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id="toc-Revolution_and_Empire:_1792–1815" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revolution_and_Empire:_1792–1815"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Revolution and Empire: 1792–1815</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revolution_and_Empire:_1792–1815-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wars_included_in_the_extended_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wars_included_in_the_extended_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Wars included in the extended conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wars_included_in_the_extended_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Important_figures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Important_figures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Important figures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Important_figures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Втора стогодишна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Втора стогодишна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drugi_stogodi%C5%A1nji_rat" title="Drugi stogodišnji rat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Drugi stogodišnji rat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segona_guerra_dels_Cent_Anys" title="Segona guerra dels Cent Anys – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segona guerra dels Cent Anys" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zweiter_Hundertj%C3%A4hriger_Krieg" title="Zweiter Hundertjähriger Krieg – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Zweiter Hundertjähriger Krieg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teine_saja-aastane_s%C3%B5da" title="Teine saja-aastane sõda – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teine saja-aastane sõda" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segunda_guerra_de_los_Cien_A%C3%B1os" title="Segunda guerra de los Cien Años – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Segunda guerra de los Cien Años" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ehun_Urteko_Bigarren_Gerraldia" title="Ehun Urteko Bigarren Gerraldia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ehun Urteko Bigarren Gerraldia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconde_guerre_de_Cent_Ans" title="Seconde guerre de Cent Ans – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Seconde guerre de Cent Ans" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C2%EC%B0%A8_%EB%B0%B1%EB%85%84%EC%A0%84%EC%9F%81" title="제2차 백년전쟁 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제2차 백년전쟁" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Seratus_Tahun_Kedua" title="Perang Seratus Tahun Kedua – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Seratus Tahun Kedua" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seconda_guerra_dei_cent%27anni" title="Seconda guerra dei cent'anni – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Seconda guerra dei cent'anni" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="מלחמת מאה השנים השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מלחמת מאה השנים השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweede_Honderdjarige_Oorlog" title="Tweede Honderdjarige Oorlog – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Tweede Honderdjarige Oorlog" 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early modern military conflicts, 1689 to 1815</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Second Hundred Years' War</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Wars" title="Anglo-French Wars">Anglo-French Wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_Hundred_war_battles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Second_Hundred_war_battles.jpg/350px-Second_Hundred_war_battles.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="438" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Second_Hundred_war_battles.jpg/525px-Second_Hundred_war_battles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Second_Hundred_war_battles.jpg/700px-Second_Hundred_war_battles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="5120" /></a></span><br />Left to right, top to bottom:<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beachy_Head_(1690)" title="Battle of Beachy Head (1690)">Battle of Beachy Head</a> (10 July 1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Blenheim" title="Battle of Blenheim">Battle of Blenheim</a> (13 August 1704)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fontenoy" title="Battle of Fontenoy">Battle of Fontenoy</a> (11 May 1745)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carillon" title="Battle of Carillon">Battle of Carillon</a> (8 July 1758)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Plains_of_Abraham" title="Battle of the Plains of Abraham">Battle of the Plains of Abraham</a> (13 September 1759)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a> (19 October 1781)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trafalgar" title="Battle of Trafalgar">Battle of Trafalgar</a> (21 October 1805)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> (18 June 1815)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>18 May 1689 – 20 November 1815<span style="display:none"> (<span class="dtstart">1689-05-18</span> – <span class="dtend">1815-11-20</span>)</span><br />(126 years, 6 months and 2 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic">Atlantic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a> & <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">ocean</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> British victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Britain annexes <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ionian_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Ionian islands">Ionian islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Vincent_%26_the_Grenadines" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vincent & the Grenadines">St Vincent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Lucia" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a> from France</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">Great Britain</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Mary II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">George II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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title="Henry II of England">1189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1193–1196</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_I_of_England#War_against_Philip_of_France" title="Richard I of England">1197–1199</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John,_King_of_England#Accession_to_the_throne,_1199" title="John, King