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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genre_and_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Genre and style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genre_and_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Background </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Background subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_and_writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_and_writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Origin and writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_and_writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Publication </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Publication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Publication subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Publishing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Preface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Analysis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Analysis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Analysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Animalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_and_allegory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_and_allegory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Significance and allegory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_and_allegory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adaptations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adaptations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Adaptations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Adaptations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Adaptations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stage_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stage_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Stage productions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stage_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Films </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio_dramatisations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio_dramatisations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Radio dramatisations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio_dramatisations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comic_strip" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comic_strip"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Comic strip </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comic_strip-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_game" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_game"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Video game </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_game-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle See also subsection </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 General sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Animal Farm</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Animal Farm" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B2%D8%B1%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مزرعة الحيوان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مزرعة الحيوان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_en_torre_animal" title="Rebelión en torre animal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Rebelión en torre animal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heyvan%C4%B1stan" title="Heyvanıstan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Heyvanıstan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="حئیوانلار قالاسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="حئیوانلار قالاسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="অ্যানিম্যাল ফার্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যানিম্যাল ফার্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%8Dng-bu%CC%8Dt_L%C3%B4ng-ti%C3%BB%E2%81%BF" title="Tōng-bu̍t Lông-tiûⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tōng-bu̍t Lông-tiûⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C)" title="Ферма (аповесць) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ферма (аповесць)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_(%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Фермата на животните (роман) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фермата на животните (роман)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinjska_farma" title="Životinjska farma – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Životinjska farma" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AAr_al_loened" title="Kêr al loened – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kêr al loened" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_rebel%C2%B7li%C3%B3_dels_animals" title="La rebel·lió dels animals – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="La rebel·lió dels animals" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8C%C4%83%D1%85_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8_(%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%C3%A7)" title="Выльăх карти (повеç) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Выльăх карти (повеç)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Animal Farm" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farma_zv%C3%AD%C5%99at" title="Farma zvířat – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Farma zvířat" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammerat_Napoleon" title="Kammerat Napoleon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kammerat Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farm_der_Tiere" title="Farm der Tiere – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Farm der Tiere" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loomade_farm" title="Loomade farm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loomade farm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97_%CE%A6%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%96%CF%8E%CF%89%CE%BD" title="Η Φάρμα των Ζώων – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Η Φάρμα των Ζώων" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_en_la_granja" title="Rebelión en la granja – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión en la granja" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Besto-Farmo" title="La Besto-Farmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="La Besto-Farmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abereen_etxaldea" title="Abereen etxaldea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Abereen etxaldea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%87_%D8%AD%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="قلعه حیوانات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قلعه حیوانات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Ferme_des_animaux" title="La Ferme des animaux – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Ferme des animaux" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Animal Farm" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_revolta_dos_animais" title="A revolta dos animais – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="A revolta dos animais" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EB%AC%BC_%EB%86%8D%EC%9E%A5" title="동물 농장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동물 농장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gandun_Dabbobi" title="Gandun Dabbobi – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gandun Dabbobi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B6%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Անասնաֆերմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անասնաֆերմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="एनिमल फार्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="एनिमल फार्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivotinjska_farma" title="Životinjska farma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Životinjska farma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal-Farmeyo" title="Animal-Farmeyo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Animal-Farmeyo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binatangisme" title="Binatangisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Binatangisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Ferma_del_Animales" title="Le Ferma del Animales – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Le Ferma del Animales" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BDrab%C3%A6r" title="Dýrabær – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dýrabær" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_fattoria_degli_animali" title="La fattoria degli animali – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La fattoria degli animali" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%97%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="חוות החיות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוות החיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D" title="ಅನಿಮಲ್ ಫಾರ್ಮ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅನಿಮಲ್ ಫಾರ್ಮ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ცხოველების ფერმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ცხოველების ფერმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мал ауласы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мал ауласы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87ewlika_heywanan_(pirt%C3%BBk)" title="Çewlika heywanan (pirtûk) – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Çewlika heywanan (pirtûk)" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Айбан чарба – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Айбан чарба" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fundus_Animalium" title="Fundus Animalium – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fundus Animalium" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieku_ferma" title="Dzīvnieku ferma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dzīvnieku ferma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyvuli%C5%B3_%C5%ABkis" title="Gyvulių ūkis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gyvulių ūkis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81llatfarm_(reg%C3%A9ny)" title="Állatfarm (regény) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Állatfarm (regény)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Животинска фарма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Животинска фарма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82" title="അനിമൽ ഫാം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അനിമൽ ഫാം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="ორინჯეფიშ ფერმა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ორინჯეფიშ ფერმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Animal Farm" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BE%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8" title="ခြေလေးချောင်းတော်လှန်ရေး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ခြေလေးချောင်းတော်လှန်ရေး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm_(boek)" title="Animal Farm (boek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Animal Farm (boek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="एनिमल फार्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="एनिमल फार्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%BE%B2%E5%A0%B4" title="動物農場 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="動物農場" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamerat_Napoleon" title="Kamerat Napoleon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kamerat Napoleon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_B%C3%B2ria_de_l%27animalum" title="La Bòria de l'animalum – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="La Bòria de l'animalum" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molxona_(novella)" title="Molxona (novella) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Molxona (novella)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%90%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE" title="ਐਨੀਮਲ ਫ਼ਾਰਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਐਨੀਮਲ ਫ਼ਾਰਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Animal Farm" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folwark_zwierz%C4%99cy" title="Folwark zwierzęcy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Folwark zwierzęcy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Animal Farm" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malxana_(roman)" title="Malxana (roman) – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Malxana (roman)" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferma_animalelor" title="Ferma animalelor – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ferma animalelor" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B4%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Скотный двор – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Скотный двор" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/u_pipalumaan_pipahabanan_tu_aadupan" title="u pipalumaan pipahabanan tu aadupan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="u pipalumaan pipahabanan tu aadupan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%27as%C3%AFenda_de_is_b%C3%A9stias" title="S'asïenda de is béstias – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="S'asïenda de is béstias" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Ferm" title="Animal Ferm – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Animal Ferm" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferma_e_Kafsh%C3%ABve" title="Ferma e Kafshëve – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ferma e Kafshëve" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Animal Farm" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvieracia_farma" title="Zvieracia farma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Zvieracia farma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDivalska_farma" title="Živalska farma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Živalska farma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8E%DA%B5%DA%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D8%A6%D8%A7%DA%98%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کێڵگەی ئاژەڵان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کێڵگەی ئاژەڵان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%9A%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Животињска фарма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Животињска фарма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Animal Farm" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/El%C3%A4inten_vallankumous" title="Eläinten vallankumous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Eläinten vallankumous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Djurfarmen" title="Djurfarmen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Djurfarmen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="விலங்குப் பண்ணை (புதினம்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விலங்குப் பண்ணை 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Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="动物庄园" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swihari_swa_Afrika-Dzonga" title="Swihari swa Afrika-Dzonga – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Swihari swa Afrika-Dzonga" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E8%BE%B2%E8%8E%8A" title="動物農莊 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="動物農莊" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%BA%84%E5%9B%AD" title="动物庄园 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="动物庄园" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%9C%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%9C_%E2%B5%8F_%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%93%E2%B4%B7%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%94_(%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%B7%E2%B5%8D%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%99)" title="ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ) – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⵓⵔⵜⵉⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵓⴷⴰⵔ (ⴰⴷⵍⵉⵙ)" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1396889#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1945 novella by George Orwell</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the novel by George Orwell. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Animal Farm (disambiguation)">Animal Farm (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size:125%; font-style:italic; padding-bottom:0.2em;">Animal Farm <span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Farm&rft.author=%5B%5BGeorge+Orwell%5D%5D&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pages=92&rft_id=info:oclcnum/3655473"></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Farm_-_1st_edition.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Animal_Farm_-_1st_edition.jpg/220px-Animal_Farm_-_1st_edition.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Animal_Farm_-_1st_edition.jpg/330px-Animal_Farm_-_1st_edition.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Animal_Farm_-_1st_edition.jpg/440px-Animal_Farm_-_1st_edition.jpg 2x" data-file-width="543" data-file-height="799" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">First edition cover</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Author</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Original title</th><td class="infobox-data">Animal Farm: A Fairy Story</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Political_satire" title="Political satire">Political satire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Published</th><td class="infobox-data">17 August 1945 (<a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a>, London, England)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Publication place</th><td class="infobox-data">United Kingdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data">Print (hard & paperback)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Pages</th><td class="infobox-data">92</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data">Modern Library's 100 Best Novels NPR: 100 Best Science Fiction and Fantasy Books Hugo Award for Best Short Novel (1946) Prometheus Award – Hall of Fame (2011)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)"><abbr title="Online Computer Library Center number">OCLC</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/3655473">3655473</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Decimal_Classification" title="Dewey Decimal Classification">Dewey Decimal</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">823/.912 20</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/LCC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCC (identifier)"><abbr title="Library of Congress Classification">LC Class</abbr></a></th><td class="infobox-data">PZ3.O793 An</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale_and_Other_Essays" title="Inside the Whale and Other Essays">Inside the Whale and Other Essays</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Followed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Animal Farm is a <a href="/wiki/Satirical" class="mw-redirect" title="Satirical">satirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> <a href="/wiki/Novella" title="Novella">novella</a>, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/Beast_fable" class="mw-redirect" title="Beast fable">beast fable</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeija2002-1">[1]</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, first published in England on 17 August 1945.