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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Kobold" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Kobold" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Overview </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nomenclature_and_origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nomenclature_and_origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Nomenclature and origins </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nomenclature_and_origins-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nomenclature and origins subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nomenclature_and_origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kobold_as_generic_term" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kobold_as_generic_term"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Kobold as generic term </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kobold_as_generic_term-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Glossed_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Glossed_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Glossed sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Glossed_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ur-origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ur-origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Ur-origins </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ur-origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kobold_as_doll" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kobold_as_doll"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3.1 Kobold as doll </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kobold_as_doll-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grimm's_alternate_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grimm's_alternate_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Grimm's alternate etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grimm's_alternate_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflation_with_mine_spirit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflation_with_mine_spirit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Conflation with mine spirit </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflation_with_mine_spirit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Visitors_from_mines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visitors_from_mines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 Visitors from mines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visitors_from_mines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subtypes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subtypes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Subtypes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Subtypes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Subtypes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Doll_or_puppet_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doll_or_puppet_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Doll or puppet names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doll_or_puppet_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mandrake_root_dolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mandrake_root_dolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Mandrake root dolls </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mandrake_root_dolls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cretin_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cretin_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Cretin names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cretin_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pet_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pet_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Pet names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pet_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apparel_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparel_names"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Apparel names </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparel_names-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cat-shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cat-shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Cat-shape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cat-shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poltergeists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poltergeists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Poltergeists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poltergeists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Milk-lovers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milk-lovers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.7 Milk-lovers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milk-lovers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heinzelmännchen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heinzelmännchen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.8 Heinzelmännchen </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heinzelmännchen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.9 Miscellaneous </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Characteristics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_description" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_description"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Physical description </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_description-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Physical description subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_description-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Red_cap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Red_cap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Red cap </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Red_cap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Invisibility_and_true_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Invisibility_and_true_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Invisibility and true form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Invisibility_and_true_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-True_identity_as_child's_ghost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#True_identity_as_child's_ghost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2.1 True identity as child's ghost </div> </a> <ul id="toc-True_identity_as_child's_ghost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Goldemar's_traces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Goldemar's_traces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Goldemar's traces </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Goldemar's_traces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fire_phenomena" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fire_phenomena"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Fire phenomena </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fire_phenomena-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Animal form </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Activities_and_interactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Activities_and_interactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Activities and interactions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Activities_and_interactions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Activities and interactions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Activities_and_interactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Offerings_and_retributions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offerings_and_retributions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Offerings and retributions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offerings_and_retributions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_dairy_lore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_dairy_lore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Other dairy lore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_dairy_lore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good-evil_duality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good-evil_duality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Good-evil duality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good-evil_duality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_fortune" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Good_fortune"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Good fortune </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Good_fortune-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eradication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eradication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Eradication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eradication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_specialized_kobolds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_specialized_kobolds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Other specialized kobolds </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_specialized_kobolds-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Other specialized kobolds subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Other_specialized_kobolds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Klabautermann" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Klabautermann"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Klabautermann </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Klabautermann-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parallels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parallels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Parallels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parallels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literary_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Literary references </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatrical_and_musical_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatrical_and_musical_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Theatrical and musical works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatrical_and_musical_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Games_and_D&D_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games_and_D&D_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Games and D&D literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games_and_D&D_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fantasy_novels_and_anime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fantasy_novels_and_anime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Fantasy novels and anime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fantasy_novels_and_anime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Kobold</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" > 24 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="كوبولد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوبولد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="কোবোল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কোবোল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Коболд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Коболд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koboldo" title="Koboldo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Koboldo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF" title="کوبولد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوبولد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BD%94%EB%B3%BC%ED%8A%B8" title="코볼트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="코볼트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կոբոլդներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոբոլդներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coboldo" title="Coboldo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Coboldo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold_(mesealak)" title="Kobold (mesealak) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kobold (mesealak)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold_(folklore)" title="Kobold (folklore) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kobold (folklore)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9C%E3%83%AB%E3%83%88" title="コボルト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コボルト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Кобольды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кобольды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobold" title="Kobold – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kobold" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Кобольд – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Кобольд" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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.hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the sprite from Germanic folklore. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Kobold_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Kobold (disambiguation)">Kobold (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Kobald_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Kobald (disambiguation)">Kobald</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Evans_(1895)-Nymphs-p033-kobold.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="kobold of Hildesheim" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Evans_%281895%29-Nymphs-p033-kobold.jpg/220px-Evans_%281895%29-Nymphs-p033-kobold.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Evans_%281895%29-Nymphs-p033-kobold.jpg/330px-Evans_%281895%29-Nymphs-p033-kobold.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Evans_%281895%29-Nymphs-p033-kobold.jpg/440px-Evans_%281895%29-Nymphs-p033-kobold.jpg 2x" data-file-width="453" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>The kobold of Hildesheim<div style="float:right;">―Illustrated by William A. McCullough, Nymphs, Nixies and Naiads (1895)<a href="#cite_note-evans1895-1">[1]</a></div></figcaption></figure> A kobold (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>German: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈkoːbɔlt]</a>; kobolt, kobolde, kobolde,<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-2">[2]</a> cobold) is a general or generic name for the <a href="/wiki/Household_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Household spirit">household spirit</a> in <a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a>. A hausgeist. It may invisibly make noises (i.e., be a <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a>), or helpfully perform kitchen chores or stable work. But it can be a prankster as well. It may expect a bribe or offering of milk, etc. for its efforts or good behaviour. When mistreated (cf. fig. right), its reprisal can be utterly cruel.<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> A hütchen (<a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hodeken" class="mw-redirect" title="Hodeken">hodeken</a>) meaning "little hat" is one subtype; this and other kobold sprites are known for its pointy red cap, such as the niss (cognate of <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">nisse</a> of Norway) or puk (cognate of <a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">puck</a> fairy) which are attested in Northern Germany, alongside drak, a dragon-type name, as the sprite is sometimes said to appear as a shaft of fire, with what looks like a head. There is also the combined form <a href="/wiki/Nis_Puk" title="Nis Puk">Nis Puk</a>. A house sprite <a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a> is a shape-shifter assuming many forms, such as a feather or animals. The name supposedly refers to it appearing in cat-form, Hinz[e] being an archetypical cat name. The similarly named <a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinzelmänchen">Heinzelmänchen</a> of Cologne (recorded 1826) is distinguished from Hinzelmann.<a href="#cite_note-hinzelmann-heinzelmann-8">[7]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a> is cross-categorized as a wood sprite and a house sprite, and some regional examples correspond to kobold, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a> in northern Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Ranke-schrat-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> The kobold is sometimes conflated with the mine demon kobel or Bergmännlein/Bergmännchen, which <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a> equated with the earth elemental <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a>. It is generally noted that there can be made no clear demarcation between a kobold and nature spirits.<a href="#cite_note-Lurker-dict-kobold-12">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a> aboard ships are sometimes classed as a kobold. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> A kobold is known by various names (discussed under <a href="#Subtypes">§ Subtypes</a>). As a household spirit, it may perform chores such as tidying the kitchen, but can be prankish, and when mistreated can resort to retribution, sometimes of the utmost cruelty. It is often said to require the household to put out sweet milk (and bread, bread soup) as offering to keep it in good behaviour. The legend of the house sprite's retribution is quite old. The tale of the hütchen (or <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">hodekin</a> in Low German, meaning "little hat"; tale retold as Grimms <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Sagen" title="Deutsche Sagen">Deutsche Sagen</a> No. 74) is set in the historical background after c. 1130, and attested in a work c. 1500.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[b]</a> This sprite that haunted the castle of the Bishop of <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>,<a href="#cite_note-schelwig-stift-16">[14]</a> retaliated against a kitchen boy who splashed filthy water on it (Cf. fig. top right) by leaving the lad's <a href="/wiki/Dismemberment" title="Dismemberment">dismembered</a> body cooking in a pot. Likewise the resident Chimmeken of Mecklenburg Castle, in 1327, allegedly chopped up a kitchen boy into pieces after he took and drank the milk offered to the sprite, according to an anecdote recorded by historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kantzow" title="Thomas Kantzow">Thomas Kantzow</a> (d. 1542). The story of the "multi-formed" <a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a> (Grimms DS No. 75)<a href="#cite_note-17">[15]</a> features a typical house sprite, tidying the kitchen, repaying insolence, etc. Though normally invisible, it is a <a href="/wiki/Shapeshifter" class="mw-redirect" title="Shapeshifter">shapeshifter</a> as its byname suggests. When the lord of <a href="/wiki/Hudem%C3%BChlen_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudemühlen Castle">Hudemühlen Castle</a> flees to <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, the sprite transforms into a feather to follow the horse carriage. It also appears as a marten and serpent after attempts at expelling it. A kobold by the similar name Heintzlein (Heinzlein) was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heinzlein-var-18">[c]</a> Although a group of house sprite names (Heinz, Heinzel, Heinzchen, Heinzelman, Hinzelman, Hinzemännchen, etc.) are considered to derive from <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">diminutive pet name</a> of "Heinrich", the name Hinzelmann goes deeper, and alludes to the spirit appearing in the guise of a cat, the name Hinz[e] being an archetypical name for cats. Also Hinzelmann and <a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Heinzelmänchen">Heinzelmänchen</a> of Cologne are considered different house sprites altogether, the latter categorized as one of "literary" nature.<a href="#cite_note-hinzelmann-heinzelmann-8">[7]</a> The house sprite names Chim or Chimken, Chimmeken, etc. are diminutive informal names of Joachim. But its true form is often said to be that of a small child, sometimes only felt to be as such by the touch of the hand, but sometimes a female servant eager to see it is shown a dead body of a child (cf. Hinzelmann). The folklore was current in some regions, e.g. Vogtland that the kobold was the soul of a child who died unbaptized. The Grimms (Deutsche Sagen) also seconded the notion of "kobold" appearing as a child wearing a pretty jacket, but <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a> (Deutsche Mythologie) stated contrarily that kobolds are red-haired and red-bearded, without examples. Later commentators noted that the house sprite <a href="/wiki/Peterm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Petermännchen">Petermännchen</a> sports a long, white beard. The <a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a> is red-haired and white-bearded according to a published source.<a href="#cite_note-19">[d]</a> The kobold often has the tendency to wear red pointy hats, a widely disseminated mark of European household spirits under other names such as the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">nisse</a>; the North or Northeastern German kobolds named Niss or Puk (cog. <a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">puck</a>) are prone to wearing such caps. The combined form <a href="/wiki/Nis_Puk" title="Nis Puk">Nis Puk</a> is also known. In the north the house sprite may be known by the dragon-like name drak, said to appear in a form like a fire shaft. Sometimes household sprites manifests as a noisemaker (<a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a>). It may first be such a rattler, then an invisible speaker, then a sprite doing chores, etc. and gradually making its presence and personality more clear (see <a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hintzelmann</a> tale). In some regions, the kobold is held to be the soul of a prematurely killed child (<a href="#True_identity_as_child's_ghost">§ True identity as child's ghost</a>). They may be hard to eradicate, but it is often said that a gift of an article of clothing will cause them to leave.<a href="#cite_note-gift-clothes-20">[e]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[20]</a> The klopfer is a "noisemaker" or <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a> type of kobold name, while the poppele and butz (which Grimm and others considered to be noise inspired) are classed as names referring to a doll or figurine.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold-5">[4]</a> The name kobold itself might be classed in this "doll" type group, as the earliest instances of use of the word kobold in 13th century <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> refers jokingly to figurines made of wood or wax,<a href="#cite_note-lexer-kobolt-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500–501-27">[22]</a> and the word assumptively also meant "household spirit" in MHG,<a href="#cite_note-29">[24]</a> and certainly something of a "household deity" in the post-medieval period (gloss dated 1517).<a href="#cite_note-trochus-lares-kobolte-31">[26]</a> The etymology of kobold that Grimm supported derived the word from Latin cobalus (Greek κόβαλος, <a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">kobalos</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883502-32">[27]</a> but this was also <a href="/wiki/Georg_Agricola" class="mw-redirect" title="Georg Agricola">Georg Agricola</a>'s Latin/Greek cypher for kobel, syn. <a href="/wiki/Berggeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Berggeist">Bergmännlein</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berggeist" class="extiw" title="de:Berggeist">de</a>] denoting mine spirits, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[31]</a> This Greek etymology has been superseded by the Germanic one explaining the word as the compound kob/kof 'house, chamber' + walt 'power, authority' (cf. <a href="/wiki/Cobalt#etymology" title="Cobalt">cobalt#etymology</a>). The <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtel" title="Gütel">gütel</a> has a variant heugütel, a <a href="/wiki/Hayloft" title="Hayloft">hayloft</a> or stable kobold, which tampers with horses. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nomenclature_and_origins">Nomenclature and origins</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nomenclature and origins">edit</a>]</div> The "kobold" is defined as the well-known <a href="/wiki/Household_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Household spirit">household spirit</a>, descended from household gods and hearth deities, according to Grimms' dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-DW-kobold1-38">[33]</a> However, <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> "kóbolt, kobólt" is defined as "wooden or waxen figures of a <a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">nixie</a>-ish (neckische) house spirit", used in jest.<a href="#cite_note-lexer-kobold-39">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kobold_as_generic_term">Kobold as generic term</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Kobold as generic term">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praetorius(1668)-p0000-08hau%C3%9Fm%C3%A4nner-kobolde-g%C3%BCtgen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-08hau%C3%9Fm%C3%A4nner-kobolde-g%C3%BCtgen.jpg/220px-Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-08hau%C3%9Fm%C3%A4nner-kobolde-g%C3%BCtgen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-08hau%C3%9Fm%C3%A4nner-kobolde-g%C3%BCtgen.jpg/330px-Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-08hau%C3%9Fm%C3%A4nner-kobolde-g%C3%BCtgen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-08hau%C3%9Fm%C3%A4nner-kobolde-g%C3%BCtgen.jpg/440px-Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-08hau%C3%9Fm%C3%A4nner-kobolde-g%C3%BCtgen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Household spirit, kobold, or gütgen<div style="float:right;">―engraving by Thomas Cross, Sr. (fl. 1632-1682), frontispiece to Praetorius (1668) [1666] Anthropodemus Plutonicus.</div></figcaption></figure> The term "kobold" was being used as general or generic term for "house spirit" known by other names even before Grimm, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Francisci" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus Francisci">Erasmus Francisci</a> (1690) who discusses the hütchen tale under the section on "Kobold".<a href="#cite_note-francisci1690-40">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[f]</a> The book Hintzelmann (published 1701, second edition 1704) was an expanded reworking by an anonymous author, based on the older-dated diaries of Pastor Feldmann (fl. 1584–1589)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiesewetter18909–10-42">[36]</a> also used "kobold" and "poltergeist" in commentary,<a href="#cite_note-43">[37]</a> but this cannot be considered an independent source since the book (i.e., the rewriter) cites Erasmus Francisci elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmann1704230,_251,_254-44">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[g]</a> Both these were primary sources for the kobold tales in Grimms' Deutsche Sagen, No. 74, 75. Praetorius (1666) discussed the household spirit under names such as Hausmann (dat. pl. haußmännern [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], kobold, gütgen, and Latin equivalents.<a href="#cite_note-46">[39]</a> Steier (1705) glossing kobold as "Spiritus familiaris"<a href="#cite_note-steier-dict1705-47">[40]</a> perhaps indicates kobold being considered a generic term. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Glossed_sources">Glossed sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Glossed sources">edit</a>]</div> It is a relatively late vocabularius where kobelte is glossed as (i.e., analogized as) the Roman house and hearth deities "<a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a>" and <a href="/wiki/Penates" class="mw-redirect" title="Penates">Penates</a>, as in Trochus (1517),<a href="#cite_note-trochus-lares-kobolte-31">[26]</a> or "kobold" with "Spiritus familiaris" as in Steier (1705).<a href="#cite_note-steier-dict1705-47">[40]</a> While the term "kobold" is attested in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> glossaries,<a href="#cite_note-lexer-kobold-39">[34]</a> they may not corroborate a "house spirit" meaning. The terms kobult together with bancstichil, alp, more to gloss procubus in <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Diefenbach" title="Lorenz Diefenbach">Diefenbach</a>'s<a href="#cite_note-diefenbach-dict-procubare-48">[41]</a> source (Breslauer's Vocabularius, 1340<a href="#cite_note-diefenbach-dict-sources-49">[42]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-50">[43]</a> may (?) suggest "kobold" being regarded more like an <a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">alp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">mare</a> which are dream demons. But indications are that these Germanic household deities were current in the older periods, attested by Anglo-Saxon cofgodu (glossed "penates") <a href="#cite_note-lexer-kobolt-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-grein-cof-28">[23]</a> and Old High German (<a href="/wiki/Old_Frankish" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Frankish">Old Frankish</a>) <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old High German language">Old High German</a>: hûsing, herdgota for house or hearth deities also glossed as penates.<a href="#cite_note-notker-husing-53">[46]</a> <dl><dt>(Middle High German location spirit stetewalden)</dt></dl> There is an attestation to a kobold-like name for a house or location spirit, given as stetewalden<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193329-54">[47]</a> by Frater Rudolfus of the 13th century,<a href="#cite_note-55">[48]</a> meaning "ruler of the site" (genius loci).<a href="#cite_note-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020-7">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-johansons1962-56">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ur-origins">Ur-origins</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ur-origins">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Otto Schrader</a> also observed that "cult of the hearth-fire" developed into "tutelary house deities, localized in the home", and the German kobold and the Greek <a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">agathós daímōn</a> both fit this evolutionary path.<a href="#cite_note-59">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The kobalt etymology as consisting of kob "chamber" + walt "ruler, power, authority", with the meaning of "<a href="/wiki/Household_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Household spirit">household spirit</a>" has been advanced by various authors, as early as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Wilhelm_Michael_Grein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Wilhelm Michael Grein (page does not exist)">Christian W. M. Grein</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Michael_Grein" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Wilhelm Michael Grein">de</a>] (1861–1864) who postulated a form *kobwalt, quoted in Grimms' dictionary.<a href="#cite_note-grein-cof-28">[23]</a> Other writers such as Müller-Fraureuth (1906) also weighed in on the question of its etymology.<a href="#cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-63">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[58]</a> Other linguists such as <a href="/wiki/Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Otto Schrader</a> (1908) suggested ancestral (<a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>) *kuba-walda "the one who rules the house".<a href="#cite_note-Schrader1908-57">[50]</a> Dowden (2002) offers the hypothetical precursor *kofewalt.<a href="#cite_note-Dowden2000-61">[54]</a> The kob/kub/kuf- root is possibly related to <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>/Icelandic: kofe "chamber",<a href="#cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-63">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-johansson1883-66">[59]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a>: chubisi "house".<a href="#cite_note-johansson1883-66">[59]</a> and the English word "cove" in the sense of 'shelter'.<a href="#cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-63">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[i]</a> This is now accepted as the standard etymology.<a href="#cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobold-70">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lurker-dict-kobold-12">[11]</a> Even though the Grimm brothers were aware of it,<a href="#cite_note-71">[62]</a> Jacob Grimm seemingly endorsed a different etymology (<a href="#Grimm's_alternate_etymology">§ Grimm's alternate etymology</a>), though this eventually got displaced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911134-64">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-kretschmer1928-72">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kobold_as_doll">Kobold as doll</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kobold as doll">edit</a>]</div> There are no attested uses of the word "kobold" (Middle High German: kobolt) prior to the 13th century. Grimm opines that earlier uses may have existed, but remain undiscovered or lost.<a href="#cite_note-73">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[j]</a> The earliest known uses of the word kobold in 13th century <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> refer jokingly to figurines made of wood or wax.<a href="#cite_note-lexer-kobolt-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500–501-27">[22]</a> The exemplum in <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Konrad von Würzburg">Konrad von Würzburg</a>'s poem (<1250) refers to a man as worthless as a kobold-doll made from <a href="/wiki/Buxus_sempervirens" title="Buxus sempervirens">boxwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501-75">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[k]</a> This use does not directly support the notion of the kobold being regarded as a spirit or deity. The scenario conjectured by Grimm (seconded by <a href="/wiki/Karl_Simrock" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Simrock">Karl Simrock</a> in 1855) was that home sprites used to be carved from wood or wax and set up in the house, as objects of earnest veneration, but as the age progressed, they degraded into humorous or entertaining pieces of décor.<a href="#cite_note-78">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[69]</a> <dl><dt>(Stringed puppet)</dt></dl> The kobolt and Tatrmann were also boxwood puppets manipulated by wires, which performed in puppet theater in the medieval period, as evident from example usage.<a href="#cite_note-graesse1856-81">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[71]</a> The traveling <a href="/wiki/Juggler" class="mw-redirect" title="Juggler">juggler</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Gaukler) of yore used to make a kobold doll appear out of their coats, and make faces with it to entertain the crowd.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501–502-83">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-graesse1856-81">[70]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley" title="Thomas Keightley">Thomas Keightley</a> comments that legends and folklore about kobolds can be explained as "ventriloquism and the contrivances of servants and others".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850254-84">[73]</a> The 17th century expression to laugh like a kobold may refer to these dolls with their mouths wide open, and it may mean "to laugh loud and heartily".<a href="#cite_note-85">[74]</a> <dl><dt>(Dumb doll insult)</dt></dl> There are other medieval literary examples using kobold or tatrmann as a metaphor for mute or dumb human beings.<a href="#cite_note-86">[75]</a> Note that some of the kobold synonyms are specifically classified as Kretinnamen, under the slander for stupidity category in the HdA, as aforementioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193331–32-87">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grimm's_alternate_etymology">Grimm's alternate etymology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Grimm's alternate etymology">edit</a>]</div> Joseph Grimm in Teutonic Mythology gave the etymology of kobold/kobolt as derived from Latin cobalus (pl. cobali) or rather its antecedent Greek koba'los (pl. kobaloi; <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Κόβαλος, plural: Κόβαλοι) meaning "joker, trickster".<a href="#cite_note-cobalos-trickster-91">[l]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[m]</a> The final -olt he explained as typical <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German language</a> suffix for monsters and supernaturals.<a href="#cite_note-Grimm-DM-cobalus-96">[83]</a> The derivation of kobold from Greek kobalos is not original to Grimm, and he credits <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wachler" title="Ludwig Wachler">Ludwig Wachler</a> (1737).<a href="#cite_note-98">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911132-99">[86]</a> Thus the generic "goblin"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500-52">[45]</a> is a cognate of "kobold" according to Grimm's etymology, and perhaps even a descendant word deriving from "kobold".<a href="#cite_note-Dowden2000-61">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[87]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> kabout, kabot, <a href="/wiki/Kabouter" title="Kabouter">kabouter</a>, kaboutermanneken, etc., were also regarded as deriving from cabolus by Grimm, citing Dutch linguist <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Kiliaan" title="Cornelis Kiliaan">Cornelis Kiliaan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883502-32">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflation_with_mine_spirit">Conflation with mine spirit</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Conflation with mine spirit">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt#etymology" title="Cobalt">Cobalt § etymology</a></div> Jacob Grimm certainly knew that kobel and Bergmännlein (=Bergmännchen<a href="#cite_note-102">[n]</a>) were the proper terms Agricola used for "mine spirits" since his Deutsche Mythologie quoted these terms from <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> (16th cent.) in the annotation volume.<a href="#cite_note-grimm-DM-kobel-103">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[o]</a> But Grimms' dictionary, while admitting that the mine spirit went by the name kobel, considered that word merely to be a variant or offshoot of kobold (for the house spirit). The dictionary stated under "kobold" that kobel must be a diminutive cognate <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nebenform" class="extiw" title="wikt:Nebenform">Nebenform</a>).