of England">1199–1200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy_by_Philip_II_of_France" title="Invasion of Normandy by Philip II of France">1202–1204</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1213%E2%80%931214)" title="Anglo-French War (1213–1214)">1213–1214</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Barons%27_War" title="First Barons' War">1215–1217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_La_Rochelle_(1224)" title="Siege of La Rochelle (1224)">1224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_invasion_of_France_(1230)" title="English invasion of France (1230)">1230</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saintonge_War" title="Saintonge War">1242–1243</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gascon_War" title="Gascon War">1294–1303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_Saint-Sardos" title="War of Saint-Sardos">1324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">1337–1453</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1337%E2%80%931360" title="Hundred Years' War, 1337–1360">1337–1360</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1369%E2%80%931389" title="Hundred Years' War, 1369–1389">1369–1389</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War,_1415%E2%80%931453" title="Hundred Years' War, 1415–1453">1415–1453</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1494%E2%80%931495" title="Italian War of 1494–1495">1496–1498</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_League_of_Cambrai" title="War of the League of Cambrai">1512–1514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1521%E2%80%931526" title="Italian War of 1521–1526">1522–1526</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1542%E2%80%931546" title="Italian War of 1542–1546">1542–1546</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_War_of_1551%E2%80%931559" title="Italian War of 1551–1559">1557–1559</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_expedition_to_France_(1562-1563)" class="mw-redirect" title="English expedition to France (1562-1563)">1562–1563</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1627%E2%80%931629)" title="Anglo-French War (1627–1629)">1627–1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">1666–1667</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">1678</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">1689–1815</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">1689–1697</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">1702–1713</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">1744–1748</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">1746–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">1754–1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">1778–1783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">1793–1802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">1803–1814</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">1815</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Second Hundred Years' War</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Periodization" title="Periodization">periodization</a> or historical era term used by some <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historians</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to describe the series of <a href="/wiki/Military_conflict" class="mw-redirect" title="Military conflict">military conflicts</a> <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">around the globe</a> between <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> that occurred from about 1689 (or some say 1714) to 1815, including several separate wars such as the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a>. The Second Hundred Years' War is named after the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, which occurred in the 14th and 15th century. The term appears to have been coined by <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Seeley" title="John Robert Seeley">J. R. Seeley</a> in his influential work <i><a href="/wiki/The_Expansion_of_England" title="The Expansion of England">The Expansion of England</a></i> (1883).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Like the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a>, this term does not describe a single military event but a persistent general state of <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a> between the two primary belligerents. The use of the phrase as an overarching category indicates the interrelation of all the wars as components of the rivalry between France and Britain for world power. It was a war between and over the future of each state's <a href="/wiki/Empire#Colonial_empires" title="Empire">colonial empires</a>. </p><p>The two countries remained continual antagonists even as their national identities underwent significant evolution. Great Britain was not a single state until 1707, prior to which it was the separate kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a>, albeit with a shared Crown and military establishment. In 1801, Britain was united with the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Kingdom of Ireland</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. The period also saw France <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">under the Bourbon dynasty</a>, the regimes of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Empire" title="First French Empire">First Empire</a>. </p><p>The various wars between the two states during the 18th century usually involved other European countries in large alliances; except for the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Quadruple_Alliance" title="War of the Quadruple Alliance">War of the Quadruple Alliance</a> when they were bound by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%9331)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–31)">Anglo-French Alliance</a>, France and Britain always opposed one another.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of the wars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>, have been considered <a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">world wars</a> and included battles in the growing colonies in <a href="/wiki/Honourable_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Honourable East India Company">India</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, and ocean shipping routes around the globe. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars">Wars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2022</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginning:_1688–1714"><span id="Beginning:_1688.E2.80.931714"></span>Beginning: 1688–1714</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Beginning: 1688–1714"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The series of wars began with the accession of the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William III</a> as <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Revolution of 1688</a>. The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Stuart" title="House of Stuart">Stuarts</a> had sought friendly terms with <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="James I of England">James I</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_I_of_England" title="Charles I of England">Charles I</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestants</a>, had avoided involvement as much as possible in the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Catholic</a> convert <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> had even actively supported Louis XIV in his <a href="/wiki/Franco-Dutch_War" title="Franco-Dutch War">War against the Dutch Republic</a>. William III, however, sought to oppose Louis XIV's Catholic regime and styled himself as a Protestant champion. Tensions continued in the following decades, during which France protected and supported <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobites</a> who sought to overthrow the later Stuarts and, after <a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1715" title="Jacobite rising of 1715">1715</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Hanover" title="House of Hanover">Hanoverians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The principal Anglo-French conflicts in this time period were the <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of Spanish Succession</a>. The war of Spanish Succession saw Britain begin its ascendancy as a commercial and naval power, but after the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Utrecht" title="Peace of Utrecht">Peace of Utrecht</a>, the two formed an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Alliance_(1716%E2%80%931731)" title="Anglo-French Alliance (1716–1731)">Anglo-French alliance</a>, their interests converging as they wished to prevent the rise of Spanish or Russian power. The alliance soon fell apart, and the two countries soon became bitter rivals once again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonies:_1744–1783"><span id="Colonies:_1744.E2.80.931783"></span>Colonies: 1744–1783</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Colonies: 1744–1783"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After William III, the rivalry between the two countries shifted from being primarily about religion to being primarily about trade, colonies, and maintaining a balance of power. The primary conflicts in this time period between Britain and France were, in order: <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">The War of the Austrian Succession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">The Carnatic Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">The Seven Years' War</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. By the end of the Seven Years war, Britain decisively overtook France as Europe's greatest power, destroying French colonial power in India and North America. Yet France took advantage of <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> to undermine British colonial hegemony in North America by supporting the rebellious colonists with both men and material, but debts from that conflict in turn sowed the economic seeds of France's own <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">revolution</a> shortly thereafter. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revolution_and_Empire:_1792–1815"><span id="Revolution_and_Empire:_1792.E2.80.931815"></span>Revolution and Empire: 1792–1815</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Revolution and Empire: 1792–1815"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> led to a renewed period of conflict between Britain and France, the latter now under the control of a <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">republican government</a>. The British led a pan-European coalition which opposed the French in the wars of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">first</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">second</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">third</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">fourth</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">fifth</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">sixth coalitions</a>. Despite Britain's allies in the Coalition suffering repeated defeats at French hands, British naval successes against the French, which deprived France of large parts of the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colonial empire</a>, helped ensure the continued existence of further coalitions during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. The final defeat of <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> led to his abdication and exile, and effectively ended the recurrent conflict between France and Britain, with Britain decisively affirming its naval, imperial, and colonial supremacy over France for the foreseeable future. The British goal of restoring the French monarchy was confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1815)" title="Treaty of Paris (1815)">Treaty of Paris</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BFO-281_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BFO-281-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Entente_Cordiale_dancing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Entente_Cordiale_dancing.jpg/220px-Entente_Cordiale_dancing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Entente_Cordiale_dancing.jpg/330px-Entente_Cordiale_dancing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Entente_Cordiale_dancing.jpg/440px-Entente_Cordiale_dancing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="495" data-file-height="322" /></a><figcaption>A French postcard made in 1904, showing <a href="/wiki/Britannia" title="Britannia">Britannia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a> dancing together, symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After the end of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_and_Napoleonic_Wars" title="French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars">French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars</a>, direct conflict between France and Britain came to an end, as both countries focused on expanding their colonial empires and consolidating influence in their respective <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">spheres of influence</a>. The two nations fought on the same side in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, reflecting