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBynum2012-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE12_Things_You2015-3">[3]</a> It tells the story of a group of <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a> <a href="/wiki/Farm_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm animals">farm animals</a> who rebel against their human farmer, hoping to create a society where the animals can be equal, free, and happy. Ultimately, the rebellion is betrayed, and under the <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> of a pig named <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(Animal_Farm)" title="Napoleon (Animal Farm)">Napoleon</a>, the farm ends up in a state far worse than before. According to Orwell, Animal Farm reflects events leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> of 1917 and then on into the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist era">Stalinist era</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, a period when Russia lived under the <a href="/wiki/Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist–Leninist">Marxist–Leninist</a> ideology of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeija2002-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGcse_English_Literature-4">[4]</a> Orwell, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic socialist">democratic socialist</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell201423-5">[5]</a> was a critic of Stalin and hostile to Moscow-directed <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinism</a>, an attitude that was critically shaped by his experiences during the Barcelona <a href="/wiki/May_Days" title="May Days">May Days</a> conflicts between the <a href="/wiki/POUM" title="POUM">POUM</a> and Stalinist forces, during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2013235-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[a]</a> In a letter to Yvonne Davet, Orwell described Animal Farm as a satirical tale against Stalin ("un conte satirique contre Staline"),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison2000-8">[7]</a> and in his essay, "<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>" (1946), wrote: "Animal Farm was the first book in which I tried, with full consciousness of what I was doing, to fuse political purpose and artistic purpose into one whole".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell201410-9">[8]</a> The original title of the novel was Animal Farm: A Fairy Story. American publishers dropped the subtitle when it was published in 1946, and only one of the translations, during Orwell's lifetime, the <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> version, kept it. Other title variations include subtitles like "A Satire" and "A Contemporary Satire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison2000-8">[7]</a> Orwell suggested the title Union des républiques socialistes animales for the French translation, which abbreviates to URSA, the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for "bear", a <a href="/wiki/Russian_bear" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian bear">symbol of Russia</a>. It also played on the French name of the Soviet Union, Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison2000-8">[7]</a> Orwell wrote the book between November 1943 and February 1944, when the United Kingdom was in its <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">wartime alliance</a> with the Soviet Union against <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and the British intelligentsia held Stalin in high esteem, a phenomenon Orwell hated.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The manuscript was initially rejected by several British and American publishers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Animal_Farm'':_Sixty-11">[10]</a> including one of Orwell's own, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz" title="Victor Gollancz">Victor Gollancz</a>, which delayed its publication.<a href="#cite_note-13">[b]</a> It became a great commercial success when it did appear, as international relations and public opinion were transformed as the wartime alliance gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickstein2007134-14">[12]</a> <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine chose the book as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossmanLacayo2005-15">[13]</a> it also featured at number 31 on the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library_List_of_Best_20th-Century_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels">Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModern_Library1998-16">[14]</a> and number 46 on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Read" title="The Big Read">The Big Read</a> poll.<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> It won a <a href="/wiki/Retro-Hugo" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro-Hugo">Retrospective Hugo Award</a> in 1996,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Hugo_Awards1996-18">[16]</a> and is included in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a> selection.<a href="#cite_note-Western_books-19">[17]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plot_summary">Plot summary</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Plot summary">edit</a>]</div> The animal populace of the poorly run Manor Farm near <a href="/wiki/Willingdon_and_Jevington" title="Willingdon and Jevington">Willingdon</a>, England, is ripened for rebellion by neglect at the hands of the irresponsible and alcoholic farmer, <a href="/wiki/Jones_(Animal_Farm)" title="Jones (Animal Farm)">Mr. Jones</a>. One night, the exalted boar, <a href="/wiki/Old_Major" title="Old Major">Old Major</a>, holds a conference, at which he calls for the overthrow of humans and teaches the animals a revolutionary song called "<a href="/wiki/Beasts_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Beasts of England">Beasts of England</a>". When Old Major dies, two young pigs, <a href="/wiki/Snowball_(Animal_Farm)" title="Snowball (Animal Farm)">Snowball</a> and <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(Animal_Farm)" title="Napoleon (Animal Farm)">Napoleon</a>, assume command and stage a revolt, driving Mr. Jones off the farm and renaming the property "Animal Farm". They adopt the Seven Commandments of Animalism, the most important of which is, "All animals are equal". The decree is painted in large letters on one side of the barn. Snowball teaches the animals to read and write, while Napoleon educates young puppies on the principles of <a href="#Animalism">Animalism</a>. To commemorate the start of Animal Farm, Snowball raises a green flag with a white hoof and horn. Food is plentiful, and the farm runs smoothly. The pigs elevate themselves to positions of leadership and set aside special food items, ostensibly for their health. Following an unsuccessful attempt by Mr. Jones and his associates to retake the farm (later dubbed the "Battle of the Cowshed"), Snowball announces his plans to modernise the farm by building a windmill. Napoleon disputes this idea, and matters come to a head, which culminates in Napoleon's dogs chasing Snowball away and Napoleon effectively declaring himself supreme commander. Napoleon enacts changes to the governance structure of the farm, replacing meetings with a committee of pigs who will run the farm. Through a young porker named <a href="/wiki/Squealer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Squealer (Animal Farm)">Squealer</a>, Napoleon claims credit for the idea of building the windmill, claiming that Snowball was only trying to win animals to his side. The animals work harder with the promise of easier lives with the windmill. When the animals find the windmill collapsed after a violent storm, Napoleon and Squealer persuade the animals that Snowball is trying to sabotage their project, and begin to <a href="/wiki/Purge" title="Purge">purge</a> the farm of animals accused by Napoleon of consorting with his old rival. When some animals recall the Battle of the Cowshed, Napoleon (who was nowhere to be found during the battle) gradually smears Snowball to the point of saying he is a collaborator of Mr. Jones, even dismissing the fact that Snowball was given an award of courage, while falsely representing himself as the main hero of the battle. "Beasts of England" is replaced with "Animal Farm", while an anthem glorifying Napoleon, who is presumably adopting the lifestyle of a man ("Comrade Napoleon"), is composed and sung. Napoleon then conducts a second purge, during which many animals who are alleged to be helping Snowball in plots are executed by Napoleon's dogs, which troubles the rest of the animals. Despite their hardships, the animals are easily pacified by Napoleon's retort that they are better off than they were under Mr. Jones, as well as by the sheep's continual bleating of "four legs good, two legs bad". Mr. Frederick, a neighbouring farmer, attacks the farm, using <a href="/wiki/Explosive_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive material">blasting powder</a> to blow up the restored windmill. Although the animals win the battle, they do so <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">at great cost</a>, as many, including <a href="/wiki/Boxer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Boxer (Animal Farm)">Boxer the workhorse</a>, are wounded. Although he recovers from this, Boxer eventually collapses while working on the windmill (being almost 12 years old at that point). He is taken away in a <a href="/wiki/Knacker" title="Knacker">knacker</a>'s van and a donkey called Benjamin alerts the animals of this, but Squealer quickly waves off their alarm by persuading the animals that the van had been purchased from the knacker by an animal hospital and that the previous owner's signboard had not been repainted. Squealer subsequently reports Boxer's death and honours him with a festival the following day. In truth, Napoleon had engineered the sale of Boxer to the knacker, allowing him and his inner circle to acquire money to buy <a href="/wiki/Whisky" title="Whisky">whisky</a> for themselves. Years pass, the windmill is rebuilt and another windmill is constructed, which makes the farm a good amount of income. However, the ideals that Snowball discussed, including stalls with electric lighting, heating, and running water, are forgotten, with Napoleon advocating that the happiest animals live simple lives. Snowball has been forgotten, alongside Boxer, with "the exception of the few who knew him". Many of the animals who participated in the rebellion are dead or old. Mr. Jones is also now known to be dead, having "died in an inebriates' home in another part of the country". The pigs start to resemble humans, as they walk upright, carry whips, drink alcohol, and wear clothes. The Seven Commandments are abridged to just one phrase: "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others". The maxim "Four legs good, two legs bad" is similarly changed to "Four legs good, two legs better". Other changes include the Hoof and Horn flag being replaced with a plain green banner and Old Major's skull, which was previously put on display, being reburied. Napoleon holds a dinner party for the pigs and local farmers, with whom he celebrates a new alliance. The other farm animals, who have not been invited, gather toward the window to watch. He abolishes the practice of the revolutionary traditions and restores the name "The Manor Farm". The men and pigs start playing cards, flattering and praising each other while cheating at the game. Both Napoleon and Mr. Pilkington, one of the farmers, play the <a href="/wiki/Ace_of_spades" title="Ace of spades">ace of spades</a> at the same time and both sides begin fighting loudly over who cheated first. When the animals outside look at the pigs and men, they can no longer distinguish between the two. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characters">Characters</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characters">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pigs">Pigs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pigs">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Major" title="Old Major">Old Major</a> – An aged prize <a href="/wiki/Middle_White" title="Middle White">Middle White boar</a> provides the inspiration that fuels the rebellion. He is also called Willingdon Beauty when <a href="/wiki/Show_(animal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Show (animal)">showing</a>. He is an <a href="/wiki/Allegorical" class="mw-redirect" title="Allegorical">allegorical</a> combination of <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a>, one of the creators of communism, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, the communist leader of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a> and the early Soviet nation, in that he draws up the principles of the revolution. His skull being put on revered public display recalls Lenin, whose <a href="/wiki/Lenin%27s_Mausoleum" title="Lenin's Mausoleum">embalmed body was left in indefinite repose</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodden19995ff-20">[18]</a> By the end of the book, the skull is reburied.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(Animal_Farm)" title="Napoleon (Animal Farm)">Napoleon</a> – "A large, rather fierce-looking <a href="/wiki/Berkshire_pig" title="Berkshire pig">Berkshire</a> boar, the only Berkshire on the farm, not much of a talker, but with a reputation for getting his own way".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell197915chapter_II-21">[19]</a> An allegory of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodden19995ff-20">[18]</a> Napoleon is the leader of Animal Farm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(Animal_Farm)" title="Snowball (Animal Farm)">Snowball</a> – Napoleon's rival and original head of the farm after Jones's overthrow. His life parallels that of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodden19995ff-20">[18]</a> although there is no reference to Snowball having been murdered (as Trotsky was); he may also combine some elements from Lenin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchens2008186ff-22">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[c]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squealer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Squealer (Animal Farm)">Squealer</a> – A small, white, fat <a href="/wiki/Large_White_pig" title="Large White pig">large white</a> who serves as Napoleon's second-in-command and minister of propaganda, is a collective portrait of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">nomenklatura</a> and journalists, such as of the national daily <a href="/wiki/Pravda" title="Pravda">Pravda</a> (The Truth), able to justify every twist and turn in Stalin's policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodden19995ff-20">[18]</a></li> <li>Minimus – A poetic pig who writes the second national anthem of Animal Farm after the singing of "Beasts of England" is banned; later he composes a poem "Comrade Napoleon". Literary theorist John Rodden compares him to the poet <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Mayakovsky" title="Vladimir Mayakovsky">Vladimir Mayakovsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodden199911-24">[21]</a> who eulogized Lenin and the Soviet Union, although Mayakovsky neither wrote anthems nor praised Stalin in his poems.</li> <li>The piglets – Hinted to be the children of Napoleon and are the first generation of animals subjugated to his idea of animal inequality.</li> <li>The young pigs – Four pigs who complain about Napoleon's takeover of the farm but are quickly silenced and later executed, the first animals killed in Napoleon's farm purge. Probably based on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a> of <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a>.</li> <li>Pinkeye – A minor pig who is mentioned only once; he is the taste-tester that samples Napoleon's food to make sure it is not poisoned, in response to rumours about an assassination attempt on Napoleon.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humans">Humans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Humans">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jones_(Animal_Farm)" title="Jones (Animal Farm)">Mr. Jones</a> – A heavy drinker who is the original owner of Manor Farm, a farm in disrepair with farmhands who often loaf on the job. He is an allegory of Russian <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFall_of_Mister-25">[22]</a> who was forced to abdicate following the <a href="/wiki/February_Revolution" title="February Revolution">February Revolution</a> of 1917 and was executed, along with the rest of his family, by the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a> on 17 July 1918. The animals revolt after Jones goes on a drinking binge, returns hungover the following day and neglects them completely. Jones is married, but his wife plays no active role in the book. She seems to live with her husband's drunkenness, going to bed while he stays up drinking until late into the night. In her only other appearance, she hastily throws a few things into a travel bag and flees when she sees that the animals are revolting. Towards the end of the book, Napoleon's "favourite sow" wears her old Sunday dress.</li> <li>Mr. Frederick – The tough owner of Pinchfield Farm, a small but well-kept neighbouring farm, who briefly allies with Napoleon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESparknotes_"_Literature-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheming_Frederick_how-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975141-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBloom2009-29">[26]</a> Animal Farm shares land boundaries with Pinchfield on one side and Foxwood on another, making Animal Farm a "buffer zone" between the two bickering farmers. The animals of Animal Farm are terrified of Frederick, as rumours abound of him abusing his animals and entertaining himself with <a href="/wiki/Cockfighting" title="Cockfighting">cockfighting</a>. Napoleon allies with Frederick to sell surplus timber that Pilkington also sought, but is enraged to learn Frederick paid him in counterfeit money. Shortly after the swindling, Frederick and his men invade Animal Farm, killing many animals and destroying the windmill. The brief alliance and subsequent invasion may allude to the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975141-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirchow2008102-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1996161-31">[28]</a></li> <li>Mr. Pilkington – The easy-going but crafty and well-to-do owner of Foxwood Farm, a large neighbouring farm overgrown with weeds. Pilkington is wealthier than Frederick and owns more land, but his farm needs care as opposed to Frederick's smaller but more efficiently run farm. Although on bad terms with Frederick, Pilkington is also concerned about the animal revolution that deposed Jones and is worried that this could also happen to him.</li> <li>Mr. Whymper – A man hired by Napoleon to act as the liaison between Animal Farm and human society. At first, he acquires necessities that cannot be produced on the farm, such as dog biscuits and <a href="/wiki/Paraffin_wax" title="Paraffin wax">paraffin wax</a>, but later he procures luxuries like alcohol for the pigs.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equines">Equines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Equines">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Boxer (Animal Farm)">Boxer</a> – A loyal, kind, dedicated, extremely strong, hard-working, and respectable cart-<a href="/wiki/Shire_horse" title="Shire horse">shire horse</a>, although quite naive and gullible.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[29]</a> Boxer does a large share of the physical labour on the farm. He is shown to hold the belief that "Napoleon is always right." At one point, he questions Squealer's statement that Snowball was always against the welfare of the farm, causing him to be attacked by Napoleon's dogs, however Boxer's immense strength repels the attack, worrying the pigs that their authority can be challenged. Boxer has been compared to <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Stakhanov" title="Alexei Stakhanov">Alexey Stakhanov</a>, a diligent and enthusiastic role model of the <a href="/wiki/Stakhanovite_movement" title="Stakhanovite movement">Stakhanovite movement</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodden199912-33">[30]</a> He has been described as "faithful and strong";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESutherland200517–19-34">[31]</a> he believes any problem can be solved if he works harder.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoper197711–63-35">[32]</a> When Boxer is injured, Napoleon sells him to a local <a href="/wiki/Knacker" title="Knacker">knacker</a> to buy himself whisky, and Squealer gives a moving account, falsifying the circumstances of Boxer's death.