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class="wds-dropdown-level-nested__toggle" data-tracking="custom-level-2" > <span>Esperantido</span> <svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny wds-dropdown-chevron"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-menu-control-tiny"></use></svg> </a> <div class="wds-is-not-scrollable wds-dropdown-level-nested__content"> <ul class="wds-list wds-is-linked"> <li> <a href="/wiki/Arcaicam_esperantom" data-tracking="custom-level-3" > <span>Arcaicam esperantom</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Atlango" data-tracking="custom-level-3" > <span>Atlango</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Texperanto" data-tracking="custom-level-3" > <span>Texperanto</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Ido" data-tracking="custom-level-3" > <span>Ido</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Sibelingua" data-tracking="custom-level-3" > <span>Sibelingua</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Neo" data-tracking="custom-level-3" > <span>Neo</span> </a> </li> <li> <a href="/wiki/Hom-Idyomo" data-tracking="custom-level-3" > 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accesskey="t"> Talk (0) </a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="content" class="page-content"> <script data-name="featured-video-mapped-to-wiki"> (function () { // we can't use mw.config here because it's too early so we need to pass this data in different way const videoDetails = { mapping: {"mediaId":"CR0MZ2ZP","connatixPlaylistId":"fa733fa7-0131-48d3-a444-611bc76031fe","impressionsPerSession":3,"isDefaultMapping":true}, impressionsPerSession: 3, }; const videoBridgeCountries = ["AE","AG","AL","AM","AR","AT","AU","AZ","BA","BB","BD","BG","BH","BN","BO","BR","BS","BY","CA","CH","CL","CN","CO","CR","CU","CY","CZ","DE","DK","DO","DZ","EC","EE","EG","ES","FI","FR","GB","GE","GF","GG","GH","GP","GR","GT","GU","GY","HK","HN","HR","HU","ID","IE","IL","IM","IN","IQ","IR","IS","IT","JE","JM","JO","JP","KE","KG","KH","KR","KW","KY","KZ","LA","LB","LK","LT","LU","LV","LY","MA","MD","ME","MK","MM","MN","MO","MQ","MT","MU","MV","MX","MY","NG","NI","NO","NP","NZ","OM","PA","PE","PH","PK","PL","PR","PS","PT","PY","QA","RE","RO","RS","RU","SA","SC","SE","SG","SI","SK","SV","TD","TH","TN","TR","TT","TW","UA","US","UY","UZ","VE","VI","VN","ZA","ZW"]; const tier3VideoBridgeCountries = ["GB","BE","NL","DE","AU","MX","AR","FR","MD","CA","ES","IT","PE","CO","CL","NZ"]; let hasVideoOnPage = null; function getCookieValue(cookieName) { const cookieSplit = ('; ' + document.cookie).split('; ' + cookieName + '='); return cookieSplit.length === 2 ? cookieSplit.pop().split(';').shift() : null; } function hasMaxedOutPlayerImpressionsInWiki() { const impressionsSoFar = Number(getCookieValue('playerImpressionsInWiki')) || 0; const allowedImpressions = Number(videoDetails.impressionsPerSession); return impressionsSoFar >= allowedImpressions; } function getCountryCode() { try { return JSON.parse(decodeURIComponent(getCookieValue('Geo'))).country.toLowerCase(); } catch { return null; } } function isVideoBridgeAllowedForCountry() { const countryCode = getCountryCode(); if (!countryCode) { return false; } // If it's a default mapping, then check the country whitelist from the default mapping. if (videoDetails?.mapping?.isDefaultMapping) { // If the wiki is classified as a tier3 wiki, then check the country whitelist from the tier3VideoBridge whitelist. const allowedCountriesForTier3Wikis = tier3VideoBridgeCountries.map(function (allowedTier3CountryCode) { return allowedTier3CountryCode.toLowerCase(); }) return allowedCountriesForTier3Wikis.indexOf(countryCode) !== -1; } else { // If not a default mapping wiki (so it's a wiki mapping), then check the country whitelist from the videoBridge whitelist const allowedCountries = videoBridgeCountries.map(function (allowedCountryCode) { return allowedCountryCode.toLowerCase(); }); return allowedCountries.indexOf(countryCode) !== -1; } } window.fandomIsVideoPossible = function () { if (hasVideoOnPage === null) { hasVideoOnPage = videoDetails.mapping && isVideoBridgeAllowedForCountry() && !hasMaxedOutPlayerImpressionsInWiki(); } return hasVideoOnPage; }; window.canPlayVideo = function () { return window.fandomIsVideoPossible() }; if (!window.canPlayVideo()) { document.body.classList.add('no-featured-video'); } else { document.body.classList.add('has-featured-video'); } })(); </script> <div itemprop="video" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/VideoObject"> <meta itemprop="name" content="XO, Kitty Season 2 Cast Plays Would You Rather"> <meta itemprop="duration" content="PT08M20S"> <meta itemprop="description" content=""> <meta itemprop="thumbnailUrl" content="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/v2/media/fbdxLSLV/poster.jpg?width=720"> <meta itemprop="contentURL" content="https://cdn.jwplayer.com/videos/fbdxLSLV-cSpmBcaY.mp4"> <meta itemprop="uploadDate" content="2025-01-18T14:00:00+00:00"> <div id="featured-video__player-container" class="featured-video-player-container"></div> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-N6XD44P" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <div class="mw-parser-output"><p style="text-align: center;">Romanova Interlanguage</p> <p style="text-align: center;"><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external free" href="http://romanova.altervista.org">http://romanova.altervista.org</a></p> <p>Bono di'a, i benvenido al Projeto Romanova! Si tu pode leser esto tecsto, donse la lingua nova ce nus clama Romanova sta funsionando multo bien! Nus ave produsido esta lingua con la speransa ce todos los parladores de las linguas roma'nicas modernas podera' comunicar eficasemente entre se. La lingua nova consiste de tres mil vocablos, mas o menos, i elo fu formado di vocablos prendidos di todas las cuatro linguas roma'nicas maiores: el espaniese, el fransiese, el italiese, i el portugalese. </p><p>Good day, and welcome to the Romanova project! If you can read this text (above), then the new language that we call Romanova is working very well! We have created this language in the hope that all the speakers of the modern Romance languages will be able to communicate efficiently among themselves. The new language consists of three thousand words, more or less, and it was formed from words taken from all four major Romance languages: Spanish, French, Italian, and Portuguese. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Alphabets"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Alphabets</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Other_Notes_on_pronunciation"><span class="tocnumber">1.1</span> <span class="toctext">Other Notes on pronunciation</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Names_of_the_Letters"><span class="tocnumber">1.2</span> <span class="toctext">Names of the Letters</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Brief_grammar_of_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Brief grammar of Romanova</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Articles_in_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Articles in Romanova</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Nouns_in_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Nouns in Romanova</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Adjectives_in_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Adjectives in Romanova</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Adverbs_in_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Adverbs in Romanova</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Comparison_of_adjectives_and_adverbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.4.1</span> <span class="toctext">Comparison of adjectives and adverbs</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#The_pronouns_of_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2.5</span> <span class="toctext">The pronouns of Romanova</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#Personal_pronouns"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Personal pronouns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Relative_pronouns"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Relative pronouns</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Possessives_in_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2.5.3</span> <span class="toctext">Possessives in Romanova</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#The_Demonstrative_Adjectives_and_Pronouns_of_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2.6</span> <span class="toctext">The Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns of Romanova</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#The_Verbs_of_Romanova"><span class="tocnumber">2.7</span> <span class="toctext">The Verbs of Romanova</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Active_perfect_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.7.1</span> <span class="toctext">Active perfect verbs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Passive_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.7.2</span> <span class="toctext">Passive verbs</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#Passive_perfect_verbs"><span class="tocnumber">2.7.3</span> <span class="toctext">Passive perfect verbs</span></a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Suffixes"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Suffixes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Cardinal_Numbers"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cardinal Numbers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Ordinal_Numbers"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Ordinal Numbers</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Days_of_the_Week,_Months,_and_Seasons"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Days of the Week, Months, and Seasons</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#Resources"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Resources</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Alphabets">Alphabets</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D1&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table cellspacing="5px"> <tbody><tr> <td>Latin</td> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>c</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>g</td> <td>i</td> <td>j</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>r</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u</td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td>IPA</td> <td>a</td> <td>b</td> <td>k</td> <td>d</td> <td>e</td> <td>f</td> <td>ɡ</td> <td>i/j</td> <td>ʃ</td> <td>l</td> <td>m</td> <td>n</td> <td>o</td> <td>p</td> <td>ɾ</td> <td>s</td> <td>t</td> <td>u/w</td> <td>v </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cyrillic</td> <td>а</td> <td>б</td> <td>к</td> <td>д</td> <td>е</td> <td>ф</td> <td>г</td> <td>и/й</td> <td>ш</td> <td>л</td> <td>м</td> <td>н</td> <td>о</td> <td>п</td> <td>р</td> <td>с</td> <td>т</td> <td>у</td> <td>в </td></tr></tbody></table> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other_Notes_on_pronunciation">Other Notes on pronunciation</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D2&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The <b>rr</b> is pronounced as a trill, as in <b>Rrrrr</b>uffles have <b>rrrr</b>idges. Since <b>j</b> is like the <b>sh</b> in <b>sh</b>op, the combination <b>tj </b>is pronounced like <b>ch</b> in <b>ch</b>ip, and the combination <b>nj</b> is pronounced like the <b>nch</b> in lu<b>nch</b>. The stress on words is similar to that of Spanish; an apostrophe after a vowel shows that it is stressed. For words without an apostrophe (the vast majority), words ending in a vowel or the letter <b>s</b> are stressed on the next-to-last syllable. Words ending in a consonant other than <b>s</b> are stressed on the last syllable.<br /> The letters <b>i</b> and <b>u</b> are semivowels (pronounced like <b>y</b> in <b>yes</b> and <b>w</b> in <b>win</b>) when followed by any vowel, or when preceded by <b>a</b>, <b>e</b>, or <b>o</b>, so <b>i</b> and <b>u</b> don't count as separate syllables in this case, unless they're followed by an apostrophe, which shows that they are full, stressed vowels:<br /> <b>ai</b> as in <b>ai</b>sle. <b>ei</b> as in w<b>ei</b>gh. <b>oi</b> as in v<b>oi</b>d.<br /><b>au</b> as in s<b>au</b>erkr<b>au</b>t. <b>ia</b> as <b>ya</b> in <b>ya</b>cht.<br /><b>ie</b> as <b>ye</b> in <b>ye</b>t. <b>io</b> as <b>yo</b> in <b>yo</b>-yo.<br /><b>ui</b> as <b>wee</b> in s<b>wee</b>t. <b>iu</b> as <b>u</b> in <b>u</b>seful.