地化) policy to "make the mountains like the plains".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2003351-216">[214]</a> Critics of the KMT's program for a centralized national culture regard it as institutionalized ethnic discrimination, point to the loss of several indigenous languages and a perpetuation of shame for being an aborigine. Hsiau noted that Taiwan's first democratically elected president, <a href="/wiki/Li_Teng-Hui" class="mw-redirect" title="Li Teng-Hui">Li Teng-Hui</a>, said in a famous interview: "... In the period of Japanese colonialism a Taiwanese would be punished by being forced to kneel out in the sun for speaking <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Minnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Minnan">Tai-yü</a>." [a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Min_Nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Min Nan">Min Nan</a>, which is not a <a href="/wiki/Formosan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Formosan language">Formosan language</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiau1997302-217">[215]</a> The pattern of intermarriage continued, as many KMT soldiers married indigenous women who were from poorer areas and could be easily bought as wives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarrison2003351-216">[214]</a> Modern studies show a high degree of genetic intermixing. Despite this, many contemporary Taiwanese are unwilling to entertain the idea of having an indigenous heritage. In a 1994 study, it was found that 71% of the families surveyed would object to their daughter marrying an indigenous man. For much of the KMT era the government definition of indigenous identity had been 100% indigenous parentage, leaving any intermarriage resulting in a non-indigenous child. Later the policy was adjusted to the ethnic status of the father determining the status of the child.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShih1999-218">[216]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transition_to_democracy">Transition to democracy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Transition to democracy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Category:Conservatism in Taiwan">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Conservatism in Taiwan</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/80px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/120px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/160px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">Economic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_conservatism" title="National conservatism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism#In_Taiwan" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">All Pan-Blue</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement#Opposition_to_independence" title="Taiwan independence movement">Anti-Taiwan independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Chinese irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification#Pan-Blue_interpretation" title="Chinese unification">Unification under ROC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_trade" title="Free trade">Free trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> <hr /> Chiangist factions (Pan-Blue) <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China#Taiwan_(Republic_of_China,_1949–present)" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cults_of_personality#Republic_of_China" title="List of cults of personality">Cult of personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirigisme" title="Dirigisme">Dirigisme</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Free_area_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Free area of the Republic of China">Free China</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Reclaim The Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_dictatorship" title="Right-wing dictatorship">Right-wing dictatorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism#Ultranationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Ultranationalism</a></li></ul> <hr /> <a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Pro-Beijing</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/18px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/27px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/36px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Americanism" title="Anti-Americanism">Anti-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment">Anti-Japanese sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement#Opposition_to_independence" title="Taiwan independence movement">Anti-Taiwan independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Chinese irredentism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification#Official_stance_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Chinese unification">Unification under PRC</a></li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Taiwan" title="United front in Taiwan">United front</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_country,_two_systems" title="One country, two systems">One country, two systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretic_politics" title="Syncretic politics">Syncretic politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></li></ul> <hr /> Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism" title="Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Chinese_sentiment" title="Anti-Chinese sentiment">Anti-Chinese sentiment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism#Han_Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militarism" title="Militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativism_(politics)#Taiwan" title="Nativism (politics)">Nativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Americanism" title="Pro-Americanism">Pro-Americanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Taiwanese culture</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_government_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" title="Retreat of the government of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Great Retreat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Framework_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement">Economic Cooperation Framework Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E2%80%93Xi_meeting" title="Ma–Xi meeting">Ma–Xi meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Links" title="Three Links">Three Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Taiwan_during_martial_law" title="Language policy in Taiwan during martial law">Language policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Ya-chung" title="Chang Ya-chung">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao" title="Li Ao">Li</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Pan-Blue <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wan-an" title="Chiang Wan-an">Chiang (Wan-an)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Lung-pin" title="Hau Lung-pin">Hau (Lung-pin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun" title="Hau Pei-tsun">Hau (Pei-tsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chan" title="Lien Chan">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Soong" title="James Soong">Soong (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong (Mei-ling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Kuo-hwa" title="Yu Kuo-hwa">Yu</a></li></ul> <hr /> Pro-Beijing <a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/18px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/27px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/36px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chang_An-lo" title="Chang An-lo">Chang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chou_Ching-chun" title="Chou Ching-chun">Chou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiu_Yi" title="Chiu Yi">Chiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung</a></li></ul> <hr /> Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yi-te" title="Liu Yi-te">Liu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Pan-Blue <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Chinese Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">Chinese New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> Pro-Beijing <a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/18px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/27px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/36px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">Chinese New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Unification_Promotion_Party" title="Chinese Unification Promotion Party">Chinese Unification Promotion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Public_Good_Party" title="For Public Good Party">For Public Good Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Alliance_Association" title="Patriot Alliance Association">Patriot Alliance Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Solidarity_Union" title="Taiwan Solidarity Union">Taiwan Solidarity Union</a></li> <li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B3%B6%E6%B0%91%E6%8A%97%E4%B8%AD%E8%81%AF%E5%90%88" class="extiw" title="zh:島民抗中聯合">Taiwanese Localism Front</a></li></ul> <hr /> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Pan-Blue <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Republican Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Nationalist_Party" title="Taiwan Nationalist Party">Taiwan Nationalist Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_Alliance" title="Congress Party Alliance">Congress Party Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Motorists%27_Party_of_ROC" title="The Motorists' Party of ROC">The Motorists' Party of ROC</a></li></ul> <hr /> Taiwan under Japanese rule <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a> <ul><li><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E6%B0%91%E5%A5%89%E5%85%AC%E6%9C%83" class="extiw" title="zh-tw:皇民奉公會">Kōmin Hōkōkai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rikken_Seiy%C5%ABkai" title="Rikken Seiyūkai">Rikken Seiyūkai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Pan-Blue <a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/18px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/27px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg/36px-Emblem_of_the_Kuomintang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Pan-Blue Coalition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> Pro-Beijing <a href="/wiki/File:Danghui.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/18px-Danghui.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/27px-Danghui.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Danghui.svg/36px-Danghui.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="320" /></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_front_in_Taiwan" title="United front in Taiwan">United front in Taiwan</a></li></ul> <hr /> Taiwanese nationalists (limited to conservative factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formosa_Alliance" title="Formosa Alliance">Formosa Alliance</a> (factions)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Want_Want" title="Want Want">Want Want</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="font-style:italic;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Daily_News" title="United Daily News">United Daily News</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #154E9D; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservatism in China">Conservatism in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-strait_relations" title="Cross-strait relations">Cross-strait relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_nation,_two_states" title="One nation, two states">One nation, two states</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Transition_to_democracy">Conservative indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">World League for Freedom and Democracy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Template:Conservatism in Taiwan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Template talk:Conservatism in Taiwan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in Taiwan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Authoritarian rule under the Kuomintang ended gradually through a transition to democracy, which was marked by the lifting of martial law in 1987. Soon after, the KMT transitioned to being merely one party within a democratic system, though maintaining a high degree of power in indigenous districts through an established system of patronage networks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton2006400–10-219">[217]</a> The KMT continued to hold the reins of power for another decade under President <a href="/wiki/Lee_Teng-hui" title="Lee Teng-hui">Lee Teng-hui</a>. However, they did so as an elected government rather than a dictatorial power. The elected KMT government supported many of the bills that had been promoted by indigenous groups. The tenth amendment to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution of the Republic of China</a> also stipulates that the government would protect and preserve indigenous culture and languages and also encourage them to participate in politics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During the period of political liberalization, which preceded the end of martial law, academic interest in the Plains indigenous surged as amateur and professional historians sought to rediscover Taiwan's past. The opposition <a href="/wiki/Tang_wai" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang wai">tang wai</a> activists seized upon the new image of the Plains indigenous as a means to directly challenge the KMT's official narrative of Taiwan as a historical part of China, and the government's assertion that Taiwanese were "pure" Han Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiau2000170-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown200423–9-221">[219]</a> Many tang wai activists framed the Plains indigenous experience in the existing anti-colonialism/victimization Taiwanese nationalist narrative, which positioned the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Minnan" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Minnan">Hoklo</a>-speaking Taiwanese in the role of indigenous people and the victims of successive foreign rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiau2000171–73-222">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEdmondson200232–42-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESu1986-224">[222]</a> By the late 1980s many Hoklo- and <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a>-speaking people began identifying themselves as Plains indigenous, though any initial shift in ethnic consciousness from <a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hoklo people</a> was minor. Despite the politicized dramatization of the Plains indigenous, their "rediscovery" as a matter of public discourse has had a lasting effect on the increased socio-political reconceptualization of Taiwan—emerging from a Han Chinese-dominant perspective into a wider acceptance of Taiwan as a multi-cultural and multi-ethnic community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsiau2000171-225">[223]</a> In many districts Taiwanese aborigines tend to vote for the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>, to the point that the legislative seats allocated to the indigenous are popularly described as iron votes for the <a href="/wiki/Pan-blue_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-blue coalition">pan-blue coalition</a>. This may seem surprising in light of the focus of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-green_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-green coalition">pan-green coalition</a> on promoting aboriginal culture as part of the Taiwanese nationalist discourse against the KMT. However, this voting pattern can be explained on economic grounds, and as part of an inter-ethnic power struggle waged in the electorate. Some aborigines see the rhetoric of Taiwan nationalism as favoring the majority Hoklo speakers rather than themselves. Indigenous areas also tend to be poor and their economic vitality tied to the entrenched patronage networks established by the Kuomintang over the course of its fifty-five year reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton2006401–10-226">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2007-227">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEyton2004-228">[226]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aborigines_in_the_democratic_era">Aborigines in the democratic era</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Aborigines in the democratic era">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg/200px-Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg/300px-Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg/400px-Taiwan_bunun_dancer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a> dancer in Lona, <a href="/wiki/Nantou_County" title="Nantou County">Nantou County</a>, Taiwan</figcaption></figure> The democratic era has been a time of great change, both constructive and destructive, for the indigenous of Taiwan. Since the 1980s, increased political and public attention has been paid to the rights and social issues of the indigenous communities of Taiwan. Indigenous peoples have realized gains in both the political and economic spheres. Though progress is ongoing, there remain a number of still unrealized goals within the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">ROC</a>: "although certainly more 'equal' than they were 20, or even 10, years ago, the indigenous inhabitants in Taiwan still remain on the lowest rungs of the legal and socioeconomic ladders".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricsson2004-35">[34]</a> On the other hand, bright spots are not hard to find. A resurgence in ethnic pride has accompanied the indigenous cultural renaissance, which is exemplified by the increased popularity of aboriginal music and greater public interest in indigenous culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGluck2005-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_political_movement">Indigenous political movement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Indigenous political movement">edit</a>]</div> The movement for indigenous cultural and political resurgence in Taiwan traces its roots to the ideals outlined in the <a href="/wiki/Universal_Declaration_of_Human_Rights" title="Universal Declaration of Human Rights">Universal Declaration of Human Rights</a> (1948).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2006-230">[228]</a> Although the Republic of China was a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> member and signatory to the original <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Charter">UN Charter</a>, four decades of martial law controlled the discourse of culture and politics on Taiwan. The political liberalization Taiwan experienced leading up to the official end of martial law on 15 July 1987, opened a new public arena for dissenting voices and political movements against the centralized policy of the KMT[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]. In December 1984, the Taiwan Aboriginal People's Movement was launched when a group of indigenous political activists, aided by the progressive <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Presbyterian Church in Taiwan">Presbyterian Church in Taiwan</a> (PCT),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton2002-2">[2]</a> established the Alliance of Taiwan Aborigines (ATA, or yuan chuan hui) to highlight the problems experienced by indigenous communities all over Taiwan, including: prostitution, economic disparity, land rights and official discrimination in the form of naming rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaure200198–100-231">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton1999-232">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsieh2006-61">[60]</a> In 1988, amid the ATA's Return Our Land Movement, in which aborigines demanded the return of lands to the original inhabitants, the ATA sent its first representative to the United Nations <a href="/wiki/Working_Group_on_Indigenous_Populations" title="Working Group on Indigenous Populations">Working Group on Indigenous Populations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsieh200647–9-233">[231]</a> Following the success in addressing the UN, the "Return Our Land" movement evolved into the Aboriginal Constitution Movement, in which the indigenous representatives demanded appropriate wording in the ROC Constitution to ensure indigenous Taiwanese "dignity and justice" in the form of enhanced legal protection, government assistance to improve living standards in indigenous communities, and the right to identify themselves as "yuan chu min" (原住民), literally, "the people who lived here first," but more commonly, "aborigines".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton199939-234">[232]</a> The KMT government initially opposed the term, due to its implication that other people on Taiwan, including the KMT government, were newcomers and not entitled to the island. The KMT preferred hsien chu min (先住民, "First people"), or tsao chu min (早住民, "Early People") to evoke a sense of general historical immigration to Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton199938–9-235">[233]</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style#Punctuation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style">check quotation syntax</a>] <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dadaocheng_Building_(Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples)_20130708.