</li> <li>Mollie – A self-centred, self-indulgent, and vain young white mare who quickly leaves for another farm after the revolution, like those who left Russia after the fall of the Tsar.<a href="#cite_note-36">[33]</a> She is only once mentioned again, and has an affinity for hair ribbons and sugar cubes.</li> <li>Clover – A gentle, caring mare, who shows concern, especially for Boxer, who often pushes himself too hard. Clover can read all the letters of the alphabet, but cannot "put words together".</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_(Animal_Farm)" title="Benjamin (Animal Farm)">Benjamin</a> – A donkey, one of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm, and one of the few who can read properly. He is sceptical, temperamental and cynical: his most frequent remark is, "Life will go on as it has always gone on – that is, badly". Academic <a href="/wiki/Morris_Dickstein" title="Morris Dickstein">Morris Dickstein</a> has suggested there is "a touch of Orwell himself in this creature's timeless scepticism"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickstein2007141-37">[34]</a> and indeed, friends called Orwell "Donkey George", "after his grumbling donkey Benjamin, in Animal Farm".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2006236-38">[35]</a> Benjamin manages to evade the purges and survive despite the threat he potentially poses given his knowledge, his age, and his equivocal, albeit apolitical, positions.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Muriel – A goat who is another of the oldest, wisest animals on the farm and friends with all of the animals on the farm. Similar to Benjamin, Muriel is one of the few animals on the farm who is not a pig but can read. She survives, as does Benjamin, by eschewing politics.</li> <li>The puppies – Offspring of Jessie and Bluebell, the puppies were taken away at birth by Napoleon and raised by him to serve as his powerful security force.</li> <li>Moses – The Raven, "Mr. Jones's especial pet, was a spy and a tale-bearer, but he was also a clever talker".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell200935-39">[36]</a> Initially following Mrs. Jones into exile, he reappears several years later and resumes his role of talking but not working. He regales Animal Farm's denizens with tales of a wondrous place beyond the clouds called "Sugarcandy Mountain, that happy country where we poor animals shall rest forever from our labours!" Orwell portrays <a href="/wiki/Religion_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion and politics">established religion</a> as "the black raven of priestcraft – promising pie in the sky when you die, and faithfully serving whoever happens to be in power". His preaching to the animals heartens them, and Napoleon allows Moses to reside at the farm "with an allowance of a gill of beer daily", akin to how Stalin brought back the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a> during the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickstein2007141-37">[34]</a></li> <li>The sheep – They are not given individual names or personalities. They show limited understanding of Animalism and the political atmosphere of the farm, yet nonetheless, they are the voice of <a href="/wiki/Herd_behavior#Sheeple" title="Herd behavior">blind conformity</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickstein2007141-37">[34]</a> as they bleat their support of Napoleon's ideals with jingles during his speeches and meetings with Snowball. Their constant bleating of "four legs good, two legs bad" was used as a device to drown out any opposition or alternative views from Snowball, much as Stalin used hysterical crowds to drown out Trotsky.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975122-40">[37]</a> Towards the end of the book, Squealer (the <a href="/wiki/Propagandist" class="mw-redirect" title="Propagandist">propagandist</a>) trains the sheep to alter their slogan to "four legs good, two legs better", which they dutifully do.</li> <li>The hens – The hens are promised following the rebellion that they will get to keep their eggs, which are stolen from them under Mr. Jones, however, their eggs are soon taken from them under the premise of buying goods from outside the farm. The hens are among the first to rebel, albeit unsuccessfully, against Napoleon, being brutally suppressed through starvation. They represent the Ukrainian victims of the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a></li> <li>The cows – Unnamed. The cows are enticed into the revolution by promises that their milk will not be stolen but can be used to raise their calves. Their milk is then stolen by the pigs, who learn to milk them. The milk is stirred into the pigs' mash every day, while the other animals are denied such luxuries.</li> <li>The cat – Unnamed and never seen to carry out any work. The cat is absent for long periods and is forgiven because her excuses are so convincing and she "purred so affectionately that it was impossible not to believe in her good intentions".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell200952-43">[40]</a> She has no interest in the politics of the farm, and the only time she is recorded as having participated in an election, she is found to have actually "voted on both sides".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell200925-44">[41]</a></li> <li>The ducks – Unnamed.</li> <li>The roosters – One arranges to wake Boxer early, and a black one acts as a trumpeter for Napoleon since he was a young cockerel.</li> <li>The geese – Unnamed. One gander commits suicide by eating nightshade berries.</li> <li>The rats – Unnamed. Classed among the wild animals, unsuccessful attempts were made to civilise them and teach them the principles of Animalism.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genre_and_style">Genre and style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Genre and style">edit</a>]</div> George Orwell's Animal Farm is an example of a political satire and an allegory that was intended to have a "wider application", according to Orwell himself, in terms of its relevance.<a href="#cite_note-:22-45">[42]</a> Stylistically, the work shares many similarities with some of Orwell's other works, most notably <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a>, as both have been considered works of <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swiftian</a> satire.<a href="#cite_note-:32-46">[43]</a> Furthermore, these two prominent works seem to suggest Orwell's bleak view of the future for humanity; he seems to stress the potential/current threat of dystopias similar to those in Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four.<a href="#cite_note-:42-47">[44]</a> In these kinds of works, Orwell distinctly references the disarray and traumatic conditions of Europe following the Second World War.<a href="#cite_note-:52-48">[45]</a> Orwell's style and writing philosophy as a whole were very concerned with the pursuit of truth in writing.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[46]</a> Orwell was committed to communicating straightforwardly, given the way that he felt words were commonly used in politics to deceive and confuse. For this reason, he is careful, in Animal Farm, to make sure the narrator speaks in an unbiased and uncomplicated fashion.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[46]</a> The difference is seen in the way that the animals speak and interact, as the general moral animals seem to speak their minds clearly, while the wicked animals on the farm, such as Napoleon, twist language in such a way that it meets their insidious desires. This style reflects Orwell's proximity to the issues facing Europe at the time and his determination to comment critically on Stalin's Soviet Russia.<a href="#cite_note-:02-49">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_and_writing">Origin and writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Origin and writing">edit</a>]</div> Just as Nineteen Eighty-Four would be inspired by <a href="/wiki/Yevgeny_Zamyatin" title="Yevgeny Zamyatin">Yevgeny Zamyatin</a>'s <a href="/wiki/We_(novel)" title="We (novel)">We</a>, Animal Farm also had its influences: "In 1937, the year in which Orwell said he first thought of Animal Farm, Gollancz's Left Book Club published both <a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a> and a left-wing children's book, The Adventures of the Little Pig and Other Stories by F. Le Gros and Ida Clark."<a href="#cite_note-50">[47]</a> George Orwell wrote the manuscript between November 1943 and February 1944<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2009-51">[48]</a> after his experiences during the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, which he described in <a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938). In the preface of a 1947 Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, he explained how escaping the communist purges in Spain taught him "how easily totalitarian propaganda can control the opinion of enlightened people in democratic countries".<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> This motivated Orwell to expose and strongly condemn what he saw as the <a href="/wiki/Stalinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalinist">Stalinist</a> corruption of the original socialist ideals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell1947-53">[50]</a> Homage to Catalonia sold poorly; after seeing <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>'s best-selling <a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a> about the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a>, Orwell decided that fiction would be the best way to describe totalitarianism.<a href="#cite_note-shakespeare-54">[51]</a> Immediately before writing the book, Orwell quit the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. He was also upset about a booklet for propagandists the Ministry of Information had put out. The booklet included instructions on how to quell ideological fears of the Soviet Union, such as directions to claim that the Red Terror was a figment of Nazi imagination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOvery1997297-55">[52]</a> In the preface, Orwell described the source of the idea of setting the book on a farm:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell1947-53">[50]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I saw a little boy, perhaps ten years old, driving a huge carthorse along a narrow path, whipping it whenever it tried to turn. It struck me that if only such animals became aware of their strength we should have no power over them, and that men exploit animals in much the same way as the rich exploit the proletariat. </blockquote> In 1944, the manuscript was almost lost when a German <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a> destroyed his London home. Orwell spent hours sifting through the rubble to find the pages intact.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publication">Publication</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Publication">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing">Publishing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Publishing">edit</a>]</div> Orwell initially encountered difficulty getting the manuscript published, largely due to fears that the book might upset the alliance between Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union. Four publishers refused to publish Animal Farm, yet one had initially accepted the work but declined it after consulting the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">Ministry of Information</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedom_of_the_Press-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[d]</a> Eventually, <a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a> published the first edition in 1945. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it became clear to Orwell that anti-Soviet literature was not something which most major publishing houses would touch – including his regular publisher <a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Gollancz</a>. He also submitted the manuscript to <a href="/wiki/Faber_and_Faber" class="mw-redirect" title="Faber and Faber">Faber and Faber</a>, where the poet <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> (who was a director of the firm) rejected it; Eliot wrote back to Orwell praising the book's "good writing" and "fundamental integrity", but declared that they would only accept it for publication if they had some sympathy for the viewpoint "which I take to be generally <a href="/wiki/Deformed_workers%27_state" title="Deformed workers' state">Trotskyite</a>". Eliot said he found the view "not convincing", and contended that the pigs were made out to be the best to run the farm; he posited that someone might argue "what was needed ... was not more communism but more public-spirited pigs".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEliot1969-59">[55]</a> Orwell let <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Deutsch" title="André Deutsch">André Deutsch</a>, who was working for Nicholson & Watson in 1944, read the typescript, and Deutsch was convinced that Nicholson & Watson would want to publish it; however, they did not, and "lectured Orwell on what they perceived to be errors in Animal Farm".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2013231-60">[56]</a> In his London Letter on 17 April 1944 for <a href="/wiki/Partisan_Review" title="Partisan Review">Partisan Review</a>, Orwell wrote that it was "now next door to impossible to get anything overtly anti-Russian printed. Anti-Russian books do appear, but mostly from Catholic publishing firms and always from a religious or frankly reactionary angle". The publisher <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Cape" title="Jonathan Cape">Jonathan Cape</a>, who had initially accepted Animal Farm, subsequently rejected the book after an official at the British Ministry of Information warned him off<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitewashing_of_Stalin2008-61">[57]</a> – although the civil servant who it is assumed gave the order was later found to be a <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> spy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor2003337-62">[58]</a> Writing to <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Moore_(literary_agent)" title="Leonard Moore (literary agent)">Leonard Moore</a>, a partner in the literary agency of Christy & Moore, publisher Jonathan Cape explained that the decision had been taken on the advice of a senior official in the Ministry of Information. Such flagrant anti-Soviet bias was unacceptable, and the choice of pigs as the dominant class was thought to be especially offensive. It may reasonably be assumed that the "important official" was a man named <a href="/wiki/Peter_Smollett" title="Peter Smollett">Peter Smollett</a>, who was later unmasked as a Soviet agent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeab20073-63">[59]</a> Orwell was suspicious of Smollett/Smolka, and he would be one of the names Orwell <a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">included in his list</a> of Crypto-Communists and Fellow-Travellers sent to the <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">Information Research Department</a> in 1949. The publisher wrote to Orwell, saying:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhitewashing_of_Stalin2008-61">[57]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> If the fable were addressed generally to dictators and dictatorships at large then publication would be all right, but the fable does follow, as I see now, so completely the progress of the Russian Soviets and their two dictators [Lenin and Stalin], that it can apply only to Russia, to the exclusion of the other dictatorships. Another thing: it would be less offensive if the predominant caste in the fable were not pigs. I think the choice of pigs as the ruling caste will no doubt give offence to many people, and particularly to anyone who is a bit touchy, as undoubtedly the Russians are. </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Warburg">Frederic Warburg</a> also faced pressures against publication, even from people in his own office and from his wife Pamela, who felt that it was not the moment for ingratitude towards Stalin and the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFyvel1982139-64">[60]</a> which had <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">played a major part</a> in defeating <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>. A Russian translation was printed in the paper Posev, and in permitting a Russian translation of Animal Farm, Orwell refused in advance all royalties. A translation in Ukrainian, which was produced in Germany, was confiscated in large part by the American wartime authorities and handed over to the Soviet repatriation commission.<a href="#cite_note-65">[e]</a> In October 1945, Orwell wrote to Frederic Warburg expressing interest in pursuing the possibility that the political cartoonist <a href="/wiki/David_Low_(cartoonist)" title="David Low (cartoonist)">David Low</a> might illustrate Animal Farm. Low had written a letter saying that he had had "a good time with Animal Farm – an excellent bit of satire – it would illustrate perfectly". Nothing came of this, and a trial issue produced by Secker & Warburg in 1956 illustrated by John Driver was abandoned. The <a href="/wiki/Folio_Society" title="Folio Society">Folio Society</a> published an edition in 1984 illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Blake" title="Quentin Blake">Quentin Blake</a> and an edition illustrated by the cartoonist <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Steadman" title="Ralph Steadman">Ralph Steadman</a> was published by Secker & Warburg in 1995 to celebrate the fiftieth anniversary of the first edition of Animal Farm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2001123-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2015313–14-67">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preface">Preface</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Preface">edit</a>]</div> Orwell originally wrote a <a href="/wiki/Preface" title="Preface">preface</a> complaining about British <a href="/wiki/Self-censorship" title="Self-censorship">self-censorship</a> and how the British people were suppressing criticism of the USSR, their World War II ally: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The sinister fact about literary censorship in England is that it is largely voluntary ... Things are kept right out of the British press, not because the Government intervenes but because of a general tacit agreement that "it wouldn't do" to mention that particular fact.</blockquote> Although the first edition allowed space for the preface in the author's proof, it was not included, and the page numbers had to be renumbered at the last minute.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedom_of_the_Press-57">[54]</a> As of June 2009, most editions of the book have not included it.<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> In 1972, <a href="/wiki/Ian_Angus_(librarian)" title="Ian Angus (librarian)">Ian Angus</a> found the original typescript titled "The Freedom of the Press", and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Crick" title="Bernard Crick">Bernard Crick</a> published it, together with his introduction, in <a href="/wiki/The_Times_Literary_Supplement" title="The Times Literary Supplement">The Times Literary Supplement</a> on 15 September 1972 as "How the essay came to be written".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedom_of_the_Press-57">[54]</a> Orwell's essay criticised British self-censorship by the press, specifically the suppression of unflattering descriptions of Stalin and the Soviet government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedom_of_the_Press-57">[54]</a> The same essay also appeared in the Italian 1976 edition of Animal Farm with another introduction by Crick, claiming to be the first edition with the preface. Other publishers were still declining to publish it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Reception">edit</a>]</div> Contemporary reviews of the work were not universally positive. Writing in the American <a href="/wiki/The_New_Republic" title="The New Republic">New Republic</a> magazine, George Soule expressed his disappointment in the book, writing that it "puzzled and saddened me. It seemed on the whole dull. The allegory turned out to be a creaking machine for saying in a clumsy way things that have been said better directly". Soule believed that the animals were not consistent enough with their real-world inspirations, and said, "It seems to me that the failure of this book (commercially it is already assured of tremendous success) arises from the fact that the satire deals not with something the author has experienced, but rather with stereotyped ideas about a country which he probably does not know very well".