<br /> Proper nouns and words from other languages may be left in their native spelling, or optionally changed to Romanova spelling. Optionally, an acute accent mark may be placed above a vowel instead of putting an apostrophe after it. Capital letters are optional in Romanova. The slash (<b>/</b>) may optionally be used instead of the period at the end of a sentence. The letter <b>s</b> may be pronounced like the <b>z</b> in <b>zoo</b> when followed by a voiced consonant. Both the <b>r</b> and <b>rr</b> may optionally be pronounced as either a flap or a trill. Both <b>b</b> and <b>v</b> may optionally be pronounced as in Spanish. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Names_of_the_Letters">Names of the Letters</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D3&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Note: When spelling aloud, to make it clear which letter you are saying,<br />you may also say "v" de "victoria", etc. </p><p>Letter: a b c d e f g (h) i j (k) l m<br />Name: a be ce de e fe ge (aj) i je (ca) le me<br /><br />Letter: n o p (q) r s t u v (w) (x) (y) (z)<br />Name: ne o pe (cu) re se te u ve (ue) (ecse) (ie) (sa) </p><p><br /> </p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Brief_grammar_of_Romanova">Brief grammar of Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D4&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><b>No grammatical gender.</b> </p><p>Although there are alternative words that look like those showing grammatical gender in the Romance languages, these are entirely optional, and are mainly allowed so that Romance-speakers may use familiar forms. </p><p><b>No declension of nouns and adjectives.</b> </p><p><b>No personal verb inflexions.</b> </p><p>The verbs of Romanova differ only for tense (present, past, perfect, etc.). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Articles_in_Romanova">Articles in Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D5&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The singular definite article is <b>el</b> (alternatively, <b>la</b> may also be used, with no distinction of meaning). The plural definite article is <b>los</b> (alternatively, <b>las</b> may also be used, with no distinction of meaning). The only written contractions are <b>del</b> and <b>al</b>, which are optional contractions of <b>de el</b> and <b>a el</b>. In pronunciation, but not in writing, the articles <b>el</b> and <b>la</b> may optionally lose their vowels when followed by a word beginning with a vowel. For example, <b>la isla</b> may be pronounced <b>lisla</b>, and <b>el ome</b> may be pronounced <b>lome</b>. The indefinite article is <b>un</b> (alternatively, <b>una</b> may also be used, with no distinction of meaning). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Nouns_in_Romanova">Nouns in Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D6&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>To make a noun or an adjective plural, if it ends in a vowel, add -<b>s</b>. If it ends in a consonant or semivowel, add -<b>es</b>. Examples: el soldado valente, los soldados valentes; una madre bona, madres bonas; el rei, los reies; multas personas intelijentes fase el error de creder ce eles es stu'pidas, i eles gania confidensa en lora intelijensa solamente depo'is multa esperiensa en la vida; un punto interesante; ocurrensas improbables; la asersion es incredible; los puntos es interesantes. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Adjectives_in_Romanova">Adjectives in Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D7&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The adjective of Romanova is pluralized in concordance with the noun. Optionally, and with no distinction of meaning, adjectives (and adjectives used as nouns) ending in -<b>o</b> (and the plural -<b>os</b>) may change this ending to -<b>a</b> (and the plural -<b>as</b>). This is completely optional and does not imply any difference of gender in Romanova. (This is mainly allowed so that Romance-speakers won't have to change this ingrained speech habit.) Adjectives go after their nouns. Articles (<b>the</b>, <b>a</b>), numbers (<b>four</b>, <b>third</b>, <b>many</b>), possessives (<b>my</b>, <b>our</b>), and demonstratives (<b>this</b>, <b>those</b>) go before their nouns. Adjectives can also be used like nouns, e.g. <b>el rojo</b> can mean <b>the red one</b>. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Adverbs_in_Romanova">Adverbs in Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D8&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>Most adverbs of Romanova are derived from adjectives by adding -<b>mente</b> to the end of the adjective. If the adjective ends in -<b>o</b>, this must be changed to -<b>a</b>. Some common adverbs have a unique form, not derived from an adjective. Examples: <b>ra'pido</b>, <b>rapidamente</b>; <b>suave</b>, <b>suavemente</b>; <b>nasional</b>, <b>nasionalmente</b>; <b>bono</b>, <b>bien</b>. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Comparison_of_adjectives_and_adverbs">Comparison of adjectives and adverbs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D9&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>Comparative adjectives and adverbs are expressed by <b>mas, </b>superlatives by <b>el mas</b> or by the suffix -<b>i'sim</b>-. <b>Less</b> is expressed by <b>menos</b> and <b>the least</b> by <b>el menos.