<a href="#cite_note-106">[91]</a> And under "kobalt" it considered the name of <a href="/wiki/Cobalt" title="Cobalt">cobalt</a> ore derived from the supposed mischief caused by the kobold or <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bergeist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bergeist (page does not exist)">Bergmännchen</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergeist" class="extiw" title="de:Bergeist">de</a>] (mountain manikin, mountain spirit) in these mines.<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobalt-107">[92]</a> Thus unsurprisingly, later writers have continued referring to mine spirits as "kobolds", or to consider "kobold" to be both house spirit and mine spirit in a wider sense<a href="#cite_note-110">[95]</a> (cf. <a href="#Literary_references">§ Literary references</a>, <a href="#Fantasy_novels_and_anime">§ Fantasy novels and anime</a>). At any rate it is recognized that the original "house spirit" kobold got conflated with the "mine spirit", also known as kobel.<a href="#cite_note-111">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Visitors_from_mines">Visitors from mines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Visitors from mines">edit</a>]</div> Spiritualist <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Emma Hardinge Britten</a> (1884) recorded a story about a "kobolds" in the mines who communicated with local German residents (of <a href="/wiki/Harz_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Harz Mountains">Harz Mountains</a>?) using banging sounds, and fulfilled the promise to visit their homes. Extracted as real-life experience from a Mrs. Kalodzky, who was visiting peasants named Dorothea and Michael Engelbrecht.<a href="#cite_note-112">[97]</a> As promised, these kobolds appeared in the house in shadow as small human-like figures "more like a little image carved out of black shining wood".<a href="#cite_note-113">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[p]</a> The informant claims she and her husband<a href="#cite_note-115">[q]</a> have both seen the beings since, and described them as "diminutive black dwarfs about two or three feet in height, and at that part which in the human being is occupied by the heart, they carry the round luminous circle", and the sighting of the circle is more common than the dwarfish beings.<a href="#cite_note-britten1884-109">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subtypes">Subtypes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Subtypes">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>(Other house spirits)</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:402px;border-color:#ccc"><div style="position:relative;width:400px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kobold is located in Germany"><img alt="Kobold is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/400px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="474" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/600px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/800px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:57.177%;left:75%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="[Erzgebirge]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/7px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/10px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/14px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">[Erzgebirge]</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:54.861%;left:101.16%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="[Riesengebirge]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/7px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/10px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/14px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">[Riesengebirge]</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.676%;left:79.083%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="[Berlin]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/7px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/10px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/14px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">[Berlin]</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:41.765%;left:51.172%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="[Harz Mts.]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/7px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/10px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/14px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">[Harz Mts.]</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:63.924%;left:63.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="[Fichtelgebirge]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/7px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="7" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/10px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Blank_subnational_shield.svg/14px-Blank_subnational_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">[Fichtelgebirge]</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:56.751%;left:68%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Güttel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/10px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/15px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/20px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Güttel</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.937%;left:23.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Poppele" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/10px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/15px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/20px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Poppele</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:42.405%;left:90%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Güttel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Legenda_kopalnia.svg/10px-Legenda_kopalnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Legenda_kopalnia.svg/15px-Legenda_kopalnia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Legenda_kopalnia.svg/20px-Legenda_kopalnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Güttel</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:61.392%;left:63.3%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Schretzelein" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wikimoji-B-blue.svg/10px-Wikimoji-B-blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wikimoji-B-blue.svg/15px-Wikimoji-B-blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wikimoji-B-blue.svg/20px-Wikimoji-B-blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Schretzelein</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:37.342%;left:44.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Hüdeken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/10px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/15px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/20px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Hüdeken</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:29.544%;left:40.83%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Hinzelmann" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/10px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/15px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/20px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Hinzelmann</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:59.132%;left:74.547%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Katzen-veit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/10px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/15px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/20px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Katzen-veit</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:75.519%;left:45.7%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Klopfer" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wikimoji-D-green.svg/10px-Wikimoji-D-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wikimoji-D-green.svg/15px-Wikimoji-D-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wikimoji-D-green.svg/20px-Wikimoji-D-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Klopfer</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:26.165%;left:22.16%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Alrun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/10px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/15px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/20px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Alrun</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:23.633%;left:20.66%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Alrun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/10px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/15px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/20px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Alrun</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:11.823%;left:43.66%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Woltken・Chimken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/10px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/15px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/20px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Woltken・Chimken</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:9.494%;left:37.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Niß-Puk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/10px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/15px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/20px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-E-purple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/10px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/15px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/20px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a>Niß-Puk</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:15.987%;left:59.71%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Chimmeken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/10px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/15px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/20px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Chimmeken</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:14.987%;left:85.16%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Pûks・ Drak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/10px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/15px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/20px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Pûks・ <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-I-lime.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/10px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/15px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/20px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a>Drak</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:52.704%;left:14.528%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Heinzelmänchen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg/10px-Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg/15px-Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg/20px-Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Heinzelmänchen</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.696%;left:78.59%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Puk・Drak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/10px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/15px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/20px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Puk・<a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-I-lime.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/10px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/15px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/20px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a>Drak</div></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.557%;left:73.17%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-5px;top:-5px"><img alt="Drak" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/10px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/15px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/20px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:6px"><div style="background-color:transparent">Drak</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" title="File:Germany adm location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Kobold or Hausgeist names in Germany, by categories (sample)<a href="#cite_note-116">[r]</a> A. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-A.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/10px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/15px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Wikimoji-A.svg/20px-Wikimoji-A.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a> [Doll] Güttel,<a href="#cite_note-119">[101]</a> Poppele<a href="#cite_note-122">[104]</a>. B. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-B-blue.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wikimoji-B-blue.svg/10px-Wikimoji-B-blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wikimoji-B-blue.svg/15px-Wikimoji-B-blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Wikimoji-B-blue.svg/20px-Wikimoji-B-blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a> [Cretin] Schretzelein<a href="#cite_note-125">[107]</a> C. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/10px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/15px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg/20px-Wikimoji-C-yellow.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a> a) [Apparel] Hüdeken<a href="#cite_note-126">[108]</a> b) [Beastform] Hinzelmann,<a href="#cite_note-128">[110]</a> Kazten-veit<a href="#cite_note-129">[111]</a> D. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-D-green.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wikimoji-D-green.svg/10px-Wikimoji-D-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wikimoji-D-green.svg/15px-Wikimoji-D-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Wikimoji-D-green.svg/20px-Wikimoji-D-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a> [Noise] Klopfer<a href="#cite_note-131">[113]</a> E. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-E-purple.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/10px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/15px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Wikimoji-E-purple.svg/20px-Wikimoji-E-purple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a> [Person name] Chimmeken<a href="#cite_note-133">[115]</a> Woltken, Chimken<a href="#cite_note-135">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nis_Puk" title="Nis Puk">Niß-Puk</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-nisspuk-categ-138">[s]</a> G. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-G-orange.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/10px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/15px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Wikimoji-G-orange.svg/20px-Wikimoji-G-orange.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a> [Demon] Puk<a href="#cite_note-140">[121]</a> H. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg/10px-Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg/15px-Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg/20px-Wikimoji-H-fuchsia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a> [Literary] Heinzelmänchen <a href="#cite_note-141">[122]</a> I. <a href="/wiki/File:Wikimoji-I-lime.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/10px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/15px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Wikimoji-I-lime.svg/20px-Wikimoji-I-lime.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="516" /></a> [Dragon] Drak.<a href="#cite_note-145">[126]</a> Alrun <a href="#cite_note-147">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Legenda_kopalnia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Legenda_kopalnia.svg/10px-Legenda_kopalnia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Legenda_kopalnia.svg/15px-Legenda_kopalnia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Legenda_kopalnia.svg/20px-Legenda_kopalnia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a> = "mine spirit". </div></div></div> The term kobold has slipped into becoming a generic term, translatable as goblin, so that all manners of household spirits (hausgeister) became classifiable as "types" of kobold. Such alternate names for the kobold house sprite are classified by type of naming (A. As doll, B. As pejoratives for stupidity, C. Appearance-based, D. Characteristics-based, E. Diminutive <a href="/wiki/Pet_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pet name">pet name</a> based), etc., in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handw%C3%B6rterbuch_des_deutschen_Aberglaubens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (page does not exist)">Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handw%C3%B6rterbuch_des_deutschen_Aberglaubens" class="extiw" title="de:Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens">de</a>] (HdA).<a href="#cite_note-150">[t]</a><a href="#cite_note-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold-5">[4]</a> A geographical map of Germany labeled with the different regional appellations has appeared in a 2020 publication.<a href="#cite_note-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020-7">[6]</a> Grimm, after stating that the list of kobold (or household spirit) in German lore can be long, also adds the names Hütchen and Heinzelmann.<a href="#cite_note-151">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Doll_or_puppet_names">Doll or puppet names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Doll or puppet names">edit</a>]</div> The term kobold in its earliest usage suggest it to be a wooden doll (Cf. §Origins under <a href="#Doll_or_idol">§ Doll or idol</a> below). A synonym for kobold in that sense includes Tatrmann, which is also attested in the medieval period.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501-75">[65]</a> What is clear is that these kobold dolls were puppets used in plays and by travelling showmen, based on 13th century writings. They were also known as tatrmann and described as manipulated by wires. Either way, the idol or puppet was invoked rhetorically in writing by the <a href="/wiki/Minstrel" title="Minstrel">minstrels</a>, etc. to mock <a href="/wiki/Clergymen" class="mw-redirect" title="Clergymen">clergymen</a> or other people.<a href="#cite_note-152">[132]</a> The household spirit names poppele and butz were thought by Grimm to derive from noise-making,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505,_507-153">[133]</a> but the HdA considers them to be doll names. The poppele is thought to be the German word Puppe for doll.<a href="#cite_note-154">[134]</a> The term Butz meanwhile could refer to a "tree trunk", and by extension either "overgrown" or "little", or "stupid" thus is cross-categorized as an example of "cretin names" (category B).<a href="#cite_note-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grimm-DW-butzputz-155">[135]</a> Ranke suggests the meaning of Klotz ("klutz, hunk of wood") or a "small being", with a "noisemaker ghost" is possible by descent from MHG bôzen "to beat, strike".<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Ranke-butz-156">[136]</a> While the MHG dictionary defines Butze as a "knocking[-sound making] kobold" or poltergeist, or frightening form,<a href="#cite_note-lexer-butze-157">[137]</a> Grimm thinks that all MHG usage treats butze as a type of bogey or <a href="/wiki/Scarecrow" title="Scarecrow">scarecrow</a> (Popanz und Vogelscheuch).<a href="#cite_note-Grimm-DW-butzebutz-158">[138]</a> So in some sense, Butz[e] is simply a generic bogeyman (German: <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Butzemann" class="extiw" title="de:Butzemann">Butzemann</a>). And butz[e], while nominally a kobold (house spirit), is almost a generic term for all kinds of spectres in the Alps region.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Ranke-butz-156">[136]</a> The <a href="/wiki/East_Central_German" title="East Central German">East Central German</a> name gütel or güttel (diminutive of "god", i.e. "little god", var. heugütel<a href="#cite_note-koehler1867-118">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-meiche-no389-23">[18]</a>) has been suggested as a kobold synonym of the fetish figurine type.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193331-159">[139]</a> Grimm knew the term but placed the discussion of it under the "<a href="/wiki/Wild_man_of_the_wood" class="mw-redirect" title="Wild man of the wood">Wild man of the woods</a>" section<a href="#cite_note-160">[140]</a> conjecturing the use of güttel as synonymous to götze (i.e., sense of 'idol') in medieval <a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">heroic legend</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[142]</a> The term gütel answers to Agricola's guteli (in Latin) as an alternate common name for the mine spirit (bergmännlein).<a href="#cite_note-agricola-tr-hoover1912-34">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-HdA-Burren-guetel-117">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandrake_root_dolls">Mandrake root dolls</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mandrake root dolls">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mandrake#Alraun" title="Mandrake">Mandrake § Alraun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Praetorius(1668)-p0000-15Pflantzleute-Alraunen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-15Pflantzleute-Alraunen.jpg/220px-Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-15Pflantzleute-Alraunen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Praetorius%281668%29-p0000-15Pflantzleute-Alraunen.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="247" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>Plant-people, Alraun (mandrake) <div style="float:right;">―engraving by Thomas Cross, Sr. (fl. 1632-1682), frontispiece to Praetorius (1668) [1666] Anthropodemus Plutonicus.</div></figcaption></figure> The HdA categorizes Alrune as a dragon name.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> In English, "mandrake" is easily seen as a "-drake" or "dragon" name. In German, a reference needs be made to the Latin form mandragora where -dragora came to be regarded as meaning a dragon.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Marzell-alraun-164">[144]</a> Since the mandrake do not natively grown in Germany, the so-called Alrune dolls were manufactured out of the available roots such as <a href="/wiki/Bryony" class="mw-redirect" title="Bryony">bryony</a> of the gourd family, <a href="/wiki/Gentian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentian">gentian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potentilla_erecta" title="Potentilla erecta">tormentil</a> (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutwurz" class="extiw" title="de:Blutwurz">Blutwurz</a>).<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Marzell-alraun-164">[144]</a>: 316  The lore surrounding them is thus more like a charm whose possession brought luck and fortune, supposedly through the agency of some spirit,<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Marzell-alraun-164">[144]</a>: 319  rather than a house-haunting kobold. The alraune doll was also known by names such as glücksmännchen (generic name for such dolls<a href="#cite_note-Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen-165">[145]</a>) and galgenmännlein.<a href="#cite_note-Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen-165">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-HdA-Marzell-alraun-164">[144]</a> It is a mistake to consider such alraun dolls as completely equivalent to the kobald, the household spirit, in Grimm's opinion.<a href="#cite_note-167">[147]</a> But the kobold kind known as Alrune (alrûne) did indeed exist locally in the folklore of the north, in <a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a>, Lower Saxony.<a href="#cite_note-168">[148]</a> <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157-169">[149]</a> Alrune was also recognized as a kobold-name in Friesland,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157-169">[149]</a> and even Switzerland.<a href="#cite_note-vernaleken1859-170">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[u]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[v]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cretin_names">Cretin names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Cretin names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a></div> The aforementioned butz may allude to a wooden object, or a "dolt" by extension. The <a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a> (Schratte) is also formally categorized as a "cretin name" type of kobold nomenclature in the HdA.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold-5">[4]</a> However, the term Schrat and its variants has remained current in the sense of "house spirit" only in certain parts such as "southeast Germany": more specifically northern Bavaria including the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fichtel_Mountains" title="Fichtel Mountains">Fichtel Mountains</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a> (into Thuringia), and Austria (<a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carinthia" title="Carinthia">Carinthia</a>) according to the various sources the HdA cites.<a href="#cite_note-175">[153]</a> The tale "Schrätel und wasserbär" (kobold and polar bear) had been recorded in <a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a>,<a href="#cite_note-taylor1919-176">[154]</a> and is recognized as a "genuine" kobold tale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke19361288-10">[9]</a> The tale is set in Denmark, whose king received the gift of a polar bear and lodges at a peasant's house infested by a "schretel". But it is driven away by the ferocious bear, which the spirit thinks is a "big cat".<a href="#cite_note-taylor1919-176">[154]</a> Obviously Scandinavian origin is suspected, with the Norwegian version retaining the polar bear which turns into other beasts in Central European variants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1919306–307-177">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>/Icelandic <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/skratti" class="extiw" title="wikt:skratti">skratti</a> meaning "sorcerer, giant" has been listed as cognate forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke19361286-178">[156]</a> There exists a version of this water-bear tale, set in <a href="/wiki/Bad_Berneck_im_Fichtelgebirge" title="Bad Berneck im Fichtelgebirge">Bad Berneck im Fichtelgebirge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Upper_Franconia" title="Upper Franconia">Upper Franconia</a>, where a holzfräulein has been substituted for the schrätel, and the haunting occurring at a miller's, and the "big cat" dispatching the spirit.<a href="#cite_note-179">[157]</a> Still, the forms schrezala and schretselein seemed to be current around Fichtelgebirge (<a href="/wiki/Fichtel_Mountains" title="Fichtel Mountains">Fichtel Mountains</a>), or at least in Upper Franconia region as a sprite haunting a house or stable.<a href="#cite_note-181">[159]</a> The schrezala form is recognized in Vogtland also.<a href="#cite_note-fentsch1865-21">[16]</a> Thus schretzelein is marked in Upper Franconia (around <a href="/wiki/Hof,_Bavaria" title="Hof, Bavaria">Hof, Bavaria</a>) in the location map above, based on additional sources.<a href="#cite_note-182">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[161]</a> A schretzchen reputedly haunted a household at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremnitzm%C3%BChle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kremnitzmühle (page does not exist)">Kremnitzmühle</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremnitzm%C3%BChle" class="extiw" title="de:Kremnitzmühle">de</a>] near <a href="/wiki/Teuschnitz" title="Teuschnitz">Teuschnitz</a>, Upper Franconia, and tended to cattle, washed the dishes, and put out the fire. But when the mistress of the house well-intendedly gave the gift of clothing to the spirit who looked like a six-year old <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/ragamuffin" class="extiw" title="wikt:ragamuffin">ragamuffin</a>, it exclaimed it had been now been given payment and must now leave.<a href="#cite_note-fentsch1865-21">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-gift-clothes-20">[e]</a> However, the forms schrägele, schragerln are marked in Upper Franconia and schretzelein in <a href="/wiki/Lower_Franconia" title="Lower Franconia">Lower Franconia</a> on Schäfer et al.'s map.<a href="#cite_note-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020-7">[6]</a> Forms of schrat as kobold also occurs in Poland as skrzat, glossed in a c. 1500 dictionary as a household spirit (duchy rodowe), also known by variant skrot.<a href="#cite_note-185">[163]</a> The Czech forms (standardized as škrat, škrátek, škrítek) could mean a kobold, but could also denote a "mine spirit" or a <a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">hag</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pet_names">Pet names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pet names">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hypocorism" title="Hypocorism">hypocorism</a></div> There is a roster of names of kobolts or little folk derived from shortened affectionate forms of human names, including Chimken (Joachim), Wolterken (Walter), Niss (Nils).<a href="#cite_note-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames-188">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[167]</a> While Hinz, Hinzelmann, Heinz are categorized as C subtype "beast-shape names" (cat-shape names) in the HdA (Cf. <a href="#Cat-shape">§ Cat-shape</a>, below),<a href="#cite_note-191">[169]</a> The HdA does not explicitly include the child-sprite Heintzlein (Heinzlein) mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Table Talk</a>, which turns out to be the spirit of the unwanted child murdered by its mother (a motif seen by kobolds elsewhere).<a href="#cite_note-heinzlein-var-18">[c]</a> This spirit is renamed "Heinzchen" in Heine's exposition,<a href="#cite_note-luther-apud-heine-193">[171]</a> and perhaps also in Grimm's Deutsche Sagen No. 71 as well.<a href="#cite_note-196">[174]</a> Grimm also lists other variant spellings (heinzelman, hinzelman, hinzemännchen) to be considered together. Grimm's commentary then mentions Heinze as a mountain sprite (<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berggeist" class="extiw" title="de:Berggeist">Berggeist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnome</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Rollenhagen" title="Gabriel Rollenhagen">Rollenhagen</a>'s Froschmeuseler, Heinze being a diminutive (or rather more properly the affectionate shortened forms, or <a href="/wiki/Hypercorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypercorism">hypercorism</a>) of Heinrich.<a href="#cite_note-197">[175]</a> The kobold <a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a> (another diminutive of Heinrich<a href="#cite_note-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames-188">[166]</a>) is particularly associated with Cologne,<a href="#cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen-4">[3]</a> is actually separated out as a "Category H Literary name" in the HdA,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333-198">[176]</a> apparently regarded as a late literary invention or reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-201">[179]</a> The Heinzelmännchen is also clearly distinguished from the Hinzelmann in current scholarship, according to modern linguist <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Seebold" title="Elmar Seebold">Elmar Seebold</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen-4">[3]</a> though they may have beeninterchangeably discussed in the past. Accordingly, a mix of heinzelman, hinzelman" were given as "pet name (shortened human name)" type of kobold names by Grimm,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503–504-202">[180]</a> (cf. <a href="#Heinzelmännchen">§ Heinzelmännchen</a> below and the daughter article <a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a>). Chimke (var. Chimken, Chimmeken), diminutive of <a href="/wiki/Joachim_(given_name)" title="Joachim (given name)">Joachim</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Niederdeutsch_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Niederdeutsch language">Niederdeutsch</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeist</a>; the story of "Chimmeken" dates to c. 1327 and recorded in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kantzow" title="Thomas Kantzow">Thomas Kantzow</a>'s Pomeranian chronicle (cf. <a href="#Offerings_and_retributions">§ Offerings and retributions</a>).<a href="#cite_note-kantzow-ed-kosegarten-132">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[181]</a> Chimgen (Kurd Chimgen<a href="#cite_note-chimgen-forms-206">[184]</a>), and Chim are other forms.<a href="#cite_note-207">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[189]</a> Wolterken, also Low German, is diminutive for Walther, and another piece of household spirit of the <a href="/wiki/Pet_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Pet name">pet name</a> type, Wolterken glossed as "lares" and attested together with "chimken" and "hußnißken" in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Samuel_Meiger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Samuel Meiger (page does not exist)">Samuel Meiger</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Meiger" class="extiw" title="de:Samuel Meiger">de</a>] (1587) Panurgia lamiarum.<a href="#cite_note-meiger1587-212">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503–504-202">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[w]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332–33-215">[192]</a> Nis (Niß) is also explained to be a northern pet name for Nils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apparel_names">Apparel names</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Apparel names">edit</a>]</div> Under the classification of household spirit names based on appearance, a subcategory collects names based on apparel, especially the hat (classification C. a), under which are listed Hütchen, Timpehut, Langhut, etc. and even Hellekeplein,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a>: 35) <a href="#cite_note-216">[193]</a> which is one of the names of a cap or <a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">cloak of invisibility</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[194]</a> To this group belongs the <a href="/wiki/Low_Saxon" title="Low Saxon">Low Saxon</a> form hôdekin (<a href="/wiki/Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Low German language">Low German</a>: <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a>) of the house sprite Hütchen from <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, which wears a felt hat (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Pileus_(hat)" title="Pileus (hat)">pileus</a>).<a href="#cite_note-praetorius-feltcap-222">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883463,_508-223">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850255-224">[201]</a> Grimm also adds the names Hopfenhütel, Eisenhütel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883508-225">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cat-shape">Cat-shape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cat-shape">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Little_white_feather.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/The_Little_white_feather.jpeg/220px-The_Little_white_feather.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/The_Little_white_feather.jpeg/330px-The_Little_white_feather.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/39/The_Little_white_feather.jpeg/440px-The_Little_white_feather.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Hinzelmann was a kobold who haunted <a href="/wiki/Hodenhagen" title="Hodenhagen">Hudemühlen Castle</a>.<div style="float:right;">―<a href="/wiki/Willy_Pog%C3%A1ny" class="mw-redirect" title="Willy Pogány">Willy Pogány</a> illustr. (1912), "The Little White Feather" in The Fairies and the Christmas Child ed. Gask<a href="#cite_note-gask1912-226">[203]</a></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a></div> The kobold <a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a> or Hintzelmann<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann-127">[109]</a> is completely distinguishable from the "literary" kobold Heinzelmännchen according to modern scholarship<a href="#cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen-4">[3]</a> (cf. <a href="#Heinzelmännchen">§ Heinzelmännchen</a>). And while the name Heinzelmann (Heinzelmännchen) is forged from diminutives of Heinrich,<a href="#cite_note-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames-188">[166]</a> more importantly, the names Hinzelmann, Heinzelman (or Hinzelman, Hinzemännchen, etc.,) are names alluding to the kobold's frequent cat-like shape or transformation, and categorized Under type C "Appearance-based", subtype "beast-shape based names" in the HdA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> The analysis is expounded upon by Jacob Grimm, who notes that Hinze was the name of the cat in the Reineke (German version of <a href="/wiki/Reynard_the_Fox" title="Reynard the Fox">Reynard the Fox</a>) so it was the common pet name for cats. Thus hinzelman, hinzemännchen are recognized as cat-based names, to be grouped with katermann (from kater "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tom_cat" class="extiw" title="wikt:tom cat">tom cat</a>") which may be precursor to tatermann.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503-227">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> The katzen-veit named after a cat is categorized by Grimm as a "wood sprite", but also discussed under kobold,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883480,_503-228">[205]</a> and classed as a "cat appearance" type kobold name (category C b) in HdA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> Grimm localized the katzen-veit at <a href="/wiki/Fichtelberg" title="Fichtelberg">Fichtelberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503-227">[204]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius_(writer)" title="Johannes Praetorius (writer)">Prateorius</a> also recognized this as the lore of the <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a> region,<a href="#cite_note-duennhaupt1980-bibl-praetorius-229">[206]</a> though Praetorius's work published (1692) under the pseudonym Lustigero Wortlibio claims katzen-veit to be a famous "cabbage spirit" in the Hartzewalde (in <a href="/wiki/Elbingerode" title="Elbingerode">Elbingerode</a>, now part of <a href="/wiki/Oberharz_am_Brocken" title="Oberharz am Brocken">Oberharz am Brocken</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Harz" title="Harz">Harz</a> mountains, cf. map).