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dadaocheng_Building_%28Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples%29_20130708.jpg/200px-Dadaocheng_Building_%28Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples%29_20130708.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dadaocheng_Building_%28Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples%29_20130708.jpg/301px-Dadaocheng_Building_%28Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples%29_20130708.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Dadaocheng_Building_%28Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples%29_20130708.jpg/400px-Dadaocheng_Building_%28Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples%29_20130708.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a></figcaption></figure> To some degree the movement has been successful. Beginning in 1998, the official curriculum in Taiwan schools has been changed to contain more frequent and favorable mention of indigenous. In 1996 the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a> was promoted to a ministry-level rank within the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a>. The central government has taken steps to allow romanized spellings of aboriginal names on official documents, offsetting the long-held policy of forcing a Han name on an aborigine. A relaxed policy on identification now allows a child to choose their official designation if they are born to mixed indigenous/Han parents.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The present political leaders in the indigenous community, led mostly by indigenous elites born after 1949, have been effective in leveraging their ethnic identity and socio-linguistic acculturation into contemporary Taiwanese society against the political backdrop of a changing Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERudolph2003123-236">[234]</a> This has allowed indigenous people a means to push for greater political space, including the still unrealized prospect of <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous area">Indigenous People's Autonomous Areas</a> within Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2006427–29-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricsson2004-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECheng2007-42">[41]</a> In February 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Ketagalan_Boulevard_Protest" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Ketagalan Boulevard Protest">Indigenous Ketagalan Boulevard Protest</a> started in a bid for more official recognition of land as traditional territories.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_political_representation">Indigenous political representation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Indigenous political representation">edit</a>]</div> Indigenous peoples were represented by eight members out of 225 seats in the Legislative Yuan. In 2008, the number of legislative seats was cut in half to 113, of which Taiwanese indigenous are represented by six members, three each for lowland and highland peoples.<a href="#cite_note-238">[236]</a> The tendency of Taiwanese aborigines to vote for members of the <a href="/wiki/Pan-blue_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-blue coalition">pan-blue coalition</a> has been cited as having the potential to change the balance of the legislature. Citing these six seats in addition with five seats from smaller counties that also tend to vote pan-blue has been seen as giving the <a href="/wiki/Pan-blue_coalition" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan-blue coalition">pan-blue coalition</a> 11 seats before the first vote is counted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGao2007-227">[225]</a> The deep-rooted hostility between indigenous and (Taiwanese) Hoklo, and the indigenous communities' effective KMT networks, contribute to indigenous skepticism against the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a> (DPP) and the indigenous tendency to vote for the KMT.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> Indigenous peoples have criticized politicians for abusing the "indigenization" movement for political gains, such as indigenous opposition to the DPP's "rectification" by recognizing the Taroko for political reasons, with the majority of mountain townships voting for <a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma Ying-jeou</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> The Atayal and Seediq slammed the Truku for their name rectification.<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> In 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> displayed a massive photo of the anti-Japanese indigenous leader <a href="/wiki/Mona_Rudao" title="Mona Rudao">Mona Rudao</a> at its headquarters in honor of the 60th anniversary of Taiwan's <a href="/wiki/Retrocession_of_Taiwan" title="Retrocession of Taiwan">handover</a> from Japan to the Republic of China.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kao_Chin_Su-mei" title="Kao Chin Su-mei">Kao Chin Su-mei</a> led indigenous legislators to protest against the Japanese at <a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Yasukuni shrine">Yasukuni shrine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Taipei_Times" title="Taipei Times">Taipei Times</a> ran an editorial in 2008 that rejected the idea of an apology to the indigenous, and rejected the idea of comparing Australian Aborigines' centuries of 'genocidal' suffering at the hands of White Australians to the suffering of indigenous in Taiwan.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> Indigenous peoples protested against the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> during his visit to Taiwan after <a href="/wiki/Typhoon_Morakot" title="Typhoon Morakot">Typhoon Morakot</a> and denounced it as politically motivated.<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> In 2016, indigenous protestors criticized Tsai for not returning to Chen Shui-bian's New Partnership quasi-state relationship which she did not mention in her apology to the indigenous. The location of the apology, the Japanese colonial administration's governor-general, as well as the indigenous invited to the apology, who only counted officials rather than traditional leaders, were was also criticized. Aboriginal Transitional Justice Alliance president Kumu Hacyo described the apology as "a political show that was put on in an extremely bureaucratic fashion" lacking in sincerity and evasive in nature.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> In response to the "apology" ceremony held by Tsai, KMT Aboriginal lawmakers refused to attend.<a href="#cite_note-253">[251]</a> Indigenous peoples demanded that recompense from Tsai to accompany the apology.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> The derogatory term "fan" (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Language">Chinese</a>: 番) was often used against the Plains indigenous by the Taiwanese. The Hoklo Taiwanese term was forced upon indigenous like the Pazeh.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> In November 2016, a racist anti-indigenous slur was also used by Chiu Yi-ying, a DPP Taiwanese legislator,<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a> who said that the term meant "‘unreasonable people" and was meant to describe the actions of KMT lawmakers. KMT caucus whip Sufin Siluko accused Chiu of directing the term at himself and another indigenous KMT legislator.<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> According to Mr. Lupiliyan, a Paiwan man who has participated in exchange activities sponsored by the government, the current government is still a colonial establishment and is "using the colonized to protect its international position." However he believes that the main beneficiaries are still the Taiwanese indigenous people. Lupiliyan says that Austronesian diplomacy and international exchanges provide them with templates on how to revitalize their own culture.<a href="#cite_note-loophole-258">[256]</a> Due to these reasons, the anthropologist Scott Simon argues that the current political climate amongst indigenous people highlights a "paradox of indigeneity." Simon explains that despite the DPP's strong support of indigenous discourse and apologies to indigenous communities, Taiwanese Indigenous peoples despite being indigenous people themselves, tend to remain quite skeptical and continue to be more inclined to vote for the KMT, a political party that has largely rejected and resisted the popularization of indigenous discourse.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Right_to_hunt">Right to hunt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Right to hunt">edit</a>]</div> Hunting is a traditional way of life with cultural and religious significance to the indigenous Taiwanese, but the practice has been strictly regulated by the ROC government in the name of gun control and wildlife conservation. <a href="/wiki/Tama_Talum_prosecution" title="Tama Talum prosecution">A Bunun hunter was arrested</a> in 2013 for hunting protected animals with an illegally modified shotgun, and convicted in 2015, prompting political discourse over the indigenous right to hunt, conservation, and gun control. In 2021 the constitutional court ruled that the government has the right to regulate guns and the hunting of wildlife even in the context of indigenous hunting, but the regulations should be updated to accommodate the need of indigenous hunting. The indigenous community mostly disagreed with the ruling made only by Han Chinese judges.<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> The Bunun hunter eventually received a presidential pardon,<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a> but the law is still not updated.<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Claimed_admixture_with_Taiwanese_Han">Claimed admixture with Taiwanese Han</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Claimed admixture with Taiwanese Han">edit</a>]</div> A study by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie_Lin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie Lin (page does not exist)">Marie Lin</a> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9E%97%E5%AA%BD%E5%88%A9" class="extiw" title="zh:林媽利">zh</a>] in 2007 reported that the <a href="/wiki/Human_leukocyte_antigen" title="Human leukocyte antigen">human leukocyte antigen</a> typing study and <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a> analysis demonstrated that 85% of the Taiwanese Han population had some degree of indigenous origin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin2007-264">[262]</a> Other studies by Chen Shun-Shen state that 20% to 60%, and then more than 88% of Taiwanese Han have indigenous blood. These studies were criticized by other researchers and refuted by subsequent genetic studies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2012332–333-265">[263]</a> However the idea that Taiwanese Han are a hybrid population genetically different from Chinese Han has been used as a basis for Taiwanese independence from China. This belief has been called the "myth of indigenous genes" by some researchers such as Shu-juo Chen and Hong-kuan Duan, who say that "genetic studies have never supported the idea that Taiwanese Han are genetically different with Chinese Han."<a href="#cite_note-ChenDuan2008-266">[264]</a> The idea that "We are all indigenous people" was initially welcomed by indigenous leaders but has faced increasing opposition as it became viewed as a tool for Taiwanese independence. On 9 August 2005, a celebration for the constitutional reforms protecting indigenous rights was held, during which Premier <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hsieh" title="Frank Hsieh">Frank Hsieh</a> announced that he had an indigenous great-grandmother and that "Now you shouldn't say: 'you are indigenous, I am not.' Everyone is indigenous."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2012341-267">[265]</a> Descendants of plains indigenous have opposed the usage of their ancestors in the call for Taiwanese independence. Genetic studies show genetic differences between Taiwanese Han and mountain indigenous. According to Chen and Duan, the genetic ancestry of individuals cannot be traced with certainty and attempts to construct identity through genetics are "theoretically meaningless."<a href="#cite_note-ChenDuan2008-266">[264]</a> The Plains "Pingpu" indigenous of Taiwan criticized Lin's studies, which follows the "blood line theory" of Taiwanese nationalism. Alak Akatuang, secretary of the Pingpu Indigenous Peoples Cultural Association, said that the pan-green camp used the indigenous peoples to create a national identity for Taiwan, but the idea that Taiwanese people are not overwhelmingly descended from Han settlers is false. According to Akatuang, Taiwan's independence should not be founded on the idea of genetic lineages and these people who believe in the blood line theory "ignore scientific evidence because they want to believe they are different from China."<a href="#cite_note-Siraya-268">[266]</a> This harmed the legitimacy of the Pingpu movement for recognition and reparations and was deeply insulting: "The Pingpu were the first of Taiwan's Indigenous peoples to face colonization. After the Han people came, they stole our land. They murdered our ancestors. Then after a few hundred years, they said we were the same people. Do you think a Pingpu person can accept this?"<a href="#cite_note-Siraya-268">[266]</a> In the highest self reports, 5.3 percent of Taiwan's population claimed indigenous heritage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2012332–333-265">[263]</a> Estimates of genetic indigenous ancestry reported by Lin range from 13%, 26%, and as high as 85%, the latter number being published in an editorial that was not peer-reviewed. These numbers have taken hold in popular Taiwanese imagination and sometimes treated as facts in Taiwanese politics and identity. Many Taiwanese claim to be part indigenous. Chen suggests that the estimates resulted from manipulation of sample sizes. The lack of methodological rigor suggests the numbers were meant for local consumption. In all other scientific studies, genetic markers for indigenous ancestry make up a minute portion of the genome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2012332–333-265">[263]</a> In 2021, Marie Lin, who was the source of the larger indigenous ancestry numbers, co-authored an article stating that there are "distinct patterns of genetic structure between the Taiwanese Han and indigenous populations." The paper also suggest East Asian ancestry may have mixed with indigenous peoples in their southward expansion 4,000 years ago, which can lead to data that may be misinterpreted as recent Taiwanese Han-indigenous admixtures.<a href="#cite_note-269">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Economic_issues">Economic issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economic issues">edit</a>]</div> Many indigenous communities did not evenly share in the benefits of the economic boom Taiwan experienced during the last quarter of the 20th century. They often lacked satisfactory educational resources on their reservations, undermining their pursuit of marketable skills. The economic disparity between the village and urban schools resulted in imposing many social barriers on indigenous, which prevent many from moving beyond vocational training. Students transplanted into urban schools face adversity, including isolation, culture shock, and discrimination from their peers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChou20058–13-270">[268]</a> The cultural impact of poverty and economic marginalization has led to an increase in alcoholism and prostitution among indigenous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer200127-271">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu199195–9-10">[10]</a> The economic boom resulted in drawing large numbers of indigenous peoples out of their villages and into the unskilled or low-skilled sector of the urban workforce.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Manufacturing and construction jobs were generally available for low wages. The aborigines quickly formed bonds with other communities as they all had similar political motives to protect their collective needs as part of the labor force. The indigenous became the most skilled iron-workers and construction teams on the island often selected to work on the most difficult projects. The result was a mass exodus of indigenous members from their traditional lands and the cultural alienation of young people in the villages, who could not learn their languages or customs while employed. Often, young aborigines in the cities fall into gangs aligned with the construction trade. Recent laws governing the employment of laborers from Indonesia, Vietnam and the Philippines have also led to an increased atmosphere of <a href="/wiki/Xenophobia" title="Xenophobia">xenophobia</a> among urban indigenous, and encouraged the formulation of a pan-indigenous consciousness in the pursuit of political representation and protection.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChu2001167–69-273">[271]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:right; width:80%;"> <caption>Unemployment among the indigenous population of Taiwan (2005–09) Source: <a href="#Reference-CPA-2010">CPA 2010</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Date </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Total population </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Age 15 and above </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Total work force </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Employed </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Unemployed </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Labor participation rate (%) </td> <td style="text-align:center; background:#f0f0f0;">Unemployment rate (%) </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 2005</td> <td>464,961</td> <td>337,351</td> <td>216,756</td> <td>207,493</td> <td>9,263</td> <td>64.25</td> <td>4.27 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dec. 2006</td> <td>474,919</td> <td>346,366</td> <td>223,288</td> <td>213,548</td> <td>9,740</td> <td>64.47</td> <td>4.36 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dec. 2007</td> <td>484,174</td> <td>355,613</td> <td>222,929</td> <td>212,627</td> <td>10,302</td> <td>62.69</td> <td>4.62 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dec. 2008</td> <td>494,107</td> <td>363,103</td> <td>223,464</td> <td>205,765</td> <td>17,699</td> <td>61.54</td> <td>7.92 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dec. 2009</td> <td>504,531</td> <td>372,777</td> <td>219,465</td> <td>203,412</td> <td>16,053</td> <td>58.87</td> <td>7.31 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_aborigine_lona_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Taiwan_aborigine_lona_children.jpg/300px-Taiwan_aborigine_lona_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Taiwan_aborigine_lona_children.jpg/450px-Taiwan_aborigine_lona_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Taiwan_aborigine_lona_children.jpg/600px-Taiwan_aborigine_lona_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="856" /></a><figcaption>Young residents in the Bunun village of Lona, Taiwan dress up for the traditional Christmas holiday (not an <a href="/wiki/Holidays_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Holidays in Taiwan">official holiday in Taiwan</a>). Christian missionaries have converted many residents to the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Catholic Church in Taiwan">Catholic</a> and Protestant faiths, and the town holds two large holiday parades.</figcaption></figure> Of the current population of Taiwanese indigenous, about 70% identify themselves as <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a>. Many of the <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Plains_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Plains Aborigines">Plains</a> groups have mobilized their members around Christian organizations; most notably the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Taiwan" title="Presbyterian Church in Taiwan">Presbyterian Church in Taiwan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton2006393–98-274">[272]</a> Before contact with Christian missionaries during both the Dutch and Qing periods, Taiwanese indigenous peoples held a variety of beliefs in spirits, gods, sacred symbols and <a href="/wiki/Myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Myths">myths</a> that helped their societies find meaning and order. Although there is no evidence of a unified belief system shared among the various indigenous groups, there is evidence that several groups held <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> <a href="/wiki/Augury" title="Augury">beliefs in certain birds and bird behavior</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Siraya_people" title="Siraya people">Siraya</a> were reported by Dutch sources to incorporate bird imagery into their <a href="/wiki/Material_culture" title="Material culture">material culture</a>. Other reports describe animal skulls and the use of human heads in societal beliefs. The Paiwan and other southern groups worship the <a href="/wiki/Deinagkistrodon" title="Deinagkistrodon">Formosan hundred pacer</a> snake and use the diamond patterns on its back in many designs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-McGovern1922145–46-275">[273]</a> In many Plains Aborigines societies, the power to communicate with the supernatural world was exclusively held by women called Inibs. During the period of Dutch colonization, the Inibs were removed from the villages to eliminate their influence and pave the way for Dutch missionary work.