</b> Examples: interesante, mas interesante, el mas interesante, interesanti'sime; madres bonas, madres mas bonas, las madres mas bonas, las madres boni'simas; frecuentemente, menos frecuentemente, el menos frecuentemente. Cualce lingua es tanto interesante como todas las otras linguas. Todas las linguas es igualmente interesantes. Nustra grama'tica es mas breve ce nustro dicsionario. Entre suos amigos, eli es el mas interesante. Eles es tuos amigos boni'simos. Marte es un planeta bastante grande, ma la terra es mas grande. La terra es tamben mas grande ce Mercurio. El planeta Urano es multo mas grande ce Marte ma menos grande ce Ju'piter. El planeta Venus es cuasi tanto grande como la terra. </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_pronouns_of_Romanova">The pronouns of Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D10&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Personal_pronouns">Personal pronouns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D11&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The personal pronouns of Romanova, except for the first and second persons plural, have two distinct forms. The first form is used for subjects, and the second form is used for all other uses, including objects. Subject pronouns precede the verb, but may follow it in direct questions. Object pronouns may always follow the verb. Direct object pronouns may also directly precede the verb, unless the verb is an infinitive, a participle, or an imperative. Direct object pronouns and nouns may optionally be preceded by the word <b>pe</b> in any case where it may otherwise be difficult to distinguish subject from direct object. Indirect object pronouns and nouns are preceded by the word <b>a</b>. When saying something or writing something to a person, the person is the indirect object, e.g. Eli interrogo' a me si io fuma; io disio' a li ce no. (He asked me if I smoke; I told him no.) Reflexive pronouns are used with transitive verbs when the subject performs the action on himself, as in <b>to dress <i>yourself</i></b>. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" dir="LTR" width="360"> <tbody><tr> <td height="29" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p><b>Table of Personal Pronouns of Romanova</b> </p> </td> <td height="29" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="29" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="29" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="21" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p><b>Person</b> </p> </td> <td height="21" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p><b>Subject</b> </p> </td> <td height="21" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p><b>Non-Subject</b> </p> </td> <td height="21" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p><b>Reflexive</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p><b>Singular</b> </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>1st </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>io </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>me </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>2nd </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>tu </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>te </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>3rd, male </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>eli </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>li </p> </td> <td height="12" rowspan="3" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>se </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>3rd, female </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>ela </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>la </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>3rd, neutral </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>elo </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>lo </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p><b>Plural</b> </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>1st </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>nus </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>2nd </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>vos </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>3rd </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>eles </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>les </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>se </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Since the <b>i</b> in <b>io</b> is a semivowel, <b>io</b> is pronounced like <b>yo</b> in <b>yo</b>-yo. The word <b>vos</b> may also be used for the singular <b>you</b> to show respect. The neutral pronoun may be used for any thing, or for any person or animal, regardless of sexual gender. In impersonal constructions, no pronoun is used: <b>Sta pluvendo (It's raining); Ave un problema (There is a problem.)</b>. In second person imperatives, no pronoun is used: <b>Corre! Aiuda me! </b>For imperatives <i>not</i> for the second person, the verb <b>deve</b> is followed by the infinitive: <b>Nus deve parter! (Let's leave!); Eles deve manjar pastel! (Let them eat cake!); Deve aver luse! (Let there be light!)</b> </p><p>The term <b>uno</b> or <b>una persona</b> is used for an indeterminate person: <b>Uno parla el fransiese en Fransia, i.e., El fransiese es parlado en Fransia.</b> </p><p><b>Interrogative pronouns:</b><br />How: como<br />How (followed by adjective or adverb): cuanto<br />How many: cuantos<br />How much: cuanto<br />What: ce, ce cosa(s)<br />What kind of: ce tipo de, ce tipos de<br />When: cuando<br />Where: donde<br />Which: cual, cuales<br />Who: cien, cienes<br />Whom: (pe) cien, (pe) cienes<br />Whose: cuo, cuos (Plural is for multiple possessions, not owners. Stress is on the u.)<br />Why: por ce<br /> Examples: Ce sinifica esto? Io no sabe. De ce vos pensa? De la grama'tica de Romanova.<br />Cien tiene la clave de esta porta? Alberto lo tiene. A cienes eli ave dado los libros?<br />Eli les ave dado a Mari'a i a Carla. Cuo libro es esto? (Whose book is this?) </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Relative_pronouns">Relative pronouns</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D12&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>The word <b>ce</b> may be used with any noun or pronoun, and the word <b>cien</b> (plural: <b>cienes</b>) may be used with persons. Examples: El infanto <b>ce</b> tiene la clave es en el jardin. El infanto a <b>cien</b> tu ave dado la clave abreva la porta. La infanta <b>ce</b> saludava vos es mia sora (The girl who greeted you is my sister). La infanta <b>pe cien</b> vos saludava es mia sora (The girl whom you greeted is my sister). El libro <b>ce</b> tu ave perdido es aora en la biblioteca (Referring to the particular book that you lost). El libro, <b>ce</b> mia sora leseva fas una semana, es aora en la biblioteca (Referring to a book that my sister just happened to have been reading). </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Possessives_in_Romanova">Possessives in Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D13&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>When possessives refer to plural nouns, they are pluralized. The endings -<b>o</b> (and the plural -<b>os</b>) may optionally be changed to -<b>a</b> (and the plural -<b>as</b>) without distinction of meaning. The following words are stressed on the <b>i</b>: mio, mios, mia, mias. The following words are stressed on the <b>u</b>: tuo, tuos, tua, tuas, suo, suos, sua, suas, cuo, cuos, cua, cuas. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" dir="LTR" width="339"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p><b>Table of Possessives of Romanova</b> </p> </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="35%">　 </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="35%">　 </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p><b>Person</b> </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p><b>Adjectives</b> </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p><b>Pronouns</b> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p><b>Singular</b> </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p>1st </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>mio </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>el mio </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p>2nd </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>tuo </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>el tuo </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p>3rd </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>suo </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>el suo </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p><b>Plural</b> </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p>1st </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>nustro </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>el nustro </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p>2nd </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>vostro </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>el vostro </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="31%"> <p>3rd </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>loro </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>el loro </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Demonstrative_Adjectives_and_Pronouns_of_Romanova">The Demonstrative Adjectives and Pronouns of Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D14&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>This: <b>esto</b> (alternatively <b>esta</b>).<br />These: <b>estos</b> (alternatively <b>estas</b>).<br />That: <b>eso</b> (alternatively <b>esa</b>).<br />Those: <b>esos</b> (alternatively <b>esas</b>). </p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="The_Verbs_of_Romanova">The Verbs of Romanova</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D15&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>The verbs of Romanova have no personal endings. Infinitives end in -<b>ar</b> and -<b>er</b>. </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" dir="LTR" width="335"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p><b>Simple Forms of the Verb of Romanova</b> </p> </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="27%">　 </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="27%">　 </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="11%">　 </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Root </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>cant- </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>part- </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Infinitive </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>cantar </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>parter </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Present </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>canta </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>parte </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Imperative </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>canta </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>parte </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Past Imperfect </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>cantava </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>parteva </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Preterite </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>canto' </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>partio' </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Future </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>cantara' </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>partera' </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Conditional </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>cantari'a </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>parteri'a </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Present Participle </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>cantando </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>partendo </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="35%"> <p>Past Participle </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>cantado </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="27%"> <p>partido </p> </td> <td height="13" valign="MIDDLE" width="11%"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><b>The present and imperative</b> </p><p>are like the infinitive without the final -<b>r</b>. </p><p><b>The indicative and the subjunctive</b> </p><p>are identical. </p><p><b>The past imperfect</b> </p><p>is formed from the infinitive by changing the final -<b>r</b> to -<b>va</b>. </p><p><b>The preterite</b> </p><p>is formed from the infinitive by changing the final -<b>ar</b> to -<b>o'</b> and the final -<b>er</b> to -<b>io'</b> (a diphthong). </p><p><b>The future</b> </p><p>is formed by adding -<b>a'</b> to the infinitive. An alternative future is formed by putting the word <b>va</b> before the infinitive: <b>io va manjar lo.</b> </p><p><b>The conditional</b> </p><p>is formed by adding -<b>i'a</b> to the infinitive: <b>si io lo teneva, io lo dari'a a te.