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoule1946-69">[64]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> on 24 August 1945 called Animal Farm "a delightfully humorous and caustic satire on the rule of the many by the few".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBooks_of_day1945-70">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tosco_Fyvel" class="mw-redirect" title="Tosco Fyvel">Tosco Fyvel</a>, writing in <a href="/wiki/Tribune_(magazine)" title="Tribune (magazine)">Tribune</a> on the same day, called the book "a gentle satire on a certain State and on the illusions of an age which may already be behind us". <a href="/wiki/Julian_Symons" title="Julian Symons">Julian Symons</a> responded, on 7 September, "Should we not expect, in Tribune at least, acknowledgement of the fact that it is a satire not at all gentle upon a particular State – Soviet Russia? It seems to me that a reviewer should have the courage to identify Napoleon with Stalin, and Snowball with Trotsky, and express an opinion favourable or unfavourable to the author, upon a political ground. In a hundred years perhaps, Animal Farm may be simply a fairy story; today it is a political satire with a good deal of point". Animal Farm has been subject to much comment in the decades since these early remarks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2015253-71">[66]</a> Between 1952 and 1957, the CIA, in an operation codenamed Aedinosaur, sent millions of balloons carrying copies of the novel into Poland, Hungary and Czechoslovakia, whose air forces tried to shoot the balloons down.<a href="#cite_note-shakespeare-54">[51]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">Information Research Department</a>, a secret Cold War propaganda agency of the British government, translated the book into various languages such as Arabic.<a href="#cite_note-72">[67]</a> Time magazine chose Animal Farm as one of the 100 best English-language novels (1923 to 2005);<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossmanLacayo2005-15">[13]</a> it also featured at number 31 on the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Library_List_of_Best_20th-Century_Novels" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels">Modern Library List of Best 20th-Century Novels</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEModern_Library1998-16">[14]</a> It won a <a href="/wiki/Retro-Hugo" class="mw-redirect" title="Retro-Hugo">Retrospective Hugo Award</a> in 1996 and is included in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Books_of_the_Western_World" title="Great Books of the Western World">Great Books of the Western World</a> selection.<a href="#cite_note-Western_books-19">[17]</a> Popular reading in schools, Animal Farm was ranked the UK's favourite book from school in a 2016 poll.<a href="#cite_note-73">[68]</a> Animal Farm has also faced an array of challenges in school settings around the US.<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[69]</a> The following are examples of this controversy that has existed around Orwell's work: <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> in Wisconsin challenged the reading of Animal Farm in 1965 because of its reference to the masses revolting.<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[70]</a></li> <li>New York State English Council's Committee on Defense Against Censorship found that in 1968, Animal Farm had been widely deemed a "problem book".<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[69]</a></li> <li>A censorship survey conducted in DeKalb County, Georgia, relating to the years 1979–1982, revealed that many schools had attempted to limit access to Animal Farm due to its "political theories".<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[69]</a></li> <li>A superintendent in Bay County, Florida, banned Animal Farm at the middle school and high school levels in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[69]</a> <ul><li>The Board quickly brought back the book, however, after receiving complaints of the ban as "unconstitutional".<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[69]</a></li></ul></li> <li>Animal Farm was removed from the Stonington, Connecticut school district curriculum in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-76">[71]</a></li></ul> Animal Farm has also faced similar forms of resistance in other countries.<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[69]</a> The ALA also mentions the way that the book was prevented from being featured at the International Book Fair in Moscow, Russia, in 1977 and banned from schools in the United Arab Emirates for references to practices or actions that defy Arab or Islamic beliefs, such as pigs or alcohol.<a href="#cite_note-:1-74">[69]</a> In the same manner, Animal Farm has also faced relatively recent issues in China. In 2018, the Chinese government decided to censor all online posts about or referring to Animal Farm.<a href="#cite_note-:6-77">[72]</a> However, the book itself, as of 2019, remains sold in stores. Amy Hawkins and Jeffrey Wasserstrom of <a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a> stated in 2019 that the book is widely available in mainland China for several reasons: censors believe the general public is unlikely to read a highbrow book, because the elites who do read books feel connected to the ruling party anyway, and because the Communist Party sees being too aggressive in blocking cultural products as a liability. The authors stated: "It was – and remains – as easy to buy 1984 and Animal Farm in <a href="/wiki/Shenzhen" title="Shenzhen">Shenzhen</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a> as it is in London or Los Angeles".<a href="#cite_note-HawkinsWasserstrom-78">[73]</a> An enhanced version of the book, launched in India in 2017, was widely praised for capturing the author's intent, by republishing the proposed preface of the First Edition and the preface he wrote for the Ukrainian edition.<a href="#cite_note-79">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis">Analysis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Analysis">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animalism">Animalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Animalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Seven Commandments" redirects here. For the Noahide code, see <a href="/wiki/Seven_Laws_of_Noah" title="Seven Laws of Noah">Seven Laws of Noah</a>. For The Bronx Is Burning episode, see <a href="/wiki/The_Seven_Commandments" class="mw-redirect" title="The Seven Commandments">The Seven Commandments</a>.</div> Snowball, Napoleon, and Squealer adapt Old Major's ideas into "a complete system of thought", which they formally name Animalism, an allegoric reference to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a>, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Animalism_(philosophy)" title="Animalism (philosophy)">the philosophy of Animalism</a>. Soon after, Napoleon and Squealer partake in activities associated with the humans (drinking alcohol, sleeping in beds, trading), which were explicitly prohibited by the Seven Commandments. Squealer is employed to alter the Seven Commandments to account for this humanisation, an <a href="/wiki/Allusion" title="Allusion">allusion</a> to the Soviet government's revising of history to exercise control of the people's beliefs about themselves and their society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERodden199948–49-80">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Farm_artwork.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Animal_Farm_artwork.jpg/220px-Animal_Farm_artwork.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Animal_Farm_artwork.jpg/330px-Animal_Farm_artwork.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Animal_Farm_artwork.jpg/440px-Animal_Farm_artwork.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1018" /></a><figcaption>Squealer sprawls at the foot of the end wall of the big barn where the Seven Commandments were written (ch. viii) – preliminary artwork for a 1950 strip cartoon by <a href="/wiki/Norman_Pett" title="Norman Pett">Norman Pett</a> and Donald Freeman</figcaption></figure> The original commandments are: <ol><li>Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy.</li> <li>Whatever goes upon four legs, or has wings, is a friend.</li> <li>No animal shall wear clothes.</li> <li>No animal shall sleep in a bed.</li> <li>No animal shall drink alcohol.</li> <li>No animal shall kill any other animal.</li> <li>All animals are equal.</li></ol> These commandments are also distilled into the maxim "Four legs good, two legs bad!" which is primarily used by the sheep on the farm, often to disrupt discussions and disagreements between animals on the nature of Animalism. Later, Napoleon and his pigs secretly revise some commandments to clear themselves of accusations of law-breaking. The changed commandments are as follows, with the changes bolded: <div><ol start="4"><li>No animal shall sleep in a bed with sheets.</li><li>No animal shall drink alcohol to excess.</li><li>No animal shall kill any other animal without cause.</li><li>All animals are equal but some animals are more equal than others.</li></ol></div> Eventually, these are replaced with the maxims, "All animals are equal, but some animals are more equal than others", and "Four legs good, two legs better" as the pigs become more <a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic">anthropomorphic</a>. This is an <a href="/wiki/Ironic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ironic">ironic</a> twist to the original purpose of the Seven Commandments, which was supposed to keep order within Animal Farm by uniting the animals together against the humans and preventing animals from following the humans' evil habits. Through the revision of the commandments, Orwell demonstrates how simply political <a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">dogma</a> can be turned into malleable <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarr201078–79-81">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance_and_allegory">Significance and allegory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Significance and allegory">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Animal_Farm.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Animal_Farm.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Animal_Farm.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Animal_Farm.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Animal_Farm.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Flag_of_the_Animal_Farm.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Animal_Farm.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>The Hoof and Horn flag described in the book appears to be based on the <a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">hammer and sickle</a>, the Communist symbol. By the end of the book when Napoleon takes full control, the Hoof and Horn is removed from the flag.</figcaption></figure> Orwell biographer Jeffrey Meyers has written, "virtually every detail has political significance in this allegory".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975249-82">[77]</a> Orwell himself wrote in 1946, "Of course I intended it primarily as a satire on the Russian revolution ... [and] that kind of revolution (violent conspiratorial revolution, led by unconsciously power-hungry people) can only lead to a change of masters [–] revolutions only effect a radical improvement when the masses are alert".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2013334-83">[78]</a> In a preface for a 1947 Ukrainian edition, he stated, "for the past ten years I have been convinced that the destruction of the Soviet myth was essential if we wanted a revival of the socialist movement. On my return from Spain [in 1937] I thought of exposing the Soviet myth in a story that could be easily understood by almost anyone and which could be easily translated into other languages".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrick2019450-84">[79]</a> The revolt of the animals against Farmer Jones is Orwell's analogy with the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October 1917 Bolshevik Revolution</a>. The Battle of the Cowshed has been said to represent the <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">allied invasion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Russian_SFSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian SFSR">Soviet Russia</a> in 1918,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1996161-31">[28]</a> and the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White Russians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirchow2008102-30">[27]</a> The pigs' rise to preeminence mirrors the rise of a Stalinist bureaucracy in the USSR, just as Napoleon's emergence as the farm's sole leader reflects Stalin's emergence.<a href="#cite_note-:0-32">[29]</a> The pigs' appropriation of milk and apples for their own use, "the turning point of the story" as Orwell termed it in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Dwight_Macdonald" title="Dwight Macdonald">Dwight Macdonald</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2013334-83">[78]</a> stands as an analogy for the crushing of the left-wing 1921 <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_rebellion" title="Kronstadt rebellion">Kronstadt revolt</a> against the Bolsheviks,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2013334-83">[78]</a> and the difficult efforts of the animals to build the windmill suggest the various <a href="/wiki/Five-year_plans_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Five-year plans of the Soviet Union">five-year plans</a>. The puppies controlled by Napoleon parallel the nurture of the secret police in the Stalinist structure, and the pigs' treatment of the other animals on the farm recalls the internal terror faced by the populace in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeab20076–7-85">[80]</a> In chapter seven, when the animals confess their non-existent crimes and are killed, Orwell directly alludes to the purges, confessions and <a href="/wiki/Moscow_show_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow show trials">show trials</a> of the late 1930s. These contributed to Orwell's conviction that the Bolshevik revolution had been corrupted and the Soviet system become rotten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickstein2007135-86">[81]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Edgerly_Firchow" title="Peter Edgerly Firchow">Peter Edgerly Firchow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Davison_(professor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Davison (professor)">Peter Davison</a> contend that the Battle of the Windmill, specifically referencing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, represents <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFirchow2008102-30">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison1996161-31">[28]</a> During the battle, Orwell first wrote, "All the animals, including Napoleon" took cover. Orwell had the publisher alter this to "All the animals except Napoleon" in recognition of Stalin's decision to remain in Moscow during the German advance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975142-87">[82]</a> Orwell requested the change after he met <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Czapski" title="Józef Czapski">Józef Czapski</a> in Paris in March 1945. Czapski, a survivor of the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyn Massacre">Katyn Massacre</a> and an opponent of the Soviet regime, told Orwell, as Orwell wrote to <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>, that it had been "the character [and] greatness of Stalin" that saved Russia from the German invasion.<a href="#cite_note-88">[f]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/220px-15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/330px-15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg/440px-15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_%28Bolsheviks%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2184" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Front row (left to right): <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Rykov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Skrypnyk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> – 'When Snowball comes to the crucial points in his speeches he is drowned out by the sheep (Ch. V), just as in the <a href="/wiki/15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">party Congress in 1927</a> [above], at Stalin's instigation 'pleas for the opposition were drowned in the continual, hysterically intolerant uproar from the floor'. (<a href="/wiki/Isaac_Deutscher" title="Isaac Deutscher">Isaac Deutscher</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975138,_311-89">[83]</a>)</figcaption></figure> Other connections that writers have suggested illustrate Orwell's telescoping of Russian history from 1917 to 1943,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975135-90">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[g]</a> including the wave of rebelliousness that ran through the countryside after the Rebellion, which stands for the abortive revolutions <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">in Hungary</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–1919">Germany</a> (Ch. IV); the conflict between Napoleon and Snowball (Ch. V), parallelling "the two rival and quasi-Messianic beliefs that seemed pitted against one another: <a href="/wiki/Trotskyism" title="Trotskyism">Trotskyism</a>, with its faith in the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_revolution" title="Permanent revolution">revolutionary vocation</a> of the proletariat of the West; and Stalinism with its glorification of <a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_one_country" title="Socialism in one country">Russia's socialist destiny</a>";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975138-92">[85]</a> Napoleon's dealings with Whymper and the Willingdon markets (Ch. VI), paralleling the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rapallo_(1922)" title="Treaty of Rapallo (1922)">Treaty of Rapallo</a>; and Frederick's forged bank notes, parallelling the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> of August 1939, after which Frederick attacks Animal Farm without warning and destroys the windmill.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975141-28">[25]</a> The book's close, with the pigs and men in a kind of <a href="/wiki/Rapprochement" title="Rapprochement">rapprochement</a>, reflected Orwell's view of the 1943 <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[h]</a> that seemed to display the establishment of "the best possible relations between the USSR and the West" – but in reality were destined, as Orwell presciently predicted, to continue to unravel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeab20077-94">[86]</a> The disagreement between the allies and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> is suggested when Napoleon and Pilkington, both suspicious, each "played an ace of spades simultaneously".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyers1975142-87">[82]</a> Similarly, the music in the novel, starting with "Beasts of England" and the later anthems, parallels "<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>" and its adoption and repudiation by the Soviet authorities as the anthem of the USSR in the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Masha_Gessen" title="Masha Gessen">Masha Gessen</a>, the metamorphosis of the eighth commandment ("some animals are more equal") was likely inspired by similar change of a party line which declared all Soviet people equal: the Russian nation and language suddenly became "first among equals" in official CPSU publications in 1936–1937.