<a href="#cite_note-duennhaupt1980-bibl-praetorius-229">[206]</a> The Hitzelmann that haunted <a href="/wiki/Hudem%C3%BChlen_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudemühlen Castle">Hudemühlen Castle</a> in Lower Saxony was described at length by Pastor Feldmann Der vielförmige Hintzelmann (1704). As the title suggests, this Hinzelmann was a many and varied shapeshifter, transforming into a white feather,<a href="#cite_note-230">[207]</a> or a marten, or a serpent.<a href="#cite_note-231">[208]</a> (cf. <a href="#Animal_form">§ Animal form</a>). The kobold appears in the guise of a cat to eat the <a href="/wiki/Panada" title="Panada">panada</a> bribe, in Saintine's version.<a href="#cite_note-232">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poltergeists">Poltergeists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Poltergeists">edit</a>]</div> The HdA’s category D consists of kobold names from their behavioural characteristics, and other than some non-German sprites discussed, these are mainly the <a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">poltergeists</a>, or noise-making spirits (otherwise, they are names derived after their favourite dish, cf. <a href="#Milk-lovers">§ Milk-lovers</a> below).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> The poltergeists include the klopfer ("knocker"),<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS076-klopfer-130">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505-121">[103]</a> hämmerlein,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883180,_505-233">[210]</a> etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> Some poltergeists had been assumed to be named after their noise-making nature in the past, but HdA re-categorized them otherwise as puppet names. So rather than taking poppele to be a form of Puppe "doll", Grimm argued that the poltergeist pophart (or popart)<a href="#cite_note-236">[213]</a>　and poppele　(regionally also popel, pöpel, pöplemann, popanz, etc.) were related to verb popern meaning to 'soft-knock or thump repeatedly' (or popeln, boppeln "noisemaking"<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Jacoby-boppelgebet-234">[211]</a>), with a side meaning of a 'muffled (masked, covered-up) ghost to frighten children'.<a href="#cite_note-237">[214]</a> Likewise, though Grimm thought butz was reference to noise,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883507-238">[215]</a> even though butz seems to refer to a "tree trunk" and thus, had been classed as A for doll-name by HdA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grimm-DW-butzputz-155">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rumpelstilzchen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumpelstilzchen">Rumpelstilzchen</a> of Grimms' KHM No. 55 (as well as the Rumpelstilt mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Fischart" title="Johann Fischart">Johann Fischart</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[216]</a>) are discussed as a poltergeist type of kobold by Grimm as well,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505-121">[103]</a> though not formally admitted under this poltergeist category of kobold names in the HdA. The name Rumpelstilts is composed of Rumpel meaning "(crumpled) noise" and Stilz, Stilt with several meanings such as "<a href="/wiki/Stilts" title="Stilts">stilts</a>", a pair of poles used as extension of legs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERand201938–39-240">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Milk-lovers">Milk-lovers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Milk-lovers">edit</a>]</div> In category D, there are names deriving from their favorite food being the bowl of milk, namely napfhans ("Potjack")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505-121">[103]</a>and the Swiss beckli meaning "milk vat" (cf. <a href="#Offerings_and_retributions">§ Offerings and retributions</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Heinzelmännchen">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_-_53080734345_-_Jack_Zipes_Historic_Fairy_Tale_Postcard_Collection_-_Herrfurth,_Oskar_(German,_1862-1934).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_-_53080734345_-_Jack_Zipes_Historic_Fairy_Tale_Postcard_Collection_-_Herrfurth%2C_Oskar_%28German%2C_1862-1934%29.jpg/220px-Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_-_53080734345_-_Jack_Zipes_Historic_Fairy_Tale_Postcard_Collection_-_Herrfurth%2C_Oskar_%28German%2C_1862-1934%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_-_53080734345_-_Jack_Zipes_Historic_Fairy_Tale_Postcard_Collection_-_Herrfurth%2C_Oskar_%28German%2C_1862-1934%29.jpg/330px-Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_-_53080734345_-_Jack_Zipes_Historic_Fairy_Tale_Postcard_Collection_-_Herrfurth%2C_Oskar_%28German%2C_1862-1934%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_-_53080734345_-_Jack_Zipes_Historic_Fairy_Tale_Postcard_Collection_-_Herrfurth%2C_Oskar_%28German%2C_1862-1934%29.jpg/440px-Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_-_53080734345_-_Jack_Zipes_Historic_Fairy_Tale_Postcard_Collection_-_Herrfurth%2C_Oskar_%28German%2C_1862-1934%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Heinzelmännchen <div style="float:right;">—<a href="/wiki/Oskar_Herrfurth" title="Oskar Herrfurth">Herrfurth, Oskar</a> (1926 or earlier)</div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a></div> The Heinzelmännchen of Cologne resemble short, naked men. Like typical house sprites, they were said to perform household chores such as baking bread, laundry, etc. But they remained beyond sight of humans.<a href="#cite_note-weyden1826-241">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-keightley1828-242">[219]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weyden" title="Ernst Weyden">Ernst Weyden</a> (1826), bakers in the city until the late 18th century never needed hired help because, each night, the kobolds known made as much bread as a baker could need. However, the people of the various shops could not suppress their curiosity at seeing them, and schemed to see them. A tailor's wife strewed peas on the stairs to trip up and hope to see them. Such endeavors caused the sprites to disappear from all the shops in Cologne, before around the year 1780.<a href="#cite_note-244">[221]</a> This house sprite is included as kobold, but is considered a literary retelling, based on the fact the knowledge about the sprite had been spread by <a href="/wiki/August_Kopisch" title="August Kopisch">August Kopisch</a>'s ballad (1836).<a href="#cite_note-245">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous">edit</a>]</div> Other house spirits categorized as "K. Other names" by the HdA are mönch,: 74  herdmannl, schrackagerl.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333–34-246">[223]</a> The mönch lore is widespread from Saxony to Bavaria.<a href="#cite_note-247">[224]</a> King Goldemar, king of dwarfs, is also re-discussed under the household spirit commentary by Grimm, presumably because he became a guest to the human king Neveling von Hardenberg at his <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hardenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Hardenstein">Castle Hardenstein</a> for three years,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883453,_466,_509-248">[225]</a> making a dwarf sort of a household spirit on a limited-term basis. For cognate beings of kobolds or house spirits in non-German cultures, see <a href="#Parallels">§ Parallels</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Characteristics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kobold_artlibre_jnl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kobold_artlibre_jnl.jpg/220px-Kobold_artlibre_jnl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kobold_artlibre_jnl.jpg/330px-Kobold_artlibre_jnl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Kobold_artlibre_jnl.jpg/440px-Kobold_artlibre_jnl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="1300" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of a Kobold</figcaption></figure> The kobold is linked to a specific household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985140-249">[226]</a> Some legends claim that every house has a resident kobold, regardless of its owners' desires or needs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857223-250">[227]</a> The means by which a kobold enters a new home vary from tale to tale. Should someone take pity on a kobold in the form of a cold, wet creature and take it inside to warm it, the spirit takes up residence there.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_46-251">[228]</a> A tradition from <a href="/wiki/Perleberg" title="Perleberg">Perleberg</a> in northern Germany says that a homeowner must follow specific instructions to lure a kobold to their house. They must go on <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_St._John_the_Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Nativity of St. John the Baptist">St John's Day</a> between noon and one o'clock, into the forest. When they find an anthill with a bird on it, they must say a certain phrase, which causes the bird to transform into a small human. The figure then leaps into a bag carried by the homeowner, and they can then transfer the kobold to their home.<a href="#cite_note-252">[229]</a> Even if servants come and go, the kobold stays.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985140-249">[226]</a> House kobolds usually live in the hearth area of a house,<a href="#cite_note-Rose_40,_183-253">[230]</a> although some tales place them in less frequented parts of the home, in the woodhouse,<a href="#cite_note-254">[231]</a> in barns and stables, or in the beer cellar of an inn. At night, such kobolds do chores that the human occupants neglected to finish before bedtime:<a href="#cite_note-Rose_40,_183-253">[230]</a> They chase away pests, clean the stables, feed and groom the cattle and horses, scrub the dishes and pots, and sweep the kitchen.<a href="#cite_note-Praetorius1666-255">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintine1862287-256">[233]</a> The wolterkens, wolterken is described as a spirit that scrapes the horse (that is to say, with the <a href="/wiki/Currycomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Currycomb">currycomb</a> or in German, <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striegel_(Tierpflege)" class="extiw" title="de:Striegel (Tierpflege)">Striegel</a>) in their stalls, feeds the swine to fatten them, and draws water and carries it over to the cattle to drink.<a href="#cite_note-260">[237]</a> Other kobolds help tradespeople and shopkeepers. Kobolds are spirits and, as such, part of a spiritual realm. However, as with other European spirits, they often dwell among the living.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi1986p._4,_note*-261">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintine1862289-262">[239]</a> The spirit's doings, and how humans interact will be discussed further below (<a href="#Activities_and_interactions">§ Activities and interactions</a>) Kobolds can take on the appearance of children, be dressed a certain way, or manifest as non-human animals, fire, humans, and objects.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi1986p._4,_note*-261">[238]</a> This is further discussed below (<a href="#Physical_description">§ Physical description</a>) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_description">Physical description</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Physical description">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldmann(1704)-Hinzelmann-p023a-Hinzelmann-mit-Fl%C3%BCgeln.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p023a-Hinzelmann-mit-Fl%C3%BCgeln.jpg/200px-Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p023a-Hinzelmann-mit-Fl%C3%BCgeln.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="359" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p023a-Hinzelmann-mit-Fl%C3%BCgeln.jpg/300px-Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p023a-Hinzelmann-mit-Fl%C3%BCgeln.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p023a-Hinzelmann-mit-Fl%C3%BCgeln.jpg/400px-Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p023a-Hinzelmann-mit-Fl%C3%BCgeln.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1229" /></a><figcaption>Winged Hintzelmann in the household.<div style="float:right;">―Der vielförmige Hintzelmann, Feldmann (1704), Ch. 2</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saintine_(1862)-illust-Dore-p288-Kobold%26cuisini%C3%A8re.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p288-Kobold%26cuisini%C3%A8re.jpg/220px-Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p288-Kobold%26cuisini%C3%A8re.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p288-Kobold%26cuisini%C3%A8re.jpg/330px-Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p288-Kobold%26cuisini%C3%A8re.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p288-Kobold%26cuisini%C3%A8re.jpg/440px-Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p288-Kobold%26cuisini%C3%A8re.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>The kobold Chim helps the kitchen maid<div style="float:right;">―Illustrated by Gustav Doré, Saintine (1862) Mythologie du Rhin</div></figcaption></figure> There seems to be contradictory opinion on whether a kobold should be generally regarded as boyish looking, or more elderly and bearded. An earlier edition (1819) of the <a href="/wiki/Brockhaus_Enzyklop%C3%A4die" title="Brockhaus Enzyklopädie">Brockhaus Enzyklopädie</a> gives the childlike description,<a href="#cite_note-AllgReal-Ency-kobold-263">[240]</a> however, a later edition (1885) amends to the view of an elderly looking kobold, with a beard.<a href="#cite_note-Allgemeine-Ency-kobold-264">[241]</a> Yet actual instances of a bearded household kobold seems to concentrate on one lone example or two.<a href="#cite_note-265">[242]</a> The lore that a kobold, when spotted is often seen as a young child wearing a pretty jacket is presented in Grimms Deutsche Sagen (1816), No.71 "Kobold".<a href="#cite_note-266">[243]</a> And a cherubic, winged child illustration occurs in the 1704 printed book narrative of the kobold, Hintzelmann (cf. right). The bearded look was underscored by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>'s Deutsche Mythlogie where the kobold was ascribed red hair and beard, without specific examples.<a href="#cite_note-huetchen-267">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[x]</a> Simrock summarized that "they" (apparently applying broadly to dwarfs, house spirits, wood sprites, and subterranean folk tend to have red hair and red beard,<a href="#cite_note-269">[y]</a> as well as red clothing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimrock1855481-270">[245]</a> The example of <a href="/wiki/Peterm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Petermännchen">Petermännchen</a> of Schwerin<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimrock1855481-270">[245]</a> is a story that mentions its white beard,<a href="#cite_note-271">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[z]</a> and an instance of a kobold from Mecklenburg, with long white beard and wearing a hood (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Kapuze" class="extiw" title="wikt:Kapuze">Kapuze</a>) mentioned by Golther<a href="#cite_note-275">[249]</a> is in fact Petermännchen also.<a href="#cite_note-bartsch1879-petermaenchenn-276">[250]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">klabautermann</a> which some reckon to be a ship-kobold<a href="#cite_note-brewer1880-klabotermann-277">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910162–163-278">[252]</a> has been purported to have a fiery red head of hair and white beard.<a href="#cite_note-Obersteuermann-Werner-279">[253]</a> On the kobold assuming the guise of small children, there is a piece of lore that the kobolds are the spirits of dead children and often appear with a knife that represents the means by which they were put to death.<a href="#cite_note-praetorius-childghost-280">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolther1908145-281">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[256]</a> Cf. <a href="#True_identity_as_child's_ghost">§ True identity as child's ghost</a> Other tales describe kobolds appearing as herdsmen looking for work<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_46-251">[228]</a> and little, wrinkled old men in pointed hoods.<a href="#cite_note-Rose_40,_183-253">[230]</a> One 19th century source claimed mine kobolds with black skin were seen by her and her husband multiple times. (cf. <a href="#Visitors_from_mines">§ Visitors from mines</a>).<a href="#cite_note-britten1884-109">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Red_cap">Red cap</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Red cap">edit</a>]</div> Kobolds supposedly also tend to wear a pointy red hat, though Grimm acknowledges that the "red peaky cap" is also the mark of the Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">nisse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-huetchen-267">[244]</a> Grimm mentions the spirit known as hütchen (meaning "little hat" of <a href="/wiki/Felt" title="Felt">felt</a>,<a href="#cite_note-praetorius-feltcap-222">[199]</a> cf. <a href="#Apparel_names">§ Apparel names</a>) immediately after, perhaps as an example of such a cap-wearer. The kobold wearing a red cap and protective pair of boots is reiterated by, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Golther" title="Wolfgang Golther">Wolfgang Golther</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolther1908142-283">[257]</a> Grimm describes household spirits owning fairy shoes or fairy boots, which permits rapid travel over difficult terrain, and compares it to the <a href="/wiki/Seven-league_boots" title="Seven-league boots">league boots</a> of fairytale.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883508–509,_503-284">[258]</a> There is lore concerning the infant-sized <a href="/wiki/Nis_Puk" title="Nis Puk">niss-puk</a> (Niß Puk, Nisspuk var. Neß Puk, where Puk is cognate to English <a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">puck</a>) wearing (pointed) red caps localized in various part of the province of <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, in northernmost Germany adjoining Denmark.<a href="#cite_note-285">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-nisspuk-categ-138">[s]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCllenhoff" title="Karl Müllenhoff">Karl Müllenhoff</a> provided the "kobold" lore of the Schwertmann of Schleswig-Holstein,<a href="#cite_note-289">[263]</a> in his anthology, this tale localized at <a href="/wiki/Rethwisch,_Steinburg" title="Rethwisch, Steinburg">Rethwisch, Steinburg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Krempermarsch" title="Krempermarsch">Krempermarsch</a>).<a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann-290">[264]</a> The Schwertmann was said to dwell in a dönnerkuhle (or donnerloch,<a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff1849-287">[261]</a> "thunder pit", i.e., pit in the ground said to be caused by lightning<a href="#cite_note-kriechbaum1920-291">[265]</a>), which Müllenhoff insists was a "large water pit".<a href="#cite_note-292">[aa]</a><a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann-290">[264]</a> It would emerge from this pit-hole and perpetrate mischief on villagers, but could also (try to) be helpful. It could appear in the guise of fire, and appreciated the gift of shoes, though his burning feet quickly turns them into tatters.<a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann-290">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[ab]</a> According to supposed eyewitness accounts by people in <a href="/wiki/Stapelholm" title="Stapelholm">Stapelholm</a> the Niß Puk<a href="#cite_note-295">[ac]</a> was no larger than a 1 or 1 1/2 year old infant (some say 3-year old)<a href="#cite_note-296">[ad]</a> and had a "large head and long arms, and small but bright cunning eyes",<a href="#cite_note-297">[ae]</a> and wore "red stockings and a long grey or green tick coat..[and] red, peaked cap".<a href="#cite_note-298">[af]</a><a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken-134">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[267]</a> The lore of the house kobold puk<a href="#cite_note-300">[ag]</a> was also current farther east in <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, including now Polish <a href="/wiki/Farther_Pomerania" title="Farther Pomerania">Farther Pomerania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001163–167-301">[268]</a> The kobold-niss-puk was regarded as wearing a "red jacket and cap" in western <a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156-302">[269]</a> The tale of pûks told in Swinemünde (now <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a>)<a href="#cite_note-303">[ah]</a> held that a man's luck ran out when he rebuilt his house and the blessing passed on to his neighbor who reused the old beams. The pûks was witnessed wearing a <a href="/wiki/Cocked_hat" class="mw-redirect" title="Cocked hat">cocked hat</a> (aufgekrämpten Hut), red jacket with shiny buttons.<a href="#cite_note-304">[270]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Invisibility_and_true_form">Invisibility and true form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Invisibility and true form">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saintine_(1862)-illust-Dore-p289-enfant_mort_flottait_dans_tonneau_de_sang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p289-enfant_mort_flottait_dans_tonneau_de_sang.jpg/220px-Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p289-enfant_mort_flottait_dans_tonneau_de_sang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p289-enfant_mort_flottait_dans_tonneau_de_sang.jpg/330px-Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p289-enfant_mort_flottait_dans_tonneau_de_sang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p289-enfant_mort_flottait_dans_tonneau_de_sang.jpg/440px-Saintine_%281862%29-illust-Dore-p289-enfant_mort_flottait_dans_tonneau_de_sang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1341" data-file-height="1037" /></a><figcaption>Kitchen maid wanting to meet the kobold Chim, finds dead child in vat of blood<div style="float:right;">―Illustrated by Gustav Doré, in: Saintine (1862) Mythologie du Rhin</div></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feldmann(1704)-Hinzelmann-p195a-K%C3%BCchinn-und-Kind-2Messer-gesteckt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p195a-K%C3%BCchinn-und-Kind-2Messer-gesteckt.jpg/220px-Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p195a-K%C3%BCchinn-und-Kind-2Messer-gesteckt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p195a-K%C3%BCchinn-und-Kind-2Messer-gesteckt.jpg/330px-Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p195a-K%C3%BCchinn-und-Kind-2Messer-gesteckt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p195a-K%C3%BCchinn-und-Kind-2Messer-gesteckt.jpg/440px-Feldmann%281704%29-Hinzelmann-p195a-K%C3%BCchinn-und-Kind-2Messer-gesteckt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="1205" /></a><figcaption>Female cook expecting to see Hintzelmann in cellar finds child with two knives stuck in heart.<div style="float:right;">―Heintzelmann, by Feldmann (1704), Ch. 18</div></figcaption></figure> The normal invisibility of the Chimgen (or Chim) kobold is explained in legend which tells of a female servant taking a fancy to her house's kobold and asking to see him. The kobold refuses, claiming that to look upon him would be terrifying. Undeterred, the maid insists, and the kobold tells her to meet him later—and to bring along a pail of cold water. The kobold waits for the maid, nude and with a butcher knife in his back. The maid faints at the sight, and the kobold wakes her with the cold water. And she never wished to see the Chimgen<a href="#cite_note-chimgen-forms-206">[184]</a> ever again.<a href="#cite_note-305">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850252-306">[272]</a> In one variant, the maid urges her favourite kobold named Heinzchen (or actually Heintzlein<a href="#cite_note-luther1566-307">[273]</a>) to see him in his natural state, and is then led to the cellar, where she is shown a dead baby floating in a cask full of blood; years before, the woman had borne a bastard child, killed it, and hidden it in such a cask.{{Refm|<a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> (1566) Tischreden (<a href="/wiki/Table_Talk_(Luther)" title="Table Talk (Luther)">Table Talk</a>),<a href="#cite_note-luther1566-307">[273]</a> translated in <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, pp. 140–141, via Dobeneck.</ref><a href="#cite_note-309">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-310">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="True_identity_as_child's_ghost">True identity as child's ghost</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: True identity as child's ghost">edit</a>]</div> Saintine follows the story above with a piece of lore that kobolds are regarded as (ghosts of) infants, and the tail ("caudal appendage") that they have represent the knife used to kill them.<a href="#cite_note-311">[277]</a> What Praetorius (1666) stated was that the goblin haunting a house often appeared in the guise of children with knives stuck in their backs, revealing them to be ghosts of children murdered in that manner.<a href="#cite_note-praetorius-childghost-280">[254]</a> The lore that the kobold's true identity is the soul of a child who died unbaptized was current in the Vogland (including such belief held for the gutel of Erzgebirge).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910149–150-24">[19]</a> Like the soul, the kobold can assume any shape, even "sheer fire".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910152-312">[278]</a> Cf. Grimm, the lore that unbaptized children become pilweisse (<a href="/wiki/Bilwis" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilwis">bilwis</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/bilwis" class="extiw" title="de:bilwis">de</a>])<a href="#cite_note-315">[ai]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[281]</a> Also, the <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrlicht" class="extiw" title="de:Irrlicht">Irrlicht</a> (≈ will-o'-the-wisp), called Dickepôten locally in the southern Altmark, were said to be the souls of unbaptized children.<a href="#cite_note-317">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[286]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Goldemar's_traces">Goldemar's traces</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Goldemar's traces">edit</a>]</div> Although <a href="/wiki/King_Goldemar" title="King Goldemar">King Goldemar</a> (or Goldmar), a famous kobold from <a href="/wiki/Castle_Hardenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Castle Hardenstein">Castle Hardenstein</a>, had hands "thin like those of a frog, cold and soft to the feel", he never showed himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256-322">[287]</a> King Goldemar was said to sleep in the same bed with Neveling von Hardenberg. He demanded a place at the table and a stall for his horses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256-322">[287]</a> The master of <a href="/wiki/Hudem%C3%BChlen_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudemühlen Castle">Hudemühlen Castle</a>, where Heinzelmann lived, convinced the kobold to let him touch him one night. When a man threw ashes and tares about to try to see King Goldemar's footprints, the kobold cut him to pieces, put him on a spit, roasted him, boiled his legs and head, and ate him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256–257-323">[288]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fire_phenomena">Fire phenomena</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Fire phenomena">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hertz(1922)Bruder_Rausch-illustr-Staffen-p080-Feuerm%C3%A4nnlein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/70/Hertz%281922%29Bruder_Rausch-illustr-Staffen-p080-Feuerm%C3%A4nnlein.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="167" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>Feuermännlein (little "fiery man") <div style="float:right;">―Franz Staffen (illustr.) in Hertz (1922)[1882] Bruder Rausch: ein Klostermärchen, 10te Abenteur</div></figcaption></figure> The kobold is said to appear as an oscillating fire-pillar ("stripe") with a part resembling a head, but appears in the guise of a black cat when it lands and is no longer airborne (<a href="/wiki/Altmark" title="Altmark">Altmark</a>, Saxony).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155-143">[124]</a> Benjamin Thorpe likens this to similar lore about the <a href="/wiki/Drak_(mythology)" title="Drak (mythology)">dråk</a> ("drake") in Swinemünde (now <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Awinouj%C5%9Bcie" title="Świnoujście">Świnoujście</a>), Pomerania.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155-143">[124]</a> A legend from the same period taken from <a href="/wiki/Pech%C3%BCle" title="Pechüle">Pechüle</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Luckenwald" class="mw-redirect" title="Luckenwald">Luckenwald</a>, says that a drak (apparently corrupted from Drache meaning "drake" or "dragon"<a href="#cite_note-324">[289]</a>) or kobold flies through the air as a blue stripe and carries grain. "If a knife or a fire-steel be cast at him, he will burst, and must let fall what which he is carrying".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156-302">[269]</a> Some legends say the fiery kobold enters and exits a house through the chimney.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_53-320">[285]</a> Legends dating to 1852 from western <a href="/wiki/Uckermark" title="Uckermark">Uckermark</a> ascribe both human and fiery features to the kobold; he wears a red jacket and cap and moves about the air as a fiery stripe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156-302">[269]</a> Such fire associations, along with the name drake, may point to a connection between kobold and dragon myths.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_53-320">[285]</a> A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fire_drake&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fire drake (page does not exist)">fire drake</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%AC%E3%82%A4%E3%82%AF" class="extiw" title="ja:ファイアー・ドレイク">ja</a>] could also refer to the <a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">will-o'-the-wisp</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespearean</a> period.<a href="#cite_note-ShakHenryVIII-ed-boswell1821-325">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[291]</a> And "fire drake" was used as shorthand for dråk of Pomerania<a href="#cite_note-327">[aj]</a> by literary scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Lyman_Kittredge" title="George Lyman Kittredge">George Lyman Kittredge</a>,<a href="#cite_note-328">[ak]</a> who went on to explain, that the German wisps, called Irrlicht or Feuermann ("fiery man") are conflate with, or rather indistinguishable from the German fire-drakes (dråk).<a href="#cite_note-kitteredge-firedrake-329">[292]</a> To the Irrlicht is attached a folk belief about the fire-light being the soul of unbaptized children<a href="#cite_note-331">[294]</a> a motif already noted for the kobold. And the cited story of the Feuermann (<a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lausitz</a> legend) explains it to be a wood-kobold (Waldkobold) which sometimes entered houses and dwelled in the fireplace or chimney, like the <a href="/wiki/Wends" title="Wends">Wendish</a> "drake".<a href="#cite_note-haupt1862-332">[295]</a> But the HdA does not furnish kobold names for "fire" or "wisp", and instead, Dråk, Alf, Rôdjackte which are said to fly through air like an enflamed hay-pole (Wiesbaum) laden with grain or gold (according to Pommeranian lore)<a href="#cite_note-ZfVk01-jahn&meyercohn-333">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910159-334">[297]</a> have all been categorized under the "I dragon names" category.<a href="#cite_note-335">[298]</a> The connection between the fiery drak and the dragon-associated name in the Austrian dialect Tragerl for <a href="/wiki/Shooting_star" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting star">shooting star</a> is commented on by Ranke.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910159-334">[297]</a> (cf. <a href="#Animal_form">§ Animal form</a> below for lore of kobolds hatching from eggs, thus leading to comparisons with <a href="/wiki/Basilisks" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilisks">basilisks</a> and dragons). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_form">Animal form</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Animal form">edit</a>]</div> Other kobolds appear as non-human animals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi1986p._4,_note*-261">[238]</a> Folklorist <a href="/wiki/D._L._Ashliman" title="D. L. Ashliman">D. L. Ashliman</a> has reported kobolds appearing as wet cats and hens.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_46-251">[228]</a> In Pomerania there are several tales specimens that a kobold, puk, or rôdjakte/rôdjackte hatches from a yolk-less chicken egg (Spâei, Sparei),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001163-139">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[301]</a> and in other tales, a kobold (aka "redjacket") appears in a cat's guise<a href="#cite_note-339">[302]</a> or a puk appears as a hen.<a href="#cite_note-340">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001167-341">[304]</a> The comparison is readily made to the legend of the hen-hatched <a href="/wiki/Basilisk" title="Basilisk">basilisk</a>, and Polívka makes further comparisons to lore involving hens and dragons.<a href="#cite_note-polivka1918-342">[305]</a> Thorpe has recorded that the people of Altmark believed that kobolds appeared as black cats while walking the earth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155–156-343">[306]</a> The kobold Hinzelmann could appear as a black <a href="/wiki/Marten" title="Marten">marten</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: schwartzen Marder) and a large snake.<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann-127">[109]</a>: 111 <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850244–245-344">[307]</a> One lexicon glosses the French term for werewolf, <a href="/wiki/Loup-garou" class="mw-redirect" title="Loup-garou">loup-garou</a>, as kobold.<a href="#cite_note-346">[309]</a> This is somewhat underscored by the remark that <a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">werewolf</a> transformation was considered an ability of sorcerers with <a href="/wiki/Unibrow" title="Unibrow">unibrow</a>, which was a physical mark shared with the Schratel spirit (as wood sprite).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimrock1855439-347">[310]</a> These do not comprise an exhaustive list of what forms the kobold can take on. The hinzelmann besides the cat appears as a "dog, hen, red or black bird, buck goat, dragon, and a fiery or bluish form", according to an old encyclopedic entry.<a href="#cite_note-Allgemeine-Ency-kobold-264">[241]</a> Ranke (1910) gave a similar list for kobold transformations which includes <a href="/wiki/Bumblebee" title="Bumblebee">bumblebee</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Hummel" class="extiw" title="wikt:Hummel">Hummel</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910152-312">[278]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Activities_and_interactions">Activities and interactions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Activities and interactions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offerings_and_retributions">Offerings and retributions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Offerings and retributions">edit</a>]</div> A kobold expects to be fed in the same place at the same time each day.<a href="#cite_note-Praetorius1666-255">[232]</a> But it is known that the kobold becomes extremely dedicated to caring for its household, performing the chores and services in its maintenance, as in the case of the Hinzelmann.<a href="#cite_note-348">[311]</a> The association between kobolds and work gave rise to a saying current in 19th-century Germany that a woman who worked quickly "had the kobold" ("sie hat den Kobold").<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimms181691-349">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moore1847-350">[313]</a> Legends tell of slighted kobolds becoming quite malevolent and vengeful,<a href="#cite_note-Rose_40,_183-253">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Praetorius1666-255">[232]</a> afflicting errant hosts with supernatural diseases, disfigurements, and injuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi19865-351">[314]</a> Their pranks range from beating the servants to murdering those who insult them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985139–142-352">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rose_151–2-353">[316]</a> In the story of the Chimmeken of the <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg_Castle" title="Mecklenburg Castle">Mecklenburg Castle</a>, (supra, dated 1327 given by Kantzow) the milk customarily put for the sprite by the kitchen was stolen by a kitchen-boy (Küchenbube), and the spirit consequently left the boy's dismembered body in a kettle of hot water.<a href="#cite_note-kantzow-ed-kosegarten-132">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-355">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames-188">[166]</a> In comparison, a more amicable pück anecdotally served monks at Mecklenburg monastery, bargaining for multicolored tunic with lots of bells in return for his services.