</b> </p><p><b>The present participle</b> </p><p>is formed from the infinitive by changing the final -<b>r</b> to -<b>ndo</b>. </p><p><b>The past participle</b> </p><p>is formed from the infinitive by changing the final -<b>ar</b> to -<b>ado</b> and the final -<b>er</b> to -<b>ido</b>. </p><p>Only a few verbs and their derivatives are irregular in Romanova, and those with asterisks are irregular in spelling only, because of the apostrophes:<br /> To be: <b>ser</b>. Present: <b>es</b>; preterite: <b>fu</b>; past imperfect: <b>era</b>; imperative: <b>sea</b>.<br />To come: <b>vener</b>. Present and imperative: <b>viene</b>.<br />To flow (and other verbs ending in -<b>uer</b> or -<b>uar</b>): <b>fluer</b>. Present and imperative: <b>flu'e</b>*.<br />To go: <b>andar</b>. Present and imperative: <b>va</b>.<br />To have, hold: <b>tener</b>. Present and imperative: <b>tiene</b>.<br />To hear: <b>oier</b>. Preterite: <b>oio'</b>; past participle: <b>oi'do</b>.<br />To meet, rendezvous: <b>reuner se</b>. Present and imperative: <b>reu'ne</b>*.<br />To photograph (and other verbs ending in -<b>grafiar</b>): <b>fotografiar</b>. Present and imperative: <b>fotografi'a</b>*.<br />To prohibit: <b>proiber</b>. Present and imperative: <b>proi'be</b>*.<br />To send: <b>enviar</b>. Present and imperative: <b>envi'a</b>*.<br />To want: <b>cerer</b>. Present and imperative: <b>ciere</b>.<br />To attract (and other verbs ending in -<b>aer</b>): <b>atraer</b>. Past participle: <b>atrai'do</b>*. </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Active_perfect_verbs">Active perfect verbs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D16&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>are formed with the verb <b>aver</b>: </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" dir="LTR" width="335"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="34%"> <p><b>Active Perfect Verb Forms of Romanova</b> </p> </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="66%">　 </td></tr> <tr> <td height="28" valign="MIDDLE" width="34%"> <p>Present Perfect </p> </td> <td height="28" valign="MIDDLE" width="66%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) ave cantado, partido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="28" valign="MIDDLE" width="34%"> <p>Past Perfect </p> </td> <td height="28" valign="MIDDLE" width="66%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) aveva cantado, partido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="28" valign="MIDDLE" width="34%"> <p>Future Perfect </p> </td> <td height="28" valign="MIDDLE" width="66%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) avera' cantado, partido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="28" valign="MIDDLE" width="34%"> <p>Conditional Perfect </p> </td> <td height="28" valign="MIDDLE" width="66%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) averi'a cantado, partido </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p><p><b>Example of a variety of these forms in context</b> </p><p><br /> io ave lesido en la Interrede ce una dama europana de sisenta anios ave fasido una filia naser en un ospital en Israel depo'is aver indicado ce ela teneva solamente cuarenta oto anios. El me'dico, stupefasido, diseva ce eli jama'is averi'a dado a la dama una trasplantasion de ovos si eli aveva sabido sua eda' vera.<br /> En eso tempo, toda la terra parlava la mesma lingua. Cuando la jente emigro' di la rejon del oriente, eles descubrio' una sona plana en la rejon de Sinar, i ala' eles resto' par resider. Un di'a, algunas personas disio' a otras: "Nus deve faser blocos de arjila, i cosinar les en el fogo." Asi', eles uso' blocos enve's de piedras i asfalto natural enve's de mortiero. Pois eles disio': "Viene, nus deve costruer una jida' i una torre ce contactara' el sielo. De esta manera, nus sera' famosos i nus no devera' ser dispersados atrave's toda la terra". Ma el senior Dio desendio' par ver la jida' i la torre ce la jente costrueva, i eli penso': "Eles es una sola jente i eles parla una sola lingua; por eso, eles ave comensado esto travaio, i por nada del mundo eles va sesar de faser lo. Seri'a mas bono ce nus desende par confunder lora lingua, par ce eles no comprendera' entre se." Asi' fu ce el senior Dio les disperso' atrave's toda la terra, i eles seso' de costruer la jida'. En esa localida', el senior Dio confundio' la lingua de toda la jente de la terra, i di ala' eli les disperso' atrave's todo el mundo. Por eso, la jida' es clamada "Babel". </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Passive_verbs">Passive verbs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D17&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>are formed with the verb <b>ser</b>: </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" dir="LTR" width="339"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="38%"> <p><b>Simple Passive Verb Forms of Romanova</b> </p> </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="62%">　 </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="38%"> <p>Present passive </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="62%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) es creado, prendido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="38%"> <p>Past passive </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="62%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) fu creado, prendido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="38%"> <p>Future passive </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="62%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) sera' creado, prendido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="38%"> <p>Conditional passive </p> </td> <td height="12" valign="MIDDLE" width="62%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) seri'a creado, prendido </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Passive_perfect_verbs">Passive perfect verbs</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D18&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>are formed with <b>aver sido</b>: </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="7" cellspacing="1" dir="LTR" width="336"> <tbody><tr> <td height="30" valign="MIDDLE" width="30%"> <p><b>Passive Perfect Verb Forms of Romanova</b> </p> </td> <td height="30" valign="MIDDLE" width="70%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="24" valign="MIDDLE" width="30%"> <p>Perfect </p> </td> <td height="24" valign="MIDDLE" width="70%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) ave sido