<a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Adaptations">Adaptations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Adaptations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stage_productions">Stage productions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Stage productions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ANIMAL_FARM_National_Youth_Theatre_outdoors_at_Soulton_Hall.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ANIMAL_FARM_National_Youth_Theatre_outdoors_at_Soulton_Hall.jpg/220px-ANIMAL_FARM_National_Youth_Theatre_outdoors_at_Soulton_Hall.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ANIMAL_FARM_National_Youth_Theatre_outdoors_at_Soulton_Hall.jpg/330px-ANIMAL_FARM_National_Youth_Theatre_outdoors_at_Soulton_Hall.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/ANIMAL_FARM_National_Youth_Theatre_outdoors_at_Soulton_Hall.jpg/440px-ANIMAL_FARM_National_Youth_Theatre_outdoors_at_Soulton_Hall.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>A National Youth Theatre performance of Animal Farm at Soulton Hall</figcaption></figure> A theatrical version, with music by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Peaslee" title="Richard Peaslee">Richard Peaslee</a> and lyrics by <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Mitchell" title="Adrian Mitchell">Adrian Mitchell</a>, was staged at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_National_Theatre" title="Royal National Theatre">National Theatre</a> London on 25 April 1984, directed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Hall_(director)" title="Peter Hall (director)">Peter Hall</a>. It toured nine cities in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2013341-97">[89]</a> A solo version, adapted and performed by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Masterson" title="Guy Masterson">Guy Masterson</a>, premiered at the <a href="/wiki/Traverse_Theatre" title="Traverse Theatre">Traverse Theatre</a> Edinburgh in January 1995 and has toured worldwide since.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOne_man_''Animal''2013-98">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Animal_Farm''-99">[91]</a> In 2021, during pandemic restrictions, the <a href="/wiki/National_Youth_Theatre" title="National Youth Theatre">National Youth Theatre</a> toured a stage version of Animal Farm; this run included outdoor performances on a farm at <a href="/wiki/Soulton_Hall" title="Soulton Hall">Soulton Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-100">[92]</a> A new adaptation written and directed by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Icke" title="Robert Icke">Robert Icke</a>, designed by <a href="/wiki/Bunny_Christie" title="Bunny Christie">Bunny Christie</a> with puppetry designed and directed by Toby Olié opened at the <a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Repertory_Theatre" title="Birmingham Repertory Theatre">Birmingham Repertory Theatre</a> in January 2022 before touring the UK.<a href="#cite_note-101">[93]</a> The Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Raskatov" title="Alexander Raskatov">Alexander Raskatov</a> has written an <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(opera)" title="Animal Farm (opera)">opera</a> based on the book. Its premiere took place on 4 March 2023 in Amsterdam as part of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_National_Opera" title="Dutch National Opera">Dutch National Opera</a>'s 2022/2023 season.<a href="#cite_note-102">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Films">Films</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Films">edit</a>]</div> Animal Farm has been adapted to film twice. Both differ from the novel and have been accused of taking significant liberties, including sanitising some aspects.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1954_film)" title="Animal Farm (1954 film)">Animal Farm</a> (1954) is an animated film, in which Napoleon is eventually overthrown in a second revolution. In 1974, <a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a> revealed that he had been sent by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Warfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological Warfare">Psychological Warfare</a> department to obtain the film rights from Orwell's widow, and the resulting 1954 animation was funded by the agency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChilton2016-103">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[96]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1999_film)" title="Animal Farm (1999 film)">Animal Farm</a> (1999) is a live-action TV version that shows Napoleon's regime collapsing in on itself, with the farm having new human owners, reflecting the collapse of Soviet communism.<a href="#cite_note-105">[97]</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Andy_Serkis" title="Andy Serkis">Andy Serkis</a> is directing an <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(2025_film)" title="Animal Farm (2025 film)">upcoming animated film adaptation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radio_dramatisations">Radio dramatisations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Radio dramatisations">edit</a>]</div> A BBC radio version, produced by <a href="/wiki/Rayner_Heppenstall" title="Rayner Heppenstall">Rayner Heppenstall</a>, was broadcast in January 1947. Orwell listened to the production at his home in Canonbury Square, London, with <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Gordon_Porteus" title="Hugh Gordon Porteus">Hugh Gordon Porteous</a>, amongst others. Orwell later wrote to Heppenstall that Porteous, "who had not read the book, grasped what was happening after a few minutes".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2013112-107">[99]</a> A further radio production, again using Orwell's dramatisation of the book, was broadcast in January 2013 on <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tamsin_Greig" title="Tamsin Greig">Tamsin Greig</a> narrated, and the cast included <a href="/wiki/Nicky_Henson" title="Nicky Henson">Nicky Henson</a> as Napoleon, <a href="/wiki/Toby_Jones" title="Toby Jones">Toby Jones</a> as the propagandist Squealer, and <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ineson" title="Ralph Ineson">Ralph Ineson</a> as Boxer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_George_Orwell-108">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comic_strip">Comic strip</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Comic strip">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/220px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/330px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/440px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a> copy of the first instalment of Pett and Freeman's Animal Farm comic strip</figcaption></figure> In 1950, <a href="/wiki/Norman_Pett" title="Norman Pett">Norman Pett</a> and his writing partner <a href="/wiki/Don_Freeman" title="Don Freeman">Don Freeman</a> were secretly hired by the <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">Information Research Department</a>, a secret department of the <a href="/wiki/Foreign,_Commonwealth_and_Development_Office" title="Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office">Foreign Office</a>, to adapt Animal Farm into a comic strip. This comic was not published in the United Kingdom but ran in Brazilian and Burmese newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman_Pett-109">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_game">Video game</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Video game">edit</a>]</div> Developers Nerial and The Dairymen released a game based on the book in December 2020, entitled Orwell's Animal Farm, for <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IOS" title="IOS">iOS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> in coordination with the Orwell Estate. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">Information Research Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_personality" title="Authoritarian personality">Authoritarian personality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Soviet_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union_(1917%E2%80%931927)" title="History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)">History of Soviet Russia and the Soviet Union (1917–1927)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideocracy" title="Ideocracy">Ideocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_class" title="New class">New class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_in_Animal_Farm" title="Anthems in Animal Farm">Anthems in Animal Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_(Pink_Floyd_album)" title="Animals (Pink Floyd album)">Animals</a>, an album based on Animal Farm</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulliver%27s_Travels" title="Gulliver's Travels">Gulliver's Travels</a> was a favourite book of Orwell's. <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Swift" title="Jonathan Swift">Swift</a> reverses the role of horses and human beings in the fourth book. Orwell brought to Animal Farm "a dose of Swiftian misanthropy, looking ahead to a time 'when the human race had finally been overthrown."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickstein2007135-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolt (book)">Bunt</a> (Revolt), published in 1924, is a book by Polish <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureate" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureate">Nobel laureate</a> <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Reymont" title="Władysław Reymont">Władysław Reymont</a> with a theme similar to Animal Farm.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Acre_vs._Black_Acre" title="White Acre vs. Black Acre">White Acre vs. Black Acre</a>, published in 1856 and written by William M. Burwell, is a satirical novel that features allegories for <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery in the United States</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[102]</a> similar to Animal Farm's portrayal of Soviet history.</li> <li>George Orwell's own <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Dystopian_novel" class="mw-redirect" title="Dystopian novel">dystopian novel</a> about <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Orwell, writing in his review of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Borkenau" title="Franz Borkenau">Franz Borkenau</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Spanish_Cockpit" title="The Spanish Cockpit">The Spanish Cockpit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Time_and_Tide_(magazine)" title="Time and Tide (magazine)">Time and Tide</a>, 31 July 1937, and "Spilling the Spanish Beans", New English Weekly, 29 July 1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> According to Orwell, Gollancz refused to publish the book due to the fear of spoiling relations with a fundamental ally in the war against Nazism: "I must tell you that it is I think completely unacceptable politically from your point of view (it is anti-Stalin)." Gollancz became very angry at this insinuation; however, on 4 April 1944, he recognized his error of judgment: "You were right and I was wrong. I am so sorry. I have returned the manuscript."<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hitchens" title="Christopher Hitchens">Christopher Hitchens</a>, "the persons of Lenin and Trotsky are combined into one [i.e., Snowball], or, it might even be ... to say, there is no Lenin at all."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHitchens2008186ff-22">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a href="#GOIT">Orwell 1976 p. 25 La libertà di stampa</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Struve,_Gleb" class="mw-redirect" title="Struve, Gleb">Struve, Gleb</a>. Telling the Russians, written for the Russian journal New Russian Wind, reprinted in Remembering Orwell </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> A Note on the Text, Peter Davison, Animal Farm, Penguin edition 1989 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> In the Preface to Animal Farm Orwell noted, however, "although various episodes are taken from the actual history of the Russian Revolution, they are dealt with schematically and their chronological order is changed." </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Preface to the Ukrainian edition of Animal Farm, reprinted in Orwell:Collected Works, It Is What I Think </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeija2002-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeija2002_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMeija2002_1-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeija2002">Meija 2002</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBynum2012-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBynum2012_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBynum2012">Bynum 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE12_Things_You2015-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE12_Things_You2015_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREF12_Things_You2015">12 Things You 2015</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGcse_English_Literature-4"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGcse_English_Literature_4-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGcse_English_Literature">Gcse English Literature</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell201423-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrwell201423_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrwell2014">Orwell 2014</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowker2013235-6"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBowker2013235_6-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBowker2013">Bowker 2013</a>, p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavison2000-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison2000_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison2000_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavison2000_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavison2000">Davison 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell201410-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrwell201410_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrwell2014">Orwell 2014</a>, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBradbury1989" class="citation book cs1">Bradbury, Malcolm (1989). "Introduction". Animal Farm. Penguin. p. vi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Animal+Farm&rft.pages=vi&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Bradbury&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Animal_Farm'':_Sixty-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Animal_Farm'':_Sixty_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAnimal_Farm:_Sixty">Animal Farm: Sixty</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberge2024" class="citation news cs1">Alberge, Dalya (17 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/article/2024/aug/17/it-could-disappear-for-ever-anger-over-sale-of-george-orwell-archive">"'It could disappear for ever': Anger over sale of George Orwell archive"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 6 January 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27It+could+disappear+for+ever%27%3A+Anger+over+sale+of+George+Orwell+archive&rft.date=2024-08-17&rft.aulast=Alberge&rft.aufirst=Dalya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2Farticle%2F2024%2Faug%2F17%2Fit-could-disappear-for-ever-anger-over-sale-of-george-orwell-archive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDickstein2007134-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDickstein2007134_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDickstein2007">Dickstein 2007</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrossmanLacayo2005-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossmanLacayo2005_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrossmanLacayo2005_15-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrossmanLacayo2005">Grossman & Lacayo 2005</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEModern_Library1998-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModern_Library1998_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEModern_Library1998_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFModern_Library1998">Modern Library 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/arts/bigread/top100.shtml">"The Big Read"</a>. 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Journal of Strategic Security. 8 (5): 149–161. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5038%2F1944-0472.8.3S.1483">10.5038/1944-0472.8.3S.1483</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1944-0464">1944-0464</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145306291">145306291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Strategic+Security&rft.atitle=All+Propaganda+is+Dangerous%2C+but+Some+are+More+Dangerous+than+Others%3A+George+Orwell+and+the+Use+of+Literature+as+Propaganda&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E149-%3C%2Fspan%3E161&rft.date=2015-10-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145306291%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1944-0464&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5038%2F1944-0472.8.3S.1483&rft.aulast=Senn&rft.aufirst=Samantha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.usf.edu%2Fjss%2Fvol8%2Fiss5%2F14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lozierinstitute.org/movie-reviews/animal-farm-1954-1999/">"Animal Farm (1954, 1999)"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Andy+Serkis+Teams+With+Cinesite+on+%27Animal+Farm%27+Adaptation&rft.date=2022-04-19&rft.au=Giardina%2C+Carolyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-news%2Fanimal-farm-andy-serkis-cinesite-imaginarium-1235132208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOrwell2013112-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOrwell2013112_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOrwell2013">Orwell 2013</a>, p. 112. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReal_George_Orwell-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReal_George_Orwell_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReal_George_Orwell">Real George Orwell</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorman_Pett-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorman_Pett_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNorman_Pett">Norman Pett</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://utc.iath.virginia.edu/proslav/burwellhp.html">"Burwell's White Acre vs. Black Acre"</a>. Uncle Tom's Cabin & American Culture. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uncle+Tom%27s+Cabin+%26+American+Culture&rft.atitle=Burwell%27s+White+Acre+vs.+Black+Acre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Futc.iath.virginia.edu%2Fproslav%2Fburwellhp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_sources">General sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: General sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF12_Things_You2015" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://metro.co.uk/2015/08/17/12-things-you-may-not-know-about-animal-farm-for-17th-5317058/">"12 Things You May Not Know About Animal Farm"</a>. Metro. 17 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Metro&rft.atitle=12+Things+You+May+Not+Know+About+Animal+Farm&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmetro.co.uk%2F2015%2F08%2F17%2F12-things-you-may-not-know-about-animal-farm-for-17th-5317058%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Hugo_Awards1996" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehugoawards.org/hugo-history/1946-retro-hugo-awards/">"1946 Retro-Hugo Awards"</a>. The Hugo Awards. 1996. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hugo+Awards&rft.atitle=1946+Retro-Hugo+Awards&rft.date=1996&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehugoawards.org%2Fhugo-history%2F1946-retro-hugo-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnimal_Farm:_Sixty" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historytoday.com/robert-pearce/animal-farm-sixty-years">"Animal Farm: Sixty Years On"</a>. <a href="/wiki/History_Today" title="History Today">History Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171108041135/http://www.historytoday.com/robert-pearce/animal-farm-sixty-years">Archived</a> from the original on 8 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Animal+Farm%3A+Sixty+Years+On&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historytoday.com%2Frobert-pearce%2Fanimal-farm-sixty-years&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnimal_Farm" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630061940/http://www.theatretoursinternational.com/PastShows/PSDomestic/PSAFgm.html">"Animal Farm"</a>. Theatre Tours International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theatretoursinternational.com/PastShows/PSDomestic/PSAFgm.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2009. Retrieved 2 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Theatre+Tours+International&rft.atitle=Animal+Farm&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatretoursinternational.com%2FPastShows%2FPSDomestic%2FPSAFgm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V7C4bXGsrc8C&q=Mr+Frederick+allegory+hitler&pg=PA70">Bloom's Modern Critical Interpretations: Animal Farm</a> (new ed.). 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Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4055-2805-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4055-2805-4"><bdi>978-1-4055-2805-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4055-2805-4&rft.aulast=Bowker&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbrRjuvvrbzgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBynum2012" class="citation book cs1">Bynum, Helen (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cVih-ivuiiwC&pg=PR13">Spitting Blood: The History of Tuberculosis</a>. Oxford University Press. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19954205-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19954205-5"><bdi>978-0-19954205-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spitting+Blood%3A+The+History+of+Tuberculosis&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-19954205-5&rft.aulast=Bynum&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcVih-ivuiiwC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr2010" class="citation book cs1">Carr, Craig L. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V1GCAqNSlYwC&pg=PA78">Orwell, Politics, and Power</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5854-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5854-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-5854-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%2C+Politics%2C+and+Power&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5854-3&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Craig+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV1GCAqNSlYwC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChilton2016" class="citation news cs1">Chilton, Martin (21 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/how-cia-brought-animal-farm-to-the-screen/">"How the CIA brought Animal Farm to the screen"</a>. The Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161026174651/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/books/authors/how-cia-brought-animal-farm-to-the-screen/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2016. Retrieved 27 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Telegraph&rft.atitle=How+the+CIA+brought+Animal+Farm+to+the+screen&rft.date=2016-01-21&rft.aulast=Chilton&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fbooks%2Fauthors%2Fhow-cia-brought-animal-farm-to-the-screen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrick2019" class="citation book cs1">Crick, Bernard (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1OVPvAEACAAJ">George Orwell: A Life</a>. Sutherland House Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9994395-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9994395-0-7"><bdi>978-1-9994395-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+A+Life&rft.pub=Sutherland+House+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-9994395-0-7&rft.aulast=Crick&rft.aufirst=Bernard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1OVPvAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison1996" class="citation book cs1">Davison, P. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FkmEDAAAQBAJ">George Orwell: A Literary Life</a>. Palgrave Macmillan UK. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-37140-8"><bdi>978-0-230-37140-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+A+Literary+Life&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan+UK&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-230-37140-8&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkmEDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavison2000" class="citation web cs1">Davison, Peter (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061212041856/http://www.orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/eint_pd">"George Orwell: Animal Farm: A Fairy Story: A Note on the Text"</a>. England: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/eint_pd">the original</a> on 12 December 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+Animal+Farm%3A+A+Fairy+Story%3A+A+Note+on+the+Text&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Davison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwell.ru%2Flibrary%2Fnovels%2FAnimal_Farm%2Fenglish%2Feint_pd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickstein2007" class="citation book cs1">Dickstein, Morris (2007). "Animal Farm: History as fable". In Rodden, John (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x8-fnamQuUkC">The Cambridge Companion to George Orwell</a>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 133–45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67507-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-67507-9"><bdi>978-0-521-67507-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animal+Farm%3A+History+as+fable&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Companion+to+George+Orwell&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-521-67507-9&rft.aulast=Dickstein&rft.aufirst=Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx8-fnamQuUkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEliot1969" class="citation news cs1">Eliot, Valery (6 January 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091015180725/http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09-004&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09">"T.S. Eliot and Animal Farm: Reasons for Rejection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>. UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.timesonline.co.uk/tol/viewArticle.arc?articleId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09-004&pageId=ARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09">the original</a> on 15 October 2009. Retrieved 8 April 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=T.S.+Eliot+and+Animal+Farm%3A+Reasons+for+Rejection&rft.date=1969-01-06&rft.aulast=Eliot&rft.aufirst=Valery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2FviewArticle.arc%3FarticleId%3DARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09-004%26pageId%3DARCHIVE-The_Times-1969-01-06-09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFall_of_Mister" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shmoop.com/animal-farm/fall-mister-jones-russian-revolution-1917-symbol.html">"The Fall of Mister Jones and the Russian Revolution of 1917"</a>. Shmoop University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221910/http://www.shmoop.com/animal-farm/fall-mister-jones-russian-revolution-1917-symbol.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Mister+Jones+and+the+Russian+Revolution+of+1917&rft.pub=Shmoop+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shmoop.com%2Fanimal-farm%2Ffall-mister-jones-russian-revolution-1917-symbol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFirchow2008" class="citation book cs1">Firchow, Peter Edgerly (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kzT3bY2a0hsC">Modern Utopian Fictions from H.G. Wells to Iris Murdoch</a>. CUA Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1573-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-1573-0"><bdi>978-0-8132-1573-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Utopian+Fictions+from+H.G.+Wells+to+Iris+Murdoch&rft.pub=CUA+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-1573-0&rft.aulast=Firchow&rft.aufirst=Peter+Edgerly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkzT3bY2a0hsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGcse_English_Literature" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/george-orwells-animal-farm-historical-context-pt-1-3/8177.html">"GCSE English Literature – Animal Farm – historical context (pt 1/3)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120103211528/http://www.bbc.co.uk/learningzone/clips/george-orwells-animal-farm-historical-context-pt-1-3/8177.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GCSE+English+Literature+%E2%80%93+Animal+Farm+%E2%80%93+historical+context+%28pt+1%2F3%29&rft.pub=BBC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flearningzone%2Fclips%2Fgeorge-orwells-animal-farm-historical-context-pt-1-3%2F8177.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiardina2012" class="citation news cs1">Giardina, Carolyn (19 October 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andy-serkis-animal-farm-381314">"Andy Serkis to Direct Adaptation of 'Animal Farm'"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113074010/http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/andy-serkis-animal-farm-381314">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2013. Retrieved 26 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Andy+Serkis+to+Direct+Adaptation+of+%27Animal+Farm%27&rft.date=2012-10-19&rft.aulast=Giardina&rft.aufirst=Carolyn&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fnews%2Fandy-serkis-animal-farm-381314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFyvel1982" class="citation book cs1">Fyvel, Tosco R. (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/georgeorwellpers0000fyve">George Orwell, a personal memoir</a>. MacMillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02542040-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02542040-3"><bdi>978-0-02542040-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%2C+a+personal+memoir&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-02542040-3&rft.aulast=Fyvel&rft.aufirst=Tosco+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgeorgeorwellpers0000fyve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmanLacayo2005" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lev_Grossman" title="Lev Grossman">Grossman, Lev</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Lacayo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Lacayo (page does not exist)">Lacayo, Richard</a> (16 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080913100321/http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html">"All-Time 100 Novels"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/2005/100books/the_complete_list.html">the original</a> on 13 September 2008. Retrieved 31 August 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=All-Time+100+Novels&rft.date=2005-10-16&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Lev&rft.au=Lacayo%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2F2005%2F100books%2Fthe_complete_list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHitchens2008" class="citation book cs1">Hitchens, Christopher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yvc4DgAAQBAJ">Why Orwell Matters</a>. Basic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2589-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-2589-2"><bdi>978-0-7867-2589-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Orwell+Matters&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-2589-2&rft.aulast=Hitchens&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvc4DgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeab2007" class="citation book cs1">Leab, Daniel J. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VRpFAvD7vAsC">Orwell Subverted: The CIA and the Filming of Animal Farm</a>. Penn State Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02978-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-02978-8"><bdi>978-0-271-02978-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell+Subverted%3A+The+CIA+and+the+Filming+of+Animal+Farm&rft.pub=Penn+State+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-271-02978-8&rft.aulast=Leab&rft.aufirst=Daniel+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVRpFAvD7vAsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeija2002" class="citation web cs1">Meija, Jay (26 August 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.litkicks.com/AnimalFarm">"Animal Farm: A Beast Fable for Our Beastly Times"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Literary_Kicks" title="Literary Kicks">Literary Kicks</a>. Retrieved 16 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Literary+Kicks&rft.atitle=Animal+Farm%3A+A+Beast+Fable+for+Our+Beastly+Times&rft.date=2002-08-26&rft.aulast=Meija&rft.aufirst=Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.litkicks.com%2FAnimalFarm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1975" class="citation book cs1">Meyers, Jeffrey (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readersguidetoge0000meye_f5a7">A Reader's Guide to George Orwell</a>. 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Retrieved 8 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=lambiek.net&rft.atitle=Norman+Pett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lambiek.net%2Fartists%2Fp%2Fpett_norman.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOne_man_Animal2013" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/leisure/whats_on/10187002.One_man_Animal_Farm_show_on_the_way_to_Darwen/">"One man Animal Farm Show On the Way to Darwen"</a>. Lancashire Telegraph. 25 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140106181013/http://www.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk/leisure/whats_on/10187002.One_man_Animal_Farm_show_on_the_way_to_Darwen/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancashire+Telegraph&rft.atitle=One+man+Animal+Farm+Show+On+the+Way+to+Darwen&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lancashiretelegraph.co.uk%2Fleisure%2Fwhats_on%2F10187002.One_man_Animal_Farm_show_on_the_way_to_Darwen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedom_of_the_Press" class="citation web cs1">Orwell, George (1945). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/efp_go">"The Freedom of the Press: Orwell's Proposed Preface to 'Animal Farm'"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116052227/http://orwell.ru/library/novels/Animal_Farm/english/efp_go">Archived</a> from the original on 16 January 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Freedom+of+the+Press%3A+Orwell%27s+Proposed+Preface+to+%27Animal+Farm%27&rft.date=1945&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.orwell.ru%2Flibrary%2Fnovels%2FAnimal_Farm%2Fenglish%2Fefp_go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1946" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/animalfarmfairys00orwe">Animal Farm</a>. New York: The New American Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4193-6524-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4193-6524-9"><bdi>978-1-4193-6524-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Farm&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+New+American+Library&rft.date=1946&rft.isbn=978-1-4193-6524-9&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanimalfarmfairys00orwe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1947" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (March 1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024074027/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/ukrainian-af-pref.htm">"Preface to the Ukrainian Edition of Animal Farm"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/ukrainian-af-pref.htm">the original</a> on 24 October 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Preface+to+the+Ukrainian+Edition+of+Animal+Farm&rft.date=1947-03&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netcharles.com%2Forwell%2Fessays%2Fukrainian-af-pref.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">Orwell, George</a> (1979) [First published by Martin Secker & Warburg 1945; published in Penguin Books 1951]. Animal Farm. England: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-000838-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-000838-8"><bdi>978-0-14-000838-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Farm&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-14-000838-8&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2001" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JEmANgAACAAJ">Smothered Under Journalism 1946</a>. Secker & Warburg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-436-20556-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-436-20556-9"><bdi>978-0-436-20556-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smothered+Under+Journalism+1946&rft.pub=Secker+%26+Warburg&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-436-20556-9&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJEmANgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2006" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2006). Peter Hobley Davison (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YeGTkQEACAAJ">The Lost Orwell: Being a Supplement to The Complete Works of George Orwell</a>. Timewell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85725-214-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85725-214-9"><bdi>978-1-85725-214-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+Orwell%3A+Being+a+Supplement+to+The+Complete+Works+of+George+Orwell&rft.pub=Timewell&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-85725-214-9&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeGTkQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2009" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nkalO3OsoeMC">Animal Farm: A Fairy Story</a>. HMH Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-37022-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-37022-4"><bdi>978-0-547-37022-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Farm%3A+A+Fairy+Story&rft.pub=HMH+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-547-37022-4&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnkalO3OsoeMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2013" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2013). Peter Davison (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_WE4AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA231">George Orwell: A Life in Letters</a>. W. W. Norton & Co. p. 231. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-462-6"><bdi>978-0-87140-462-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=George+Orwell%3A+A+Life+in+Letters&rft.pages=231&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-462-6&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_WE4AAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReal_George_Orwell" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01q7fzf">"The Real George Orwell, Animal Farm"</a>. BBC Radio 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127033407/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b01q7fzf">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Real+George+Orwell%2C+Animal+Farm&rft.pub=BBC+Radio+4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fprogrammes%2Fb01q7fzf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2014" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=teKmBAAAQBAJ">Why I Write</a>. Penguin Books Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198060-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-198060-7"><bdi>978-0-14-198060-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+I+Write&rft.pub=Penguin+Books+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-14-198060-7&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DteKmBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrwell2015" class="citation book cs1">Orwell, George (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KCwvrgEACAAJ">I Belong to the Left: 1945</a>. Penguin Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84655-944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84655-944-0"><bdi>978-1-84655-944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=I+Belong+to+the+Left%3A+1945&rft.pub=Penguin+Random+House&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84655-944-0&rft.aulast=Orwell&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKCwvrgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOvery1997" class="citation book cs1">Overy, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aA-lS2K4hJkC">Why the Allies Won</a>. W.W. Norton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31619-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-31619-3"><bdi>978-0-393-31619-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+the+Allies+Won&rft.pub=W.W.