an increasing level of alignment in British and French foreign policies concerning Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <i><a href="/wiki/Fin_de_si%C3%A8cle" title="Fin de siècle">fin de siècle</a></i> period, growing levels of fear in both nations over the growing power of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> (which was <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">established in 1871</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a>) led to the <a href="/wiki/Entente_Cordiale" title="Entente Cordiale">Entente Cordiale</a>, a rapprochement in Anglo-French relations marked by a series of agreements signed on 8 April 1904. The Entente Cordial also resolved colonial disputes between Britain and France, and marked the definitive end of almost a thousand years of intermittent conflict, and replaced the <i>modus vivendi</i> that had existed since the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815 with a more formal agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wars_included_in_the_extended_conflict">Wars included in the extended conflict</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wars included in the extended conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War" title="Nine Years' War">Nine Years' War</a> (1688–1697) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Williamite_War_in_Ireland" title="Williamite War in Ireland">Williamite War</a> (1688–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_William%27s_War" title="King William's War">King William's War</a> (1689–1697)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Spanish_Succession" title="War of the Spanish Succession">War of the Spanish Succession</a> (1701–1714) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Anne%27s_War" title="Queen Anne's War">Queen Anne's War</a> (1702–1713)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Austrian_Succession" title="War of the Austrian Succession">War of the Austrian Succession</a> (1742–1748) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_George%27s_War" title="King George's War">King George's War</a> (1744–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars#First_Carnatic_War" title="Carnatic wars">1st Carnatic War</a> (1744–1748)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobite_rising_of_1745" title="Jacobite rising of 1745">Jacobite rising of 1745</a> (1745–1746)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Father_Le_Loutre%27s_War" title="Father Le Loutre's War">Father Le Loutre's War</a> (1749–1755)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_wars#Second_Carnatic_War" title="Carnatic wars">2nd Carnatic War</a> (1749–1754)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> (1756–1763) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (1754–1763)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">3rd Carnatic War</a> (1757–1763)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">Anglo-French War</a> (1778–1783) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> (1775–1783)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> (1792–1802) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars#War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="French Revolutionary Wars">War of the First Coalition</a> (1792–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a> (1793–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars#War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="French Revolutionary Wars">War of the Second Coalition</a> (1798–1802)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> (1798)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> (1803–1815) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Third_Coalition" title="War of the Third Coalition">War of the Third Coalition</a> (1803–1806)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fourth_Coalition" title="War of the Fourth Coalition">War of the Fourth Coalition</a> (1806–1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> (1808–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Fifth_Coalition" title="War of the Fifth Coalition">War of the Fifth Coalition</a> (1809)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sixth_Coalition" title="War of the Sixth Coalition">War of the Sixth Coalition</a> (1812–1814)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a> (1815)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Important_figures">Important figures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Important figures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>England, Great Britain </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Mary_II_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary II of England">Queen Mary II</a> </td> <td>1689–1694 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">King William III</a> </td> <td>1689–1702 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a> </td> <td>1702–1714 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_I_of_Great_Britain" title="George I of Great Britain">King George I</a> </td> <td>1714–1727 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_II_of_Great_Britain" title="George II of Great Britain">King George II</a> </td> <td>1727–1760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">King George III</a> </td> <td>1760–1820 </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>France </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Ruler </th> <th>Reign </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">King Louis XIV</a> </td> <td>1643–1715 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">King Louis XV</a> </td> <td>1715–1774 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVI of France">King Louis XVI</a> </td> <td>1774–1792 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> </td> <td>1792–1795 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a> </td> <td>1795–1799 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">First Consul Bonaparte</a>→<a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Emperor Napoleon I</a> </td> <td>1799–1814; 1815 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XVIII of France">King Louis XVIII</a> </td> <td>1814–1815; 1815–1824 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnatic_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnatic Wars">Carnatic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">European colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93German_enmity" title="French–German enmity">French–German enmity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French%E2%80%93Habsburg_rivalry" title="French–Habsburg rivalry">French–Habsburg rivalry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="France–United Kingdom relations">France–United Kingdom relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_Wars" title="French and Indian Wars">French and Indian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_eighteenth_century" title="Long eighteenth century">Long eighteenth century</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Buffinton, Arthur H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/secondhundredyea0000buff"><i>The "Second Hundred Years War", 1689–1815</i></a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Access_to_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">registration required</a>)</span>. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1929.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Crouzet" title="François Crouzet">Crouzet, François</a> (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/fh/article-abstract/10/4/432/512601">"The Second Hundred Years War: Some Reflections"</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription required)</span>. <i>French History</i>. Volume 10, Issue 4. pp. 432–450. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Ffh%2F10.4.432">10.1093/fh/10.4.432</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Scott, H. M. (June 1992). "Review: <i>The Second 'Hundred Years War' 1689–1815</i><span style="padding-left:.15em;">"</span>, <i>The Historical Journal</i>, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 443–469. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2639677">2639677</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morieux, Renaud (February 2009). "Diplomacy from Below and Belonging: Fishermen and Cross-Channel Relations in the Eighteenth Century". <i>Past & Present</i>. 202, p. 83. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25580920">25580920</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Claydon, <i>"William III"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BFO-281-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BFO-281_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>"British and Foreign State Papers"</i>, p.281</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTombsTombs2007" class="citation book cs1">Tombs, Robert; Tombs, Isabelle (2007). <i>That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present</i>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4024-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-4024-7"><bdi>978-1-4000-4024-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=That+Sweet+Enemy%3A+The+French+and+the+British+from+the+Sun+King+to+the+Present&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-4024-7&rft.aulast=Tombs&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Tombs%2C+Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASecond+Hundred+Years%27+War" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/A._J._P._Taylor" title="A. J. P. Taylor">A. J. P. Taylor</a>, <i>The Struggle for Mastery in Europe, 1848–1918</i> (1954), pp. 408–417 </span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanning,_T._C._W." class="mw-redirect" title="Blanning, T. C. W.">Blanning, T. C. W.</a> <i>The Culture of Power and the Power of Culture: Old Regime Europe 1660–1789</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.</li> <li>Buffinton, Arthur H. <i>The Second Hundred Years' War, 1689–1815</i>. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1929. 115pp</li> <li>Claydon, Tony. <i>William III</i>. Edinburgh: Pearson Education Limited, 2002.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Crouzet" title="François Crouzet">Crouzet, François</a>. "The Second Hundred Years War: Some Reflections." <i>French History</i> 10 (1996), pp. 432–450.</li> <li>Scott, H. M. Review: "The Second 'Hundred Years War' 1689–1815." <i>The Historical Journal</i> 35 (1992), pp. 443–469. (A collection of reviews of articles on the Anglo-French wars of the period, grouped under this heading)</li> <li>Tombs, Robert and Isabelle. <i>That Sweet Enemy: The French and the British from the Sun King to the Present.</i> London: William Heinemann, 2006.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&oldid=1247695030">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Second_Hundred_Years%27_War&oldid=1247695030</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Category:Second Hundred Years' War">Second Hundred Years' War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:17th-century_conflicts" title="Category:17th-century conflicts">17th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:18th-century_conflicts" title="Category:18th-century conflicts">18th-century conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geopolitical_rivalry" title="Category:Geopolitical rivalry">Geopolitical rivalry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Global_conflicts" title="Category:Global conflicts">Global conflicts</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Warfare_of_the_early_modern_period" title="Category:Warfare of the early modern period">Warfare of the early modern period</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_France" title="Category:Wars involving France">Wars involving France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_Great_Britain" title="Category:Wars involving Great Britain">Wars involving Great Britain</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wars_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Wars involving the United Kingdom">Wars involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_diplomacy" title="Category:History of diplomacy">History of diplomacy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_historiography" title="Category:Military historiography">Military historiography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Historiography_by_war_or_conflict" title="Category:Historiography by war or conflict">Historiography by war or conflict</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_login_required_references_or_sources" title="Category:Pages with login required references or sources">Pages with login required references or sources</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_that_may_contain_original_research_from_January_2022" title="Category:Articles that may contain original research from January 2022">Articles that may contain original research from January 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_that_may_contain_original_research" title="Category:All articles that may contain original research">All articles that may contain original research</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2010" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2010</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 September 2024, at 13:17<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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