creado, prendido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="24" valign="MIDDLE" width="30%"> <p>Past perfect </p> </td> <td height="24" valign="MIDDLE" width="70%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) aveva sido creado, prendido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="24" valign="MIDDLE" width="30%"> <p>Future perfect </p> </td> <td height="24" valign="MIDDLE" width="70%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) avera' sido creado, prendido </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td height="24" valign="MIDDLE" width="30%"> <p>Conditional perfect </p> </td> <td height="24" valign="MIDDLE" width="70%"> <p>io (tu, etc.) averi'a sido creado, prendido </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> <table border="1" cellpadding="5" cellspacing="1" dir="LTR" width="500"> <tbody><tr> <td height="8" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p><b>Verb Structure Examples</b> </p> </td> <td height="8" valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> </td> <td height="8" valign="MIDDLE" width="50%"> </td></tr> <tr> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>io </p><p>tu </p><p>eli </p><p>ela </p><p>nus </p><p>vos </p><p>eles </p><p>estos omes </p><p>loros amigos </p> </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="25%"> <p>es </p><p>fu </p><p>ave sido </p><p>aveva sido </p><p>sera' </p><p>va ser </p><p>seri'a </p><p>avera' sido </p><p>va aver sido </p><p>averi'a sido </p> </td> <td valign="MIDDLE" width="50%"> <p>vijilado(s) por la polisi'a. </p><p>multo admirado(s) por todos. </p><p>recomendado(s) por los otros. </p><p>abondante(s) en la jida'. </p><p>atacado(s) por los soldados. </p><p>acusado(s) por suos enemigos. </p><p>obliviado(s) por el governo. </p><p>buscado(s) por Interpol. </p><p>escutado(s) por el congreso. </p><p>oi'do(s) por el conselio. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Suffixes">Suffixes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D19&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><br />Note: Before adding a suffix, if the word ends in an unstressed vowel, remove it.<br />If the suffix is marked with an asterisk, move this final vowel to the end of the word,<br />but if there's no final vowel, put the letter <b>e</b> at the end.<br /> able to receive action of verb: (-ar verb) -<b>able</b>, (-er verb) -<b>ible</b>, e.g. bevible (drinkable).<br />abstract idea (formed from adjective): -<b>ida'</b>, e.g. vero (true), verida' (truth).<br />abstract idea (formed from verb): (-ar verb) -<b>ansa</b>, (-er verb) -<b>ensa</b>, e.g. importante (important), importansa (importance).<br />active adjective from verb: (-ar verb) -<b>ante</b>, (-er verb) -<b>ente</b>, e.g. caminante (walking).<br />adverb: -<b>mente</b> (change any final -o to -a before adding -mente), e.g. rapidamente (quickly).<br />ability to receive action of verb: (-ar verb) -<b>ablida'</b>, (-er verb) -<b>iblida'</b>, e.g. beviblida' (drinkability).<br />conditional: (-ar verb) -<b>ari'a</b>, (-er verb) -<b>eri'a</b>, e.g. parlari'a (would speak).<br />container: -<b>ero</b>, e.g. salero (salt shaker).<br />diminutive: *-<b>et</b>-, e.g. casa (house), caseta (little house); canson (song), cansonete (little song).<br />-ever: -<b>ciera</b>, e.g. cienciera (whoever). Note: Don't remove the final vowel with this suffix.<br />fractions: -<b>ieme</b>, e.g. dos tresiemes (two thirds).<br />full of (based on noun): -<b>oso</b>, e.g. ventoso (full of wind, windy).<br />future tense: (-ar verb) -<b>ara'</b>, (-er verb) -<b>era'</b>, e.g. parlara' (will speak).<br />habitual or professional doer: (-ar verb) -<b>ador</b>, (-er verb) -<b>edor</b>, e.g. travaiador (worker).<br />imperative: (-ar verb) -<b>a</b>, (-er verb) -<b>e</b>, e.g. corre! (run!).<br />infinitive: (-ar verb) -<b>ar</b>, (-er verb) -<b>er</b>, e.g. parlar (to speak).<br />inhabitant or member (based on place or group): -<b>ano</b>, e.g. italiano (Italian).<br />instance of action of the verb: (-ar verb) -<b>ata</b>, (-er verb) -<b>ita</b>, e.g. caminata (walk).<br />instrument, device, or tool: (-ar verb) -<b>adora</b>, (-er verb) -<b>edora</b>, e.g. lavadora (washing machine).<br />-ism: -<b>ismo</b>, e.g. capitalismo (capitalism).<br />-ist: -<b>ista</b>, e.g. comunista (communist).<br />juvenile creature: *-<b>el</b>-, e.g. cane (dog), canele (puppy); gato (cat), gatelo (kitten).<br />language (based mainly on nation or area or culture): -<b>ese</b>, e.g. japonese (Japanese).<br />make (formed from adjectives): -<b>isar</b>, e.g. oscurisar (to make dark).<br />-ologist: -o'logo, e.g. antropo'logo (anthropologist).<br />-ology: -oloji'a, e.g. antropoloji'a (anthropology).<br />ordinal numbers: -<b>e'simo</b>, e.g. cuatre'simo (fourth).<br />past participle (passive) or adjective from it: (-ar verb) -<b>ado</b>, (-er verb) -<b>ido</b>, e.g. parlado (spoken).<br />place for the action of the verb: (-ar verb) -<b>adero</b>, (-er verb) -<b>edero</b>, e.g. manjadero (dining room).<br />plural: (after vowel) -<b>s</b>; (after consonant) -<b>es</b>, e.g. libros (books), cansones (songs).<br />present participle (active): (-ar verb) -<b>ando</b>, (-er verb) -<b>endo</b>, e.g. correndo (running).<br />present tense: (-ar verb) -<b>a</b>, (-er verb) -<b>e</b>, e.g. prende (take or takes).<br />preterite: (-ar verb) -<b>o'</b>, (-er verb) -<b>io'</b>, e.g. prendio' (took).<br />imperfect: (-ar verb) -<b>ava</b>, (-er verb) -<b>eva</b>, e.g. parlava (were speaking or was speaking).<br />receiver of action: (-ar verb) -<b>ado</b>, (-er verb) -<b>ido</b>, e.g. el cosinado (the cooked one).<br />store (based on merchandise): -<b>eri'a</b>, e.g. paneri'a (bakery).<br />superlative (like -est): *-<b>i'sim</b>-, e.g. suave (soft), suavi'sime (softest).<br />tree or plant (based on fruit or vegetable): -<b>era</b>, e.g. pomera (appletree).<br />affectionate: *-<b>in</b>-, e.g. cane (dog), canine (doggy).<br /> <b>PREFIXES:</b> <br />again, back (formed from verb): <b>re</b>-, e.g. repintar (to repaint).<br />former, ex- (formed from noun): <b>ecse</b>-, e.g. ecsepresidente (ex-president).<br />undo (formed from verb): <b>des</b>-, e.g. desconectar (to disconnect).