+Norton&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-393-31619-3&rft.aulast=Overy&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaA-lS2K4hJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodden1999" class="citation book cs1">Rodden, John (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG-YpkczTjEC&pg=PA40">Understanding Animal Farm: A Student Casebook to Issues, Sources, and Historical Documents</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30201-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30201-5"><bdi>978-0-313-30201-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 June 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+Animal+Farm%3A+A+Student+Casebook+to+Issues%2C+Sources%2C+and+Historical+Documents&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30201-5&rft.aulast=Rodden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG-YpkczTjEC%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoper1977" class="citation journal cs1">Roper, D. (1977). "Viewpoint 2: The Boxer Mentality". Change. 9 (11): 11–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00091383.1977.10569271">10.1080/00091383.1977.10569271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0009-1383">0009-1383</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40176954">40176954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Change&rft.atitle=Viewpoint+2%3A+The+Boxer+Mentality&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E63&rft.date=1977&rft.issn=0009-1383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40176954%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00091383.1977.10569271&rft.aulast=Roper&rft.aufirst=D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheming_Frederick_how" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shmoop.com/animal-farm/scheming-frederick-how-hitler-broke-non-aggression-pact-symbol.html">"The Scheming Frederick and how Hitler Broke the Non-Aggression Pact"</a>. Shmoop University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202221757/http://www.shmoop.com/animal-farm/scheming-frederick-how-hitler-broke-non-aggression-pact-symbol.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Scheming+Frederick+and+how+Hitler+Broke+the+Non-Aggression+Pact&rft.pub=Shmoop+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shmoop.com%2Fanimal-farm%2Fscheming-frederick-how-hitler-broke-non-aggression-pact-symbol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoule1946" class="citation magazine cs1">Soule, George (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/114852/1946-review-george-orwells-animal-farm">"1946 Review of George Orwell's 'Animal Farm'"</a>. The New Republic. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170114001741/https://newrepublic.com/article/114852/1946-review-george-orwells-animal-farm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=1946+Review+of+George+Orwell%27s+%27Animal+Farm%27&rft.date=1946&rft.aulast=Soule&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F114852%2F1946-review-george-orwells-animal-farm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSparknotes_"_Literature" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/animalfarm/section8.rhtml">"SparkNotes 'Literature Study Guides' "Animal Farm" Chapter VIII"</a>. SparkNotes LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130518124512/http://www.sparknotes.com/lit/animalfarm/section8.rhtml">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 13 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SparkNotes+%27Literature+Study+Guides%27+%22Animal+Farm%22+Chapter+VIII&rft.pub=SparkNotes+LLC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sparknotes.com%2Flit%2Fanimalfarm%2Fsection8.rhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutherland2005" class="citation journal cs1">Sutherland, T. (2005). "Speaking My Mind: Orwell Farmed for Education". The English Journal. 95 (1): 17–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F30047391">10.2307/30047391</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30047391">30047391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Journal&rft.atitle=Speaking+My+Mind%3A+Orwell+Farmed+for+Education&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F30047391&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30047391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sutherland&rft.aufirst=T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._J._Taylor_(writer)" title="D. J. Taylor (writer)">Taylor, David John</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/orwelllife00tayl">Orwell: The Life</a>. H. Holt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7473-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-7473-4"><bdi>978-0-8050-7473-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orwell%3A+The+Life&rft.pub=H.+Holt&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-7473-4&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=David+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forwelllife00tayl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitewashing_of_Stalin2008" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7719633.stm">"The whitewashing of Stalin"</a>. BBC News. 11 November 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081112021024/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/magazine/7719633.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+whitewashing+of+Stalin&rft.date=2008-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fmagazine%2F7719633.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModern_Library1998" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.modernlibrary.com/top-100/100-best-novels/">"Top 100 Best Novels"</a>. Modern Library. 1998. Retrieved 23 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Modern+Library&rft.atitle=Top+100+Best+Novels&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.modernlibrary.com%2Ftop-100%2F100-best-novels%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBott1968" class="citation book cs1">Bott, George (1968) [1958]. Selected Writings. London, Melbourne, Toronto, Singapore, Johannesburg, Hong Kong, Nairobi, Auckland, Ibadan: Heinemann Educational Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-435-13675-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-435-13675-8"><bdi>978-0-435-13675-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Writings&rft.place=London%2C+Melbourne%2C+Toronto%2C+Singapore%2C+Johannesburg%2C+Hong+Kong%2C+Nairobi%2C+Auckland%2C+Ibadan&rft.pub=Heinemann+Educational+Books&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-435-13675-8&rft.aulast=Bott&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenchhofer1990" class="citation book cs1">Menchhofer, Robert W. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GhvjsczkdBIC&pg=PA1">Animal Farm</a>. Lorenz Educational Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0787780616" title="Special:BookSources/978-0787780616"><bdi>978-0787780616</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Animal+Farm&rft.pub=Lorenz+Educational+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0787780616&rft.aulast=Menchhofer&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGhvjsczkdBIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnimal+Farm" class="Z3988"></li> <li>O'Neill, Terry, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/readingsonanimal00onei">Readings on Animal Farm</a> (1998), Greenhaven Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565106512" title="Special:BookSources/1565106512">1565106512</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output 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screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Animal Farm at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Animal_Farm" class="extiw" title="c:category:Animal Farm">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Animal_Farm" class="extiw" title="q:Animal Farm">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1396889" class="extiw" title="d:Q1396889">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=201410E7">Animal Farm</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gutenberg.net.au/plusfifty-n-z.html#orwell">Animal Farm</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg_Australia" title="Project Gutenberg Australia">Project Gutenberg Australia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://literapedia.wikispaces.com/Animal+Farm">Animal Farm Book Notes from Literapedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107005746/http://literapedia.wikispaces.com/Animal+Farm">Archived</a> 7 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051024060250/http://www.netcharles.com/orwell/essays/letters-agent-af.htm">Excerpts from Orwell's letters to his agent concerning Animal Farm</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070108225314/http://www.antigonishreview.com/bi-111/111-pyle.html">Literary Journal review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://home.iprimus.com.au/korob/Orwell.html">Orwell's original preface to the book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091230181828/http://home.iprimus.com.au/korob/Orwell.html">Archived</a> 30 December 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/history/etol/writers/molyneux/1989/xx/orwell.html">Animal Farm Revisited</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Molyneux_(academic)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Molyneux (academic)">John Molyneux</a>, International Socialism, 44 (1989)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/works/animal-farm">Animal Farm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220102173035/http://www.bl.uk/works/animal-farm">Archived</a> 2 January 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at the British Library</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Animal_Farm" title="Template:Animal Farm"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Animal_Farm" title="Template talk:Animal Farm"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Animal_Farm" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Animal Farm"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Orwell&#039;s_Animal_Farm82" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>'s <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animal Farm</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Major" title="Old Major">Old Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_(Animal_Farm)" title="Napoleon (Animal Farm)">Napoleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowball_(Animal_Farm)" title="Snowball (Animal Farm)">Snowball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squealer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Squealer (Animal Farm)">Squealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_(Animal_Farm)" title="Boxer (Animal Farm)">Boxer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_(Animal_Farm)" title="Benjamin (Animal Farm)">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilkington_(Animal_Farm)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilkington (Animal Farm)">Pilkington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jones_(Animal_Farm)" title="Jones (Animal Farm)">Mr. Jones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthems_in_Animal_Farm" title="Anthems in Animal Farm">Anthems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Adaptations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1954_film)" title="Animal Farm (1954 film)">1954 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(1999_film)" title="Animal Farm (1999 film)">1999 film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poshu_Khamar" title="Poshu Khamar">Poshu Khamar</a> (2006 play)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(opera)" title="Animal Farm (opera)">2023 opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm_(2025_film)" title="Animal Farm (2025 film)">2025 film</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspired music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animals_(Pink_Floyd_album)" title="Animals (Pink Floyd album)">Animals (Pink Floyd album)</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Pigs_on_the_Wing" title="Pigs on the Wing">Pigs on the Wing</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Dogs_(Pink_Floyd_song)" title="Dogs (Pink Floyd song)">Dogs</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pigs_(Three_Different_Ones)" title="Pigs (Three Different Ones)">Pigs (Three Different Ones)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sheep_(Pink_Floyd_song)" title="Sheep (Pink Floyd song)">Sheep</a>"</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Piggies" title="Piggies">Piggies</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Orwell103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:George_Orwell" title="Template:George Orwell"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:George_Orwell" title="Template talk:George Orwell"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:George_Orwell" title="Special:EditPage/Template:George Orwell"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Orwell103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/George_Orwell_bibliography" title="George Orwell bibliography">Bibliography</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Novels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Days" title="Burmese Days">Burmese Days</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Clergyman%27s_Daughter" title="A Clergyman's Daughter">A Clergyman's Daughter</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_the_Aspidistra_Flying" title="Keep the Aspidistra Flying">Keep the Aspidistra Flying</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Up_for_Air" title="Coming Up for Air">Coming Up for Air</a> (1939)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animal Farm</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> (1949)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nonfiction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Down_and_Out_in_Paris_and_London" title="Down and Out in Paris and London">Down and Out in Paris and London</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Road_to_Wigan_Pier" title="The Road to Wigan Pier">The Road to Wigan Pier</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homage_to_Catalonia" title="Homage to Catalonia">Homage to Catalonia</a> (1938)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Essays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Hanging" title="A Hanging">A Hanging</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Spike_(essay)" title="The Spike (essay)">The Spike</a>" (1931)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Bookshop_Memories" title="Bookshop Memories">Bookshop Memories</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shooting_an_Elephant" title="Shooting an Elephant">Shooting an Elephant</a>" (1936)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spilling_the_Spanish_Beans" title="Spilling the Spanish Beans">Spilling the Spanish Beans</a>" (1937)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Boys%27_Weeklies" title="Boys' Weeklies">Boys' Weeklies</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale" title="Inside the Whale">Inside the Whale</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/My_Country_Right_or_Left" title="My Country Right or Left">My Country Right or Left</a>" (1940)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Art_of_Donald_McGill" title="The Art of Donald McGill">The Art of Donald McGill</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/England_Your_England" title="England Your England">England Your England</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Lion_and_the_Unicorn:_Socialism_and_the_English_Genius" title="The Lion and the Unicorn: Socialism and the English Genius">The Lion and the Unicorn</a>" (1941)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Poetry_and_the_Microphone" title="Poetry and the Microphone">Poetry and the Microphone</a>" (1943)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Raffles_and_Miss_Blandish" title="Raffles and Miss Blandish">Raffles and Miss Blandish</a>" (1944)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Good_Bad_Books" title="Good Bad Books">Good Bad Books</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Nationalism" title="Notes on Nationalism">Notes on Nationalism</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sporting_Spirit" title="The Sporting Spirit">The Sporting Spirit</a>" (1945)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Lear,_Tolstoy_and_the_Fool" title="Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool">Lear, Tolstoy and the Fool</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_English_People_(essay)" title="The English People (essay)">The English People</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Toward_European_Unity" title="Toward European Unity">Toward European Unity</a>" (1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Reflections_on_Gandhi" title="Reflections on Gandhi">Reflections on Gandhi</a>" (1949)</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="19464" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1946</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Books_v._Cigarettes" title="Books v. Cigarettes">Books v. Cigarettes</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Book_Reviewer" title="Confessions of a Book Reviewer">Confessions of a Book Reviewer</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Decline_of_the_English_Murder" title="Decline of the English Murder">Decline of the English Murder</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Good_Word_for_the_Vicar_of_Bray" title="A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray">A Good Word for the Vicar of Bray</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/How_the_Poor_Die" title="How the Poor Die">How the Poor Die</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Moon_Under_Water" title="The Moon Under Water">The Moon Under Water</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_Nice_Cup_of_Tea" title="A Nice Cup of Tea">A Nice Cup of Tea</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Pleasure_Spots" title="Pleasure Spots">Pleasure Spots</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_and_the_English_Language" title="Politics and the English Language">Politics and the English Language</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Politics_of_Starvation" title="The Politics of Starvation">The Politics of Starvation</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Politics_vs._Literature:_An_Examination_of_Gulliver%27s_Travels" class="mw-redirect" title="Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels">Politics vs. Literature: An Examination of Gulliver's Travels</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Prevention_of_Literature" title="The Prevention of Literature">The Prevention of Literature</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Riding_Down_from_Bangor_(essay)" title="Riding Down from Bangor (essay)">Riding Down from Bangor</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Thoughts_on_James_Burnham" title="Second Thoughts on James Burnham">Second Thoughts on James Burnham</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Some_Thoughts_on_the_Common_Toad" title="Some Thoughts on the Common Toad">Some Thoughts on the Common