<a href="#cite_note-357">[320]</a> A similar episode of the vengeful Hüdeken<a href="#cite_note-praetorius-feltcap-222">[199]</a> (normalized as Hütchen<a href="#cite_note-358">[321]</a>) occurs in a chronicle of <a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a>, c. 1500,<a href="#cite_note-361">[324]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[326]</a><a href="#cite_note-365">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[329]</a> where the sprite exacted vengeance from the kitchen boy of the castle<a href="#cite_note-schelwig-stift-16">[14]</a> who had the habit of throwing kitchen filth on him; the sprite strangled the lad in his sleep, leaving the severed body parts cooking in a pot over the fire. The head cook who complained was pushed from the heights to his death.{{Refn|That the kobold "pushed (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/stie%C3%9F" class="extiw" title="wikt:stieß">stieß</a>)" the master cook off the bridge occurs in Grimms' DS<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimms1816101-367">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bunce1878-368">[331]</a> as in the various sources, i.e. Francisci,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisci1690796-369">[332]</a> Tritemius<a href="#cite_note-schelwig1692-359">[322]</a> and Ritson's translation,<a href="#cite_note-ritson1831-360">[323]</a> via Weyler. Thus the "illusory" bridge in Heine appears to be an embelishment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985141–142-370">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[334]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Max_L%C3%BCthi" title="Max Lüthi">Max Lüthi</a>, the household spirits' being ascribed such abilities reflect the fear of the people who believe in them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi19865-351">[314]</a> The bribe left to the household spirit was a combination of milk and bread according to multiple sources. In the printed edition of Der vielförmige Hintzelmann (1704), Hintzelmann was supposed to be provided with a bowl of sweet milk with white bread crumbled over it (as illustrated in the book).<a href="#cite_note-372">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850241,_243-373">[336]</a> The offering was to be milk and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Semmel" class="extiw" title="wikt:Semmel">Semmel</a> (bread roll) also according to a lexicon for <a href="/wiki/Altmark" title="Altmark">Altmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-375">[338]</a> The offering was described as <a href="/wiki/Panada" title="Panada">panada</a> (bread [and milk] soup) in the French retelling by Saintine.<a href="#cite_note-saintine1862-210">[188]</a> Novelist <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich Heine</a> noted in connection with the present (Hildesheim) tale that the favourite food was the <a href="/wiki/Gruel" title="Gruel">gruel</a> for the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">nisse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985142-376">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_dairy_lore">Other dairy lore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Other dairy lore">edit</a>]</div> As a sort of the reverse of the offering, one tradition claims that the kobold will strew wood chips (sawdust, Sägespäne) about the house and putting dirt or cow manure in the milk cans. And if the master of the house leaves the wood chips and drinks the soiled milk, the kobold is pleased and takes up residence at the household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimms181691-349">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239-377">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985143-378">[341]</a> The bribe put out for the kobold may be butter, for example, the Niß Puk of the Bombüll farmstead at <a href="/wiki/Wiedingharde" title="Wiedingharde">Wiedingharde</a> in Schleswieg-Holstein would tend to the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/milchcows" class="extiw" title="wikt:milchcows">milchcows</a>, but demanded a morsel of butter on a plate each evening, and the Puk would choke the best milking cow if it was not provided.<a href="#cite_note-379">[342]</a> According to the lore from <a href="/wiki/South_Tyrol" title="South Tyrol">South Tyrol</a> (now part of Italy), the Stierl farmstead at <a href="/wiki/Unterinn" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterinn">Unterinn</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unterinn" class="extiw" title="de:Unterinn">de</a>] experienced the trouble where the farmer's wife could not make <a href="/wiki/Butter" title="Butter">butter</a> for all her churning in the bucket (Kübel).<a href="#cite_note-380">[al]</a> The farmer decided it was the doings of a kobold, and went down to the basement where lived Kröll Anderle who was learned in the magic books,<a href="#cite_note-381">[am]</a> and Anderle gave instructions to dip a glowing hot skewer into the liquid while churning the bucket under the eaves, which succeeded. But the kobold driven out repaid the farmer's wife with a hot log leaving her a permanent burn injury.<a href="#cite_note-heyl1897-382">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good-evil_duality">Good-evil duality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Good-evil duality">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLaren" title="Archibald MacLaren">Archibald MacLaren</a> has attributed kobold behaviour to the virtue of the homeowners; a virtuous house has a productive and helpful kobold; a vice-filled one has a malicious and mischievous pest. If the hosts give up those things to which the kobold objects, the spirit ceases its annoying behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857224-383">[344]</a> Hinzelmann punished profiligacy and vices such as miserliness and pride;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850246-384">[345]</a> for example, when the haughty secretary of Hudemühlen was sleeping with the chamber maid, the kobold interrupted a sexual encounter and hit the secretary with a broom handle<a href="#cite_note-385">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850250-386">[347]</a> King Goldemar revealed the secret transgressions of clergymen, much to their chagrin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256-322">[287]</a> Even friendly kobolds are rarely completely good,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi19864-387">[348]</a> and house kobolds may do mischief for no particular reason. They hide things, push people over when they bend to pick something up, and make noise at night to keep people awake.<a href="#cite_note-Chantilly_98-388">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintine1862290-389">[350]</a> The kobold Hödeken of Hildesheim roamed the walls of the castle at night, forcing the watch to be constantly vigilant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985141–142-370">[333]</a> A kobold in a fishermen's house on the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dahme_(River)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dahme (River) (page does not exist)">Wendish Spree</a>, about a <a href="/wiki/German_mile" class="mw-redirect" title="German mile">German mile</a> (7.5 kilometres (4.7 mi)) from the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penick" title="Köpenick">Köpenick</a> quarter of Berlin, reportedly moved sleeping fishermen so that their heads and toes lined up.<a href="#cite_note-390">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe185283–84-391">[352]</a> King Goldemar enjoyed strumming the harp and playing dice.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256-322">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_fortune">Good fortune</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Good fortune">edit</a>]</div> A kobold can bring wealth to his household in the form of grain and gold.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_46-251">[228]</a> In this function it often is called <a href="/wiki/Drak_(mythology)" title="Drak (mythology)">Drak</a>. A legend from <a href="/wiki/Saterland" title="Saterland">Saterland</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Friesland" class="mw-redirect" title="East Friesland">East Friesland</a> tells of a kobold called the Alrûn (which is the German term for <a href="/wiki/Mandrake" title="Mandrake">mandrake</a>). In the tale from Nordmohr/<a href="/wiki/Nortmoor" title="Nortmoor">Nortmoor</a>, E. Friesland, now Low Saxony) despite standing only about a foot tall, the creature could carry a load of rye in his mouth for the people with whom he lived and did so daily as long as he received a meal of biscuits (<a href="/wiki/Zwieback" title="Zwieback">Zwieback</a>) and milk.<a href="#cite_note-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-220-148">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157-169">[149]</a> Kobolds bring good luck and help their hosts as long as the hosts take care of them. The kobold Hödekin, who lived with the bishop of Hildesheim in the 12th century, once warned the bishop of a murder. When the bishop acted on the information, he was able to take over the murderer's lands and add them to his bishopric.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985141–142-370">[333]</a> The house-spirit in some areas were called Alrûn ("mandrake"), though this was also the name of a trinket sold in bottles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe185249-392">[353]</a> which instead of being genuine mandrake could be any doll shaped from some plant root.<a href="#cite_note-Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen-165">[145]</a> And the saying to have an Alrûn in one's pocket means "to have luck at play".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157-169">[149]</a> However, kobold gifts may be stolen from the neighbours; accordingly, some legends say that gifts from a kobold are demonic or evil.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_46-251">[228]</a> Nevertheless, peasants often welcome this trickery and feed their kobold in the hopes that it continue bringing its gifts.<a href="#cite_note-Dowden2000-61">[54]</a> A family coming into unexplained wealth was often attributed to a new kobold moving into the house.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_46-251">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eradication">Eradication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Eradication">edit</a>]</div> Folktales tell of people trying to rid themselves of mischievous kobolds. In one tale, a man with a kobold-haunted barn puts all the straw onto a cart, burns the barn down, and sets off to start anew. As he rides away, he looks back and sees the kobold sitting behind him. "It was high time that we got out!" it says.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshliman200647-393">[354]</a> A similar tale from <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6penick" title="Köpenick">Köpenick</a> tells of a man trying to move out of a kobold-infested house. He sees the kobold preparing to move too and realises that he cannot rid himself of the creature.<a href="#cite_note-394">[355]</a> <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a> by a Christian priest works in some tales; in certain versions of the Hödekin in the kitchen of the castle <a href="/wiki/Enfeoffed" class="mw-redirect" title="Enfeoffed">enfeoffed</a> to the Bishop of Hildesheim, the bishop managed to exorcise Hödekin using "ecclesiastical censures"<a href="#cite_note-ritson1831-360">[323]</a> or church-spells.<a href="#cite_note-Bunce1878-368">[331]</a> The attempts to expel the Hintzelmann from the Castle Hudemühlen by a nobleman and later by an exorcist trying to use a book of holy spells were foiled; it later left of its own will.<a href="#cite_note-395">[356]</a> Insulting a kobold may drive it away, but not without a curse; when someone tried to see his true form, Goldemar left the home and vowed that the house would now be as unlucky as it had been fortunate under his care.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850257-396">[357]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_specialized_kobolds">Other specialized kobolds</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other specialized kobolds">edit</a>]</div> Other than the mine spirit kobold above, there are others "house spirits" that haunt shops, ships , etc. places of various professions. The <a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a> (cf. also <a href="#Klabautermann">§ Klabautermann</a> below) is a kobold from the beliefs of fishermen and sailors of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850240-397">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Kuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalbert Kuhn">Adalbert Kuhn</a> recognized in northern Germany the form Klabåtersmanneken (syn. Pûkse) which haunted <a href="/wiki/Flour_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Flour mill">mills</a> and ships, subsisted on the milk put out for them, and in return performed chores such as milking cows, grooming horse, helping the kitchen, or scrubbing the ship.<a href="#cite_note-398">[359]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bieresel" title="Bieresel">bieresel</a>, sometimes called a type of kobold<a href="#cite_note-schmidt1759-399">[360]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuhn&schwartz-bieresel-400">[361]</a> live in breweries and the beer cellars of inns or pubs, bring beer into the house, clean the tables, and wash the bottles, glasses and casks. The family must leave a can of beer,<a href="#cite_note-kuhn&schwartz-bieresel-400">[361]</a> (cf. <a href="/wiki/Fremlin%27s_Brewery#Hodfellow_and_the_origin_of_Gremlins" title="Fremlin's Brewery">Hödfellow</a>) and must treat the kobold with respect, never mocking or laughing at the creature. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Klabautermann">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klabautermann_on_ship.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Klabautermann_on_ship.jpg/220px-Klabautermann_on_ship.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Klabautermann_on_ship.jpg/330px-Klabautermann_on_ship.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Klabautermann_on_ship.jpg/440px-Klabautermann_on_ship.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>A Klabautermann on a ship, from Buch Zur See, 1885.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a> is a spirit that dwells in ships, according to the beliefs of the seafaring folk around the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in Germany and Netherlands, etc.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbyHinkkanen201348-403">[364]</a> The spirit has been classed as a ship-kobold<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910162–163-278">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-brewer1880-klabotermann-277">[251]</a> and is sometimes even called a "kobold". <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbyHinkkanen201348-403">[364]</a> The Klabautermann typically appears as a small, pipe-smoking humanlike figure wearing a red or grey jacket,<a href="#cite_note-Kirby&Hinkkanen2000-404">[365]</a> or yellow attire, wearing nightcap-style sailor's hat<a href="#cite_note-brewer1880-klabotermann-277">[251]</a> or a pair of yellow hoses and <a href="/wiki/Riding_boot" title="Riding boot">riding boots</a>, and a "steeple-crowned" pointy hat.<a href="#cite_note-Obersteuermann-Werner-279">[253]</a> Klabautermanns may be benevolent and aid the ship's crews in their tasks, but also be a menace or nuisance.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby&Hinkkanen2000-404">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellet1846-407">[368]</a> For example, it may help pump water from the hold, arrange cargo, and hammer at holes until they can be repaired.<a href="#cite_note-Ellet1846-407">[368]</a> But they can pull pranks with the tackle lines as well.<a href="#cite_note-Ellet1846-407">[368]</a> The Klabautermann is associated with the wood of the ship on which it lives. It enters the ship via the wood used to build it, and it may appear as a ship's carpenter.<a href="#cite_note-Kirby&Hinkkanen2000-404">[365]</a> It is said that if an unbaptized child is buried in a heath under a tree, and that timber is used to build a ship, the child's soul will become the klabautermann which will inhabit that ship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910162–163-278">[252]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Parallels">Parallels</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Parallels">edit</a>]</div> Kobold beliefs mirror legends of similar creatures in other regions of Europe, and scholars have argued that the names of creatures such as <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kabouter" title="Kabouter">kabouters</a> derive from the same roots as kobold. This may indicate a common origin for these creatures, or it may represent cultural borrowings and influences of European peoples upon one another. Similarly, subterranean kobolds may share their origins with creatures such as <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnomes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarves</a>. Sources equate the domestic kobold with creatures such as the Danish <a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">nis</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239-377">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bunce1878-368">[331]</a> and Swedish <a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">tomte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-runeberg1947-408">[369]</a> Scottish <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownie (mythology)">brownie</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239-377">[340]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baring-Gould1913-409">[370]</a> the Devonshire <a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">pixy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Baring-Gould1913-409">[370]</a> English <a href="/wiki/Boggart" title="Boggart">boggart</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bunce1878-368">[331]</a> and English <a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">hobgoblin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239-377">[340]</a> If the definition of kobold is extended beyond the house sprite and extended to mine spirits and subterranean dwellers (aka <a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">gnomes</a>), then the parallels to mine-kobolds can be recognized in the Cornish <a href="/wiki/Knocker_(folklore)" title="Knocker (folklore)">knocker</a> and the English <a href="/wiki/Bluecap" title="Bluecap">bluecap</a><a href="#cite_note-taillepieds1588-tr-summers-410">[371]</a> as well as the Welsh <a href="/wiki/Coblynau" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblynau">coblynau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-black1893-411">[372]</a> Irish writer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley" title="Thomas Keightley">Thomas Keightley</a> argued that the German kobold and the Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">nis</a> predate the Irish <a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">fairy</a> and the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Brownie_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brownie (mythology)">brownie</a> and influenced the beliefs in those entities, but modern folklorist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Mercer_Dorson" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Mercer Dorson">Richard Mercer Dorson</a> noted Keightley's bias as a strong adherent of Grimm, embracing the thesis of regarding ancient Teutonic mythology as underlying all sorts of folklore.<a href="#cite_note-Dorson1999-412">[373]</a> British antiquarian Charles Hardwick ventured a theory that the spirits like the kobold in other cultures, such as the Scottish <a href="/wiki/Boggart" title="Boggart">bogie</a>, French <a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">goblin</a>, and English <a href="/wiki/Puck_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Puck (mythology)">Puck</a> were also etymologically related.<a href="#cite_note-414">[375]</a> In keeping with Grimm's definition, the kobaloi were spirits invoked (i.e., used as <a href="/wiki/Invective" title="Invective">invective</a>?) by such tongue-wagging rogues.<a href="#cite_note-Liddell&Scott-kobalos-88">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Zashiki-warashi" title="Zashiki-warashi">zashiki-warashi</a> (lit. 'sitting-room lad') of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_folklore" title="Japanese folklore">Japanese folklore</a> parallels the kobold.<a href="#cite_note-makita1973-415">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-tsunoda2007-416">[377]</a> Many points of commonality have been pointed out, for instance, the house inhabited by the sprite flourishes, but will fall to ruin once it leaves. The warashi is also of prankish nature,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsunoda200724-417">[378]</a> but does not actually help out with household chores.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsunoda200724-417">[378]</a> Both sprites can be appeased by offerings of favorite food, which is <a href="/wiki/Sekihan" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekihan">azuki-meshi</a> [<a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B5%A4%E9%A3%AF" class="extiw" title="ja:赤飯">ja</a>] ("<a href="/wiki/Adzuki_bean" title="Adzuki bean">adzuki</a> rice") for the Japanese version.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsunoda200724-417">[378]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_culture">In culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: In culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_references">Literary references</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Literary references">edit</a>]</div> German writers have long borrowed from German folklore and fairy lore for both poetry and prose. Narrative versions of folktales and fairy tales are common, and kobolds are the subject of several such tales.<a href="#cite_note-418">[379]</a> The kobold is invoked by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Martin Luther</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Luther_Bible" title="Luther Bible">Bible</a>, translates the Hebrew <a href="/wiki/Lilith" title="Lilith">lilith</a> in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Isaiah" title="Book of Isaiah">Isaiah</a> 34:14 as kobold.<a href="#cite_note-419">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-420">[381]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Johann Wolfgang von Goethe</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goethe%27s_Faust" title="Goethe's Faust">Faust</a>, the kobold represents the <a href="/wiki/Greek_element" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek element">Greek element</a> of earth.<a href="#cite_note-421">[382]</a> This merely goes to show that Goethe saw fit to substitute "kobold" for the gnome of the earth, one of <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>'s four spirits.<a href="#cite_note-goethe-tr-hayward1855-422">[383]</a> In Faust Part II, v. 5848, Goethe uses Gütchen (syn. Güttel above) as synonym for his gnome.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Burren-guetel-117">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-goethe-ed-thomas1897-423">[384]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatrical_and_musical_works">Theatrical and musical works</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Theatrical and musical works">edit</a>]</div> A kobold is musically depicted in <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Grieg" title="Edvard Grieg">Edvard Grieg</a>'s lyric piece, opus 71, number 3. Der Kobold, Op. 3, is also Opera in Three Acts with text and music by <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Wagner" title="Siegfried Wagner">Siegfried Wagner</a>; his third opera and it was completed in 1903. The kobold characters <a href="/wiki/Pittiplatsch" title="Pittiplatsch">Pittiplatsch</a> occurs in modern East German puppet theatre. . <a href="/wiki/Pumuckl" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumuckl">Pumuckl</a> the kobold originated as a children's radio play series (1961). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games_and_D&D_literature">Games and D&D literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Games and D&D literature">edit</a>]</div> Kobolds also appear in many modern fantasy-themed games like <a href="/wiki/Clash_of_Clans" title="Clash of Clans">Clash of Clans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hearthstone" title="Hearthstone">Hearthstone</a>, usually as a low-power or low-level enemy. They exist as a playable race in the <a href="/wiki/Dark_Age_of_Camelot" title="Dark Age of Camelot">Dark Age of Camelot</a> video game. They also exist as a non-playable rat-like race in the <a href="/wiki/World_of_Warcraft" title="World of Warcraft">World of Warcraft</a> video game series, and also feature in tabletop games such as <a href="/wiki/Magic:_The_Gathering" title="Magic: The Gathering">Magic: The Gathering</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kobold_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" title="Kobold (Dungeons & Dragons)">kobold</a> appears as an occasionally playable race of lizard-like beings. In <a href="/wiki/Might_and_Magic" title="Might and Magic">Might and Magic</a> games (notably <a href="/wiki/Might_%26_Magic_Heroes_VII" title="Might & Magic Heroes VII">Heroes VII</a>), they are depicted as being mouse-dwarf hybrids. In the video game <a href="/wiki/Home_Safety_Hotline" title="Home Safety Hotline">Home Safety Hotline</a>, Kobolds appear as humanoid creatures with dog-like faces. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fantasy_novels_and_anime">Fantasy novels and anime</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Fantasy novels and anime">edit</a>]</div> The fantasy novel <a href="/wiki/Record_of_Lodoss_War" title="Record of Lodoss War">Record of Lodoss War</a> adapted into anime depicts kobolds as dog-like, based on earlier versions of Dungeons & Dragons, resulting in many Japanese media depictions doing the same. In the novel <a href="/wiki/American_Gods" title="American Gods">American Gods</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Neil_Gaiman" title="Neil Gaiman">Neil Gaiman</a>, Hinzelmann is portrayed as an ancient kobold<a href="#cite_note-olesen2012-58">[51]</a> who helps the city of Lakeside in exchange for killing one teenager once a year. In the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Spirit_Ring" title="The Spirit Ring">The Spirit Ring</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lois_McMaster_Bujold" title="Lois McMaster Bujold">Lois McMaster Bujold</a>, mining kobolds help the protagonists and display a fondness for milk. In an author's note, Bujold attributes her conception of kobolds to the <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a> translation of <a href="/wiki/De_re_metallica" title="De re metallica">De re metallica</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Kobolds" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Kobolds">Kobolds</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Bottle_Imp" title="The Bottle Imp">The Bottle Imp</a> – 1891 short story by Robert Louis Stevenson</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar_Rush" title="Friar Rush">Friar Rush</a> – Medieval Low German legend</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlin</a> – Fictional mischievous creature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a> – Sprite of German folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobold_(Dungeons_%26_Dragons)" title="Kobold (Dungeons & Dragons)">Kobold (Dungeons & Dragons)</a> – Fictional species in Dungeons & Dragons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtel" title="Gütel">Gütel</a> – Domestic and mining sprite from German folklore</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%9F_Puk" class="mw-redirect" title="Niß Puk">Niß Puk</a> – Legendary creature in Danish, Frisian and German mythologyPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsei" title="Yōsei">Yōsei</a> – Spiritlike creature from Japanese folklore</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> i.e., cut up into pieces and left in a kettle or pot. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Grimm's version combines multiple sources, including <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Francisci" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus Francisci">Erasmus Francisci</a> (1690) which includes the tale under the header of "kobold". </li> <li id="cite_note-heinzlein-var-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-heinzlein-var_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-heinzlein-var_18-1">b</a> Luther's child spirit originally called Heintzlein<a href="#cite_note-luther1846-192">[170]</a> or Heinzlein<a href="#cite_note-luther1846-192">[170]</a> but altered to "Heinzchen" in Heine.<a href="#cite_note-luther-apud-heine-193">[171]</a> The name is given as Heinzlin" by Grimm's DM, citing the 1577 edition of Luther.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883p._503,_n4-194">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1875'''1''':_416,_n4-195">[173]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Additional examples exist if the bergmännlein (mountain, or mine spirits) are admitted as "kobolds". </li> <li id="cite_note-gift-clothes-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gift-clothes_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gift-clothes_20-1">b</a> Stith-Thompson's <a href="/wiki/Motif-Index_of_Folk-Literature" title="Motif-Index of Folk-Literature">motif index</a> F405.11. "House spirit leaves when gift of clothing is left for it". </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Francisi is one of the sources for Grimm's DS No. 74 Hütchen'. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> And since Francisci dates much later than the Pastor Feldmann to have known the work, it must have been interpolated by the anonymous editor. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Müller-Fraureuth (1906) wrote that the form kobe survives in modern German "<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schweinekoben" class="extiw" title="de:Schweinekoben">Schweinekoben</a>",<a href="#cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-63">[56]</a> meaning "pig stall", and that the true original etymology contained the stem -Hold as a name for "demon".<a href="#cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-63">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Yiddish linguist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Paul Wexler</a> (2002), discussing German hold "beautiful" tangentially notes the etymology of kobold could derive from koben "<a href="/wiki/Pigsty" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigsty">pigsty</a>" + hold "stall spirit". He also suggests -Hold for demon and "Holle" may be grouped as related terms, and notes pre-Christian tradition of girls offering twisted knots of hair to <a href="/wiki/Frau_Holle" title="Frau Holle">Frau Holle</a>; in the subsequent entry he notes twisted bread (<a href="/wiki/Challah_bread" class="mw-redirect" title="Challah bread">challah bread</a>) may have something to do with Frau Holle, but this origin is masked by using a spelling suggestive of Hebrew origins.<a href="#cite_note-wexler2003-68">[60]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> If there were attested OHG form, they would not need to be reconstructed. </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Konrad's poem above seems to be a more complicated double metaphor to the luhs (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Luchs" class="extiw" title="wikt:Luchs">Luchs</a>, "lynx", conceived of as a <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybrid</a> of fox and wolf, and therefore unable to breed) deriding someone as reproductively <a href="/wiki/Sterility_(physiology)" title="Sterility (physiology)">sterile</a> and deceitful, just like a kobold doll.<a href="#cite_note-KatalogTexte-KoarW.7.15-76">[66]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-cobalos-trickster-91"><a href="#cite_ref-cobalos-trickster_91-0">^</a> Although Grimm's Teutonic Mythology glossed the word cobalus as "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Schalk" class="extiw" title="wikt:Schalk">Schalk</a>" and this got translated as 'rogue', <a href="/wiki/Liddell_and_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Liddell and Scott">Liddell and Scott</a> actually gives "impudent rogue, arrant knave",<a href="#cite_note-Liddell&Scott-kobalos-88">[77]</a> which is pointed out as being dated: here, "joker" would be appropriate in present-day colloquy.<a href="#cite_note-tordoff2023-89">[78]</a> Others suggest "trickster".<a href="#cite_note-hawhee2020-90">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Grimm also characterizes kobold as a "tiny tricky home-sprite" and comments at length on its laughter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883502-32">[27]</a> Note that the cobali are described as having the habit to "mimic men", "laugh with glee, and pretend to do much, but really do nothing", and "throw pebbles at the workmen" doing no real harm.<a href="#cite_note-agricola-tr-hoover1912-34">[29]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> -lein, -chen are the commonest German diminutives </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> The source was Agricola's De animatibus (1549), but Grimm attributed it to a different work, de re metallica Libri XII due to confusion. Basically Agricola wrote in Latin any German terms were Latinized or Graecized (thus "cobalos").<a href="#cite_note-agricola1614-33">[28]</a>}<a href="#cite_note-agricola-tr-hoover1912-34">[29]</a> So to know the actual German terms ("kobel"), one needed to consult the glossary<a href="#cite_note-LibrarySurgeonGeneral1941-104">[90]</a> The glossary was later attached to a 1657 omnibus edition consisting of an excerpt of De animatibus added to de re metallica in XII books, which is clearly Basel 1657 edition Grimm is citing.<a href="#cite_note-agricola1657-gloss-35">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> For Further description of "mine kobolds" aka Berggeist[er] given by Britten, cf. <a href="/wiki/Gnome#Communication_through_noises" title="Gnome">Gnome#Communication through noises</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Mr. Kalodzky, who taught at the Hungarian School of Mines. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Compare published map by Schäfer et al. (2000)<a href="#cite_note-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nisspuk-categ-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nisspuk-categ_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nisspuk-categ_138-1">b</a> Niss is categorized E "pet name",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">[143]</a> while Puck is considered G. "devil name" by the HdA.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333-198">[176]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> The remaining categories are: F. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Rufname" class="extiw" title="wikt:Rufname">Rufname</a> (proper first name) G. Devil-name (incl. Puck) H. Literary name (e.g. Gesamtname), I. Dragon name (incl. Alf, Alber, Drak, Alrun, Tragerl, Herbrand K. Different names (Mönch). </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> Thorpe cites Grimm's DM so he realizes this is a term for a plant root (kräuzer).<a href="#cite_note-171">[151]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> In the south, "<a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a>" confusingly carries the different meaning of mandrake root (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Alraun" class="extiw" title="wikt:Alraun">Alraun</a>, Alraunwurzel).<a href="#cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen-4">[3]</a> Perhaps this explains why Arrowsmith lists mandrake names (Allerünken, Alraune, Galgenmännlein) as synonyms for kobold in the south.<a href="#cite_note-arrowsmith1977-173">[152]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> Classified as "E. pet name (German:Kosenamen)" type names in the HdA. </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> A cursory search of Grimms DS do not reveal bearded household kobolds. The legends with bearded manikins are No. 37 "Die Wichtlein [oder Bergmännlein]" (mine spirit), 145 Das Männlein auf dem Rücken (manikin forces piggyback, from Praetorius), 314 Das Fräulein vom Willberg (in a cave, one with a beard grown through stone table). </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> Simrock also registers connection with the red hair and beard of Donar/<a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3rr" class="mw-redirect" title="Þórr">Þórr</a> god of thunder. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> Simrock connects "Hans Donnerstag" with Donner/thunder, but this brief tale concerns a suitor who keeps his name secret (motif of <a href="/wiki/Rumpelstiltskin" title="Rumpelstiltskin">Rumpelstiltskin</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[247]</a>) and the tale gives no description of her finacé whom she discovers to be a dwarf or a "subterranean".<a href="#cite_note-273">[248]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-292"><a href="#cite_ref-292">^</a> "Wassergrube", p. 601. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> Note that the English translation of the essay "tales from his own collection, no. 346{ [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>].." is a misprint for No. 348 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuxNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA258">Der Teufel in Flehde</a> is localized in <a href="/wiki/Rehm-Flehde-Bargen" title="Rehm-Flehde-Bargen">Rehm-Flehde-Bargen</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Dithmarschen" title="Dithmarschen">Dithmarschen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüllenhoff1845258-293">[266]</a> In the Beowulf essay Müllenhoff also cites "Der Dränger" ("the presser", No. 347), said to breach dams, localized around the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Eider" title="Eider">Eider</a>, close to e.g. Stapelholm. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> Müllenhoff: <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Leute aus.. Stapelholm, die den Niß Puk gesehen haben.." </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> Müllenhoff, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuxNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA317">430. Die Wolterkens</a>": "nicht größer als ein oder anberthalbjähriges Kind sei. Andre sagen, er sei so gross wie ein dreijähriges". </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> Müllenhoff: "Er hat einen grosen Kopf und lange Arme, aber kleine, helle, kluge Augen". </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> Müllenhoff: "trägt er ein paar rothe Strümpfe,.. lange graue oder grüne Zwillichjacke und.. rothe spitze Mütze". </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> Also drak </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> Cf. Drak lore of this city under <a href="#Fire_phenomena">§ Fire phenomena</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> The "Pilweise of Lauban"<a href="#cite_note-313">[279]</a> is regarded as being related to the stable-kobold, schretelein.