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlusse200671–82-276">[274]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Zheng_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Zheng dynasty">Zheng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> eras, Han immigrants brought <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianized</a> beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhism" title="Chinese Buddhism">Buddhism</a> to Taiwan's indigenous people. Many Plains indigenous adopted Han religious practices, though there is evidence that many indigenous customs were transformed into local Taiwanese Han beliefs. In some parts of Taiwan the Siraya spirit of fertility, <a href="/wiki/Ali-zu" title="Ali-zu">Ali-zu</a> (A-li-tsu) has become assimilated into the Han <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19861–81-277">[275]</a> The use of female spirit mediums (<a href="/wiki/Tongji_(spirit_medium)" title="Tongji (spirit medium)">tongji</a>) can also be traced to the earlier matrilineal Inibs. Although many aborigines assumed Han religious practices, several sub-groups sought protection from the European missionaries, who had started arriving in the 1860s. Many of the early Christian converts were displaced groups of Plains indigenous that sought protection from the oppressive Han. The missionaries, under the articles of <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritoriality</a>, offered a form of power against the Qing establishment and could thus make demands on the government to provide redress for the complaints of Plains indigenous.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993382-278">[276]</a> Many of these early congregations have served to maintain aboriginal identity, language and cultures. The influence of 19th- and 20th-century missionaries has both transformed and maintained aboriginal integration. Many of the churches have replaced earlier community functions, but continue to retain a sense of continuity and community that unites members of aboriginal societies against the pressures of <a href="/wiki/Modernity" title="Modernity">modernity</a>. Several church leaders have emerged from within the communities to take on leadership positions in petitioning the government in the interest of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton2006420–22-279">[277]</a> and seeking a balance between the interests of the communities and economic vitality. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecological_issues">Ecological issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Ecological issues">edit</a>]</div> The indigenous communities of Taiwan are closely linked with ecological awareness and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_movement" title="Conservation movement">conservation</a> issues on the island, as many of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_and_indigenous_peoples" title="Climate change and indigenous peoples">environmental issues</a> are spearheaded by aborigines. Political activism and sizable public protests regarding the logging of the Chilan Formosan Cypress, as well as efforts by an <a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Legislative Yuan</a>, "focused debate on natural resource management and specifically on the involvement of aboriginal people therein".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChenHay20041124-280">[278]</a> Another high-profile case is the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a> storage facility on <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a>, a small tropical island 60 km (37 mi; 32 nmi) off the southeast coast of Taiwan. The inhabitants are the 4,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/Tao_People" class="mw-redirect" title="Tao People">Tao</a> (or Yami). In the 1970s the island was designated as a possible site to store low and medium grade nuclear waste. The island was selected on the grounds that it would be cheaper to build the necessary infrastructure for storage and it was thought that the population would not cause trouble.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen1988355–57-281">[279]</a> Large-scale construction began in 1978 on a site 100 m (330 ft) from the Immorod fishing fields. The Tao alleges that government sources at the time described the site as a "factory" or a "fish cannery", intended to bring "jobs [to the] home of the Tao/Yami, one of the least economically integrated areas in Taiwan".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEricsson2004-35">[34]</a> When the facility was completed in 1982, however, it was in fact a storage facility for "97,000 barrels of low-radiation nuclear waste from Taiwan's three <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a> plants".<a href="#cite_note-282">[280]</a> The Tao have since stood at the forefront of the anti-nuclear movement and launched several exorcisms and protests to remove the waste they claim has resulted in deaths and sickness.<a href="#cite_note-283">[281]</a> The lease on the land has expired, and an alternative site has yet to be selected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELoa2010-284">[282]</a> The competition between different ways of representing and interpreting indigenous culture among local tourism operators does exist and creates tensions between indigenous tour guides and the NGOs which help to design and promote ethno/ecotourism. E.g., in a Sioulin Township, the government sponsored a project "Follow the Footsteps of Indigenous Hunters". Academics and members from environmental NGOs have suggested a new way of hunting: to replace shotgun with camera. Hunters benefit from the satisfaction of ecotourists who may spot wild animals under the instructions of accompanied indigenous hunters [Chen, 2012]. The rarer the animals are witnessed by tourists, the higher the pay will be to the hunters.<a href="#cite_note-Kachniewska,_Magdalena_2016-285">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks,_tourism,_and_commercialization">Parks, tourism, and commercialization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Parks, tourism, and commercialization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pastaai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pastaai.jpg/170px-Pastaai.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pastaai.jpg/255px-Pastaai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Pastaai.jpg/340px-Pastaai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pas-ta%27ai" title="Pas-ta'ai">Pas-ta'ai</a>, a ritual of the <a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_people" title="Saisiyat people">Saisiyat people</a></figcaption></figure> Indigenous groups are seeking to preserve their folkways and languages as well as to return to, or remain on, their traditional lands. Eco-tourism, sewing and selling carvings, jewellery and music have become viable areas of economic opportunity. However, tourism-based commercial development, such as the creation of Taiwan Aboriginal Culture Park, is not a panacea. Although these create new jobs, aborigines are seldom given management positions. Moreover, some national parks have been built on indigenous lands against the wishes of the local communities, prompting one Taroko activist to label the <a href="/wiki/Taroko_National_Park" title="Taroko National Park">Taroko National Park</a> as a form of <a href="/wiki/Environmental_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental colonialism">environmental colonialism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2006-208">[206]</a> At times, the creation of national parks has resulted in forced resettlement of the aborigines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELin2006-286">[284]</a> Due to the close proximity of indigenous land to the mountains, many communities have hoped to cash in on hot spring ventures and hotels, where they offer singing and dancing to add to the ambience. The Wulai Atayal in particular have been active in this area. Considerable government funding has been allocated to museums and culture centers focusing on Taiwan's aboriginal heritage. Critics often call the ventures exploitative and "superficial portrayals" of aboriginal culture, which distract attention from the real problems of substandard education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMo2005-287">[285]</a> Proponents of ethno-tourism suggest that such projects can positively impact the public image and economic prospects of the indigenous community.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The attractive tourist destination includes natural resources, infrastructure, customs and culture, as well as the characteristics of the local industry. Thus, the role of the local community in influencing the tourism development activities is clear. The essence of tourism in today's world is the development and delivery of travel and visitation experiences to a range of individuals and groups who wish to see, understand, and experience the nature of different destinations and the way people live, work, and enjoy life in those destinations. The attitude of local people towards tourists constitutes one of the elements of a destination's tourism value chain.<a href="#cite_note-Kachniewska,_Magdalena_2016-285">[283]</a> The attraction is a tourist area's experience theme, however the main appeal is the formation of the fundamentals of the tourism image in the region [Kao, 1995]. Attraction sources can be diverse, including the area's natural resources, economic activities, customs, development history, religion, outdoor recreation activities, events and other related resources. This way, the awareness of indigenous resources constitutes an attraction to tourists. The aboriginal culture is an important indicator of tourism products' attractiveness and a new type of economic sources.<a href="#cite_note-Kachniewska,_Magdalena_2016-285">[283]</a> While there is an important need to link the economic, cultural, and ecological imperatives of development in the context of tourism enterprises, there is the key question of implementation and how the idea of <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">sustainable tourism</a> enterprises can be translated into reality: formulation of strategies and how they may be expected to interact with important aspects of indigenous culture. In addition to being locally directed and relevant, the planning process for the establishment of an ethno/ecotourism enterprise in an indigenous community should be strategic in nature. The use of a strategic planning process enables indigenous culture to be regarded as an important characteristic requiring careful consideration, rather than a feature to be exploited, or an incidental characteristic that is overshadowed by the natural features of the environment.<a href="#cite_note-Kachniewska,_Magdalena_2016-285">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_pop" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese pop">Taiwanese pop</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pestle_Music_Theater_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pestle_Music_Theater_02.jpg/330px-Pestle_Music_Theater_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pestle_Music_Theater_02.jpg/495px-Pestle_Music_Theater_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Pestle_Music_Theater_02.jpg/660px-Pestle_Music_Theater_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Young woman playing music in the <a href="/wiki/Formosan_Aboriginal_Culture_Village" title="Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village">Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village</a></figcaption></figure> A full-time indigenous radio station, "Ho-hi-yan", was launched in 2005<a href="#cite_note-288">[286]</a> with the help of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a>, to focus on issues of interest to the indigenous community.<a href="#cite_note-289">[287]</a> This came on the heels of a "New wave of Indigenous Pop",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu2000-290">[288]</a> as aboriginal artists, such as <a href="/wiki/A-mei" class="mw-redirect" title="A-mei">A-mei</a>, Pur-dur and <a href="/wiki/Samingad" title="Samingad">Samingad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puyuma_people" title="Puyuma people">Puyuma</a>), <a href="/wiki/Difang_Duana" class="mw-redirect" title="Difang Duana">Difang</a>, A-Lin (<a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis</a>), <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E6%84%9B%E7%8E%B2" class="extiw" title="zh:戴愛玲">Princess Ai 戴愛玲</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Landy_Wen" title="Landy Wen">Landy Wen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal</a>) became international pop-stars. The rock musician <a href="/wiki/Chang_Chen-yue" title="Chang Chen-yue">Chang Chen-yue</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Ami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ami people">Ami</a>. Music has given indigenous both a sense of pride and a sense of cultural ownership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000283–90-13">[13]</a> The issue of ownership was exemplified when the musical project <a href="/wiki/Enigma_(German_band)" title="Enigma (German band)">Enigma</a> used an Ami <a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">chant</a> in their song "<a href="/wiki/Return_to_Innocence" title="Return to Innocence">Return to Innocence</a>", which was selected as the official theme of the <a href="/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics" title="1996 Summer Olympics">1996 Atlanta Olympics</a>. The main chorus was sung by <a href="/wiki/Difang_and_Igay_Duana" title="Difang and Igay Duana">Difang and his wife, Igay</a>. The Amis couple successfully sued Enigma's record label, which then paid royalties to the French museum that held the master recordings of the traditional songs, but the original artists, who had been unaware of the Enigma project, remained uncompensated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnderson2000283–90-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indigenous_Peoples'_Day">Indigenous Peoples' Day</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Indigenous Peoples' Day">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_World%27s_Indigenous_Peoples" title="International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples">International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples</a></div> In 2016, the administration under President <a href="/wiki/Tsai_Ing-wen" title="Tsai Ing-wen">Tsai Ing-wen</a> approved a proposal that designated 1 August as Indigenous Peoples' Day in Taiwan. In celebration of the special day, President Tsai issued an official apology to the country's indigenous people and outlined steps to further promote legislation and involve organizations related to indigenous causes, such as the Presidential Office's Indigenous Historical Justice and Transitional Justice Committee. The government hopes the day will remind the public of the diverse ethnic groups in Taiwan by bringing greater respect for indigenous peoples' cultures and history and promoting their rights.<a href="#cite_note-291">[289]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pulima_Art_Festival">Pulima Art Festival</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Pulima Art Festival">edit</a>]</div> The Pulima Art Festival (藝術節; also known as Pulima Arts Festival) is a biennial event held since 2012 which showcases indigenous art and culture and is the biggest indigenous contemporary art event in Taiwan. Pulima is a <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a> word meaning "creative or highly skilled people". Inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Art_Festival" title="Edinburgh Art Festival">Edinburgh Art Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Festival_d%27Avignon" title="Festival d'Avignon">Festival d'Avignon</a> in France, Pulima is supported by the Indigenous Peoples Cultural Foundation. Dancers and musicians from Taiwan as well as abroad feature in the festival, which takes place between November and February every second year, and awards a prize called the Pulima Art Prize.<a href="#cite_note-baker2016-292">[290]</a> The festival was held in Taipei in 2012 and 2014, and in <a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a> in 2016. In 2016, the Atamira Dance Company and Black Grace came from New Zealand, and <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_Islands#B2M" title="Tiwi Islands">B2M</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bathurst_Island,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bathurst Island, Northern Territory">Bathurst</a> to <a href="/wiki/Melville_Island,_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Melville Island, Northern Territory">Melville</a>), a band from the <a href="/wiki/Tiwi_Islands" title="Tiwi Islands">Tiwi Islands</a>, Australia also performed at the festival.<a href="#cite_note-baker2016-292">[290]</a> The 2018 festival took place in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Contemporary_Art_Taipei" title="Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei">Museum of Contemporary Art Taipei</a> Under the theme "MICAWOR – Turning Over", it displayed the talents of 26 groups of Taiwanese and international artists, and included a series of international forums, artist lectures, workshops and many other events. It collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>'s <a href="/wiki/YIRRAMBOI_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="YIRRAMBOI Festival">YIRRAMBOI Festival</a>, with a "Festival in Festival" program.<a href="#cite_note-293">[291]</a> The Pulima Arts Festival took place from 2020 to 2021<a href="#cite_note-294">[292]</a> and several videos of participants are available on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-295">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Genetics">edit</a>]</div> According to Huang et. al (2022), Austronesian speakers in Taiwan, such as Ami and Atayal, derive their ancestries from a Late Neolithic Fujianese source (66.9–74.3%).<a href="#cite_note-Huang20222-296">[294]</a> Liu et. al (2023) stated that the ancestors of Taiwanese Austronesians originated from the southeastern coasts of Neolithic China. Some Northeast Asian admixture might have been introduced before Taiwanese Austronesians dispersed into Southeast Asian islands and Oceania. Amis were believed to be genetically similar to the diaspora but Rukais were also suggested. The latter can be explained by Rukais maintaining high average genetic affinities throughout history.<a href="#cite_note-297">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Taiwan portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/32px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/48px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg/64px-Lascar_Avenue_of_the_Dead_and_the_Pyramid_of_the_Sun_in_the_background_%284566574277%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Civilizations" title="Portal:Civilizations">Civilizations portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Indigenous_Television" title="Taiwan Indigenous Television">Taiwan Indigenous Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Area_(Taiwan)" title="Indigenous Area (Taiwan)">Indigenous Area (Taiwan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_New_Partnership_Between_the_Indigenous_Peoples_and_the_Government_of_Taiwan" title="A New Partnership Between the Indigenous Peoples and the Government of Taiwan">A New Partnership Between the Indigenous Peoples and the Government of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batan_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Batan Islands">Batan Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Han Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ethnic groups in Taiwan">List of ethnic groups in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_Aboriginal_Culture_Village" title="Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village">Formosan Aboriginal Culture Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shung_Ye_Museum_of_Formosan_Aborigines" title="Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines">Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_Bale" class="mw-redirect" title="Seediq Bale">Seediq Bale</a> (2011 film based on the <a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_World%27s_Indigenous_Peoples" title="International Day of the World's Indigenous Peoples">Indigenous Peoples' Day</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> In the case of travel writings, the Qing literati use of "raw" and "cooked" are closer in meaning to "unfamiliar" and "familiar", on the basis of culture/language and interaction with Han settlers.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> One account of this "identity shift" occurs in the area called Rujryck by the Dutch, now part of <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a> city. A document signed by the village heads dating from the seventh year of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong era</a> states: "We originally had no surnames, please bestow on us the Han surnames, Pan, Chen, Li, Wang, Tan, etc."<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm">第七次全国人口普查成果</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121127080641/http://www.stats.gov.cn/tjsj/pcsj/rkpc/6rp/indexch.htm">Archived</a> 27 November 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>中华人民共和国国家统计局. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStainton2002-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStainton2002_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStainton2002_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFStainton2002">Stainton (2002)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRigger2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Shelley_Rigger" title="Shelley Rigger">Rigger, Shelley</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7QZ1AQAAQBAJ">Why Taiwan Matters: Small Island, Global Powerhouse</a>. 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Retrieved 10 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Pingpu+activists+demand+government+recognition&rft.date=2016-09-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ffront%2Farchives%2F2014%2F07%2F15%2F2003595134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsieh2006-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsieh2006_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsieh2006_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsieh2006">Hsieh (2006)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd (1993)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELamley1981282-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELamley1981282_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLamley1981">Lamley (1981)</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeskill1979253–55-64"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeskill1979253–55_64-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeskill1979">Meskill (1979)</a>, pp. 253–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1996-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrown1996_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrown1996">Brown (1996)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFPan2002">Pan 2002</a>:30) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELiu200231–2-68"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELiu200231–2_68-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLiu2002">Liu (2002)</a>, pp. 31–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey199619–34-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey199619–34_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey199619–34_69-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbrey1996">Ebrey (1996)</a>, pp. 19–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEbrey199626-70"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEbrey199626_70-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEbrey1996">Ebrey (1996)</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-pan-71"><a href="#cite_ref-pan_71-0">^</a> The change involves only the addition of a water radical to the character (<a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd 1993</a>:384) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPan1996440–62-72"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPan1996440–62_72-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPan1996">Pan (1996)</a>, pp. 440–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHong1997310–15-73"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHong1997310–15_73-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHong1997">Hong (1997)</a>, pp. 310–15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu1980-74"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu1980_74-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsu1980">Hsu (1980)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-names-75"><a href="#cite_ref-names_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLow2005">Low (2005)</a> states: "According to a documentary released by the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Progressive_Party" title="Democratic Progressive Party">Democratic Progressive Party</a>'s ethnic affairs department, although aborigines are now allowed to use their traditional names following a 1995 amendment to the Personal Names Act, only 890 out of the total of 460,000 indigenous Taiwanese have done so because of the past stigma attached to the names and the complicated formalities involved" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELoa2007-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELoa2007_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoa2007">Loa (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinSabatier2022" class="citation news cs1">Lin, Chang-shun; Sabatier, Luke (1 April 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202204010022">"Constitutional Court strikes down legal clause on Indigenous status"</a>. Focus Taiwan. Central News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220401142303/https://focustaiwan.tw/politics/202204010022">Archived</a> from the original on 1 April 2022. Retrieved 1 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Focus+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Court+strikes+down+legal+clause+on+Indigenous+status&rft.date=2022-04-01&rft.aulast=Lin&rft.aufirst=Chang-shun&rft.au=Sabatier%2C+Luke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffocustaiwan.tw%2Fpolitics%2F202204010022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHillSoaresMorminaMacaulay2007-78"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHillSoaresMorminaMacaulay2007_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHillSoaresMorminaMacaulay2007">Hill et al. (2007)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBirdHopeTaylor2004-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBirdHopeTaylor2004_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBirdHopeTaylor2004">Bird, Hope & Taylor (2004)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERolettJiaoLin2002307–8,_313-80"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERolettJiaoLin2002307–8,_313_80-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRolettJiaoLin2002">Rolett, Jiao & Lin (2002)</a>, pp. 307–8, 313. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond2000" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jared_Diamond" title="Jared Diamond">Diamond, Jared M.</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35001685">"Taiwan's gift to the world"</a>. Nature. 403 (6771): 709–710. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Natur.403..709D">2000Natur.403..709D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35001685">10.1038/35001685</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10693781">10693781</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+gift+to+the+world&rft.volume=403&rft.issue=6771&rft.pages=709-710&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10693781&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F35001685&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000Natur.403..709D&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F35001685&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijares2006" class="citation journal cs1">Mijares, Armand Salvador B. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/view/11995">"The Early Austronesian Migration To Luzon: Perspectives From The Peñablanca Cave Sites"</a>. Bulletin of the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association. 26: 72–78. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7152%2Fbippa.v26i0.11995">10.7152/bippa.v26i0.11995</a> (inactive 2 November 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230716040435/https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/view/11995">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Indo-Pacific+Prehistory+Association&rft.atitle=The+Early+Austronesian+Migration+To+Luzon%3A+Perspectives+From+The+Pe%C3%B1ablanca+Cave+Sites&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=72-78&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7152%2Fbippa.v26i0.11995&rft.aulast=Mijares&rft.aufirst=Armand+Salvador+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.lib.washington.edu%2Findex.php%2FBIPPA%2Farticle%2Fview%2F11995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Gray-et-al2009-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Gray-et-al2009_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayDrummondGreenhill2009" class="citation journal cs1">Gray RD, Drummond AJ, Greenhill SJ (January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212170854/http://austronesian.linguistics.anu.edu.au/historydownloads/Grayetal_2009_PacificSettlement.pdf">"Language phylogenies reveal expansion pulses and pauses in Pacific settlement"</a> (PDF). Science. 323 (5913): 479–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...323..479G">2009Sci...323..479G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1166858">10.1126/science.1166858</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19164742">19164742</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:29838345">29838345</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://austronesian.linguistics.anu.edu.au/historydownloads/Grayetal_2009_PacificSettlement.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 12 February 2014 – via Austronesian linguistics - ANU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Language+phylogenies+reveal+expansion+pulses+and+pauses+in+Pacific+settlement&rft.volume=323&rft.issue=5913&rft.pages=479-83&rft.date=2009-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1166858&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A29838345%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19164742&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009Sci...323..479G&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=RD&rft.au=Drummond%2C+AJ&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+SJ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faustronesian.linguistics.anu.edu.au%2Fhistorydownloads%2FGrayetal_2009_PacificSettlement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pawley2002-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Pawley2002_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPawley2002" class="citation book cs1">Pawley A (2002). "The Austronesian dispersal: languages, technologies and people". In Bellwood PS, Renfrew C (eds.). Examining the farming/language dispersal hypothesis. McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, University of Cambridge. pp. 251–273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-20-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902937-20-5"><bdi>978-1-902937-20-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+dispersal%3A+languages%2C+technologies+and+people&rft.btitle=Examining+the+farming%2Flanguage+dispersal+hypothesis&rft.pages=251-273&rft.pub=McDonald+Institute+for+Archaeological+Research%2C+University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-902937-20-5&rft.aulast=Pawley&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hung-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Hung_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungNguyenBellwoodCarson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hung, Hsiao-chun; Nguyen, Kim Dung; Bellwood, Peter; Carson, Mike T. (2013). "Coastal Connectivity: Long-Term Trading Networks Across the South China Sea". Journal of Island & Coastal Archaeology. 8 (3): 384–404. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15564894.2013.781085">10.1080/15564894.2013.781085</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129020595">129020595</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Island+%26+Coastal+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Coastal+Connectivity%3A+Long-Term+Trading+Networks+Across+the+South+China+Sea&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=384-404&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15564894.2013.781085&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129020595%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-chun&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+Kim+Dung&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+Peter&rft.au=Carson%2C+Mike+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hung2006-86"><a href="#cite_ref-hung2006_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHungIizukaBellwood2006" class="citation book cs1">Hung HC, Iizuka Y, Bellwood P (2006). "Taiwan Jade in the Context of Southeast Asian Archaeology". In Bacus EA, Glover IC, Pigott VC (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265360470">Uncovering Southeast Asia's Past: Selected Papers from the 10th International Conference of the European Association of Southeast Asian Archaeologists : the British Museum, London, 14th–17th September 2004</a>. NUS Press. pp. 203–215. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789971693510" title="Special:BookSources/9789971693510"><bdi>9789971693510</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Taiwan+Jade+in+the+Context+of+Southeast+Asian+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Uncovering+Southeast+Asia%27s+Past%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+10th+International+Conference+of+the+European+Association+of+Southeast+Asian+Archaeologists+%3A+the+British+Museum%2C+London%2C+14th%E2%80%9317th+September+2004&rft.pages=203-215&rft.pub=NUS+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9789971693510&rft.aulast=Hung&rft.aufirst=Hsiao-Chun&rft.au=Iizuka%2C+Yoshiyuki&rft.au=Bellwood%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F265360470&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood2011jade-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2011jade_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodHungIizuka2011" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood P, Hung HC, Iizuka Y (2011). "Taiwan Jade in the Philippines: 3,000 Years of Trade and Long-distance Interaction". In Benitez-Johannof P (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earth.sinica.edu.tw/~EPMA/papers/2011/PathsofOrigins_pp30-41_2011.pdf">Paths of Origins: The Austronesian Heritage</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecost+of+the+Hills+in+Taiwan%3A+The+Christian+Faith+Among+the+Original+Inhabitants&rft.pages=96-97&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hope+Publishing+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0932727905&rft.aulast=Covell&rft.aufirst=Ralph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoaP2UFZVGDoC%26pg%3DPA96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsin-Hui2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Hsin-Hui, Chiu (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4QzpJtddFxEC&pg=PA222">The Colonial 'civilizing Process' in Dutch Formosa: 1624 – 1662</a>. Vol. 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004165076" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004165076"><bdi>978-9004165076</bdi></a>. Retrieved 10 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+%27civilizing+Process%27+in+Dutch+Formosa%3A+1624+%E2%80%93+1662&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004165076&rft.aulast=Hsin-Hui&rft.aufirst=Chiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4QzpJtddFxEC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHang2010210-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHang2010210_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHang2010210_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHang2010210_132-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHang2010">Hang 2010</a>, p. 210. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199392–103-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd199392–103_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd199392–103_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd (1993)</a>, pp. 92–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWills201599-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWills201599_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWills2015">Wills 2015</a>, p. 99. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHang2015160-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHang2015160_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHang2015160_135-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHang2015">Hang 2015</a>, p. 160. sfn error: no target: CITEREFHang2015 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng200435–60-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeng200435–60_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeng2004">Teng (2004)</a>, pp. 35–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsao1999331-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsao1999331_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsao1999">Tsao (1999)</a>, p. 331. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnapp198055–68-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKnapp198055–68_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnapp1980">Knapp (1980)</a>, pp. 55–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199314–20-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd199314–20_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd (1993)</a>, pp. 14–20. </li> <li id="cite_note-conflict-140"><a href="#cite_ref-conflict_140-0">^</a> "From 1684 to 1895, 159 major incidents of civil disturbances rocked Taiwan, including 74 armed clashes and 65 uprisings led by wanderers. During the 120 years from 1768 to 1887, approximately 57 armed clashes occurred, 47 of which broke out from 1768 to 1860" (<a href="#CITEREFChen1999">Chen 1999</a>:136). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKerr19654-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKerr19654_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKerr1965">Kerr (1965)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETwitchett2002228_142-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTwitchett2002">Twitchett 2002</a>, p. 228. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993128–29-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993128–29_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd (1993)</a>, pp. 128–29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChen1997-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChen1997_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChen1997">Chen (1997)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019106-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019106_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 106. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201991-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201991_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201946–49-147"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201946–49_147-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 46–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201949–50-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201949–50_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201950–55_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 50–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201955–56-150"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201955–56_150-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 55–56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201956-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201956_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 56. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201956–57-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201956–57_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 56–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201958-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201958_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 58. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201959–61-154"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201959–61_154-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 59–61. </li> <li id="cite_note-migrate-155"><a href="#cite_ref-migrate_155-0">^</a> For a detailed overview of the many migrations of Taiwanese indigenous tribes, see (<a href="#CITEREFLi2001">Li 2001</a>). For detailed map see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gis210.sinica.edu.tw/ysnp/ecai/moving.pdf">Distribution of Austronesian in Taiwan depicting migration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070621104718/http://gis210.sinica.edu.tw/ysnp/ecai/moving.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-21 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsuchidaYamada19911–10-156"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsuchidaYamada19911–10_156-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsuchidaYamada1991">Tsuchida & Yamada (1991)</a>, pp. 1–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELi2001-157"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELi2001_157-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLi2001">Li (2001)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlusseEverts200011–12-158"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlusseEverts200011–12_158-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlusseEverts2000">Blusse & Everts (2000)</a>, pp. 11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd19931–6-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd19931–6_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd (1993)</a>, pp. 1–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd199566–72-160"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd199566–72_160-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1995">Shepherd (1995)</a>, pp. 66–72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993391–95-161"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShepherd1993391–95_161-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShepherd1993">Shepherd (1993)</a>, pp. 391–95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPan200236–7-162"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPan200236–7_162-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPan2002">Pan (2002)</a>, pp. 36–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a href="#Reference-Yeh-2003">(Yeh 2003)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201961–62-164"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201961–62_164-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 61–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201962-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201962_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201962_165-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201963–64-166"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201963–64_166-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 63–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201964–65-167"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201964–65_167-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 64–65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe201965-168">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201965_168-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe201965_168-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191-169"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999191_169-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe20191,_10,_174-170"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe20191,_10,_174_170-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 1, 10, 174. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177-171"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinstein1999177_171-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRubinstein1999">Rubinstein 1999</a>, p. 177. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe20191-172"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe20191_172-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEYe2019174–175,_166-173"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEYe2019174–175,_166_173-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFYe2019">Ye 2019</a>, pp. 174–175, 166. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1915-174"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1915_174-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampbell1915">Campbell (1915)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMackay1896-175"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMackay1896_175-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMackay1896">Mackay (1896)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPickering1898220–24-176"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPickering1898220–24_176-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPickering1898">Pickering (1898)</a>, pp. 220–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETeng2004230–36-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETeng2004230–36_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTeng2004">Teng (2004)</a>, pp. 230–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHsu199129–36-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHsu199129–36_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHsu1991">Hsu (1991)</a>, pp. 29–36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-McGovern1922-179"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMontgomery-McGovern1922_179-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMontgomery-McGovern1922">Montgomery-McGovern (1922)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <a href="#Reference-Yeh-2003">Yeh 2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGold198636-181"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGold198636_181-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGold1986">Gold (1986)</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleeman200319-182"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleeman200319_182-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleeman2003">Kleeman (2003)</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKleeman200320–1-183"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKleeman200320–1_183-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKleeman2003">Kleeman (2003)</a>, pp. 20–1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2015-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2015_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrew_D._Morris2015" class="citation book cs1">Andrew D. Morris (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jqwKCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT341">Japanese Taiwan: Colonial Rule and its Contested Legacy</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7674-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4725-7674-3"><bdi>978-1-4725-7674-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Taiwan%3A+Colonial+Rule+and+its+Contested+Legacy&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4725-7674-3&rft.au=Andrew+D.+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjqwKCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETakekoshi1907210–19-185"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETakekoshi1907210–19_185-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTakekoshi1907">Takekoshi (1907)</a>, pp. 210–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Tierney2010-186"><a href="#cite_ref-Tierney2010_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Thomas_Tierney2010" class="citation book cs1">Robert Thomas Tierney (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JdlFEz8Usm4C&pg=PA39">Tropics of Savagery: The Culture of Japanese Empire in Comparative Frame</a>. University of California Press. pp. 39–41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94766-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-94766-5"><bdi>978-0-520-94766-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropics+of+Savagery%3A+The+Culture+of+Japanese+Empire+in+Comparative+Frame&rft.pages=39-41&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-520-94766-5&rft.au=Robert+Thomas+Tierney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJdlFEz8Usm4C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GoFoster2003-187"><a href="#cite_ref-GoFoster2003_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJulian_GoAnne_L._Foster2003" class="citation book cs1">Julian Go; Anne L. Foster (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_wJ9tnBsi2YC&pg=PA249">The American Colonial State in the Philippines: Global Perspectives</a>. Duke University Press. p. 249. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-8451-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-8451-5"><bdi>0-8223-8451-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Colonial+State+in+the+Philippines%3A+Global+Perspectives&rft.pages=249&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8223-8451-5&rft.au=Julian+Go&rft.au=Anne+L.+Foster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_wJ9tnBsi2YC%26pg%3DPA249&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AndréPeng2012-188"><a href="#cite_ref-AndréPeng2012_188-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_St._AndréHsiao-yen_Peng2012" class="citation book cs1">James St. André; Hsiao-yen Peng (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IrlV9llG94QC&pg=PA142">China and Its Others: Knowledge Transfer through Translation, 1829–2010</a>. Rodopi. p. 142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0719-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-012-0719-5"><bdi>978-94-012-0719-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China+and+Its+Others%3A+Knowledge+Transfer+through+Translation%2C+1829%E2%80%932010&rft.pages=142&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2012-01&rft.isbn=978-94-012-0719-5&rft.au=James+St.+Andr%C3%A9&rft.au=Hsiao-yen+Peng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIrlV9llG94QC%26pg%3DPA142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caprio2014-189"><a href="#cite_ref-Caprio2014_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Caprio2014" class="citation book cs1">Mark Caprio (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oj_IhRConN8C&pg=PA74">Japanese Assimilation Policies in Colonial Korea, 1910–1945</a>. University of Washington Press. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99040-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-99040-8"><bdi>978-0-295-99040-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+Assimilation+Policies+in+Colonial+Korea%2C+1910%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-295-99040-8&rft.au=Mark+Caprio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Doj_IhRConN8C%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubinstein2015-190"><a href="#cite_ref-Rubinstein2015_190-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_A._Rubinstein2015" class="citation book cs1">Murray A. Rubinstein (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WGemBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA211">Taiwan: A New History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 211–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45908-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-45908-8"><bdi>978-1-317-45908-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+A+New+History&rft.pages=211-212&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-45908-8&rft.au=Murray+A.+Rubinstein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWGemBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4EisAAAAIAAJ">Current Politics and Economics of Asia</a>. Nova Science Publishers. 1998. p. 277.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Current+Politics+and+Economics+of+Asia&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Nova+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4EisAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guan2001-192"><a href="#cite_ref-guan2001_192-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShun_yi_Taiwan_yuan_zhu_min_bo_wu_guan2001" class="citation book cs1">Shun yi Taiwan yuan zhu min bo wu guan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Do4MAQAAMAAJ&q=Bngciq">In search of the hunters and their tribes: studies in the history and culture of the Taiwan indigenous people</a>. Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-957-30287-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-957-30287-0-3"><bdi>978-957-30287-0-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+search+of+the+hunters+and+their+tribes%3A+studies+in+the+history+and+culture+of+the+Taiwan+indigenous+people&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Shung+Ye+Museum+of+Formosan+Aborigines&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-957-30287-0-3&rft.au=Shun+yi+Taiwan+yuan+zhu+min+bo+wu+guan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDo4MAQAAMAAJ%26q%3DBngciq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHsiao2016" class="citation news cs1">Hsiao, Alison (15 June 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/06/15/2003648663">"Legislator May Chin calls for return of Atayal land"</a>. Taipei Times. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224233136/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2016/06/15/2003648663">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times&rft.atitle=Legislator+May+Chin+calls+for+return+of+Atayal+land&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2016-06-15&rft.aulast=Hsiao&rft.aufirst=Alison&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2016%2F06%2F15%2F2003648663&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF伊凡諾幹1997" class="citation book cs1">伊凡諾幹 (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tci.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dnclret&s=id=">"TCI0002344126".&searchmode=basic&tcihsspage=tcisearch_opt2_search 樟腦戰爭與'tayal (msbtunux) / (bng'ciq)初探--殖民主義、近代化與民族的動態一</a>. Vol. 5. 臺北縣. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313220459/http://tci.ncl.edu.tw/cgi-bin/gs32/gsweb.cgi?o=dnclret&s=id=%22TCI0002344126%22.&searchmode=basic&tcihsspage=tcisearch_opt2_search">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%A8%9F%E8%85%A6%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E8%88%87%27tayal+%28msbtunux%29+%2F+%28bng%27ciq%29%E5%88%9D%E6%8E%A2--%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E3%80%81%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E7%9A%84%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B%E4%B8%80&rft.pub=%E8%87%BA%E5%8C%97%E7%B8%A3&rft.date=1997&rft.au=%E4%BC%8A%E5%87%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%B9%B9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftci.ncl.edu.tw%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgs32%2Fgsweb.cgi%3Fo%3Ddnclret%26s%3Did%3D%22TCI0002344126%22.%26searchmode%3Dbasic%26tcihsspage%3Dtcisearch_opt2_search&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF伊凡諾幹2000" class="citation book cs1">伊凡諾幹 (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koryu.or.jp/08_03_03_01_middle.nsf/2c11a7a88aa171b449256798000a5805/2481b8c9cf45657e4925697600151f1e?OpenDocument">殖産興業、集団移住与文化生成：以 Tayal[bng'ciq]与Tayal[msbtunux]土地所有的変化為例</a>. 中央研究院民族学研究所. p. 6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161224164438/https://www.koryu.or.jp/08_03_03_01_middle.nsf/2c11a7a88aa171b449256798000a5805/2481b8c9cf45657e4925697600151f1e?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%E6%AE%96%E7%94%A3%E8%88%88%E6%A5%AD%E3%80%81%E9%9B%86%E5%9B%A3%E7%A7%BB%E4%BD%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%EF%BC%9A%E4%BB%A5+Tayal%5Bbng%27ciq%5D%E4%B8%8ETayal%5Bmsbtunux%5D%E5%9C%9F%E5%9C%B0%E6%89%80%E6%9C%89%E7%9A%84%E5%A4%89%E5%8C%96%E7%82%BA%E4%BE%8B&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%A4%AE%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&rft.date=2000&rft.au=%E4%BC%8A%E5%87%A1%E8%AB%BE%E5%B9%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koryu.or.jp%2F08_03_03_01_middle.nsf%2F2c11a7a88aa171b449256798000a5805%2F2481b8c9cf45657e4925697600151f1e%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3YOoAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA16">Crook 2014</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKrNAAAAMAAJ">ed. Cox 1930</a>, p. 94. </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_198-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JN4gAQAAMAAJ">The Japan Year Book 1937</a>, p. 1004. </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q13dXd25_04C">ed. Inahara 1937</a>, p. 1004. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-ffazY4d7ukC">ed. Lin 1995</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JJAkAQAAMAAJ">The Japan Year Book 1933</a>, p. 1139. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zDMrAQAAIAAJ">Japan's progress number ... July, 1935</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuenari20061–8-203"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuenari20061–8_203-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuenari2006">Suenari (2006)</a>, pp. 1–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatsuda2003181-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatsuda2003181_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatsuda2003">Matsuda (2003)</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKa199527–30-205"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKa199527–30_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKa1995">Ka (1995)</a>, pp. 27–30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESuenari20066–8-206"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESuenari20066–8_206-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSuenari2006">Suenari (2006)</a>, pp. 6–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlundell200015–16-207"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlundell200015–16_207-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBlundell2000">Blundell (2000)</a>, pp. 15–16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimon2006-208">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2006_208-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimon2006_208-1">b</a> <a 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Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+The+Birth+of+Co-colonization&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade06.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008g" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2008g). "Chapter 7: The Challenges of a Chinese Frontier". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade07.html">How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</a>. 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Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+8%3A+%22The+Only+Bees+on+Formosa+That+Give+Honey%22&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade08.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008i" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2008i). "Chapter 9: Lord and Vassal: Company Rule over the Aborigines". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade09.html">How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+9%3A+Lord+and+Vassal%3A+Company+Rule+over+the+Aborigines&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008j" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2008j). "Chapter 10: The Beginning of the End". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade10.html">How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+10%3A+The+Beginning+of+the+End&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008k" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2008k). "Chapter 11: The Fall of Dutch Taiwan". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade11.html">How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+The+Fall+of+Dutch+Taiwan&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008l" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2008l). "Conclusion". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/conclusion.html#pgtop">How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</a>. Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conclusion&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish%2C+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fconclusion.html%23pgtop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2011a" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2011a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yzRscizpLMC">Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West</a> (illustrated ed.). 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Ethnology. 40 (2): 153–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3773928">10.2307/3773928</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3773928">3773928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnology&rft.atitle=Reconstructing+ethnicity%3A+recorded+and+remembered+identity+in+Taiwan&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=153-164&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3773928&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3773928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Melissa+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown2004" class="citation book cs1">Brown, Melissa J (2004). 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Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23182-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23182-1"><bdi>0-520-23182-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Is+Taiwan+Chinese%3F+%3A+The+Impact+of+Culture%2C+Power+and+Migration+on+Changing+Identities&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-520-23182-1&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Melissa+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1915" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)" title="William Campbell (missionary)">Campbell, Rev. William</a> (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sketchesfromtaiw00camprich">Sketches of Formosa</a>. London, Edinburgh, New York: Marshall Brothers Ltd. reprinted by SMC Publishing Inc 1996. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-638-377-3" title="Special:BookSources/957-638-377-3"><bdi>957-638-377-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sketches+of+Formosa&rft.place=London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Marshall+Brothers+Ltd.+reprinted+by+SMC+Publishing+Inc+1996&rft.date=1915&rft.isbn=957-638-377-3&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Rev.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsketchesfromtaiw00camprich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1997" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Chiu-kun (1997). Qing dai Taiwan tu zhe di quan, (Land Rights in Qing Era Taiwan). Taipei, Taiwan: Academia Historica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Qing+dai+Taiwan+tu+zhe+di+quan%2C+%28Land+Rights+in+Qing+Era+Taiwan%29&rft.place=Taipei%2C+Taiwan&rft.pub=Academia+Historica&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Chiu-kun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-671-272-6" title="Special:BookSources/957-671-272-6">957-671-272-6</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen1999" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Chiukun (1999). "From Landlords To Local Strongmen: The Transformation Of Local Elites In Mid-Ch'ing Taiwan, 1780–1862". In Murray A. Rubinstein (ed.). Taiwan: A New History. Armonk, N.Y.: M.E. Sharpe. pp. 133–62. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-816-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56324-816-0"><bdi>978-1-56324-816-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=From+Landlords+To+Local+Strongmen%3A+The+Transformation+Of+Local+Elites+In+Mid-Ch%27ing+Taiwan%2C+1780%E2%80%931862&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+A+New+History&rft.place=Armonk%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=133-62&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56324-816-0&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Chiukun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChenHay2004" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Henry C. L.; Hay, Peter (2004). "Dissenting Island Voices: Environmental Campaigns in Tasmania and Taiwan". Changing Islands – Changing Worlds: Proceedings of the Islands of the world VIII International Conference. pp. 1110–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dissenting+Island+Voices%3A+Environmental+Campaigns+in+Tasmania+and+Taiwan&rft.btitle=Changing+Islands+%E2%80%93+Changing+Worlds%3A+Proceedings+of+the+Islands+of+the+world+VIII+International+Conference&rft.pages=1110-31&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Henry+C.+L.&rft.au=Hay%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988">, 1–7 November 2004, <a href="/wiki/Kinmen_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinmen Island">Kinmen Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Quemoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Quemoy">Quemoy</a>), Taiwan.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheng2007" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Zoe (1 April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505014914/http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?CtNode=119&xItem=24036">"The Secret's Out"</a>. Taiwan Review. 57 (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taiwanreview.nat.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=24036&CtNode=119">the original</a> on 5 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taiwan+Review&rft.atitle=The+Secret%27s+Out&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=4&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Zoe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaiwanreview.nat.gov.tw%2Fct.asp%3FxItem%3D24036%26CtNode%3D119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> Accessed 22 April 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChing2001" class="citation book cs1">Ching, Leo T.S. (2001). Becoming "Japanese" Colonial Taiwan and The Politics of Identity Formation. Berkeley: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Becoming+%22Japanese%22+Colonial+Taiwan+and+The+Politics+of+Identity+Formation&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press.&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Ching&rft.aufirst=Leo+T.S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-22551-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-22551-1">0-520-22551-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChou2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Chou, Hui-min (2005). Educating Urban Indigenous Students in Taiwan: Six Teachers' Perspectives (Doctoral dissertation). 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Taipei: Tonsan Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan+at+the+end+of+The+20th+Century%3A+The+Gains+and+Losses&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=Tonsan+Publications&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=Jou-juo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuang2005" class="citation journal cs1">Chuang, Jimmy (14 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/10/14/2003275678">"Tribe wants official recognition"</a>. Taipei Times (Taiwan).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=Tribe+wants+official+recognition&rft.date=2005-10-14&rft.aulast=Chuang&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2005%2F10%2F14%2F2003275678&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> Accessed 21 April 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1988" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Marc J. (1988). Taiwan At The Crossroads: Human Rights, Political Development and Social Change on the Beautiful Island. Washington D.C.: Asia Resource Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan+At+The+Crossroads%3A+Human+Rights%2C+Political+Development+and+Social+Change+on+the+Beautiful+Island&rft.place=Washington+D.C.&rft.pub=Asia+Resource+Center&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Marc+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-CPA-2010">Council Of Labor Affairs, Executive Yuan. (2010). Aboriginal Labor Statistics. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cla.gov.tw/site/business/41761dc1/41feffb5/files/99%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%8F%E6%B0%91%E5%8B%9E%E5%8B%95%E7%8B%80%E6%B3%81.doc">Original version</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍]; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/translate?hl=en&sl=zh-TW&u=http://www.cla.gov.tw/site/business/41761dc1/41feffb5/files/99%25AD%25EC%25A6%25ED%25A5%25C1%25B3%25D2%25B0%25CA%25AA%25AC%25AAp.doc&ei=DH14TLPhLMSrce2xkeQF&sa=X&oi=translate&ct=result&resnum=2&ved=0CDoQ7gEwAQ&prev=/search%3Fq%3D%2522%25E5%25A4%25B1%25E6%25A5%25AD%2522%2B%2522%25E5%258E%259F%25E4%25BD%258F%25E6%25B0%2591%2B%2522%2Bsite:cla.gov.tw%26num%3D100%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26tbs%3Dqdr:y">Machine translated English version</a></cite> Retrieved 28 August 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-CIP-2004">Council of Indigenous Peoples. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apc.gov.tw/main/docDetail/detail_news.jsp?docid=PA000000000919&cateID=A000438&linkSelf=0&linkRoot=0&linkParent=Table">1. Statistics of Indigenous Population in Taiwan and Fukien Areas for Townships, Cities and Districts</a></cite> [Download file and open as HTML document]. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossley1999" class="citation book cs1">Crossley, Pamela Kyle (1999). A Translucent Mirror: History and Identity in Qing Imperial Ideology. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23424-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23424-3"><bdi>0-520-23424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Translucent+Mirror%3A+History+and+Identity+in+Qing+Imperial+Ideology&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-520-23424-3&rft.aulast=Crossley&rft.aufirst=Pamela+Kyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-DGBAS-2000">Directorate General of Budget, Accounting and Statistics, Executive Yuan, R.O.C. (DGBAS). (2000). 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BBC News Taiwan. 4 July.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Taiwan&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+aborigines+find+new+voice&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gluck&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fworld%2Fasia-pacific%2F4649257.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> Accessed 6 March 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGold1986" class="citation book cs1">Gold, Thomas B. (1986). State and society in the Taiwan miracle. Armonk, New York: M.E. 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Newsweek (Atlantic Edition) Asian Section.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek+%28Atlantic+Edition%29+Asian+Section&rft.atitle=The+Other+Side+of+Taiwan&rft.date=2001-01-08&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Mahlon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMo2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mo, Yan-chih (21 March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2005/03/21/2003247174">"Aboriginal rights advocates blast cultural tourism"</a>. Taipei Times (Taiwan). Retrieved 21 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=Aboriginal+rights+advocates+blast+cultural+tourism&rft.date=2005-03-21&rft.aulast=Mo&rft.aufirst=Yan-chih&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2005%2F03%2F21%2F2003247174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery-McGovern1922" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery-McGovern, Janet B. (1922). Among the Head-Hunters of Formosa. Boston: Small Maynard and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Among+the+Head-Hunters+of+Formosa&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Small+Maynard+and+Co.&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Montgomery-McGovern&rft.aufirst=Janet+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> Reprinted 1997, Taipei: SMC Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-638-421-4" title="Special:BookSources/957-638-421-4">957-638-421-4</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPan2002" class="citation book cs1">Pan, Da He (2002). Pingpu bazai zu cang sang shi (The Difficult History of the Pazih Plains Tribe). 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Taipei: SMC Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan+pingpu+zu+shi+%28History+of+Taiwan%27s+Pingpu+Tribes%29&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pub=SMC+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Pan&rft.aufirst=Ying&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-638-358-7" title="Special:BookSources/957-638-358-7">957-638-358-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-Premier_apologizes-2002"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2002/05/24/137381">Premier apologizes to Tao tribe</a>. (24 May 2002). Taipei Times. Pg. 3</cite> Accessed 17 March 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhillips2003" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Steven (2003). Between Assimilation and Independence: The Taiwanese Encounter Nationalist China, 1945–1950. Stanford California: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4457-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4457-7"><bdi>978-0-8047-4457-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Assimilation+and+Independence%3A+The+Taiwanese+Encounter+Nationalist+China%2C+1945%E2%80%931950&rft.place=Stanford+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4457-7&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickering1898" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, W.A. (1898). Pioneering In Formosa. London: Hurst and Blackett.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneering+In+Formosa&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Blackett&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=W.A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> Republished 1993, Taipei, SMC Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-638-163-0" title="Special:BookSources/957-638-163-0">957-638-163-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRolettJiaoLin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Rolett, Barry V.; Jiao, Tianlong; Lin, Gongwu (2002). 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(1999). Taiwan: A New History. East Gate Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taiwan%3A+A+New+History&rft.pub=East+Gate+Books&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Rubinstein&rft.aufirst=Murray+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRudolph2003" class="citation book cs1">Rudolph, Michael (2003). "Religion and the Formation of Taiwanese Identities". In Paul R. Katz; Maury Rubinstein (eds.). The Quest for Difference Versus the Wish to Assimilate: Aborigines and Their Struggle for Cultural Survival in Times of Multiculturalism. 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Taipei: Academia Sinica. pp. 1–81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sinicized+Siraya+Worship+of+A-li-tsu&rft.btitle=Bulletin+of+the+Institute+of+Ethnology%2C+Academia+Sinica+No.+58&rft.place=Taipei&rft.pages=1-81&rft.pub=Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1993" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, John R. (1993). Statecraft and Political Economy on the Taiwan Frontier, 1600–1800. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statecraft+and+Political+Economy+on+the+Taiwan+Frontier%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.place=Stanford%2C+California&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"> Reprinted 1995, SMC Publishing, Taipei. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/957-638-311-0" title="Special:BookSources/957-638-311-0">957-638-311-0</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepherd1995" class="citation book cs1">Shepherd, John Robert (1995). Marriage and Mandatory Abortion among the 17th Century Siraya. Arlington VA: The American Anthropological Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marriage+and+Mandatory+Abortion+among+the+17th+Century+Siraya&rft.place=Arlington+VA&rft.pub=The+American+Anthropological+Association&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShih1999" class="citation conference cs1">Shih, Cheng-Feng (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230916204347/http://www.taiwanfirstnations.org/legal.html">Legal Status of the Indigenous Peoples of Taiwan</a>. June 1999 International Aboriginal Rights Conference in Taipei. 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Retrieved 24 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taipei+Times+%28Taiwan%29&rft.atitle=Sediq+recognized+as+14th+tribe&rft.date=2008-04-24&rft.aulast=Shih&rft.aufirst=Hsiu-chuan&rft.au=Loa%2C+Iok-sin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.taipeitimes.com%2FNews%2Ftaiwan%2Farchives%2F2008%2F04%2F24%2F2003410107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon2006" class="citation journal cs1">Simon, Scott (4 January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.japanfocus.org/-Scott-Simon/1565">"Formosa's first Nations and the Japanese: from Colonial Rule to Postcolonial Resistance"</a>. 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Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonisation+and+Settlement+of+Taiwan&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ye&rft.aufirst=Ruiping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><cite class="citation wikicite" id="Reference-Yeh-2003">Yeh, Yu-ting (2003). Atayal Narratives and Folktales, in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://formosan.sinica.edu.tw/en/archive_contents.htm">Formosan Language Archive</a>. Taipei: The Institute of Linguistics, Academia Sinica</cite> Accessed 13 April 2007.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZeitounYu2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Yu, Ching-Hua (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720000756/http://aclclp.org.tw/clclp/v10n2/v10n2a2.pdf">"The Formosan Language Archive: Linguistic Analysis and Language Processing"</a> (PDF). Computational Linguistics and Chinese Language Processing. 10 (2): 167–200. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aclclp.org.tw/clclp/v10n2/v10n2a2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 7 August 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computational+Linguistics+and+Chinese+Language+Processing&rft.atitle=The+Formosan+Language+Archive%3A+Linguistic+Analysis+and+Language+Processing&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=167-200&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Zeitoun&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Yu%2C+Ching-Hua&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faclclp.org.tw%2Fclclp%2Fv10n2%2Fv10n2a2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATaiwanese+indigenous+peoples" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> has media related to: <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="extiw" title="commons:Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a> (<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Aborigines_of_Taiwan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Aborigines of Taiwan">category</a>)</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Taiwanese indigenous peoples <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Taiwanese+indigenous+peoples">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Taiwanese+indigenous+peoples&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Andrade, Tonio (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/index.html">How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish, and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</a>. Columbia University Press, Gutenberg e-Books.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090106140149/http://www.tacp.gov.tw/tacpeng/">Taiwan Aboriginal Culture Park,</a> Bureau of Cultural Parks, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Indigenous_Peoples" title="Council of Indigenous Peoples">Council of Indigenous Peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Executive Yuan</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/index.html?lang=en_US">Council of Indigenous Peoples (Taiwan)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125516/http://www.apc.gov.tw/portal/index.html?lang=en_US">Archived</a> 2018-01-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603060416/http://www.dmtip.gov.tw/Eng/Index.htm">Digital Museum of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100629224254/http://formosan.sinica.edu.tw/en/intro.htm">Academia Sinica: Formosan Language Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/chin/hbtaiwantribes.html">An overview of the people groups</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060405194618/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~dkjordan/chin/hbtaiwantribes.html">Archived</a> 2006-04-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taiwanfirstnations.org/">Taiwan First Nations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/formosa_index_page/formosa_index.html">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110413143625/http://academic.reed.edu/formosa/formosa_index_page/Formosa_index.html">Archived</a> 2011-04-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Reed Institute's Formosa Digital Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.org.tw/SYMM_en/index.htm">Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines official site</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171101002718/http://www.museum.org.tw/SYMM_en/index.htm">Archived</a> 2017-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sinica.edu.tw/tit/museums/1294_shung-ye.html">Shung Ye Museum of Formosan Aborigines another description</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080110042506/http://www.sinica.edu.tw/tit/museums/1294_shung-ye.html">Archived</a> 10 January 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4649257.stm">BBC News: Taiwan's aborigines find new voice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181120202019/http://www.titv.org.tw/">Taiwan Indigenous Television</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indigenous-justice.president.gov.tw/Page/16">Text of President Tsai Ing-wen's 2016 apology to indigenous peoples (includes links to translations of the apology in 16 indigenous languages as well as English and Japanese</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Template:Taiwanese indigenous peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Template talk:Taiwanese indigenous peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwanese indigenous peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nationwide Recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">central government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_people" title="Saaroa people">Hla'alua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_people" title="Kanakanavu people">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_people" title="Kavalan people">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_people" title="Puyuma people">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_people" title="Rukai people">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_people" title="Saisiyat people">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_people" title="Sakizaya people">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_people" title="Seediq people">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taroko_people" title="Taroko people">Taroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_people" title="Thao people">Thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_people" title="Tsou people">Tsou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locally Recognized by a <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">local government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Makatao_people" title="Makatao people">Makatao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraya_people" title="Siraya people">Siraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taivoan_people" title="Taivoan people">Taivoan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Unrecognized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babuza_people" title="Babuza people">Babuza</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Favorlang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Favorlang people (page does not exist)">Favorlang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoanya_people" title="Hoanya people">Hoanya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arikun_people" title="Arikun people">Arikun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloa_people" title="Lloa people">Lloa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaxabu_people" title="Kaxabu people">Kaxabu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketagalan_people" title="Ketagalan people">Ketagalan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basay_people" title="Basay people">Basay</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luilang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luilang people (page does not exist)">Luilang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trobiawan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trobiawan people (page does not exist)">Trobiawan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kulon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kulon