Toad</a>" (1946)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Why_I_Write" title="Why I Write">Why I Write</a>" (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950s</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Such,_Such_Were_the_Joys" title="Such, Such Were the Joys">Such, Such Were the Joys</a>" (1952)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/As_I_Please" title="As I Please">As I Please</a>" (1943–1947)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/London_Letters" title="London Letters">London Letters</a>" (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betrayal_of_the_Left" title="Betrayal of the Left">Betrayal of the Left</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Whale_and_Other_Essays" title="Inside the Whale and Other Essays">Inside the Whale and Other Essays</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Essays_(Orwell)" title="Critical Essays (Orwell)">Critical Essays</a> (1946)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orwellian" title="Orwellian">Orwellian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Searchlight_Books" title="Searchlight Books">Searchlight Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secker_and_Warburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Secker and Warburg">Secker and Warburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Gollancz_Ltd" title="Victor Gollancz Ltd">Victor Gollancz Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_O%27Shaughnessy" class="mw-redirect" title="Eileen O'Shaughnessy">Eileen O'Shaughnessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Orwell" title="Sonia Orwell">Sonia Orwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell%27s_list" title="Orwell's list">Orwell's list</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_%26_Us" title="Eric & Us">Eric & Us</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Orwell_Matters" title="Why Orwell Matters">Why Orwell Matters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Award" title="Orwell Award">Orwell Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orwell_Prize" title="Orwell Prize">Orwell Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Orwell_Foundation" title="The Orwell Foundation">The Orwell Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_George_Orwell" title="Statue of George Orwell">Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Portal</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella187" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Template:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Template talk:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo_Award_Best_Novella" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hugo Award Best Novella"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella187" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo Award</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Best Novella</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella#Retro_Hugos" title="Hugo Award for Best Novella">Retro Hugos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Who_Goes_There%3F" title="Who Goes There?">Who Goes There?</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_W._Campbell" title="John W. Campbell">Don A. Stuart</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%22If_This_Goes_On%E2%80%94%22" title=""If This Goes On—"">"If This Goes On—"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waldo_(short_story)" title="Waldo (short story)">Waldo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Little_Prince" title="The Little Prince">The Little Prince</a> by <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_Saint-Exup%C3%A9ry" title="Antoine de Saint-Exupéry">Antoine de Saint-Exupéry</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killdozer!_(short_story)" title="Killdozer! (short story)">Killdozer!</a> by <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Sturgeon" title="Theodore Sturgeon">Theodore Sturgeon</a> (1945)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Animal Farm</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Sold_the_Moon" title="The Man Who Sold the Moon">The Man Who Sold the Moon</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Heinlein" title="Robert A. Heinlein">Robert A. Heinlein</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Case_of_Conscience" title="A Case of Conscience">A Case of Conscience</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Blish" title="James Blish">James Blish</a> (1954)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1968–1980</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riders_of_the_Purple_Wage" title="Riders of the Purple Wage">Riders of the Purple Wage</a> by <a href="/wiki/Philip_Jos%C3%A9_Farmer" title="Philip José Farmer">Philip José Farmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dragonflight_(novel)" title="Dragonflight (novel)">Weyr Search</a> by <a href="/wiki/Anne_McCaffrey" title="Anne McCaffrey">Anne McCaffrey</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightwings_(novella)" title="Nightwings (novella)">Nightwings</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1969)</li> <li>Ship of Shadows by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ill_Met_in_Lankhmar" title="Ill Met in Lankhmar">Ill Met in Lankhmar</a> by <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Leiber" title="Fritz Leiber">Fritz Leiber</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_of_Air_and_Darkness_(novella)" title="The Queen of Air and Darkness (novella)">The Queen of Air and Darkness</a> by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Word_for_World_Is_Forest" title="The Word for World Is Forest">The Word for World Is Forest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_K._Le_Guin" title="Ursula K. Le Guin">Ursula K. Le Guin</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Who_Was_Plugged_In" title="The Girl Who Was Plugged In">The Girl Who Was Plugged In</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Song_for_Lya_(novella)" title="A Song for Lya (novella)">A Song for Lya</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Legion_(Zelazny_stories)" class="mw-redirect" title="My Name Is Legion (Zelazny stories)">Home Is the Hangman</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1976)</li> <li>By Any Other Name by <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Houston,_Houston,_Do_You_Read%3F" title="Houston, Houston, Do You Read?">Houston, Houston, Do You Read?</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_Tiptree_Jr." title="James Tiptree Jr.">James Tiptree Jr.</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardance" title="Stardance">Stardance</a> by <a href="/wiki/Spider_Robinson" title="Spider Robinson">Spider Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Robinson" title="Jeanne Robinson">Jeanne Robinson</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Persistence_of_Vision_(short_story)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Persistence of Vision (short story)">The Persistence of Vision</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enemy_Mine_(novella)" title="Enemy Mine (novella)">Enemy Mine</a> by <a href="/wiki/Barry_B._Longyear" title="Barry B. Longyear">Barry B. Longyear</a> (1980)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981–1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Dorsai" title="Lost Dorsai">Lost Dorsai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gordon_R._Dickson" title="Gordon R. Dickson">Gordon R. Dickson</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Saturn_Game" title="The Saturn Game">The Saturn Game</a> by <a href="/wiki/Poul_Anderson" title="Poul Anderson">Poul Anderson</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souls_(story)" title="Souls (story)">Souls</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joanna_Russ" title="Joanna Russ">Joanna Russ</a> (1983)</li> <li>Cascade Point by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Zahn" title="Timothy Zahn">Timothy Zahn</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Enter" title="Press Enter">Press Enter</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Varley_(author)" title="John Varley (author)">John Varley</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/24_Views_of_Mt._Fuji,_by_Hokusai" title="24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai">24 Views of Mt. Fuji, by Hokusai</a> by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Zelazny" title="Roger Zelazny">Roger Zelazny</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_in_the_Outback" title="Gilgamesh in the Outback">Gilgamesh in the Outback</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Silverberg" title="Robert Silverberg">Robert Silverberg</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_for_Eye" title="Eye for Eye">Eye for Eye</a> by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_of_the_Winnebagos" title="The Last of the Winnebagos">The Last of the Winnebagos</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vorkosigan_Saga" title="Vorkosigan Saga">The Mountains of Mourning</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Hemingway_Hoax" title="The Hemingway Hoax">The Hemingway Hoax</a> by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Haldeman" title="Joe Haldeman">Joe Haldeman</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beggars_in_Spain" title="Beggars in Spain">Beggars in Spain</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kress" title="Nancy Kress">Nancy Kress</a> (1992)</li> <li>Barnacle Bill the Spacer by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Shepard" title="Lucius Shepard">Lucius Shepard</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_in_the_Bottomlands" title="Down in the Bottomlands">Down in the Bottomlands</a> by <a href="/wiki/Harry_Turtledove" title="Harry Turtledove">Harry Turtledove</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Views_of_Olduvai_Gorge" title="Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge">Seven Views of Olduvai Gorge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mike_Resnick" title="Mike Resnick">Mike Resnick</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_Future#"The_Death_of_Captain_Future"" title="Captain Future">The Death of Captain Future</a> by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_of_the_Dragon_(novella)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood of the Dragon (novella)">Blood of the Dragon</a> by <a href="/wiki/George_R._R._Martin" title="George R. R. Martin">George R. R. Martin</a> (1997)</li> <li>...Where Angels Fear to Tread by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Steele" title="Allen Steele">Allen Steele</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_(novella)" title="Oceanic (novella)">Oceanic</a> by <a href="/wiki/Greg_Egan" title="Greg Egan">Greg Egan</a> (1999)</li> <li>The Winds of Marble Arch by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Ultimate Earth by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Williamson" title="Jack Williamson">Jack Williamson</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Collected_Stories_of_Vernor_Vinge#"Fast_Times_at_Fairmont_High"" title="The Collected Stories of Vernor Vinge">Fast Times at Fairmont High</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraline" title="Coraline">Coraline</a> by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cookie_Monster_(novella)" title="The Cookie Monster (novella)">The Cookie Monster</a> by <a href="/wiki/Vernor_Vinge" title="Vernor Vinge">Vernor Vinge</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Atrocity_Archives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Atrocity Archives">The Concrete Jungle</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inside_Job_(novella)" title="Inside Job (novella)">Inside Job</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2006)</li> <li>A Billion Eves by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Reed_(author)" title="Robert Reed (author)">Robert Reed</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Seated_on_the_Ground" title="All Seated on the Ground">All Seated on the Ground</a> by <a href="/wiki/Connie_Willis" title="Connie Willis">Connie Willis</a> (2008)</li> <li>The Erdmann Nexus by <a href="/wiki/Nancy_Kress" title="Nancy Kress">Nancy Kress</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palimpsest_(novella)" title="Palimpsest (novella)">Palimpsest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011–2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Lifecycle_of_Software_Objects" title="The Lifecycle of Software Objects">The Lifecycle of Software Objects</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ted_Chiang" title="Ted Chiang">Ted Chiang</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Man_Who_Bridged_the_Mist" title="The Man Who Bridged the Mist">The Man Who Bridged the Mist</a> by <a href="/wiki/Kij_Johnson" title="Kij Johnson">Kij Johnson</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emperor%27s_Soul" title="The Emperor's Soul">The Emperor's Soul</a> by <a href="/wiki/Brandon_Sanderson" title="Brandon Sanderson">Brandon Sanderson</a> (2013)</li> <li>Equoid by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stross" title="Charles Stross">Charles Stross</a> (2014)</li> <li>(No award given) (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binti_(novella)" title="Binti (novella)">Binti</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nnedi_Okorafor" title="Nnedi Okorafor">Nnedi Okorafor</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Every_Heart_a_Doorway" title="Every Heart a Doorway">Every Heart a Doorway</a> by <a href="/wiki/Seanan_McGuire" title="Seanan McGuire">Seanan McGuire</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_Systems_Red" title="All Systems Red">All Systems Red</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Murderbot_Diaries" title="The Murderbot Diaries">Artificial Condition</a> by <a href="/wiki/Martha_Wells" title="Martha Wells">Martha Wells</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Is_How_You_Lose_the_Time_War" title="This Is How You Lose the Time War">This Is How You Lose the Time War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Amal_El-Mohtar" title="Amal El-Mohtar">Amal El-Mohtar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Gladstone" title="Max Gladstone">Max Gladstone</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Empress_of_Salt_and_Fortune" title="The Empress of Salt and Fortune">The Empress of Salt and Fortune</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nghi_Vo" title="Nghi Vo">Nghi Vo</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Psalm_for_the_Wild-Built" title="A Psalm for the Wild-Built">A Psalm for the Wild-Built</a> by <a href="/wiki/Becky_Chambers" title="Becky Chambers">Becky Chambers</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Where_the_Drowned_Girls_Go" title="Where the Drowned Girls Go">Where the Drowned Girls Go</a> by <a href="/wiki/Seanan_McGuire" title="Seanan McGuire">Seanan McGuire</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thornhedge" title="Thornhedge">Thornhedge</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ursula_Vernon" title="Ursula Vernon">T. Kingfisher</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and 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class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/21px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/32px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/42px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_bookcase.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Books</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/21px-Book_collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/32px-Book_collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Book_collection.jpg/42px-Book_collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="299" data-file-height="238" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Novels" title="Portal:Novels">Novels</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Dragon-149393.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/18px-Dragon-149393.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/28px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Dragon-149393.svg/37px-Dragon-149393.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="529" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Speculative_fiction" title="Portal:Speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/19px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/29px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/38px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Soviet_Union" title="Portal:Soviet Union">Soviet 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class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/184247291">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1357727/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4279895-4">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2014144000">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11985856j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11985856j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35867878">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX2115710">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000352248&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007592630705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02791934X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/work/e7f79309-abb4-44d0-94d3-77a9719968ec">MusicBrainz work</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&oldid=1276109969">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Animal_Farm&oldid=1276109969</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Animal_Farm" title="Category:Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1945_British_novels" title="Category:1945 British novels">1945 British novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Allegory" title="Category:Allegory">Allegory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_novellas" title="Category:British novellas">British novellas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_novels_adapted_into_films" title="Category:British novels adapted into films">British novels adapted into films</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_novels_adapted_into_plays" title="Category:British novels adapted into plays">British novels adapted into plays</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_novels_adapted_into_television_shows" title="Category:British novels adapted into television shows">British novels adapted into television shows</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_political_novels" title="Category:British political novels">British political novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_satirical_novels" title="Category:British satirical novels">British satirical novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_cats" title="Category:Novels about cats">Novels about cats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cattle_in_literature" title="Category:Cattle in literature">Cattle in literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Censored_books" title="Category:Censored books">Censored books</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_dogs" title="Category:Novels about dogs">Novels about dogs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dystopian_novels" title="Category:Dystopian novels">Dystopian novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_novels" title="Category:English novels">English novels</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hugo_Award_for_Best_Novella%E2%80%93winning_works" title="Category:Hugo Award for Best Novella–winning works">Hugo Award for Best Novella–winning works</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_animals" title="Category:Novels about animals">Novels about animals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_propaganda" title="Category:Novels about propaganda">Novels about propaganda</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_revolutionaries" title="Category:Novels about revolutionaries">Novels about revolutionaries</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Novels_about_totalitarianism" title="Category:Novels about totalitarianism">Novels about 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