<a href="#cite_note-314">[280]</a> Cf. <a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Kitteredge cites <a href="#CITEREFJahn1886">Jahn (1886)</a> Volkssagen aus Pommern und Rügen', pp. 105ff, 110, etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> Just as Ashliman used "drake" for the Pomeranian drak. </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> This is similar to the lore that the mine-kobold (properly kobel) was thought responsible for swapping silver with then worthless cobalt; the silver-mining operation also involved used of the bucket Kübel, which Muerller-Fraureuth conjecturesd was the root of the sprite's name kobel.<a href="#cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-63">[56]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> Of this character, there is a separate legend, "109. Vom Kröll Anderle" is told in Heyl, p. 290. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kobold&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <dl><dt>Citations</dt></dl> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-evans1895-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evans1895_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evans1895_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEvans1895" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/M._A._B._Evans" title="M. A. B. Evans">Evans, M. A. B.</a> (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_ktAAAAAYAAJpg">"The Kobold and the Bishop of Hidesheim's Kitchen-boy"</a>. Nymphs, Nixies and Naiads: Legends of the Rhine. Illustrated by William A. McCullough. New York: G.P. Putnam's sons. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738715490" title="Special:BookSources/9780738715490"><bdi>9780738715490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kobold+and+the+Bishop+of+Hidesheim%27s+Kitchen-boy&rft.btitle=Nymphs%2C+Nixies+and+Naiads%3A+Legends+of+the+Rhine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=G.P.+Putnam%27s+sons&rft.date=1895&rft.isbn=9780738715490&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=M.+A.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_ktAAAAAYAAJpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobold_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobold_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobold_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobold_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobold_2-4">e</a> <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimms</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hildebrand" title="Rudolf Hildebrand">Hildebrand, Rudolf</a> (1868). Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 5, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA1547">Kobold</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen_4-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlugeSeebold2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kluge" title="Friedrich Kluge">Kluge, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Seebold" title="Elmar Seebold">Seebold, Elmar</a>, eds. (2012) [1899]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FSSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA406">"Heinzelmännchen"</a>. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (25 ed.). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 406. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110223651" title="Special:BookSources/9783110223651"><bdi>9783110223651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.pages=406&rft.edition=25&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783110223651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FSSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA406&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold_5-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Lily_Weiser-Aall" title="Lily Weiser-Aall">Weiser-Aall, Lily</a> (1987) [1933]. "Kobold". In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_B%C3%A4chtold-St%C3%A4ubli" class="extiw" title="de:Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli">Bächtold-Stäubli, Hanns</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hoffmann-Krayer" title="Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer">Hoffmann-Krayer, Eduard</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handworterbuch-des-deutschen-aberglaubens-vollstandig-band-01-bis-10-berlin-1987/page/n1827/mode/2up">Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens</a>. Vol. Band 5 Knoblauch-Matthias. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 31–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-011194-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-011194-2"><bdi>3-11-011194-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kobold&rft.btitle=Handw%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Deutschen+Aberglaubens&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=31-33&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-11-011194-2&rft.aulast=Weiser-Aall&rft.aufirst=Lily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandworterbuch-des-deutschen-aberglaubens-vollstandig-band-01-bis-10-berlin-1987%2Fpage%2Fn1827%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen-6"><a href="#cite_ref-lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecouteux2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecouteux" title="Claude Lecouteux">Lecouteux, Claude</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT58">"BERGMÄNNCHEN (Bergmännlein, Bergmönch, Knappenmanndl, Kobel, Gütel; gruvrå in Sweden)"</a>. Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620554814" title="Special:BookSources/9781620554814"><bdi>9781620554814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BERGM%C3%84NNCHEN+%28Bergm%C3%A4nnlein%2C+Bergm%C3%B6nch%2C+Knappenmanndl%2C+Kobel%2C+G%C3%BCtel%3B+gruvr%C3%A5+in+Sweden%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Norse+and+Germanic+Folklore%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Magic&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781620554814&rft.aulast=Lecouteux&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvmAoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020_7-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020_7-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020_7-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäferPisarekGritsch2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florian_Sch%C3%A4fer_(Sagenforscher)" class="extiw" title="de:Florian Schäfer (Sagenforscher)">Schäfer, Florian</a> [in German]; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Janin_Pisarek" class="extiw" title="de:Janin Pisarek">Pisarek, Janin</a> [in German]; Gritsch, Hannah (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJjkEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">"2. Die Geister des Hauses. § Der Kobold"</a>. Hausgeister!: Fast vergessene Gestalten der deutschsprachigen Märchen- und Sagenwelt. Köln: <a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6hlau_Verlag" title="Böhlau Verlag">Böhlau Verlag</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783412520304" title="Special:BookSources/9783412520304"><bdi>9783412520304</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2.+Die+Geister+des+Hauses.+%C2%A7+Der+Kobold&rft.btitle=Hausgeister%21%3A+Fast+vergessene+Gestalten+der+deutschsprachigen+M%C3%A4rchen-+und+Sagenwelt&rft.place=K%C3%B6ln&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783412520304&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Florian&rft.au=Pisarek%2C+Janin&rft.au=Gritsch%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwJjkEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hinzelmann-heinzelmann-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hinzelmann-heinzelmann_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hinzelmann-heinzelmann_8-1">b</a> Heinz- and Hinzelmann once treated as interchangeable by Grimm, and by others like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley" title="Thomas Keightley">Thomas Keightley</a> following his footsteps. However, and the entry for "Heinzelmänchen" in the Etymologisches Wörterbuch explains the distinction.<a href="#cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-heinzelmaenchen-4">[3]</a> Heinzelmänchen, is in the "kobold" article for Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens, but classified neither under "C, Appearance-based names" with the cat-name Hinzelmann nor under "E pet names/shortened affectionate names of people", but under H. literary names.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold-5">[4]</a> Lecouteux's dictionary gives "Heinzelmännchen" as one "coined from first names", and groups it with Wolterken, Niss, Chimken (all kobold names),<a href="#cite_note-lecouteux-dict-bergmännchen-6">[5]</a> in contrast to HdA. Note a recent publication has a "Kobold" chapter has included a map of Germany plotting subtype kobold names for each region, but the Cologne area is left blank.<a href="#cite_note-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-HdA-Ranke-schrat-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Ranke-schrat_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Ranke-schrat_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanke1936" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Ranke" title="Kurt Ranke">Ranke, Kurt</a> (1987) [1936]. "Schrat, Schrättel (Schraz, Schrätzel)". In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_B%C3%A4chtold-St%C3%A4ubli" class="extiw" title="de:Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli">Bächtold-Stäubli, Hanns</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hoffmann-Krayer" title="Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer">Hoffmann-Krayer, Eduard</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handworterbuch-des-deutschen-aberglaubens-vollstandig-band-01-bis-10-berlin-1987/page/n3053/mode/2up">Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens</a>. Vol. Band 7 Pflügen-Signatur. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1285–1286. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-011194-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-011194-2"><bdi>3-11-011194-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Schrat%2C+Schr%C3%A4ttel+%28Schraz%2C+Schr%C3%A4tzel%29&rft.btitle=Handw%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Deutschen+Aberglaubens&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=1285-1286&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=3-11-011194-2&rft.aulast=Ranke&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandworterbuch-des-deutschen-aberglaubens-vollstandig-band-01-bis-10-berlin-1987%2Fpage%2Fn3053%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke19361288-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke19361288_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke19361288_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanke1936">Ranke (1936)</a>, p. 1288. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> The area is described as "southeastern Germany", with the cited sources pointing to the general area of Northern Bavarian including the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Palatinate" title="Upper Palatinate">Upper Palatinate</a> onto <a href="/wiki/Vogtland" title="Vogtland">Vogtland</a> which extends to Thuringia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke19361288-10">[9]</a> (Cf. <a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a> and <a href="#Cretin_names">§ Cretin names</a> below) </li> <li id="cite_note-Lurker-dict-kobold-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lurker-dict-kobold_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lurker-dict-kobold_12-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLurker2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lurker, Manfred (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vtj0wSsw1JcC&pg=PA103">"Fairy of the Mine"</a>. The Routledge Dictionary of Gods and Goddesses, Devils and Demons (3 ed.). London: Routledge. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-34018-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-34018-7"><bdi>0-415-34018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fairy+of+the+Mine&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Dictionary+of+Gods+and+Goddesses%2C+Devils+and+Demons&rft.place=London&rft.pages=103&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-415-34018-7&rft.aulast=Lurker&rft.aufirst=Manfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVtj0wSsw1JcC%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius" title="Johannes Trithemius">Tristhemius</a> (d. 1516), Chronicle of Hildesheim, which dates the events to c.1130. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchelwig1692">Schelwig (1692)</a>, Index, Das IV. Register, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6eHXAtmGowCpg=PA676">Hütgin</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-schelwig-stift-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schelwig-stift_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schelwig-stift_16-1">b</a> The ghost/spirit haunted Stift Hildesheim (seat of the <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Hildesheim" title="Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim">Prince-Bishopric of Hildesheim</a> Hochstift Hildesheim?)<a href="#cite_note-15">[13]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> The Grimms abridge the single printed source, Der vielförmige Hintzelmann, Feldmann (1704). </li> <li id="cite_note-fentsch1865-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fentsch1865_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fentsch1865_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-fentsch1865_21-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFentsch1865" class="citation book cs1">Fentsch, Eduard (1865). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VgJAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA306">"4ter Abschnitt. Volkssage und Volksglaube in Oberfranken"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Heinrich_Riehl" title="Wilhelm Heinrich Riehl">Riehl, Wilhelm Heinrich</a> (ed.). Bavaria: Landes- und volkskunde des königreichs Bayern. Vol. 3. München: J. G. Cotta. pp. 305–307.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=4ter+Abschnitt.+Volkssage+und+Volksglaube+in+Oberfranken&rft.btitle=Bavaria%3A+Landes-+und+volkskunde+des+k%C3%B6nigreichs+Bayern&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=305-307&rft.pub=J.+G.+Cotta&rft.date=1865&rft.aulast=Fentsch&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVgJAAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Clothing to the schretzchen of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kremnitzm%C3%BChle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kremnitzmühle (page does not exist)">Kremnitzmühle</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kremnitzm%C3%BChle" class="extiw" title="de:Kremnitzmühle">de</a>]<a href="#cite_note-fentsch1865-21">[16]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-meiche-no389-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-meiche-no389_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meiche-no389_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-meiche-no389_23-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeiche1903">Meiche (1903)</a> "389. Noch mehr von Heugütel", pp. 292–293 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910149–150-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910149–150_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910149–150_24-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanke1910">Ranke (1910)</a>, pp. 149–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> Slippers to the heugütel (heigidle) of Erzgebirge/Vogtland.<a href="#cite_note-meiche-no389-23">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910149–150-24">[19]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexer-kobolt-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-kobolt_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-kobolt_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-kobolt_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-kobolt_26-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-kobolt_26-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-kobolt_26-5">f</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Lexer" title="Matthias Lexer">Lexer</a> (1878). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=Lexer&lemid=K02301">kóbolt, kobólt</a>", Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500–501-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500–501_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500–501_27-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 500–501. </li> <li id="cite_note-grein-cof-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grein-cof_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grein-cof_28-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-grein-cof_28-2">c</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Michael_Grein" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Wilhelm Michael Grein">Grein, Christian W. M.</a> (1861–1864) Sprachschaß der angelsächsischen Dichter 1: 167, quoted also in Grimms DW "Kobold" III. 2). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Since it is only attested only as "idolum" (in one of Diefenbach's sources), etc. among MHG glosses.<a href="#cite_note-lexer-kobolt-26">[21]</a> But the Anglo-Saxon form cofgodu glossed as "<a href="/wiki/Penates" class="mw-redirect" title="Penates">penates</a>" (household deity) bolsters the possibility that kobolt or some MHG cognate form corresponded to it.<a href="#cite_note-lexer-kobolt-26">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-grein-cof-28">[23]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-trochus1517-30"><a href="#cite_ref-trochus1517_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrochus1517" class="citation book cs1">Trochus, Balthasar (1517). "Sequuntur multorum deorum nomina..". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjNoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9">Vocabulorum rerum promptuariu[m]</a>. Leipzig: Lottherus. p. A5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sequuntur+multorum+deorum+nomina..&rft.btitle=Vocabulorum+rerum+promptuariu%5Bm%5D&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=A5&rft.pub=Lottherus&rft.date=1517&rft.aulast=Trochus&rft.aufirst=Balthasar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQjNoAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPP9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-trochus-lares-kobolte-31">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trochus-lares-kobolte_31-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-trochus-lares-kobolte_31-1">b</a> Trochus, Balthasar (1517), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjNoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP9">page A5</a><a href="#cite_note-trochus1517-30">[25]</a> reads "lares foci sunt vulgo kobelte" as requoted in Grimms DW "Kobold" III. 2).<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lares" title="Lares">Lares</a> being household or hearth goddesses. The same work has an entry for "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QjNoAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP159">Lares/Penates</a>", pp. O5–O6, discussing the household sacred beings using a mix of German, and including mention of Hutchen as a small shack or hutch. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883502-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883502_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883502_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883502_32-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 502. </li> <li id="cite_note-agricola1614-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agricola1614_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricola1614_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgricola1614" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola, Georgius</a> (1614). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=laGePXl89xwC&pg=PA78">"37"</a>. In Johannes Sigfridus (ed.). Georgii Agricolae De Animantibus subterraneis. Witebergæ: Typis Meisnerianis. pp. 78–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=37&rft.btitle=Georgii+Agricolae+De+Animantibus+subterraneis&rft.place=Witeberg%C3%A6&rft.pages=78-79&rft.pub=Typis+Meisnerianis&rft.date=1614&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlaGePXl89xwC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-agricola-tr-hoover1912-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agricola-tr-hoover1912_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricola-tr-hoover1912_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricola-tr-hoover1912_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricola-tr-hoover1912_34-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola, Georgius</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MfFYAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA217">Georgius Agricola De Re Metallica: Tr. from the 1st Latin Ed. of 1556 (Books I–VIII)</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover, Herbert Clark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Henry_Hoover" title="Lou Henry Hoover">Lou Henry Hoover</a>. London: The Mining Magazine. p. 217, n26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Georgius+Agricola+De+Re+Metallica%3A+Tr.+from+the+1st+Latin+Ed.+of+1556+%28Books+I%E2%80%93VIII%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=p.+217%2C+n26&rft.pub=The+Mining+Magazine&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMfFYAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA217&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvFYAAAAYAAJ7">Second Part</a>, Books IX–XII </li> <li id="cite_note-agricola1657-gloss-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-agricola1657-gloss_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-agricola1657-gloss_35-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAgricola1657" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Agricola, Georgius</a> (1657) [1530]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uCClFLX0CwUC&pg=PA762">"Animantium nomina latina, graega, q'ue germanice reddita, quorum author in Libro de subterraneis animantibus meminit"</a>. Georgii Agricolae Kempnicensis Medici Ac Philosophi Clariss. De Re Metallica Libri XII.: Quibus Officia, Instrumenta, Machinae, Ac Omnia Denique Ad Metallicam Spectantia, Non Modo Luculentissime describuntur; sed & per effigies, suis locis insertas ... ita ob oculos ponuntur, ut clarius tradi non possint. Basel: Sumptibus & Typis Emanuelis König. p. [762]. <q><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>Dæmonum: Dæmon subterraneus trunculentus: bergterufel; mitis bergmenlein/kobel/guttel</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Animantium+nomina+latina%2C+graega%2C+q%27ue+germanice+reddita%2C+quorum+author+in+Libro+de+subterraneis+animantibus+meminit&rft.btitle=Georgii+Agricolae+Kempnicensis+Medici+Ac+Philosophi+Clariss.+De+Re+Metallica+Libri+XII.%3A+Quibus+Officia%2C+Instrumenta%2C+Machinae%2C+Ac+Omnia+Denique+Ad+Metallicam+Spectantia%2C+Non+Modo+Luculentissime+describuntur%3B+sed+%26+per+effigies%2C+suis+locis+insertas+...+ita+ob+oculos+ponuntur%2C+ut+clarius+tradi+non+possint&rft.place=Basel&rft.pages=p.+762&rft.pub=Sumptibus+%26+Typis+Emanuelis+K%C3%B6nig&rft.date=1657&rft.aulast=Agricola&rft.aufirst=Georgius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuCClFLX0CwUC%26pg%3DPA762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> Agricola De Animantibus subterraneis,<a href="#cite_note-agricola1614-33">[28]</a> Eng. tr.,<a href="#cite_note-agricola-tr-hoover1912-34">[29]</a> compared with Latin-German gloss to the work.<a href="#cite_note-agricola1657-gloss-35">[30]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimm-DW-kobold-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimm-DW-kobold_37-0">^</a> Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 5, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA1547">Kobold</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-DW-kobold1-38"><a href="#cite_ref-DW-kobold1_38-0">^</a> Grimm DW "kobold", I gives definition, III gives origins.<a href="#cite_note-Grimm-DW-kobold-37">[32]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lexer-kobold-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-kobold_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lexer-kobold_39-1">b</a> Lexer, Max (1872) Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=Lexer&lemid=K02311">kóbolt, kobólt</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-francisci1690-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-francisci1690_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-francisci1690_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-francisci1690_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancisci1690" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Francisci" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus Francisci">Francisci, Erasmus</a> (1690). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YPlkAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA792">Der Höllische Proteus; oder, Tausendkünstige Versteller: vermittelst Erzehlung der vielfältigen Bildverwechslungen erscheinender Gespenster, werffender und poltrender Geister, gespenstischer Vorzeichen der Todes-Fälle, wie auch andrer abentheurlicher Händel, arglistiger Possen, und seltsamer ...</a> Nürnberg: In Verlegung W.M. Endters. p. 793 (pp. 792–798).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+H%C3%B6llische+Proteus%3B+oder%2C+Tausendk%C3%BCnstige+Versteller%3A+vermittelst+Erzehlung+der+vielf%C3%A4ltigen+Bildverwechslungen+erscheinender+Gespenster%2C+werffender+und+poltrender+Geister%2C+gespenstischer+Vorzeichen+der+Todes-F%C3%A4lle%2C+wie+auch+andrer+abentheurlicher+H%C3%A4ndel%2C+arglistiger+Possen%2C+und+seltsamer+...&rft.place=N%C3%BCrnberg&rft.pages=793+%28pp.+792-798%29&rft.pub=In+Verlegung+W.M.+Endters&rft.date=1690&rft.aulast=Francisci&rft.aufirst=Erasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYPlkAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiesewetter18909–10-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKiesewetter18909–10_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKiesewetter1890">Kiesewetter (1890)</a>, pp. 9–10. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldmann1704">Feldmann (1704)</a>, Cap. VI, p. 77 And Cap. II, p. 27, where "Feld-Teufel.. Kobolte" are mentioned. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmann1704230,_251,_254-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmann1704230,_251,_254_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldmann1704">Feldmann (1704)</a>, pp. 230, 251, 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPraetorius1666">Praetorius (1666)</a>, p. 359; <a href="#CITEREFPraetorius1668">Praetorius (1668)</a>, p. 311 </li> <li id="cite_note-steier-dict1705-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-steier-dict1705_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-steier-dict1705_47-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Kaspar_von_Stieler" title="Kaspar von Stieler">Stieler, Kaspar von</a> (1705) s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iI0ingbONhQC&pg=PA1060">Spiritus familiaris</a>", Des Spatens Teutsche Sekretariat-Kunst 2:1060 : "ein Geist in eineme Ringe, Gäcklein oder Haaren" </li> <li id="cite_note-diefenbach-dict-procubare-48"><a href="#cite_ref-diefenbach-dict-procubare_48-0">^</a> s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFP7sdVk08sC&pg=PA285">*Procubare</a>", <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Diefenbach" title="Lorenz Diefenbach">Diefenbach, Lorenz</a> (1867). Novum glossarium latino-germanicum , p. 304. Citing '7V. vrat. sim.' 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-diefenbach-dict-sources-49"><a href="#cite_ref-diefenbach-dict-sources_49-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Diefenbach" title="Lorenz Diefenbach">Diefenbach, Lorenz</a> (1867) Novum glossarium latino-germanicum "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YFP7sdVk08sC&pg=PR22">Quellen</a>", p. xxii </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Cited in Lexer, "kobolt".<a href="#cite_note-lexer-kobolt-26">[21]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-notker-51"><a href="#cite_ref-notker_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNotker1901" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker</a> (1901). <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ida_Bertha_Paulina_Fleischer" class="extiw" title="de:Ida Bertha Paulina Fleischer">Fleischer, Ida Bertha Paulina</a> [in German] (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_qM-AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA20">Die Wortbildung bei Notker und in den verwandten Werken: eine Untersuchung der Sprache Notkers mit besonderer Rücksicht auf die Neubildungen ...</a> Göttingen: Druck der Dieterich'schen Univ.-Buchdruckerei (W. Fr. Kaestner). p. 20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wortbildung+bei+Notker+und+in+den+verwandten+Werken%3A+eine+Untersuchung+der+Sprache+Notkers+mit+besonderer+R%C3%BCcksicht+auf+die+Neubildungen+...&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=20&rft.pub=Druck+der+Dieterich%27schen+Univ.-Buchdruckerei+%28W.+Fr.+Kaestner%29&rft.date=1901&rft.au=Notker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_qM-AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 500. </li> <li id="cite_note-notker-husing-53"><a href="#cite_ref-notker-husing_53-0">^</a> Old High German hûsing is glossed as Latin penates in <a href="/wiki/Notker_the_Stammerer" title="Notker the Stammerer">Notker</a>,<a href="#cite_note-notker-51">[44]</a> cited by Grimm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883500-52">[45]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193329-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193329_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Franz, Adolf ed. (1906), Frater Rudolfus (c. 1235-1250) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cuEZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA428">De officio cherubyn</a>, p. 428 </li> <li id="cite_note-johansons1962-56"><a href="#cite_ref-johansons1962_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansons1962" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrejs_Johansons" class="extiw" title="lv:Andrejs Johansons">Johansons, Andrejs</a> [in Latvian] (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BW0rAQAAIAAJ&q=%22Stätte%22">"Der Kesselhaken im Volksglauben der Letten"</a>. Zeitschrift für Ethnologie. 87: 74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Ethnologie&rft.atitle=Der+Kesselhaken+im+Volksglauben+der+Letten&rft.volume=87&rft.pages=74&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Johansons&rft.aufirst=Andrejs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBW0rAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522St%C3%A4tte%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrader1908-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrader1908_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrader1908_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrader1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Otto_Schrader_(philologist)" title="Otto Schrader (philologist)">Schrader, Otto</a> (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopaediaofr002hast/page/24/mode/2up?q=hearth">"Aryan Religion"</a>. Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Vol. 2. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aryan+Religion&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion+and+Ethics&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Schrader&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopaediaofr002hast%2Fpage%2F24%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3Dhearth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oEATAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA24">(1910) edition</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-olesen2012-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-olesen2012_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-olesen2012_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Olesen2012" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Olesen, Max F. R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dakwBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA136">"Ambiguous Gods: Mythology, Immigration, and Assimilation in Neil Gaiman's American Gods (2001) and 'The Monarch of the Glen' (2004)"</a>. In Bright, Amy (ed.). "Curious, if True": The Fantastic in Literature. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 136 and note15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781443843430" title="Special:BookSources/9781443843430"><bdi>9781443843430</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ambiguous+Gods%3A+Mythology%2C+Immigration%2C+and+Assimilation+in+Neil+Gaiman%27s+American+Gods+%282001%29+and+%27The+Monarch+of+the+Glen%27+%282004%29&rft.btitle=%22Curious%2C+if+True%22%3A+The+Fantastic+in+Literature&rft.pages=p.+136+and+note15&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781443843430&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Olesen&rft.aufirst=Max+F.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdakwBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA136&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Schrader (2003) [1908], p. 24<a href="#cite_note-Schrader1908-57">[50]</a> also quoted by Olesen (2012),<a href="#cite_note-olesen2012-58">[51]</a> but the latter appears to be synthesis and not direct quoting. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857xiii-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857xiii_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLaren1857">MacLaren (1857)</a>, p. xiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dowden2000-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dowden2000_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowden2000_61-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowden2000_61-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dowden2000_61-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowden2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dowden" title="Ken Dowden">Dowden, Ken</a> (2000). European Paganism. London: Routledge. pp. 229–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12034-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12034-9"><bdi>0-415-12034-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Paganism&rft.place=London&rft.pages=229-230&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-415-12034-9&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988">; reprinted in: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowden2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Dowden" title="Ken Dowden">Dowden, Ken</a> (2013) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Aqtvs6IaaYC&q=kobold">European Paganism</a>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 229–230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134810215" title="Special:BookSources/9781134810215"><bdi>9781134810215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+Paganism&rft.pages=229-230&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781134810215&rft.aulast=Dowden&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Aqtvs6IaaYC%26q%3Dkobold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Also repeated in other sources such as MacLaren<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857xiii-60">[53]</a> and Dowden (2000)<a href="#cite_note-Dowden2000-61">[54]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mueller-fraureuth1906-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mueller-fraureuth1906_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mueller-fraureuth1906_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mueller-fraureuth1906_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mueller-fraureuth1906_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mueller-fraureuth1906_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mueller-fraureuth1906_63-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Fraureuth1906" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Fraureuth, Karl (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFdsAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA26">"Kap. 14"</a>. Sächsische Volkswörter: Beiträge zur mundartlichen Volkskunde. Dresden: Wilhelm Baensch. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-95770-329-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-95770-329-3"><bdi>978-3-95770-329-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kap.+14&rft.btitle=S%C3%A4chsische+Volksw%C3%B6rter%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+mundartlichen+Volkskunde&rft.place=Dresden&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Baensch&rft.date=1906&rft.isbn=978-3-95770-329-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Fraureuth&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEFdsAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911134-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911134_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911134_64-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911134_64-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlasenapp1911">Glasenapp (1911)</a>, p. 134. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Also Glasenapp (1911) surveys the etymological considerations,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911134-64">[57]</a> and Kretschmer (1928) weighing in on kobold vs. gnome (mine spirit) names (virunculus montanos, etc.) as cited elsewhere. </li> <li id="cite_note-johansson1883-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-johansson1883_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-johansson1883_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohansson1893" class="citation journal cs1">Johansson, Karl Ferdinand (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58BDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA50">"Sanskritische Etymologien"</a>. Indogermanische Forschungen. 2: 50.