people (page does not exist)">Kulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papora_people" title="Papora people">Papora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazeh_people" title="Pazeh people">Pazeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qauqaut_people" title="Qauqaut people">Qauqaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taokas_people" title="Taokas people">Taokas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Chimo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chimo people (page does not exist)">Chimo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan">List of indigenous peoples of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Plains indigenous peoples">Plains indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Area_(Taiwan)" title="Indigenous Area (Taiwan)">Indigenous Area (Taiwan)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taiwanese_Indigenous_Areas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwanese_aboriginal_areas" title="Template:Taiwanese aboriginal areas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwanese_aboriginal_areas" title="Template talk:Taiwanese aboriginal areas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwanese_aboriginal_areas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwanese aboriginal areas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taiwanese_Indigenous_Areas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Area_(Taiwan)" title="Indigenous Area (Taiwan)">Taiwanese Indigenous Areas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Highland indigenous <a href="/wiki/Township_(Taiwan)" title="Township (Taiwan)">Townships</a> and <a href="/wiki/District_(Taiwan)" title="District (Taiwan)">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kaohsiung" title="Kaohsiung">Kaohsiung</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maolin_District" title="Maolin District">Maolin District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namasia_District" title="Namasia District">Namasia District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_District,_Kaohsiung" title="Taoyuan District, Kaohsiung">Tauyuan District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Taipei_City" title="New Taipei City">New Taipei</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wulai_District" title="Wulai District">Wulai District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taichung" title="Taichung">Taichung</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heping_District,_Taichung" title="Heping District, Taichung">Heping District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taoyuan_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoyuan City">Taoyuan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuxing_District,_Taoyuan" title="Fuxing District, Taoyuan">Fuxing District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chiayi_County" title="Chiayi County">Chiayi County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alishan,_Chiayi" title="Alishan, Chiayi">Alishan Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hsinchu_County" title="Hsinchu County">Hsinchu County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jianshi,_Hsinchu" title="Jianshi, Hsinchu">Jianshi Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wufeng,_Hsinchu" title="Wufeng, Hsinchu">Wufeng Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hualien_County" title="Hualien County">Hualien County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wanrong,_Hualien" title="Wanrong, Hualien">Wanrong Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiulin,_Hualien" title="Xiulin, Hualien">Xiulin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuoxi" title="Zhuoxi">Zhuoxi Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Miaoli_County" title="Miaoli County">Miaoli County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tai%27an,_Miaoli" title="Tai'an, Miaoli">Tai'an Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nantou_County" title="Nantou County">Nantou County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%27ai,_Nantou" title="Ren'ai, Nantou">Ren'ai Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinyi,_Nantou" title="Xinyi, Nantou">Xinyi Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pingtung_County" title="Pingtung County">Pingtung County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chunri,_Pingtung" title="Chunri, Pingtung">Chunri Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laiyi,_Pingtung" title="Laiyi, Pingtung">Laiyi Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majia,_Pingtung" title="Majia, Pingtung">Majia Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan,_Pingtung" title="Mudan, Pingtung">Mudan Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandimen" title="Sandimen">Sandimen Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shizi,_Pingtung" title="Shizi, Pingtung">Shizi Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwu,_Pingtung" title="Taiwu, Pingtung">Taiwu Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wutai,_Pingtung" title="Wutai, Pingtung">Wutai Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taitung_County" title="Taitung County">Taitung County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daren,_Taitung" title="Daren, Taitung">Daren Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiduan,_Taitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiduan, Taitung">Haiduan Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinfeng,_Taitung" title="Jinfeng, Taitung">Jinfeng Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Lanyu Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanping_Township" title="Yanping Township">Yanping Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yilan_County,_Taiwan" title="Yilan County, Taiwan">Yilan County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Datong,_Yilan" title="Datong, Yilan">Datong Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nan%27ao,_Yilan" title="Nan'ao, Yilan">Nan'ao Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_Formosan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taiwanese indigenous areas"><img alt="Taiwanese indigenous areas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Taiwan_Formosan.svg/250px-Taiwan_Formosan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Taiwan_Formosan.svg/375px-Taiwan_Formosan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Taiwan_Formosan.svg/500px-Taiwan_Formosan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="842" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center">Plains indigenous Townships and <a href="/wiki/County-administered_city" title="County-administered city">County-Administered Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hsinchu_County" title="Hsinchu County">Hsinchu County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanxi,_Hsinchu" title="Guanxi, Hsinchu">Guanxi Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hualien_County" title="Hualien County">Hualien County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fengbin,_Hualien" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengbin, Hualien">Fengbin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenglin,_Hualien" title="Fenglin, Hualien">Fenglin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuli,_Hualien" title="Fuli, Hualien">Fuli Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guangfu,_Hualien" title="Guangfu, Hualien">Guangfu Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hualien_City" title="Hualien City">Hualien City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ji%27an,_Hualien" title="Ji'an, Hualien">Ji'an Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruisui" title="Ruisui">Ruisui Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoufeng" title="Shoufeng">Shoufeng Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xincheng,_Hualien" title="Xincheng, Hualien">Xincheng Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuli,_Hualien" title="Yuli, Hualien">Yuli Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Miaoli_County" title="Miaoli County">Miaoli County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanzhuang" title="Nanzhuang">Nanzhuang Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shitan,_Miaoli" title="Shitan, Miaoli">Shitan Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nantou_County" title="Nantou County">Nantou County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi,_Nantou" title="Yuchi, Nantou">Yuchi Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pingtung_County" title="Pingtung County">Pingtung County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manzhou,_Pingtung" title="Manzhou, Pingtung">Manzhou Township</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Taitung_County" title="Taitung County">Taitung County</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beinan,_Taitung" title="Beinan, Taitung">Beinan Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changbin,_Taitung" title="Changbin, Taitung">Changbin Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenggong,_Taitung" title="Chenggong, Taitung">Chenggong Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chihshang,_Taitung" title="Chihshang, Taitung">Chihshang Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawu,_Taitung" title="Dawu, Taitung">Dawu Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donghe,_Taitung" title="Donghe, Taitung">Donghe Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanshan,_Taitung" title="Guanshan, Taitung">Guanshan Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luye,_Taitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Luye, Taitung">Luye Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taimali,_Taitung" class="mw-redirect" title="Taimali, Taitung">Taimali Township</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taitung_City" title="Taitung City">Taitung City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-size: 80%"><div>Note: On the map, "Mountain Indigenous Areas" are in dark green and "Plains Indigenous Areas" are in light green.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taiwan_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taiwan_topics" title="Template:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taiwan_topics" title="Template talk:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taiwan topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Taiwan_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Taiwan-related_articles" title="Index of Taiwan-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan" title="History of Taiwan">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Taiwanese_history" title="Timeline of Taiwanese history">Timeline of Taiwanese history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Taiwan" title="Prehistory of Taiwan">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeological_sites_in_Taiwan" title="List of archaeological sites in Taiwan">archaeological sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Chinese_contact_with_Taiwan" title="Early Chinese contact with Taiwan">Early Chinese contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Dutch Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Formosa" title="Spanish Formosa">Spanish Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan under Qing rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Formosa" title="Republic of Formosa">Republic of Formosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan under Japanese rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taiwan_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Taiwan (1945–present)">Republic of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Retreat_of_the_Republic_of_China_to_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Retreat of the Republic of China to Taiwan">Retreat to Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guanbi_policy" title="Guanbi policy">Guanbi policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Policy_in_Taiwan%27s_White_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Policy in Taiwan's White Terror">Mandarin policy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan" title="Geography of Taiwan">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Taiwan" title="List of beaches in Taiwan">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Taiwan" title="List of cities in Taiwan">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Taiwan#Climate" title="Geography of Taiwan">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Taiwan" title="Deforestation in Taiwan">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Taiwan" title="List of earthquakes in Taiwan">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_endemic_species_of_Taiwan" title="List of endemic species of Taiwan">Endemic species</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_species_in_Taiwan" title="List of protected species in Taiwan">Protected species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_hot_springs" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese hot springs">Hot springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Taiwan" title="List of islands of Taiwan">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Taiwan" title="List of lakes of Taiwan">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Taiwan" title="List of mountains in Taiwan">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Taiwan" title="National parks of Taiwan">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Taiwan" title="List of rivers of Taiwan">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_scenic_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of national scenic areas in Taiwan">Scenic areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Taiwan" title="List of volcanoes in Taiwan">Volcanoes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="GovernmentPoliticsEconomy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Government</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Taiwan" title="Politics of Taiwan">politics</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Yuan" title="Executive Yuan">Cabinet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Premier of the Republic of China">Premier</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Taiwan" title="Censorship in Taiwan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_defense_in_Taiwan" title="Civil defense in Taiwan">Civil defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Constitution of the Republic of China">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Additional_Articles_of_the_Constitution_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Additional Articles of the Constitution of the Republic of China">Additional Articles</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Taiwan" title="Elections in Taiwan">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Taiwan" title="Human rights in Taiwan">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Taiwan">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Security_Bureau_(Taiwan)" title="National Security Bureau (Taiwan)">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Taiwan" title="Law of Taiwan">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Taiwan" title="Law enforcement in Taiwan">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of China Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Taiwan" title="Military history of Taiwan">Military history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Yuan" title="Legislative Yuan">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="President of the Republic of China">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_President_(Taiwan)" title="Office of the President (Taiwan)">Office of the President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_to_the_President_(Republic_of_China)" title="Secretary-General to the President (Republic of China)">Secretary-General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Vice President of the Republic of China">Vice President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Taiwan" title="List of political parties in Taiwan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_the_Republic_of_China" title="Propaganda in the Republic of China">Propaganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Taiwan" title="Regions of Taiwan">Regions of Taiwan</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="Administrative divisions of Taiwan">Administrative divisions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_municipality_(Taiwan)" title="Special municipality (Taiwan)">Special municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_(Taiwan)" class="mw-redirect" title="County (Taiwan)">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_city_(Taiwan)" title="Provincial city (Taiwan)">Cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_administrative_divisions_of_Taiwan" title="List of administrative divisions of Taiwan">List of administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_metropolitan_areas_in_Taiwan" title="List of metropolitan areas in Taiwan">Metropolitan areas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Political issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Taiwan" title="Conscription in Taiwan">Conscription</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-Strait_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-Strait relations">Cross-Strait relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">Chinese unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Chinese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei" title="Chinese Taipei">Chinese Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Sinicization" title="De-Sinicization">De-Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Taiwan" title="Foreign relations of Taiwan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_Taiwan" title="North–South divide in Taiwan">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Country_on_Each_Side" title="One Country on Each Side">One Country on Each Side</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opinion_polling_on_Taiwanese_identity" title="Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity">Opinion polling on Taiwanese identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Taiwan" title="Political status of Taiwan">Political status of Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_non-state-to-state_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Special non-state-to-state relations">Special non-state-to-state relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Chinas" title="Two Chinas">Two Chinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_nationalism" title="Taiwanese nationalism">Taiwanese nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_independence_movement" title="Taiwan independence movement">Taiwan independence movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Taiwan" title="Economy of Taiwan">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Agriculture in Taiwan">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Taiwan" title="Aquaculture in Taiwan">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Automotive industry in Taiwan">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Taiwan" title="Banking in Taiwan">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Taiwan" title="List of banks in Taiwan">List of banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_the_Republic_of_China_(Taiwan)" title="Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan)">Central bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Taiwan" title="List of companies of Taiwan">Companies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_companies_in_Taiwan" title="List of largest companies in Taiwan">Largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprises_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="State-owned enterprises of Taiwan">State-owned enterprises</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Taiwan" title="Defense industry of Taiwan">Defense industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Taiwan_dollar" title="New Taiwan dollar">Dollar (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Taiwan" title="Economic history of Taiwan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Taiwan" title="Energy in Taiwan">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Taiwan" title="Forestry in Taiwan">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_industries_of_Taiwan" title="Maritime industries of Taiwan">Maritime industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Taiwan" title="Mining in Taiwan">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Semiconductor industry in Taiwan">Semiconductor industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Stock_Exchange" title="Taiwan Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Miracle" title="Taiwan Miracle">Taiwan Miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Taiwan" title="Taxation in Taiwan">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_industry_in_Taiwan" title="Textile industry in Taiwan">Textile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Taiwan" title="Tourism in Taiwan">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Taiwan" title="Transportation in Taiwan">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniform_Invoice_lottery" title="Uniform Invoice lottery">Uniform Invoice lottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Taiwan" title="Water supply and sanitation in Taiwan">Water supply and sanitation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="font-size:95%;"><div id="National_SymbolsPeopleSocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>National