<br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Cardinal_Numbers">Cardinal Numbers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D20&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>zero one two three four five six seven eight nine ten eleven twelve<br />sero uno dos tres cuatro sinco sis sete oto nove dies dies uno dies dos<br /><br />twenty thirty thirty-five forty fifty sixty seventy eighty<br />venti trenta trenta sinco cuarenta sincuenta sisenta setenta otenta<br /><br />ninety one hundred two hundred one thousand two thousand one million<br />noventa sento dos sento mil dos mil un milion (de)<br /><br />two million 1.000.000.000 1.000.000.000.000<br />dos miliones (de) mil miliones (de) un milion de miliones (de)<br /><br />Note: The word for <b>and</b>, <b>i</b>, is not used in numbers. The comma is used as<br />a decimal point, and periods may be used to separate thousands from<br />millions, etc., and hours from minutes, etc. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Ordinal_Numbers">Ordinal Numbers</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D21&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>zeroeth first second third fourth fifth sixth<br />sere'simo une'simo dose'simo trese'simo cuatre'simo since'simo sise'simo<br /><br />seventh eighth ninth tenth eleventh twelth<br />sete'simo ote'simo nove'simo diese'simo dies une'simo dies dose'simo<br /><br />twentieth thirtieth fortieth fiftieth sixtieth<br />vente'simo trente'simo cuarente'simo sincuente'simo sisente'simo<br /><br />seventieth eightieth ninetieth one hundredth two hundredth<br />setente'simo otente'simo novente'simo sente'simo dos sente'simo<br /><br />one thousandth two thousandth one millionth two millionth<br />mile'simo dos mile'simo milione'simo dos milione'simo<br /><br />1.000.000.000th 1.000.000.000.000th<br />mil milione'simo un milion de milione'simo<br /><br />Note: Alternatively, ordinal numbers may be expressed by putting <b>nu'mero</b> before the cardinal number, and if this is attached to a noun, it's placed<br />after the noun instead of before it: <b>el libro nu'mero tres</b>. Fractions are<br />formed with the suffix -<b>ieme</b> instead of -<b>e'simo</b>. The noun <b>half</b> is <b>meta'</b>,<br />and <b>quarter</b> is <b>cuarto</b> or <b>cuatrieme</b>. The adverb <b>first</b> is <b>primero</b>, and the<br />adverb <b>half</b> is <b>medio</b>. </p> <h2><span id="Days_of_the_Week.2C_Months.2C_and_Seasons"></span><span class="mw-headline" id="Days_of_the_Week,_Months,_and_Seasons">Days of the Week, Months, and Seasons</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D22&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Monday lunedi'a </p><p>Tuesday martedi'a </p><p>Wednesday mercoledi'a </p><p>Thursday jovedi'a </p><p>Friday venerdi'a </p><p>Saturday sa'bado </p><p>Sunday domingo </p><p>Months: </p><p>janero febrero marso abril maio junio iulio agosto septembre octobre novembre disembre </p><p>Seasons: </p><p>spring summer autumn winter </p><p>primavera estivo otonio inverno </p><p>Note: Dates are expressed with cardinal numbers, e.g. el cuatro de febrero<br />(the fourth of February). </p><p><br /> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Resources">Resources</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a title="Sign in to edit" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor" data-tracking-label="log-in-edit-section" data-action="edit-section" href="https://auth.fandom.com/signin?redirect=https%3A%2F%2Fial.fandom.com%2Fwiki%2FRomanova%3Fveaction%3Dedit%26section%3D23&uselang=en" data-testid="log-in-edit-section"><svg class="wds-icon wds-icon-tiny"><use xlink:href="#wds-icons-pencil-tiny"></use></svg></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org">Romanova Main site</a> at Altervista, containing: <ul><li>Grammar descriptions in <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/">English</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/ru/грамматика-языка-романова/">Russian</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/es/gramatica-de-romanova-2/">Spanish</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/fr/grammaire-de-romanova/">French</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/de/grammatik-von-romanova/">German</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/pt/gramatica-de-romanova/">Portuguese</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/it/grammatica-di-romanova/">Italian</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/ro/gramatica-de-romanova-3/">Romanian</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/rn/gramatica-de-romanova-4/">Romanova</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/eo/gramatiko-de-romanova/">Esperanto</a>,</li> <li>Romanova Dictionaries to <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/romanova-english-dictionary/">English</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/es/diccionario-romanova-espanol/">Spanish</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/fr/dictionnaire-romanova-francais/">French</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/de/romanova-deutsch-wortschatz/">German</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/pt/dicionario-romanova-portugues/">Portuguese</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/it/dizionario-romanova-italiano/">Italian</a>, <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/ro/dictionar-romanova-roman/">Romanian</a>,</li> <li>English—<a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://romanova.altervista.org/english-romanova-dictionary/">Romanova</a> dictionary.</li></ul></li> <li>Romanova at <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://cals.info/language/romanova/">Conlang Atlas of Language Structures</a></li> <li>Romanova at <a target="_blank" rel="nofollow noreferrer noopener" class="external text" href="https://langmaker.github.io/db/mdl_romanova.htm">Langmaker</a></li></ul>    </div></div> </div> <div class="page-footer"> <div class="license-description"> Community content is available under <a href="https://www.fandom.com/licensing">CC-BY-SA</a> unless otherwise noted. </div> </div> </main> <aside class="page__right-rail"> <div class="right-rail-wrapper WikiaRail wds-viewability-slider"> <div id="rail-boxad-wrapper" class="wds-viewability-slider__module"> </div> <div id="WikiaRail" class="wds-viewability-slider__module"></div> </div> </aside> </div> <div class="bottom-ads-container"> <div 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