Symbols</li><li>People</li><li>Society</li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="National symbols">National symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Anthem of the Republic of China">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of Taiwan">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Flag of the Republic of China">Flag</a> (<a href="/wiki/Proposed_flags_of_Taiwan" title="Proposed flags of Taiwan">proposed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Flower_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Flower of the Republic of China">Flower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Seals_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="National Seals of the Republic of China">Seals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Taiwan" title="Demographics of Taiwan">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_people" title="Taiwanese people">Taiwanese people</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_Taiwan" title="List of Indigenous peoples of Taiwan">Ethnic groups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Taiwanese" title="Han Taiwanese">Hans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Taiwanese" title="Hoklo Taiwanese">Hoklos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Hakka Taiwanese">Hakkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waishengren" title="Waishengren">Waishengren</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Taiwan" title="Languages of Taiwan">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Formosan_languages" title="Formosan languages">Formosan languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amis_language" title="Amis language">Amis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atayal_language" title="Atayal language">Atayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunun_language" title="Bunun language">Bunun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanakanavu_language" title="Kanakanavu language">Kanakanavu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puyuma_language" title="Puyuma language">Puyuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukai_language" title="Rukai language">Rukai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saaroa_language" title="Saaroa language">Saaroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saisiyat_language" title="Saisiyat language">Saisiyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakizaya_language" title="Sakizaya language">Sakizaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seediq_language" title="Seediq language">Seediq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thao_language" title="Thao language">Thao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsou_language" title="Tsou language">Tsou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinitic_languages" title="Sinitic languages">Sinitic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Mandarin" title="Taiwanese Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Taiwanese Hokkien">Taiwanese Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Hakka" title="Taiwanese Hakka">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsu_dialect" title="Matsu dialect">Matsu dialect</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Sign_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Sign Language">Sign Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Taiwan" title="Architecture of Taiwan">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Taiwan" title="Crime in Taiwan">Crime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organized_crime_in_Taiwan" title="Organized crime in Taiwan">Organized crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Taiwan" title="Sex trafficking in Taiwan">Sex trafficking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Taiwan" title="Education in Taiwan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Taiwan" title="Healthcare in Taiwan">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Taiwanese inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Taiwan" title="Prostitution in Taiwan">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Taiwan" title="Public holidays in Taiwan">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Taiwan" title="Public housing in Taiwan">Public housing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Taiwan" title="Squatting in Taiwan">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taiwanese_superlatives" title="List of Taiwanese superlatives">Superlatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_studies" title="Taiwan studies">Taiwan studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Taiwan" title="Waste management in Taiwan">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.75em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_animation" title="Taiwanese animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Taiwan" title="Cinema of Taiwan">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_cuisine" title="Taiwanese cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wine" title="Taiwanese wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_history_of_Taiwan" title="Cultural history of Taiwan">Cultural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_drama" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese drama">Drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Taiwan" title="Gambling in Taiwan">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glove_puppetry" title="Glove puppetry">Glove puppetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_literature" title="Taiwanese literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Taiwan">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Taiwan" title="Music of Taiwan">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_opera" title="Taiwanese opera">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Night_markets_in_Taiwan" title="Night markets in Taiwan">Night markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_in_Taiwan" title="Philosophy in Taiwan">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_in_Taiwan" title="Photography in Taiwan">Photography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Taiwan" title="Religion in Taiwan">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_Taiwan" title="Smoking in Taiwan">Smoking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Taiwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sports in Taiwan">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T-Beauty" title="T-Beauty">T-Beauty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_wave" title="Taiwanese wave">Taiwanese wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea" title="Taiwanese tea">Tea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_tea_culture" title="Taiwanese tea culture">tea culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Taiwan" title="List of tourist attractions in Taiwan">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwan" title="Category:Taiwan">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Taiwan" title="Portal:Taiwan">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taiwan" title="Outline of Taiwan">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> by <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Location of Africa"><img alt="Location of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Eurasia" title="Location of Eurasia"><img alt="Location of Eurasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Location of North America"><img alt="Location of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Location of Oceania"><img alt="Location of Oceania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Oceania</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Location of South America"><img alt="Location of South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:khaki;"><div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples by geographic regions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asian_topics" title="Template talk:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asian_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asian topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_countries" title="Category:East Asian countries">Countries and regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainland_China" title="Mainland China">Mainland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Islands" title="Ryukyu Islands">Ryukyu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeju_Province" title="Jeju Province">Jeju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-East_Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Ethnic groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ainu_people" title="Ainu people">Ainu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese_subgroups" title="Han Chinese subgroups">subgroups</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_people" title="Hui people">Hui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_China" title="Koreans in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Japan" title="Koreans in Japan">in Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakhalin_Koreans" title="Sakhalin Koreans">in Sakhalin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_people" title="Miao people">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolic_peoples" title="Mongolic peoples">Mongolic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongols_in_China" title="Mongols in China">in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalkha_Mongols" title="Khalkha Mongols">Khalkha in Mongolia</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_people" title="Qiang people">Qiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_people" title="Ryukyuan people">Ryukyuans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Indigenous Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_people" title="Tibetan people">Tibetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tujia_people" title="Tujia people">Tujia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghurs" title="Uyghurs">Uyghurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_people" title="Yi people">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_people" title="Zhuang people">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="List of ethnic groups in China">other ethnic groups in China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unrecognized_ethnic_groups_in_China" title="Unrecognized ethnic groups in China">unrecognized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Chinese_history" title="Ethnic groups in Chinese history">historical</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of East Asia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_age_reckoning" title="East Asian age reckoning">Age reckoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_architecture" title="Category:East Asian architecture">Architecture‎</a></li> <li>Art <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_art" title="Chinese art">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_art" title="Japanese art">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_art" title="Taiwanese art">Taiwanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_blepharoplasty" title="East Asian blepharoplasty">Blepharoplasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Buddhism" title="East Asian Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_calligraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cinema">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinosphere" title="Sinosphere">Sinosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dance_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Dance in East Asia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_knotting" title="Chinese knotting">Chinese knotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_dragon" title="Chinese dragon">Chinese dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cultural_festivals_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Cultural festivals in East Asia">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design#East_Asian_gardens" title="Garden design">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">Hip-and-gable roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_East_Asia" title="Languages of East Asia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_literature" title="East Asian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_M%C4%81dhyamaka" title="East Asian Mādhyamaka">Mādhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Music of East Asia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_mythology" title="Category:East Asian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_philosophy" title="Eastern philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_religions" title="East Asian religions">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_and_vertical_writing_in_East_Asian_scripts" title="Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts">Scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_(East_Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (East Asia)">Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Xenic_pronunciations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sino-Xenic pronunciations">Sino-Xenic pronunciations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_East_Asian_surnames" title="Lists of East Asian surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Television_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Television in East Asia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_typography" title="East Asian typography">Typography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Yog%C4%81c%C4%81ra" title="East Asian Yogācāra">Yogācāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_zodiac" title="Chinese zodiac">Chinese zodiac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Environment_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Environment of East Asia">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Climate_Partnership" title="East Asia Climate Partnership">East Asia Climate Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Monsoon" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Monsoon">Monsoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_rainy_season" title="East Asian rainy season">Rainy season</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Asiatic_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Asiatic Region">Flora</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_East_Asia" title="Economy of East Asia">Economy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Politics_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Politics of East Asia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93South_Korea_trilateral_summit" title="China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit">China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_model" title="East Asian model">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bureau_of_Economic_Research" title="East Asian Bureau of Economic Research">East Asian Bureau of Economic Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Community" title="East Asian Community">East Asian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Asian_Tigers" title="Four Asian Tigers">Four Asian Tigers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_East_Asia" title="Human rights in East Asia">Human rights in East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ports_and_harbors_of_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of ports and harbors of the Pacific Ocean">Ports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_stock_exchanges#East_Asian" title="List of Asian stock exchanges">Stock exchanges</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_East_Asia" title="History of East Asia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeology_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeology of East Asia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Archaeological_cultures_of_East_Asia" title="Category:Archaeological cultures of East Asia">Archaeological cultures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age#East_Asia" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Former_countries_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Former countries in East Asia">Former countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sport_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Sport in East Asia">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Japan%E2%80%93Korea_Friendship_Athletic_Meeting" title="China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting">China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Football_Federation" title="East Asian Football Federation">East Asian Football Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Games" title="East Asian Games">East Asian Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Judo_Championships" title="East Asian Judo Championships">East Asian Judo Championships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_martial_arts" title="Category:East Asian martial arts">East Asian martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Youth_Games" title="East Asian Youth Games">East Asian Youth Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EAFF_E-1_Football_Championship" title="EAFF E-1 Football Championship">EAFF E-1 Football Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Education_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Education in East Asia">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_East_Asian_Research_Universities" title="Association of East Asian Research Universities">Association of East Asian Research Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossAsia" title="CrossAsia">CrossAsia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Economic_Review" title="East Asian Economic Review">East Asian Economic Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Image_Collection" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Image Collection">East Asia Image Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Law_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asia Law Review">East Asia Law Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_studies" title="East Asian studies">East Asian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_East_Asian_Studies" title="Journal of East Asian Studies">Journal of East Asian Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Institute_(Ludwigshafen)" title="East Asia Institute (Ludwigshafen)">Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Military in East Asia">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_East_Asian_warfare" title="Horses in East Asian warfare">Horses in East Asian warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bansensh%C5%ABkai" title="Bansenshūkai">Bansenshūkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miyamoto_Musashi" title="Miyamoto Musashi">Miyamoto Musashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Tzu" title="Sun Tzu">Sun Tzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_War" title="The Art of War">The Art of War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Five_Rings" title="The Book of Five Rings">The Book of Five Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_Sun-sin" title="Yi Sun-sin">Yi Sun-sin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science_and_technology_in_East_Asia" title="Category:Science and technology in East Asia">Science and technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Needham_Research_Institute" title="Needham Research Institute">Needham Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_swords" title="Category:East Asian swords">Swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:East_Asian_traditional_medicine" title="Category:East Asian traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q216839#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh86002959">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00572609">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007551094805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&oldid=1258977182">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples&oldid=1258977182</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Category:Taiwanese 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1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_St._AndréHsiao-yen_Peng2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenco2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJulian_GoAnne_L._Foster2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKa1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKerr1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKleeman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnapp1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuoChen2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLamley1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinSabatier2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiuKoStoneking2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoChengHsiungYang2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoa2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoa2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLow2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackay1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMark_Caprio2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatsuda2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMendel1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeskill1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer2001\"] = 1,\n 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