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indogermanische+Forschungen&rft.atitle=Sanskritische+Etymologien&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1893&rft.aulast=Johansson&rft.aufirst=Karl+Ferdinand&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58BDAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wexler2003-68"><a href="#cite_ref-wexler2003_68-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wexler_(linguist)" title="Paul Wexler (linguist)">Wexler, Paul</a> (2002). Trends in Linguistics: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1eMf3b-OTT0C&pg=PA289">Two-tiered Relexification in Yiddish: Jews, Sorbs, Khazars, and the Kiev-Polessian Dialect</a>. Walter de Gruyter. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-017258-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-017258-5">3-11-017258-5</a>. p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobold-70"><a href="#cite_ref-EtymWortb2012-ed-kluge&seebold-kobold_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlugeSeebold2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Kluge" title="Friedrich Kluge">Kluge, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Elmar_Seebold" title="Elmar Seebold">Seebold, Elmar</a>, eds. (2012) [1899]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6FSSDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA510">"Kobold"</a>. Etymologisches Wörterbuch der deutschen Sprache (25 ed.). Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 510. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110223651" title="Special:BookSources/9783110223651"><bdi>9783110223651</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kobold&rft.btitle=Etymologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+der+deutschen+Sprache&rft.pages=510&rft.edition=25&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9783110223651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6FSSDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA510&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Namely through <a href="/w/index.php?title=Christian_Wilhelm_Michael_Grein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Christian Wilhelm Michael Grein (page does not exist)">Grein</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_Wilhelm_Michael_Grein" class="extiw" title="de:Christian Wilhelm Michael Grein">de</a>] (1861–1864), which the Grimms knew and quoted for the etymology of kobolt as "hauses walten" in the Grimms' dictionary entry for "Kobold", II b). </li> <li id="cite_note-kretschmer1928-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kretschmer1928_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kretschmer1928_72-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKretschmer1928" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Kretschmer, Paul</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYpVkrS47n8C&pg=PA87">"Weiteres zur Urgeschichte der Inder"</a>. Zeitschrift für vergleichende Sprachforschung auf dem Gebiete der indogermanischen Sprachen. 55. p. 89 and p. 87, n2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+vergleichende+Sprachforschung+auf+dem+Gebiete+der+indogermanischen+Sprachen&rft.atitle=Weiteres+zur+Urgeschichte+der+Inder&rft.volume=55&rft.pages=p.+89+and+p.+87%2C+n2&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Kretschmer&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYpVkrS47n8C%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 500: "possibly earlier, if only we had authorities". Cf. note 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501_75-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 501. </li> <li id="cite_note-KatalogTexte-KoarW.7.15-76"><a href="#cite_ref-KatalogTexte-KoarW.7.15_76-0">^</a> Katalog der Texte. Älterer Teil (G - P), s.v.," <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bCFNq1oETj0C&pg=PA207">KoarW/7/15</a>", citing Schröder 32, 211. Horst Brunner ed. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 500, 501 "for fun"; and notes, vol. 4, <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1888">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1888)</a>, p. 1426 </li> <li id="cite_note-simrock1855-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simrock1855_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-simrock1855_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimrock1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Joseph_Simrock" title="Karl Joseph Simrock">Simrock, Karl Joseph</a> (1887) [1855]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kKYqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA451">Handbuch der deutschen Mythologie: mit Einschluss der nordischen</a> (6 ed.). A. Marcus. p. 451. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-524-02323-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-524-02323-5"><bdi>978-0-524-02323-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+deutschen+Mythologie%3A+mit+Einschluss+der+nordischen&rft.pages=451&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=A.+Marcus&rft.date=1887&rft.isbn=978-0-524-02323-5&rft.aulast=Simrock&rft.aufirst=Karl+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkKYqAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Simrock: "zuletzt mehr zum Scherz oder zur Zierde lately more as joke or for decor"<a href="#cite_note-simrock1855-79">[68]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-graesse1856-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-graesse1856_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-graesse1856_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrässe1856" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Theodor_Gr%C3%A4sse" title="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe">Grässe, Johann Georg Theodor</a> (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rnUsBl0V_78C&pg=PA660">"Zur Geschichte des Puppenspiels"</a>. Die Wissenschaften im neunzehnten Jahrhundert, ihr Standpunkt und die Resultate ihrer Forschungen: Eine Rundschau zur Belehrung für das gebildete Publikum. 1. Romberg: 559–660.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Wissenschaften+im+neunzehnten+Jahrhundert%2C+ihr+Standpunkt+und+die+Resultate+ihrer+Forschungen%3A+Eine+Rundschau+zur+Belehrung+f%C3%BCr+das+gebildete+Publikum&rft.atitle=Zur+Geschichte+des+Puppenspiels&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=559-660&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%A4sse&rft.aufirst=Johann+Georg+Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrnUsBl0V_78C%26pg%3DPA660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 501, citing Wahtelmaere 140, "rihtet zuo mit den snüeren die tatermanne" alludes to it being "guid[ed].. with strings". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501–502-83"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501–502_83-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 501–502. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850254-84"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850254_84-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 254. </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, 1:415: lachen als ein kobold, p. 424 "koboldische lachen"; <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 502 "laugh like a kobold", p. 512 tr. as "goblin laughter". </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Other examples: Satire of the clergy as "wooden bishop", or "wooden sexton".<a href="#cite_note-simrock1855-79">[68]</a> A man in silence is likened to a mute doll,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883501-75">[65]</a> hence the comparison of a kobold struck dumb and the wooden bishop (citing Mîsnaere in Amgb (Altes meistergesangbuch in Myllers sammlung) 48a). A man hearing confession compared to kobold, in a <a href="/wiki/Fastnachtspiel" title="Fastnachtspiel">Fastnachtspiel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193331–32-87"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193331–32_87-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, pp. 31–32. </li> <li id="cite_note-Liddell&Scott-kobalos-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Liddell&Scott-kobalos_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Liddell&Scott-kobalos_88-1">b</a> Liddell and Scott (1940). <a href="/wiki/A_Greek%E2%80%93English_Lexicon" title="A Greek–English Lexicon">A Greek–English Lexicon</a>. s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2358260&redirect=true">koba_l-os, ho</a>". Revised and augmented throughout by Sir Henry Stuart Jones with the assistance of Roderick McKenzie. Oxford: Clarendon Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-864226-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-864226-1">0-19-864226-1</a>. Online version retrieved 25 February 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-tordoff2023-89"><a href="#cite_ref-tordoff2023_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTordoff2023" class="citation book cs1">Tordoff, Robert (2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5FHeEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Aristophanes: Cavalry</a>. Leipzig: Bloomsbury Publishing. pp. 46–47. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781350065703" title="Special:BookSources/9781350065703"><bdi>9781350065703</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aristophanes%3A+Cavalry&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=46-47&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=9781350065703&rft.aulast=Tordoff&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5FHeEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hawhee2020-90"><a href="#cite_ref-hawhee2020_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawhee2020" class="citation book cs1">Hawhee, Debra (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AL4lEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA60">Rhetoric in Tooth and Claw: Animals, Language, Sensation</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226706771" title="Special:BookSources/9780226706771"><bdi>9780226706771</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhetoric+in+Tooth+and+Claw%3A+Animals%2C+Language%2C+Sensation&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9780226706771&rft.aulast=Hawhee&rft.aufirst=Debra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAL4lEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-horton2024-92"><a href="#cite_ref-horton2024_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorton2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Horton_(theologian)" title="Michael Horton (theologian)">Horton, Michael</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TG7QEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT129">"Chapter 3. Shaman to Sage § Assimilation to an Erstwhile Minor Shamanic Deity"</a>. Shaman and Sage: The Roots of "Spiritual but Not Religious" in Antiquity. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467467902" title="Special:BookSources/9781467467902"><bdi>9781467467902</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3.+Shaman+to+Sage+%C2%A7+Assimilation+to+an+Erstwhile+Minor+Shamanic+Deity&rft.btitle=Shaman+and+Sage%3A+The+Roots+of+%22Spiritual+but+Not+Religious%22+in+Antiquity&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9781467467902&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTG7QEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lockwood1987-93"><a href="#cite_ref-lockwood1987_93-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLockwood1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Burley_Lockwood" title="William Burley Lockwood">Lockwood, William Burley</a> (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gN8rAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Schalk%22+joker">German Today: The Advanced Learner's Guide</a>. Clarendon Press. pp. 29, 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198158042" title="Special:BookSources/9780198158042"><bdi>9780198158042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=German+Today%3A+The+Advanced+Learner%27s+Guide&rft.pages=29%2C+32&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780198158042&rft.aulast=Lockwood&rft.aufirst=William+Burley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgN8rAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522Schalk%2522%2Bjoker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Aristotle describes an owl as both a mime and a kobalos ("trickster").<a href="#cite_note-horton2024-92">[80]</a> Older German-English dictionaries define Schalk as "rogue" or "wag", again, dated terms, whereas "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/scamp" class="extiw" title="wikt:scamp">scamp</a>, joker" is given by a later linguist.<a href="#cite_note-lockwood1987-93">[81]</a> Glasenapp believed cobalus meant a professional joker, buffoon, sycophant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911134-64">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimm-DM-cobalus-96"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimm-DM-cobalus_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 500; <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, pp. 415–416 </li> <li id="cite_note-kiliaan-kabouter-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kiliaan-kabouter_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kiliaan-kabouter_97-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Kiliaan" title="Cornelis Kiliaan">Kiliaan, Cornelis</a> (1620) [1574] Etymologicum teutonicae linguae s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ggUwlkX3RxsC&pg=RA3-PA217">kabouter-manneken</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Grimm, DW "kobold" III 1) and III 2) b),<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-2">[2]</a> He also acknowledges <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Kiliaan" title="Cornelis Kiliaan">Cornelis Kilian</a> [1574] dated earlier, though technically that was an etymological solution for "kabouter-manneken" derived from cobalus/κόβαλος.<a href="#cite_note-kiliaan-kabouter-97">[84]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911132-99"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlasenapp1911132_99-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlasenapp1911">Glasenapp (1911)</a>, p. 132. </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Knapp 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> K<a href="/wiki/Cornelis_Kiliaan" title="Cornelis Kiliaan">Kiliaan, Cornelis</a> (1574)<a href="#cite_note-kiliaan-kabouter-97">[84]</a> cited by Grimms DW "Kobold" III 3) b) c) </li> <li id="cite_note-grimm-DM-kobel-103"><a href="#cite_ref-grimm-DM-kobel_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1878">Grimm (1878)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VD7aAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA129">DM 3: 129</a>, Anmerkungen zu S. 377; Grimm (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1414&q=bergmenlein">Teut. Myth. 4: 1414</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-LibrarySurgeonGeneral1941-104"><a href="#cite_ref-LibrarySurgeonGeneral1941_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLibrary_of_the_Surgeon_General's_Office1941" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_the_Surgeon_General%27s_Office" title="Library of the Surgeon General's Office">Library of the Surgeon General's Office</a> (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZ8UmGlwOYwC&pg=RA2-PA24">"Agricola"</a>. Index-catalogue of the Library of the Surgeon General's Office, United States Army (Army Medical Library) (4 ed.). U.S. Government Printing Office. pp. 24–28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Agricola&rft.btitle=Index-catalogue+of+the+Library+of+the+Surgeon+General%27s+Office%2C+United+States+Army+%28Army+Medical+Library%29&rft.pages=24-28&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1941&rft.au=Library+of+the+Surgeon+General%27s+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZ8UmGlwOYwC%26pg%3DRA2-PA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Grimms DW "kobold", III. ursprung, nebenformen, 3) a) gives among the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Nebenname" class="extiw" title="wikt:Nebenname">Nebenname</a> kobel, regarding it as a diminutive.<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobold-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimms-DW-kobalt-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DW-kobalt_107-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimms</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hildebrand" title="Rudolf Hildebrand">Hildebrand, Rudolf</a> (1868). Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 5, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ERSZv4n2zpEC&pg=PA1537">Kobalt</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-brewers-dict-cobalt-108"><a href="#cite_ref-brewers-dict-cobalt_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer1898" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Cobham_Brewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebenezer Cobham Brewer">Brewer, Ebenezer Cobham</a> (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x2lJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA267">"Cobalt"</a>. Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, Giving the Derivation, Source, Or Origin of Common Phrases, Allusions, and Words that Have a Tale to Tell. Vol. 1 (new, revised, corrected, and enlarged ed.). London: Cassell. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cobalt&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Phrase+and+Fable%2C+Giving+the+Derivation%2C+Source%2C+Or+Origin+of+Common+Phrases%2C+Allusions%2C+and+Words+that+Have+a+Tale+to+Tell&rft.place=London&rft.pages=267&rft.edition=new%2C+revised%2C+corrected%2C+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Cassell&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Brewer&rft.aufirst=Ebenezer+Cobham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx2lJAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-britten1884-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britten1884_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britten1884_109-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britten1884_109-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britten1884_109-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-britten1884_109-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritten1884" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Britten, Emma Hardinge</a> (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nineteenthcentur01brit/page/32/mode/2up">Nineteenth century miracles, or, Spirits and their work in every country of the earth : a complete historical compendium of the great movement known as "modern spiritualism"</a>. New York: Published by William Britten : Lovell & Co. pp. 32–33.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth+century+miracles%2C+or%2C+Spirits+and+their+work+in+every+country+of+the+earth+%3A+a+complete+historical+compendium+of+the+great+movement+known+as+%22modern+spiritualism%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Published+by+William+Britten+%3A+Lovell+%26+Co.&rft.date=1884&rft.aulast=Britten&rft.aufirst=Emma+Hardinge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnineteenthcentur01brit%2Fpage%2F32%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> e.g., <a href="/wiki/Brewer%27s_Dictionary_of_Phrase_and_Fable" title="Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable">Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable</a>,<a href="#cite_note-brewers-dict-cobalt-108">[93]</a> spiritualist <a href="/wiki/Emma_Hardinge_Britten" title="Emma Hardinge Britten">Emma Hardinge Britten</a><a href="#cite_note-britten1884-109">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> As recapped by German linguist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Kretschmer" title="Paul Kretschmer">Paul Kretschmer</a> (1928). The conflation occurred when the original sense of kobold as "house spirit" (Hausgeist) which had been faithful to the "standard" etymology (koben "chamber' + walt "ruler, power, authority") was later corrupted by the sense of "mine spirits" (which had names like "mountain manikin") , undergoing a meaning shift.<a href="#cite_note-kretschmer1928-72">[63]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> On the three first days after our arrival, we only heard a few dull knocks, sounding in and about the mouth of the mine, as if produced by some vibrations or very distant blows..."<a href="#cite_note-britten1884-109">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <blockquote>We were about to sit down to tea when Mdlle. Gronin called our attention to the steady light, round, and about the size of a cheese plate, which appeared suddenly on the wall of the little garden directly opposite the door of the hut in which we sat. Before any of us could rise to examine it, four more lights appeared almost simultaneously, about the same shape, and varying only in size. Surrounding each one was the dim outline of a small human figure, black and grotesque, more like a little image carved out of black shining wood, than anything else I can liken them to. Dorothea kissed her hands to these dreadful little shapes, and Michael bowed with great reverence. As for me and my companions, we were so awe-struck yet amused at these comical shapes, that we could not move or speak until they themselves seemed to flit about in a sort of wavering dance, and then vanish, one by one.<a href="#cite_note-britten1884-109">[94]</a></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-HdA-Burren-guetel-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Burren-guetel_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Burren-guetel_117-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Burren-guetel_117-2">c</a> Burren (1931). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=89G1DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA3-PA181">Gütel, Gütchen, Jüdel, Jütel, usw. (Dämonenname)</a>". HdA, 3: 1233–1236--> </li> <li id="cite_note-koehler1867-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koehler1867_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-koehler1867_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöhler1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_K%C3%B6hler_(Volkskundler)" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Köhler (Volkskundler)">Köhler, Joseph August Ernst</a> [in German] (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GW4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA476">"XIII. Sagen §50. Das Heugütel"</a>. Volksbrauch, Aberglauben, Sagen und andre alte Ueberlieferungen im Voigtlande: Mit Berücks. d. Orlagau's u. d. Pleißnerlandes. Ein Beitr. z. Kulturgeschichte d. Voigtländer. Leipzig: Fleischer. p. 476.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XIII.+Sagen+%C2%A750.+Das+Heug%C3%BCtel&rft.btitle=Volksbrauch%2C+Aberglauben%2C+Sagen+und+andre+alte+Ueberlieferungen+im+Voigtlande%3A+Mit+Ber%C3%BCcks.+d.+Orlagau%27s+u.+d.+Plei%C3%9Fnerlandes.+Ein+Beitr.+z.+Kulturgeschichte+d.+Voigtl%C3%A4nder&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=476&rft.pub=Fleischer&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6hler&rft.aufirst=Joseph+August+Ernst&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGW4AAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Place-marked at <a href="/wiki/Reichenbach,_Thuringia" title="Reichenbach, Thuringia">Reichenbach</a> in the Thüringen-Sächsen Vogtland.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Burren-guetel-117">[99]</a> The form heugütel at Reichenbach is recorded in legend,<a href="#cite_note-koehler1867-118">[100]</a> corrupted locally to "heigidle"<a href="#cite_note-meiche-no389-23">[18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuenzig1930-120"><a href="#cite_ref-kuenzig1930_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKünzig1930" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_K%C3%BCnzig" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Künzig">Künzig, Johannes</a> [in German] (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ELsrAQAAIAAJ&pg=RA2-PA112">"Ghost miners"</a>. Badische Heimat. 17: 112ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Badische+Heimat&rft.atitle=Ghost+miners&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=112ff&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=K%C3%BCnzig&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DELsrAQAAIAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PA112&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505-121">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505_121-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505_121-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505_121-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505_121-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Classed as A or doll name by HdA, though Grimm suggest it is a noise name (which would be D). Place-marked at <a href="/wiki/Freiburg_im_Breisgau" title="Freiburg im Breisgau">Freiburg im Breisgau</a> since it is in Baden, in the nexus with Swabia. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johannes_K%C3%BCnzig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johannes Künzig (page does not exist)">Johannes Künzig</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johannes_K%C3%BCnzig" class="extiw" title="de:Johannes Künzig">de</a>]'s paper on it is signed at that city, and discusses Poppele as a Baden tradition;<a href="#cite_note-kuenzig1930-120">[102]</a> while Grimm says it is the house spirit in Swabia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505-121">[103]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-koehler1867-no056-schretzelein-123">^ <a href="#cite_ref-koehler1867-no056-schretzelein_123-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-koehler1867-no056-schretzelein_123-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöhler1867">Köhler (1867)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GW4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA479">§56. Schretzelein</a>, p. 479. </li> <li id="cite_note-reichold1926-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-reichold1926_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-reichold1926_124-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReichold1926" class="citation book cs1">Reichold, Andreas, ed. (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i6LYAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA26">"Das Schrezelein in Hartungs"</a>. Nordoberfränkische Sagen. Scherenschnitte (papercutting) von <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Schaefer" class="extiw" title="de:Hans Schaefer">Hans Schaefer-Osseck</a> (2 ed.). Lichtenfels, Bavaria: H. O. Schulze. p. 26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+Schrezelein+in+Hartungs&rft.btitle=Nordoberfr%C3%A4nkische+Sagen&rft.place=Lichtenfels%2C+Bavaria&rft.pages=26&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=H.+O.+Schulze&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di6LYAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> Place-marked at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hof_(district&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hof (district (page does not exist)">Hof (district</a>, Bavaria, the höfische Chronik being named as source for Schretzelein legend,<a href="#cite_note-koehler1867-no056-schretzelein-123">[105]</a> more precisely <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartungs" class="extiw" title="de:Hartungs">Hartungs</a> village.<a href="#cite_note-reichold1926-124">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Place-marked at Hildesheim </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann_127-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>. Deutsche Sagen No. 75 "Hinzelmann", pp. 103–128 </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Place-marked at <a href="/wiki/Hudem%C3%BChlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hudemühlen">Hudemühlen</a> as per Grimms' No. 75 with a single source.<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS075-hinzelmann-127">[109]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Place-marked at Fichtelberg after Grimm </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimms-DS076-klopfer-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS076-klopfer_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS076-klopfer_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>. Deutsche Sagen No. 76 "Klopfer", p. 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Place-marked its setting, the ruin of Castle Flügelau at <a href="/wiki/Crailsheim" title="Crailsheim">Crailsheim</a> in <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a>, as per Grimms' No. 76 with its single source.<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS076-klopfer-130">[112]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kantzow-ed-kosegarten-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kantzow-ed-kosegarten_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantzow-ed-kosegarten_132-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kantzow-ed-kosegarten_132-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKantzow1816" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kantzow" title="Thomas Kantzow">Kantzow, Thomas</a> (1816). <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Ludwig_Kosegarten" title="Johann Gottfried Ludwig Kosegarten">Kosegarten, Johann Gottfried Ludwig</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmcIAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA333">Pomerania, oder Ursprunck, Altheit und Geschicht der Völcker und Lande Pomern, Cassuben [&c.]</a>. Greifswald: in Commission bey Ernst Mauritius. p. 333.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pomerania%2C+oder+Ursprunck%2C+Altheit+und+Geschicht+der+V%C3%B6lcker+und+Lande+Pomern%2C+Cassuben+%5B%26c.%5D&rft.place=Greifswald&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=in+Commission+bey+Ernst+Mauritius&rft.date=1816&rft.aulast=Kantzow&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmcIAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Place-marked at Mecklenburg, as per Kantzow.<a href="#cite_note-kantzow-ed-kosegarten-132">[114]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken_134-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüllenhoff1845">Müllenhoff (1845)</a> "No. 430. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuxNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA317">Die Wolterkens</a>", pp. 317–319 with various notes. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> Place-marked at Nortorf,where Meigen had his pastorship.<a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken-134">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe185248–49-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe185248–49_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, pp. 48–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> Place-marked at Stapelholm, as per Müllenhoff and Thorpe<a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken-134">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe185248–49-136">[118]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001163-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2001163_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2001163_139-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2001">Berger (2001)</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Place-markable on the island of Rügen, <a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Stolp" title="Landkreis Stolp">Kreis Stolp</a> (now Słupsk) <a href="/w/index.php?title=Landkreis_K%C3%B6slin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Landkreis Köslin (page does not exist)">Kreis Köslin</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landkreis_K%C3%B6slin" class="extiw" title="de:Landkreis Köslin">de</a>] (now Koszalin), some of the localizations of Pomeranian lore,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001163-139">[120]</a> but Polish territory are out of bounds on map. </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Plotted at Cologne, as per the tome on the city by Weyden (1826). Note Schäffer et al. map leaves this spot blank.<a href="#cite_note-schaefer&pisarek&gritsch2020-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001168-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2001168_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2001">Berger (2001)</a>, p. 168. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155_143-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155_143-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, p. 155. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a> 119．<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zm4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA103">Spuk am Thürberg</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Place-marked on the island of Rügen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001168-142">[123]</a> Swinemünde / Świnoujście<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155-143">[124]</a> and at Thürberg near Tremmen<a href="#cite_note-144">[125]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-strackerjan1867-no265-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-strackerjan1867-no265_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-strackerjan1867-no265_146-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrackerjan1867" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Strackerjan" class="extiw" title="de:Ludwig Strackerjan">Strackerjan, Ludwig</a> [in German] (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0UMQAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA396">"256. Alrunen sind Geister.."</a>. Aberglaube und Sagen aus dem Herzogthum Oldenburg. Vol. 1. Oldenburg: Gerhard Stalling. pp. 396–397.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=256.+Alrunen+sind+Geister..&rft.btitle=Aberglaube+und+Sagen+aus+dem+Herzogthum+Oldenburg&rft.place=Oldenburg&rft.pages=396-397&rft.pub=Gerhard+Stalling&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Strackerjan&rft.aufirst=Ludwig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0UMQAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA396&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Place-marked at Saterland, as per Strackerjan<a href="#cite_note-strackerjan1867-no265-146">[127]</a> Classified as I dragon name, as accord. to HdA, though the reasoning is not clarified. </li> <li id="cite_note-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-220-148">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-220_148-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-220_148-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a> "C. Gerbräuche und Aberglauben", "XVI. Dråk, kobold" No. 220, p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Also place-marked at East Frisian Nordmohr=<a href="/wiki/Nortmoor" title="Nortmoor">Nortmoor</a><a href="#cite_note-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-220-148">[129]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, pp. 420–421; <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 508–509 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Handw%C3%B6rterbuch_des_deutschen_Aberglaubens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens (page does not exist)">Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Handw%C3%B6rterbuch_des_deutschen_Aberglaubens" class="extiw" title="de:Handwörterbuch des deutschen Aberglaubens">de</a>] assigns kobold synonyms separately as A. doll names and B. names for deriding an imbecile, but comments that the A type names served as B type pejoratives.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold-5">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505,_507-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883505,_507_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 505, 507. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> German word corresponding to French pouppé, in the HdA </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimm-DW-butzputz-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimm-DW-butzputz_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimm-DW-butzputz_155-1">b</a> Cf. Grimm DW "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_60YAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA589">Butz, Putz</a>" sense 4), apparently a part of a wood or hedge that needs be trimmed off. </li> <li id="cite_note-HdA-Ranke-butz-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Ranke-butz_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Ranke-butz_156-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Ranke" title="Kurt Ranke">Ranke, Kurt</a> (1927). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwsNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1763">Alp (Alptraum)</a>". HdA, 1: 1763–1764 </li> <li id="cite_note-lexer-butze-157"><a href="#cite_ref-lexer-butze_157-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Matthias_Lexer" title="Matthias Lexer">Lexer</a> (1878). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://woerterbuchnetz.de/?sigle=Lexer&lemid=B04800">butze</a>", Mittelhochdeutsches Handwörterbuch </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimm-DW-butzebutz-158"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimm-DW-butzebutz_158-0">^</a> Grimm, Deutsches Wörterbuch, Band 2, s.v. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_60YAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA589">Butze, Butz</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193331-159"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193331_159-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> Ch. XVII, §Scrat (faunus). Wood-folk. In the annotation supplementary volume to be more precise: <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1888">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1888)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1426">4: 1426</a>, to <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1888">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1888)</a>, 2: 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfdietrich" title="Wolfdietrich">Wolfdietrich</a>, Str. 590, in <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Heinrich_von_der_Hagen" title="Friedrich Heinrich von der Hagen">von der Hagen</a> (1855) edition <a href="/wiki/Heldenbuch" title="Heldenbuch">Heldenbuch</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_GMCAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA236&q=g%C3%BCttel">Vol. 1, p. 236</a>. Cited by <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1888">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1888)</a>, 1: 483. </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1878">Grimm (1878)</a>, 4: 139 only has: "ein guttel (? götze). Wolfdietr. in Hagens heldenb. s. 236". But Grimm mentions götze elsewhere as 'idol' (<a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, 1: 12, 86 and <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, 1: 513, citing <a href="#CITEREFSommer1846">Sommer (1846)</a>, pp. 38, 173 （"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AtOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA38">33. Das Jesuskind im alten Hospital zu Halle</a>" and endnote） where it is evidently a dress-up baby Jesus doll. Sommer's endnote makes connection with the custom of bathing the alrune doll (Cf. <a href="#Mandrake_root_dolls">§ Mandrake root dolls</a> and dressing it up in white shirt.) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332_163-10">k</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-HdA-Marzell-alraun-164">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Marzell-alraun_164-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Marzell-alraun_164-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Marzell-alraun_164-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Marzell-alraun_164-3">d</a> Marzell, Heinrich (1927). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwsNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA311">Alraun</a>". HdA, 1: 312–324--> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen_165-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allgemeine-Ency-gluecksmaennchen_165-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErschGruber1860" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Samuel_Ersch" title="Johann Samuel Ersch">Ersch, Johann Samuel</a>; <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Gruber" title="Johann Gottfried Gruber">Gruber, Johann Gottfried</a>, eds. (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQndsknDKBAC&pg=PA303">"Glücksmännchen"</a>. Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Brockhaus. pp. 303–304.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Gl%C3%BCcksm%C3%A4nnchen&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+Encyclop%C3%A4die+der+Wissenschaften+und+K%C3%BCnste&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=303-304&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.date=1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQndsknDKBAC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 513, n2; <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1878">Grimm (1878)</a>, 3: 148, note to 1: 424 </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> "The alraun[e] or gallowsmannikin (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Galgenmännlein) in <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a> Deutsche Sagen nos. 83 84 is not properly a kobold, but a semi-diabolic being carved out of a root".<a href="#cite_note-166">[146]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> Strackerjan (1867) No. 265.<a href="#cite_note-strackerjan1867-no265-146">[127]</a> According to No. 264, "Alrun" is a special type of "kobold" (though this is not current in the <a href="/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)" title="Oldenburg (city)">Oldenburg</a> area). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157_169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157_169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157_169-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156–157_169-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, pp. 156–157. </li> <li id="cite_note-vernaleken1859-170"><a href="#cite_ref-vernaleken1859_170-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVernaleken1859" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodor_Vernaleken" class="extiw" title="de:Theodor Vernaleken">Vernaleken, Theodor</a> [in German], ed. (1859). "60. [Alräunchen] (informant: Chr. Tester in <a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dZUKAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA260">Mythen und bräuche des volkes in Oesterreich: als beitrag zur deutschen mythologie, volksdichtung und sittenkunde</a>. Wien: W. Braumüller. p. 260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=60.+%5BAlr%C3%A4unchen%5D+%28informant%3A+Chr.+Tester+in+Chur%29&rft.btitle=Mythen+und+br%C3%A4uche+des+volkes+in+Oesterreich%3A+als+beitrag+zur+deutschen+mythologie%2C+volksdichtung+und+sittenkunde&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=260&rft.pub=W.+Braum%C3%BCller&rft.date=1859&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdZUKAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> Thorpe citing Grimm (1844) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OS9mAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA1153">Ch. XXXVII, 2: 1153</a> = Grimm (1877) Ch. XXXVII, 2: 1007. </li> <li id="cite_note-arrowsmith1977-173"><a href="#cite_ref-arrowsmith1977_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrowsmith2009" class="citation book cs1">Arrowsmith, Nancy (2009) [1977]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kVShTntxrowC&pg=PA126">Field Guide to the Little People: A Curious Journey Into the Hidden Realm of Elves, Faeries, Hobgoblins and Other Not-So-Mythical Creatures</a>. Woodbury, Minnesota: Llewellyn Worldwide. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738715490" title="Special:BookSources/9780738715490"><bdi>9780738715490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Field+Guide+to+the+Little+People%3A+A+Curious+Journey+Into+the+Hidden+Realm+of+Elves%2C+Faeries%2C+Hobgoblins+and+Other+Not-So-Mythical+Creatures&rft.place=Woodbury%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Llewellyn+Worldwide&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780738715490&rft.aulast=Arrowsmith&rft.aufirst=Nancy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkVShTntxrowC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanke1936">Ranke (1936)</a>, p. 1288, note 54) </li> <li id="cite_note-taylor1919-176">^ <a href="#cite_ref-taylor1919_176-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-taylor1919_176-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1919" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archer_Taylor" title="Archer Taylor">Taylor, Archer</a> (October 1919). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9I1JAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA305">"Schrätel und Wasserbär"</a>. Modern Philology. 17 (6): 305–306. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F387273">10.1086/387273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Philology&rft.atitle=Schr%C3%A4tel+und+Wasserb%C3%A4r&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=305-306&rft.date=1919-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F387273&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Archer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9I1JAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA305&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETaylor1919306–307-177"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETaylor1919306–307_177-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1919">Taylor (1919)</a>, pp. 306–307. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke19361286-178"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke19361286_178-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanke1936">Ranke (1936)</a>, p. 1286. </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> Grimm (1888), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1424">Teut. Myth. 4: 1424</a>, note to 1: 480. </li> <li id="cite_note-zapf1874-180"><a href="#cite_ref-zapf1874_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZapf1874" class="citation book cs1">Zapf, Ludwig, ed. (1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TAYhFW-gcb4C&pg=PA38">Der Sagenkreis des Fichtelgebirges</a>. Hof: Franz Büching. pp. 38–39.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Sagenkreis+des+Fichtelgebirges&rft.place=Hof&rft.pages=38-39&rft.pub=Franz+B%C3%BCching&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTAYhFW-gcb4C%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Zapf (1874), p. 38<a href="#cite_note-zapf1874-180">[158]</a> cited by Ranke in HdA, p. 1289 note 54), as Zapf p. 43. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> The tale of schretzelein is sourced from höfische Chronik <a href="/wiki/Hof,_Bavaria" title="Hof, Bavaria">Hof, Bavaria</a> in Köhlers's anthology of Vogtand lore.<a href="#cite_note-koehler1867-no056-schretzelein-123">[105]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> "Das Schrezelein in Hartungs" is set in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hartungs,_Bavaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hartungs, Bavaria (page does not exist)">Hartungs</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartungs" class="extiw" title="de:Hartungs">de</a>], <a href="/wiki/Hof_(district)" title="Hof (district)">Hof (district)</a>, Upper Franconia. It haunts a horse's stable.<a href="#cite_note-reichold1926-124">[106]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-brueckner-dict-skrzat-184">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brueckner-dict-skrzat_184-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brueckner-dict-skrzat_184-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrückner1926" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Br%C3%BCckner" title="Alexander Brückner">Brückner, Alexander</a> (1926). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iV8VAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA497">"Skrzat"</a>. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Vol. 8 Pušlisko-Stalmach. Kraków: Nakładem Krakowskiej Spółki Wydawniczej. p. 267.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Skrzat&rft.btitle=S%C5%82ownik+etymologiczny+j%C4%99zyka+polskiego&rft.place=Krak%C3%B3w&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Nak%C5%82adem+Krakowskiej+Sp%C3%B3%C5%82ki+Wydawniczej&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Br%C3%BCckner&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiV8VAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA497&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Br%C3%BCckner" title="Alexander Brückner">Brückner</a>'s Polish dictionary <a href="#cite_note-brueckner-dict-skrzat-184">[162]</a> cited by Ranke, note 34)<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Ranke-schrat-9">[8]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-jungmann-dict-skřet-186"><a href="#cite_ref-jungmann-dict-skřet_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJungmann1838" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Jungmann, Josef</a> (1838). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ht6Y2QgJSK0C&pg=PA119">"SKŘET"</a>. Slownjk česko-německý. Vol. 4 S–U. Prague: Knjžecj arcibiskupská tiskárna, Josefa wdowa Fetterlowá. p. 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SK%C5%98ET&rft.btitle=Slownjk+%C4%8Desko-n%C4%9Bmeck%C3%BD&rft.place=Prague&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Knj%C5%BEecj+arcibiskupsk%C3%A1+tisk%C3%A1rna%2C+Josefa+wdowa+Fetterlow%C3%A1&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Jungmann&rft.aufirst=Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHt6Y2QgJSK0C%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Grimm points to Czech skřet, skřjtek glossed as penas somewhere, justifying "kobold" meaning.<a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, 1: 397; <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, 1: 479</ref> However, Brückner gives Czech skrátek, szkrzítek as "hag, baba" (jędzy) or "mine spirit" (duchu-górniku).<a href="#cite_note-brueckner-dict-skrzat-184">[162]</a> and the extrapolation of latter by Ranke to "gold-bringing devil" (Gold bringender Teufel) would appear to require additional sources. The standardized forms škrat, škrátek, škrítek are not in the given sources, and occurs, e.g., in <a href="/wiki/Josef_Jungmann" title="Josef Jungmann">Josef Jungmann</a>'s Czech-German dictionaries that also identifies Czech-Latin glosses.<a href="#cite_note-jungmann-dict-skřet-186">[164]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lecouteux-dict-dwarfnames_188-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecouteux2016" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecouteux" title="Claude Lecouteux">Lecouteux, Claude</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vmAoDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT48">"Dwarf names"</a>. Encyclopedia of Norse and Germanic Folklore, Mythology, and Magic. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781620554814" title="Special:BookSources/9781620554814"><bdi>9781620554814</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dwarf+names&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Norse+and+Germanic+Folklore%2C+Mythology%2C+and+Magic&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781620554814&rft.aulast=Lecouteux&rft.aufirst=Claude&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvmAoDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Category E Kosenamen, <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, pp. 32–33 </li> <li id="cite_note-NdZfVk4.3-190"><a href="#cite_ref-NdZfVk4.3_190-0">^</a> NdZfVk. 4. 3, i.e., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiser-Aall1926" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lily_Weiser-Aall" title="Lily Weiser-Aall">Weiser-Aall, Lily</a> (1926). "Germanische Hausgeister und Kobolde". Niederdeutsche Zeitschrift für Volkskunde. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Niederdeutsche+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Volkskunde&rft.atitle=Germanische+Hausgeister+und+Kobolde&rft.volume=4&rft.date=1926&rft.aulast=Weiser-Aall&rft.aufirst=Lily&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> Weiser-Aall, "kobold",<a href="#cite_note-HdA-WeiserAall-kobold-5">[4]</a> citing as 39) her own paper.<a href="#cite_note-NdZfVk4.3-190">[168]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-luther1846-192">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luther1846_192-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-luther1846_192-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1846" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1846) [1566]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9oITSdCVNW0C&pg=PA93">"135. Von einem Teufels-Heinzlein"</a>. In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Eduard_F%C3%B6rstemann" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Eduard Förstemann">Förstemann, Karl Eduard</a> [in German] (ed.). D. Martin Luther's Tischreden: oder, Colloquia. D. Martin Luther's Sämmtliche schriften 13. Leipzig: Gebauer'sche buchhandlung (E. Schimmel). p. 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=135.+Von+einem+Teufels-Heinzlein&rft.btitle=D.+Martin+Luther%27s+Tischreden%3A+oder%2C+Colloquia&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.series=D.+Martin+Luther%27s+S%C3%A4mmtliche+schriften+13&rft.pages=93&rft.pub=Gebauer%27sche+buchhandlung+%28E.+Schimmel%29&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9oITSdCVNW0C%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-luther-apud-heine-193">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luther-apud-heine_193-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-luther-apud-heine_193-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, pp. 140–141 Heine requotes via Dobeneck. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883p._503,_n4-194"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883p._503,_n4_194-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 503, n4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimm1875'''1''':_416,_n4-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimm1875'''1''':_416,_n4_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, 1: 416, n4. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, No. 71 "Kobold", p. 92. Luther's Table-Talk is listed as a source. </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, pp. 416–417; <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 503–504 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333_198-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilgers2001a33-199"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHilgers2001a33_199-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHilgers2001a">Hilgers (2001a)</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-hilgers2001b-200"><a href="#cite_ref-hilgers2001b_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilgers2001b" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name">—— (2001b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZUSAQAAIAAJ&q=Restauration">"Kopischs „Heinzelmännchen" auf Kölsch"</a>. In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Sch%C3%A4fke" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Schäfke">Schäfke, Werner</a> [in German] (ed.). Heinzelmännchen: Beiträge zu einer Kölner Sage. Kölnisches Stadtmuseum. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738715490" title="Special:BookSources/9780738715490"><bdi>9780738715490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kopischs+%E2%80%9EHeinzelm%C3%A4nnchen%E2%80%9C+auf+K%C3%B6lsch&rft.btitle=Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zu+einer+K%C3%B6lner+Sage&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=K%C3%B6lnisches+Stadtmuseum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780738715490&rft.aulast=Hilgers&rft.aufirst=Heribert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZUSAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DRestauration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Weiser-Aall seems to regard it as <a href="/wiki/August_Kopisch" title="August Kopisch">August Kopisch</a>'s literary work,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333-198">[176]</a> but the oral origins were published by <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weyden" title="Ernst Weyden">Ernst Weyden</a> (1826). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marianne_Rumpf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marianne Rumpf (page does not exist)">Marianne Rumpf</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marianne_Rumpf" class="extiw" title="de:Marianne Rumpf">de</a>] (1976) argued Kopisch relied almost completely on Weyden, though the tacit assumptions made have been questioned by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heribert_A._Hilgers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heribert A. Hilgers (page does not exist)">Heribert A. Hilgers</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_A._Hilgers" class="extiw" title="de:Heribert A. Hilgers">de</a>].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHilgers2001a33-199">[177]</a> Hilgers states the "restoration" of the Heinzelmännchen-story to have been begun by 1821 by Weyden.<a href="#cite_note-hilgers2001b-200">[178]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503–504-202">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503–504_202-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503–504_202-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 503–504. </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, p. 417; <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 503–504, rendered "noisy ghost". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666366-204"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666366_204-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPraetorius1666">Praetorius (1666)</a>, p. 366. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimms-DS071-kobold-205"><a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS071-kobold_205-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>. Deutsche Sagen No. 71 "Kobold", pp. 90–92 </li> <li id="cite_note-chimgen-forms-206">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chimgen-forms_206-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-chimgen-forms_206-1">b</a> Praetorius gives "Court Chimgen",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666366-204">[182]</a> transliterated as "Kurd Chimgen" by the Grimms DS No. 71<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS071-kobold-205">[183]</a> Heine in the original German quotes "lieb Chimchen", though translated "dear Chimgen". </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> Possibly <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussian</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> Attested by Prateorius, but since his concern was with the legend of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCbezahl" title="Rübezahl">Rübezahl</a>, one would assume he is discussing house spirits generally of that area. </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> Prateorius (1666) apud <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, pp. 140, 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-saintine1862-210">^ <a href="#cite_ref-saintine1862_210-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saintine1862_210-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-saintine1862_210-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintine1862" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/X._B._Saintine" title="X. B. Saintine">Saintine, Xavier-Boniface</a> (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZkIKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA287">"XII. § Un Kobold au service d'une cuisinière"</a>. La Mythologie du Rhin. Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>. Paris: Librairie de L. Hachette et Cie. pp. 287–289.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XII.+%C2%A7+Un+Kobold+au+service+d%27une+cuisini%C3%A8re&rft.btitle=La+Mythologie+du+Rhin&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=287-289&rft.pub=Librairie+de+L.+Hachette+et+Cie&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Saintine&rft.aufirst=Xavier-Boniface&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZkIKAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintine1903" class="citation book cs1">—— (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wLA_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA317">"XII. §A Kobold in the Cook's Employ"</a>. La Mythologie du Rhin. Translated by Maximilian Schele de Vere; Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>. Akron, Ohio: Saalfield Publishing Company. pp. 315–317.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XII.+%C2%A7A+Kobold+in+the+Cook%27s+Employ&rft.btitle=La+Mythologie+du+Rhin&rft.place=Akron%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=315-317&rft.pub=Saalfield+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Saintine&rft.aufirst=Xavier-Boniface&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwLA_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA317&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> "Chim", "Kurt Chimgen", "Himschen", "Heinzchen" were what German and Alsatian cooks (Alsace-Lorraine was territory annexed to Germany from after the <a href="/wiki/Franco-Prussian_War" title="Franco-Prussian War">Franco-Prussian War</a> to WWII.) call their kitchen kobolds by, according to Saintine.<a href="#cite_note-saintine1862-210">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-meiger1587-212"><a href="#cite_ref-meiger1587_212-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiger1587" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Meiger" class="extiw" title="de:Samuel Meiger">Meiger, Samuel</a> [in German] (1587). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKLwVT40D8EC&q=Chimken&pg=PP391">"III. Bok, II. Capittel: Van den laribus dometicis edder husknechtkens, de men ok Wolterken under Chimken an etliken örden nömet"</a>. Den Panurgia Lamiarum, Sagarum, Strigum, ac Veneficarum totius cohortis Magicæ Cacodaemonia. Vol. 3. Hamburg. III.ii.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+Bok%2C+II.+Capittel%3A+Van+den+laribus+dometicis+edder+husknechtkens%2C+de+men+ok+Wolterken+under+Chimken+an+etliken+%C3%B6rden+n%C3%B6met&rft.btitle=Den+Panurgia+Lamiarum%2C+Sagarum%2C+Strigum%2C+ac+Veneficarum+totius+cohortis+Magic%C3%A6+Cacodaemonia.&rft.place=Hamburg&rft.pages=III.ii&rft.date=1587&rft.aulast=Meiger&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdKLwVT40D8EC%26q%3DChimken%26pg%3DPP391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Paraphrased by Mullenhoff, where Meiger is identified as being pastor at <a href="/wiki/Nortorf" title="Nortorf">Nortorf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff-no430-Wolterken-134">[116]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332–33-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193332–33_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPraetorius1666">Praetorius (1666)</a>, p. 360; <a href="#CITEREFPraetorius1668">Praetorius (1668)</a>, p. 312: "Gütchen/Wichtlichen/Erdmännrichen/Hellekeplein", via Kluge (1894) Etymlog. Wörterbuch, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YHcKAAAAIAAJ&pg=RA1-PA162">Heinzelmannchen</a>", cited from another edition by Weiser-All, note 35). </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 463: "sprites have.. power.. of vaninshing or making themselves invisible,.. nebelkappen.. helkeplein, etc." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666377-218"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666377_218-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPraetorius1666">Praetorius (1666)</a>, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyl1909p._122,_n1-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWyl1909p._122,_n1_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWyl1909">Wyl (1909)</a>, p. 122, n1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Grimms-DS074-huetchen-220">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS074-huetchen_220-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS074-huetchen_220-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grimms-DS074-huetchen_220-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>. Deutsche Sagen No. 74 "Hütchen", pp. 97–103 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAschner190964-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAschner190964_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAschner1909">Aschner (1909)</a>, p. 64. </li> <li id="cite_note-praetorius-feltcap-222">^ <a href="#cite_ref-praetorius-feltcap_222-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-praetorius-feltcap_222-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-praetorius-feltcap_222-2">c</a> Praetorius explains that the sprite "on account of the hat he wears on his head is called <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pileatum" class="extiw" title="wikt:pileatum">pileatum</a>, or Hödekin in the speech of Saxony".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666377-218">[195]</a> Wyl gives mistyped "Pilateum" [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] and glosses it as deriving from adj. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/pilleatus" class="extiw" title="wikt:pilleatus">pilleatus</a> thus meaning <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Filz" class="extiw" title="wikt:Filz">Filz</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/kappe" class="extiw" title="wikt:kappe">kappe</a> "Felt Cap".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWyl1909p._122,_n1-219">[196]</a> Grimm DS No. 74 also gives Filz-Hut,<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS074-huetchen-220">[197]</a> from one of the sources, i.e. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Weyer" title="Johann Weyer">Johann Weyer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAschner190964-221">[198]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883463,_508-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883463,_508_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 463, 508. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850255-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850255_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883508-225"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883508_225-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 508. </li> <li id="cite_note-gask1912-226"><a href="#cite_ref-gask1912_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGask1912" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lilian_Gask" title="Lilian Gask">Gask, Lilian</a> (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fairieschristmas00gask/page/186/mode/2up">"Chapter IX: The Little White Feather"</a>. The Fairies and the Christmas Child. Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Willy_Pogany" title="Willy Pogany">Willy Pogány</a>. London: Harrap & Co., n.d. pp. 186–196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IX%3A+The+Little+White+Feather&rft.btitle=The+Fairies+and+the+Christmas+Child&rft.place=London&rft.pages=186-196&rft.pub=Harrap+%26+Co.%2C+n.d.&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Gask&rft.aufirst=Lilian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffairieschristmas00gask%2Fpage%2F186%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/gask/child/child.html">HTML version</a> @ UPenn digital library </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883503_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 503. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883480,_503-228"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883480,_503_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 480, 503. </li> <li id="cite_note-duennhaupt1980-bibl-praetorius-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-duennhaupt1980-bibl-praetorius_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-duennhaupt1980-bibl-praetorius_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDünnhaupt1980" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_D%C3%BCnnhaupt" title="Gerhard Dünnhaupt">Dünnhaupt, Gerhard</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?q=katzen">"Johann Praetorius"</a>. Bibliographisches Handbuch der Barockliteratur: hundert Personalbibliographien deutscher Autoren des siebzehnten Jahrhunderts. Vol. 2. Hiersemann. p. 1424. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783777280295" title="Special:BookSources/9783777280295"><bdi>9783777280295</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Johann+Praetorius&rft.btitle=Bibliographisches+Handbuch+der+Barockliteratur%3A+hundert+Personalbibliographien+deutscher+Autoren+des+siebzehnten+Jahrhunderts&rft.pages=1424&rft.pub=Hiersemann&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9783777280295&rft.aulast=D%C3%BCnnhaupt&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fq%3Dkatzen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, pp. 104–106; <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, pp. 240–242 </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, pp. 110–111; <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, pp. 244–245 </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1862">Saintine (1862)</a>, p. 287; <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1903">Saintine (1903)</a>, p. 316 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883180,_505-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883180,_505_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 180, 505. </li> <li id="cite_note-HdA-Jacoby-boppelgebet-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Jacoby-boppelgebet_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HdA-Jacoby-boppelgebet_234-1">b</a> Jacoby, Adolf (1927). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mwsNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA1479">Boppelgebet</a>". HdA, 1: 1479–1480 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERand2019p._33,_endnote_26_to_chapter_1-235">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERand2019p._33,_endnote_26_to_chapter_1_235-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERand2019p._33,_endnote_26_to_chapter_1_235-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRand2019">Rand (2019)</a>, p. 33, endnote 26 to chapter 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Pophart/Popart was a "Klopfgeist" accord. <a href="/wiki/Johann_Fischart" title="Johann Fischart">Johann Fischart</a>'s translation of <a href="/wiki/Gargantua_and_Pantagruel" title="Gargantua and Pantagruel">Gargantua</a>, 25.<a href="#cite_note-HdA-Jacoby-boppelgebet-234">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERand2019p._33,_endnote_26_to_chapter_1-235">[212]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm1875</a>, p. 418; <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 505: "popeln, popern (schnell und schwach anklopfen, pochen)" ["to keep bobbing or thumping softly and rapidly"]... "vermumten kinderschreckenden gespenstes" ["side meaning of.. muffled ghost that frighten children"]; "pöpel ist sonst was sich puppt, vermumt, einhüllt" ["is that which muffles (puppt) itself"] Note: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vermummen" class="extiw" title="wikt:vermummen">vermummen</a> (occurring twice) meant " hide one’s face, disguise oneself" (not really 'muffled'), and einhüllt also means 'cover') </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883507-238"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883507_238-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 507. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> Fischart (1577) mentions "Popart" and "Rumpele stilt" as a children's game.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERand2019p._33,_endnote_26_to_chapter_1-235">[212]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERand201938–39-240"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERand201938–39_240-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRand2019">Rand (2019)</a>, pp. 38–39. </li> <li id="cite_note-weyden1826-241"><a href="#cite_ref-weyden1826_241-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeyden1826" class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Weyden" title="Ernst Weyden">Weyden, Ernst</a> (1826). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Die_Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_(C%C3%B6ln%E2%80%99s_Vorzeit)/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen">"Heinzelmännchen" </a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Die_Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen_(C%C3%B6ln%E2%80%99s_Vorzeit)">Cöln's Vorzeit. Geschichten, Legenden und Sagen Cöln's, nebst einer Auswahl cölnischer Volkslieder </a> (in German). Cöln am Rhein: Pet. Schmitz. pp. 200–202 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen&rft.btitle=C%C3%B6ln%27s+Vorzeit.+Geschichten%2C+Legenden+und+Sagen+C%C3%B6ln%27s%2C+nebst+einer+Auswahl+c%C3%B6lnischer+Volkslieder&rft.place=C%C3%B6ln+am+Rhein&rft.pages=200-202&rft.pub=Pet.+Schmitz&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Weyden&rft.aufirst=Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-keightley1828-242"><a href="#cite_ref-keightley1828_242-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1828" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley" title="Thomas Keightley">Keightley, Thomas</a> (1828). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IctcAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA29">"Heinzelmännchen"</a>. The Fairy Mythology. Vol. 2. London: William Harrison Ainsworth. pp. 29–31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen&rft.btitle=The+Fairy+Mythology&rft.place=London&rft.pages=29-31&rft.pub=William+Harrison+Ainsworth&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIctcAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilgers2001a-243"><a href="#cite_ref-hilgers2001a_243-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilgers2001a" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_A._Hilgers" class="extiw" title="de:Heribert A. Hilgers">Hilgers, Heribert A.</a> [in German] (2001a). "Die Herkunft der Kölner Heinzelmännchen". In <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner_Sch%C3%A4fke" class="extiw" title="de:Werner Schäfke">Schäfke, Werner</a> [in German] (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZUSAQAAIAAJ&q=Weyden">Heinzelmännchen: Beiträge zu einer Kölner Sage</a>. Kölnisches Stadtmuseum. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738715490" title="Special:BookSources/9780738715490"><bdi>9780738715490</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Herkunft+der+K%C3%B6lner+Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen&rft.btitle=Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen%3A+Beitr%C3%A4ge+zu+einer+K%C3%B6lner+Sage&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=K%C3%B6lnisches+Stadtmuseum&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780738715490&rft.aulast=Hilgers&rft.aufirst=Heribert+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZUSAQAAIAAJ%26q%3DWeyden&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> The opening lines in Weyden (1826) suggests the Heinzelmännchen were present less than fifty years ago (translated by Keightley in 1828). The regression (subtraction of dates) is made by <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heribert_A._Hilgers" class="extiw" title="de:Heribert A. Hilgers">Heribert A. Hilgers</a> (2001a) who states that the "origins of Cologne's Heinzelmännchen before 1826 (or before 1780) remains in the dark.<a href="#cite_note-hilgers2001a-243">[220]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, p. 33: Category H. Literarische Namen. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333–34-246"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeiser-Aall193333–34_246-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeiser-Aall1933">Weiser-Aall (1933)</a>, pp. 33–34. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSommer1846">Sommer (1846)</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AtOAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA35">32. Mönch</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883453,_466,_509-248"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883453,_466,_509_248-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 453, 466, 509. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985140-249">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985140_249-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985140_249-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, p. 140. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857223-250"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857223_250-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLaren1857">MacLaren (1857)</a>, p. 223. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashliman_46-251">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_46_251-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_46_251-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_46_251-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_46_251-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_46_251-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_46_251-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshliman2006">Ashliman (2006)</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHzDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA46">Household Spirits</a>", p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> Thorpe 141. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose_40,_183-253">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_40,_183_253-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_40,_183_253-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_40,_183_253-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rose_40,_183_253-3">d</a> Rose 40, 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> Thorpe 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-Praetorius1666-255">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Praetorius1666_255-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praetorius1666_255-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praetorius1666_255-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praetorius1666_255-3">d</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius_(writer)" title="Johannes Praetorius (writer)">Prateorius</a> on Poltergeister (hobgoblins) haunting the house, quoted in English by <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, pp. 139–141, translated from (1666) Anthropodemus Plutonicus, Band 1, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzJmAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA363&q=Poltergeistern">VIII. von Hausmännern"</a>, p. 363–364 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintine1862287-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintine1862287_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1862">Saintine (1862)</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMeiger1587">Meiger (1587)</a> III. Bok, II., at "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dKLwVT40D8EC&pg=PP189">Wat nu de lares edder Wolterkens angeit viden sick de gemeinich..</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883510-258"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883510_258-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 510. </li> <li id="cite_note-meyers1980-259"><a href="#cite_ref-meyers1980_259-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyers1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Meyers" class="extiw" title="de:Fritz Meyers">Meyers, Fritz</a> [in German] (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JUTaAAAAMAAJ&q=striegeln">Riesen und Zwerge am Niederrhein: ihre Spuren in Sage, Märchen, Geschichte und Kunst</a>. Duisburg: Mercator-Verlag. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-874-63083-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-874-63083-2"><bdi>978-3-874-63083-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riesen+und+Zwerge+am+Niederrhein%3A+ihre+Spuren+in+Sage%2C+M%C3%A4rchen%2C+Geschichte+und+Kunst&rft.place=Duisburg&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Mercator-Verlag&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-3-874-63083-2&rft.aulast=Meyers&rft.aufirst=Fritz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJUTaAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dstriegeln&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> Samuel Meiger,<a href="#cite_note-257">[234]</a> quoted by Grimm, but the Low German is not fully English-translated by Stallybrass.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883510-258">[235]</a> Rendered into standard modern German by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fritz_Meyers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fritz Meyers (page does not exist)">Fritz Meyers</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Meyers" class="extiw" title="de:Fritz Meyers">de</a>].<a href="#cite_note-meyers1980-259">[236]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi1986p._4,_note*-261">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi1986p._4,_note*_261-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi1986p._4,_note*_261-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi1986p._4,_note*_261-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLüthi1986">Lüthi (1986)</a>, p. 4, note*. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintine1862289-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintine1862289_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1862">Saintine (1862)</a>, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-AllgReal-Ency-kobold-263"><a href="#cite_ref-AllgReal-Ency-kobold_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rNVo8Jvv8rwC&pg=PA455">"Kobold"</a>. Allgemeine deutsche Real-Encyclopädie für die gebildeten Stände. Vol. 5 (5 ed.). Leipzig: Brockhaus. 1819. pp. 455–456.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kobold&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+deutsche+Real-Encyclop%C3%A4die+f%C3%BCr+die+gebildeten+St%C3%A4nde&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=455-456&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.date=1819&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrNVo8Jvv8rwC%26pg%3DPA455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allgemeine-Ency-kobold-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allgemeine-Ency-kobold_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allgemeine-Ency-kobold_264-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeskien1885" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/August_Leskien" title="August Leskien">Leskien, August</a>, ed. (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gPlBAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA372">"Kobold"</a>. Allgemeine Encyclopädie der Wissenschaften und Künste. Vol. 2. Leipzig: Brockhaus. pp. 372–373.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kobold&rft.btitle=Allgemeine+Encyclop%C3%A4die+der+Wissenschaften+und+K%C3%BCnste&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=372-373&rft.pub=Brockhaus&rft.date=1885&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgPlBAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA372&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Peterm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Petermännchen">Petermännchen</a>, and klabautermann, cf. the paragraphs that follow. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, p. 92 also quoted by <a href="#CITEREFGolther1908">Golther (1908)</a>, p. 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-huetchen-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-huetchen_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-huetchen_267-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimm1875">Grimm (1875)</a>, p. 420; <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, p. 508 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimrock1855481-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimrock1855481_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimrock1855481_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimrock1855">Simrock (1855)</a>, p. 481. </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a> 1．<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zm4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA14">Das Petermännchen zu Schwerin</a>, pp. 14–15, 467 </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> Grimms; Translated by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Raine_Hunt" title="Margaret Raine Hunt">Margaret Hunt</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kLwxAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA413">Notes to KHM 55 Rumpelstilzhcen</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüllenhoff1845">Müllenhoff (1845)</a> No. 350 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuxNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA578">Hans Donnerstag</a>", pp. 578–579 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolther1908">Golther (1908)</a>, p. 142, citing Bartsch 1: 68 </li> <li id="cite_note-bartsch1879-petermaenchenn-276"><a href="#cite_ref-bartsch1879-petermaenchenn_276-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartsch1879" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bartsch" title="Karl Bartsch">Bartsch, Karl</a>, ed. (1879). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BMHAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA66">"No. 85 Das Petermännchen zu Schwerin"</a>. Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Meklenburg. Vol. 1. Wien: Wilhelm Braumüller. pp. 66–74.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=No.+85+Das+Peterm%C3%A4nnchen+zu+Schwerin&rft.btitle=Sagen%2C+M%C3%A4rchen+und+Gebr%C3%A4uche+aus+Meklenburg&rft.place=Wien&rft.pages=66-74&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Braum%C3%BCller&rft.date=1879&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BMHAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brewer1880-klabotermann-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brewer1880-klabotermann_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brewer1880-klabotermann_277-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brewer1880-klabotermann_277-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/E._Cobham_Brewer" title="E. Cobham Brewer">Brewer, E. Cobham</a> (1880), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fzoFAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA520">Klabotermann</a>". The reader's handbook of allusions, references, plots and stories. Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910162–163-278">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910162–163_278-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910162–163_278-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910162–163_278-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanke1910">Ranke (1910)</a>, pp. 162–163. </li> <li id="cite_note-Obersteuermann-Werner-279">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obersteuermann-Werner_279-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obersteuermann-Werner_279-1">b</a> Kuhn&Schwartz, with first mate (Obersteuermann) Werner from Hamburg as informant.<a href="#cite_note-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-222-405">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe185249–50-406">[367]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-praetorius-childghost-280">^ <a href="#cite_ref-praetorius-childghost_280-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-praetorius-childghost_280-1">b</a> Cf. Praetorius apud Heine: "the ancients.. conceive[d] of hobgoblins (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: Poltergeister) as.. stature like small children, .. [accord. to some, with] "knives sticking in their backs"; and "the superstitious believe them to be the souls of former occupants of their houses, murdered there long ago".<a href="#cite_note-Praetorius1666-255">[232]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolther1908145-281"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolther1908145_281-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolther1908">Golther (1908)</a>, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1862">Saintine (1862)</a>, p. 290; <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1903">Saintine (1903)</a>, pp. 318–319 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGolther1908142-283"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGolther1908142_283-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGolther1908">Golther (1908)</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883508–509,_503-284"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883508–509,_503_284-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, pp. 508–509, 503. </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> Cf. <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüllenhoff1845">Müllenhoff (1845)</a> No. 434 "Niß Puk in Owschlag", subtale 1.: "rothe <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/M%C3%BCtze" class="extiw" title="wikt:Mütze">Mütze</a>"; No. 435 "Neß Puk im Kasten" "was one tiny span tall" and "einer spitzen rothen Mütze"; No. 439 "Die Unterirdischen schlecken Milch" "Diese kleinen Leuten.. [were about 1.5 feet tall and wore] ganz schwarze Kleider und hatten rothe spitze Mützen " </li> <li id="cite_note-muellenhoff1849-287">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff1849_287-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff1849_287-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllenhoff1849" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCllenhoff" title="Karl Müllenhoff">Müllenhoff, Karl</a> (1849). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6UNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA426">"Der Mythus von Beóvulf"</a>. Zeitschrift für deutsches Alterthum. 7: 425–426.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+deutsches+Alterthum&rft.atitle=Der+Mythus+von+Be%C3%B3vulf&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=425-426&rft.date=1849&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCllenhoff&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6UNAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muellenhoff1849-tr-shippey-288"><a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff1849-tr-shippey_288-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllenhoff2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCllenhoff" title="Karl Müllenhoff">Müllenhoff, Karl</a> (2005) [1998]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tmmIAgAAQBAJ&pg=RA6-PA49">"59 Karl Müllenhoff 1849"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/T._A._Shippey" class="mw-redirect" title="T. A. Shippey">Shippey, T. A.</a>; Haarder, Andreas (eds.). Beowulf: The Critical Heritage. Routledge. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134970933" title="Special:BookSources/9781134970933"><bdi>9781134970933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=59+Karl+M%C3%BCllenhoff+1849&rft.btitle=Beowulf%3A+The+Critical+Heritage&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9781134970933&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCllenhoff&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtmmIAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA6-PA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> He calls the "Schwertmann" a "kobold" in his essay on <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a> pondering on the connection between such spirits and <a href="/wiki/Grendel" title="Grendel">Grendel</a> that assaulted the Danish palace;<a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff1849-287">[261]</a> however, the folklores he cites are not all specifically translated in the paraphrase inserted in the English translation of the essay.<a href="#cite_note-muellenhoff1849-tr-shippey-288">[262]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann_290-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muellenhoff-no350-Schwertmann_290-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüllenhoff1845">Müllenhoff (1845)</a> No. 350 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YuxNAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA261">Schwertmann</a>", pp. 261–262, with an endnote at p. 601. </li> <li id="cite_note-kriechbaum1920-291"><a href="#cite_ref-kriechbaum1920_291-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKriechbaum1920" class="citation journal cs1">Kriechbaum, Eduard (1920). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sKq4soCFjiQC&pg=PA189">"Das Donnerloch"</a>. Heimatgaue: Zeitschrift für oberösterreichische Geschichte, Landes- und Voklskunde. 1: 188–189.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Heimatgaue%3A+Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+ober%C3%B6sterreichische+Geschichte%2C+Landes-+und+Voklskunde&rft.atitle=Das+Donnerloch&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=188-189&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Kriechbaum&rft.aufirst=Eduard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsKq4soCFjiQC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMüllenhoff1845258-293"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMüllenhoff1845258_293-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüllenhoff1845">Müllenhoff (1845)</a>, p. 258. </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> Translated without attribution by <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, pp. 48–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001163–167-301"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2001163–167_301-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2001">Berger (2001)</a>, pp. 163–167. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156-302">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156_302-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156_302-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852156_302-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, p. 156. </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a>, No. 18 "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgoLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA15">Pûks zieht mit dem Gebälk</a>, pp. 15–16" </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPraetorius1666">Praetorius (1666)</a>, pp. 363–364, 365–366: "Messer in den Rücken.. Schlacht-Messer in Rücken", apud <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, p. 139 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850252-306"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850252_306-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 252. </li> <li id="cite_note-luther1566-307">^ <a href="#cite_ref-luther1566_307-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-luther1566_307-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuther1566" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther" title="Martin Luther">Luther, Martin</a> (1566). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y6LLjw0c9ckC&pg=PA619">"Von einem Teufels-Heintzlein"</a>. Tischreden Oder Colloqvia Doct. Mart. Luthers. Eisleben: Gaubisch. p. 619.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Von+einem+Teufels-Heintzlein&rft.btitle=Tischreden+Oder+Colloqvia+Doct.+Mart.+Luthers&rft.place=Eisleben&rft.pages=619&rft.pub=Gaubisch&rft.date=1566&rft.aulast=Luther&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY6LLjw0c9ckC%26pg%3DPA619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimms181692-308"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimms181692_308-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> Grimm DS No. 71 consolidates the versions into the anecdote of "Kurd Chimgen" or "Heinzchen", since it cites both Praetorius and Martin Luther as sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimms181692-308">[274]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> This matches the retelling given by Saintine (1862), accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Dor%C3%A9" title="Gustave Doré">Gustave Doré</a>'s illustration of the child floating in its own blood inside a tub (cf. Fig. right), but the text is altered and the illustration omitted in the English translation.<a href="#cite_note-saintine1862-210">[188]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1903">Saintine (1903)</a>, pp. 289–290; <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1903">Saintine (1903)</a>, pp. 318–319 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910152-312">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910152_312-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910152_312-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanke1910">Ranke (1910)</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haupt_(Volkskundler)" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Haupt (Volkskundler)">Haupt, Karl</a> ed. (1862) No. 70. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2EAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA68">Die Pilweisen zu Lauban</a>", Sagenbuch der Lausitz. 1: 68. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKöhler1867">Köhler (1867)</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GW4AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA479">=XIII. Sagen §56. Schretzelein</a>", p. 470. </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1888">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1888)</a>, 4: 1586; <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, 2: 475 </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a> C. Gebräuche und Aberglauben　<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgoLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA143">XVIII. Irrlichter</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852158-318"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852158_318-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, p. 158. </li> <li id="cite_note-scott_cpg1895-319"><a href="#cite_ref-scott_cpg1895_319-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott1895" class="citation journal cs1">Scott, Charles P. G. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KEgbAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA144">"The Devil and His Imps: An Etymological Inquisition"</a>. Transactions of the American Philological Association. 26: 144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2935696">10.2307/2935696</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2935696">2935696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+American+Philological+Association&rft.atitle=The+Devil+and+His+Imps%3A+An+Etymological+Inquisition&rft.volume=26&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1895&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2935696&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2935696%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKEgbAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ashliman_53-320">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_53_320-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_53_320-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_53_320-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_53_320-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ashliman_53_320-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshliman2006">Ashliman (2006)</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHzDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA53">Fire</a>", p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> Dickepôten described as a name of a "Jack-o'-Lanterns" by Thorpe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852158-318">[283]</a> This is presumably the will-o'the-wisp of Altmark referred to by C. P. G. Scott<a href="#cite_note-scott_cpg1895-319">[284]</a> and Ashliman.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_53-320">[285]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256_322-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256_322-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256_322-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 256. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256–257-323"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850256–257_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, pp. 256–257. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Ashliman states the kobold is otherwise known as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Drache" class="extiw" title="wikt:Drache">Drache</a> which is standard non-dialect German for "dragon", but he prefers to render this as "drake".<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_53-320">[285]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShakHenryVIII-ed-boswell1821-325"><a href="#cite_ref-ShakHenryVIII-ed-boswell1821_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare1821" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Shakespeare" title="William Shakespeare">Shakespeare, William</a> (1821). Boswell, James (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AwMzAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA486">Richard III. Henry VIII</a>. The Plays and Poems of William Shakespeare 19. Illustrated by Edmond Malone. R. C. and J. Rivington. p. 485.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+III.+Henry+VIII&rft.series=The+Plays+and+Poems+of+William+Shakespeare+19&rft.pages=485&rft.pub=R.+C.+and+J.+Rivington&rft.date=1821&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAwMzAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Ashliman also makes note that "fire drake" referred to a will-o'-the-wisp in England too, at one time.<a href="#cite_note-Ashliman_53-320">[285]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kitteredge-firedrake-329"><a href="#cite_ref-kitteredge-firedrake_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKittredge1900">Kittredge (1900)</a>, p. 431, n3, cont. to p. 432. </li> <li id="cite_note-rochholz1862-330"><a href="#cite_ref-rochholz1862_330-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRochholz1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Ludvig_Rochholz" class="extiw" title="de:Ernst Ludvig Rochholz">Rochholz, Ernst Ludvig</a> [in German] (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OD8PAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA178">"8.3) Irrlich unter Dach"</a>. Naturmythen: neue Schweizersagen. Leipzig: B. G. Teubner. p. 178.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=8.3%29+Irrlich+unter+Dach&rft.btitle=Naturmythen%3A+neue+Schweizersagen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=B.+G.+Teubner&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Rochholz&rft.aufirst=Ernst+Ludvig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOD8PAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> According to the appended note by anthologist Rochholz,<a href="#cite_note-rochholz1862-330">[293]</a> cited by Kitteredge. </li> <li id="cite_note-haupt1862-332"><a href="#cite_ref-haupt1862_332-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaupt1862" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl_Haupt_(Volkskundler)" class="extiw" title="de:Karl Haupt (Volkskundler)">Haupt, Karl</a> [in German] (1862). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n2EAAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA60">"60. Der Feuermann."</a>. Sagenbuch der Lausitz: ¬Das Geisterreich. Vol. 1. Leipzig: Wilhelm Engelmann. p. 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=60.+Der+Feuermann.&rft.btitle=Sagenbuch+der+Lausitz%3A+%C2%ACDas+Geisterreich&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Engelmann&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Haupt&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn2EAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZfVk01-jahn&meyercohn-333">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZfVk01-jahn&meyercohn_333-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZfVk01-jahn&meyercohn_333-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahnMeyer-Cohn1891" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Jahn" class="extiw" title="de:Ulrich Jahn">Jahn, Ulrich</a> [in German]; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Meyer-Cohn" class="extiw" title="de:Alexander Meyer-Cohn">Meyer-Cohn, Alexander</a> [in German] (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvxLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA79">"Jamund bei Coslin"</a>. Zeitschrift für Volkskunde. 1: 78–79.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Volkskunde&rft.atitle=Jamund+bei+Coslin&rft.volume=1&rft.pages=78-79&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Meyer-Cohn%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvxLAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERanke1910159-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910159_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERanke1910159_334-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRanke1910">Ranke (1910)</a>, p. 159. </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> HdA, "Kobold", n 67) 68) 69) citing Zfdk 1,<a href="#cite_note-ZfVk01-jahn&meyercohn-333">[296]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahn1886">Jahn (1886)</a> No. 154 "Das Spâei", p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaas1899">Haas (1899)</a> No. 69 "Das Sparei"; No. 70 "Puk soll ausgebrütet werden", pp. 76, 77. </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> More specifically a kobold or rôdjakte from an egg in Jahn, No. 154. from Kratzig (now <a href="/wiki/Kra%C5%9Bnik_Koszali%C5%84ski" title="Kraśnik Koszaliński">Kraśnik Koszaliński</a>).<a href="#cite_note-336">[299]</a> and Haas (1896) from Rügen, two tales.<a href="#cite_note-337">[300]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJahn1886">Jahn (1886)</a> No. 135 "Das Dorf Konerow", from Konerow village now incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Wusterhusen" title="Wusterhusen">Wusterhusen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vorpommern-Greifswald" title="Vorpommern-Greifswald">Vorpommern-Greifswald</a> ; <a href="#CITEREFJahn1886">Jahn (1886)</a> No. 146 "Die beiden Rôdjäckten in Gollnow", from Gollnow (now <a href="/wiki/Goleni%C3%B3w" title="Goleniów">Goleniów</a>) village in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreis_Naugard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreis Naugard (page does not exist)">Kreis Naugard</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreis_Naugard" class="extiw" title="de:Kreis Naugard">de</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHaas1912">Haas (1912)</a> No. 53. "Der Puk als Hahn". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBerger2001167-341"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBerger2001167_341-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBerger2001">Berger (2001)</a>, p. 167. </li> <li id="cite_note-polivka1918-342"><a href="#cite_ref-polivka1918_342-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPolívka1928" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ji%C5%99%C3%AD_Pol%C3%ADvka_(linguist)" title="Jiří Polívka (linguist)">Polívka, Georg</a> (1928). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5GYKAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA42">"Die Entstehung eines dienstbaren Kobolds aus einme Ei"</a>. Zeitschrift für Volkskunde. 18. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Bolte" title="Johannes Bolte">Johannes Bolte</a>: 41–56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Volkskunde&rft.atitle=Die+Entstehung+eines+dienstbaren+Kobolds+aus+einme+Ei&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=41-56&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Pol%C3%ADvka&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5GYKAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155–156-343"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852155–156_343-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, pp. 155–156. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850244–245-344"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850244–245_344-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, pp. 244–245. </li> <li id="cite_note-raedlein-dict1711-345"><a href="#cite_ref-raedlein-dict1711_345-0">^</a> Rädlein, Johann (1711) s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z7tRAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA501">Loup-garou</a>", Europäischer Sprach-Schatz 2: 501 </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> Rädlein (1711), Loup-garou as Bär-Wolff, German Wehr-Wolff and Kobold,<a href="#cite_note-raedlein-dict1711-345">[308]</a> cited by Grimm DW "Kobold" 1. 1) b). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimrock1855439-347"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimrock1855439_347-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSimrock1855">Simrock (1855)</a>, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> Feldmann (1704), Cap. XII. Hintzelmann ist ein fleißiger Aufseher auf die Hausshaltung [Hintzelmann is a diligent overseer of the household], pp.126–139. <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimms181691-349">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimms181691_349-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimms181691_349-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moore1847-350"><a href="#cite_ref-Moore1847_350-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoore1847" class="citation book cs1">Moore, Edward (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dWFVAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA60">"Castle Street"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Heywood_(antiquarian)" title="Thomas Heywood (antiquarian)">Heywood, Thomas</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moorerental01moorgoog">The Moore Rental</a>. Manchester: Charles Simms and Co. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-384-39965-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-384-39965-5"><bdi>978-0-384-39965-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Castle+Street&rft.btitle=The+Moore+Rental&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Charles+Simms+and+Co.&rft.date=1847&rft.isbn=978-0-384-39965-5&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdWFVAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi19865-351">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi19865_351-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi19865_351-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFLüthi1986">Lüthi (1986)</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985139–142-352"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985139–142_352-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, pp. 139–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rose_151–2-353"><a href="#cite_ref-Rose_151–2_353-0">^</a> Rose 151–2. </li> <li id="cite_note-graesse1867-354"><a href="#cite_ref-graesse1867_354-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrässe1867" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Georg_Theodor_Gr%C3%A4sse" title="Johann Georg Theodor Grässe">Grässe, Johann Georg Theodor</a> (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nIyBNYBJknkC&pg=PA496">"469. Der Chimmeke in Loitz"</a>. Sagenbuch des preussischen Staats. Vol. 2. Glogau: Carl Flemming. p. 496.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=469.+Der+Chimmeke+in+Loitz&rft.btitle=Sagenbuch+des+preussischen+Staats&rft.place=Glogau&rft.pages=496&rft.pub=Carl+Flemming&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Gr%C3%A4sse&rft.aufirst=Johann+Georg+Theodor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnIyBNYBJknkC%26pg%3DPA496&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> A variant about Chimmeke, localized in <a href="/wiki/Loitz" title="Loitz">Loitz</a> also exists.<a href="#cite_note-graesse1867-354">[317]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hass1896-356"><a href="#cite_ref-hass1896_356-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Haas_(Volkskundler)" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred Haas (Volkskundler)">Haas, Alfred</a> [in German] (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f7JNAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA13">Aus pommerschen Hexenprozessakten: ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des pommerschen Volksglaubens</a>. Stetten: F. Hessenland. p. 13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aus+pommerschen+Hexenprozessakten%3A+ein+Beitrag+zur+Geschichte+des+pommerschen+Volksglaubens&rft.place=Stetten&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=F.+Hessenland&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df7JNAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> Comparison made by Haas (1896)<a href="#cite_note-hass1896-356">[319]</a> The latter tale occurs in Grimm (1854) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OCqo5yNwmGEC&pg=PA479">Deutsche Mythologie, p. 479</a>, 3te Ausgabe, Band I, and "II" is a misprint, = <a href="#CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883">Grimm & Stallybrass tr. (1883)</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P8AoAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA503">1: 503</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> Grimms DS,<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS074-huetchen-220">[197]</a> and Francisci.<a href="#cite_note-francisci1690-40">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-schelwig1692-359">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schelwig1692_359-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schelwig1692_359-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchelwig1692" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel_Schelwig" class="extiw" title="de:Samuel Schelwig">Schelwig, Samuel</a> [in German] (1692). "XVI. Frage. Wofür die Spiritus Failiares, das ist die Dienst-Geister welche sich von den Menschen zu allerhand Verrichtung bestellen und gebrauchen lassen, [etc.]". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X6eHXAtmGowC&pg=PA394">Cynosura Conscientiae, Oder Leit-Stern Des Gewissens, Das ist: Deutliche und Schrifftmäßige Erörterung vieler, [etc.]</a>. Frankfurt: Plener. p. 394, note *, cont. to p. 396.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XVI.+Frage.+Wof%C3%BCr+die+Spiritus+Failiares%2C+das+ist+die+Dienst-Geister+welche+sich+von+den+Menschen+zu+allerhand+Verrichtung+bestellen+und+gebrauchen+lassen%2C+%5Betc.%5D&rft.btitle=Cynosura+Conscientiae%2C+Oder+Leit-Stern+Des+Gewissens%2C+Das+ist%3A+Deutliche+und+Schrifftm%C3%A4%C3%9Fige+Er%C3%B6rterung+vieler%2C+%5Betc.%5D&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pages=p.+394%2C+note+%2A%2C+cont.+to+p.+396&rft.pub=Plener&rft.date=1692&rft.aulast=Schelwig&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX6eHXAtmGowC%26pg%3DPA394&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ritson1831-360">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ritson1831_360-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritson1831_360-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ritson1831_360-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRitson1831" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ritson" title="Joseph Ritson">Ritson, Joseph</a> (1831). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Gg5fAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA72">"Tale V. Hutgin"</a>. Fairy Tales. London: Payne & Foss. pp. 72–75.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tale+V.+Hutgin&rft.btitle=Fairy+Tales&rft.place=London&rft.pages=72-75&rft.pub=Payne+%26+Foss&rft.date=1831&rft.aulast=Ritson&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGg5fAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius" title="Johannes Trithemius">Johannes Trithemius</a> Chronicon Hirsaugiense, (1495–1503),<a href="#cite_note-schelwig1692-359">[322]</a> translated by Ritson,<a href="#cite_note-ritson1831-360">[323]</a> and called an "old chronicle", in <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, pp. 141–142 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666375–378-362"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666375–378_362-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPraetorius1666">Praetorius (1666)</a>, pp. 375–378. </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> These tales are regurgitated by Praetorius also, marked as #2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPraetorius1666375–378-362">[325]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAschner190963-364"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAschner190963_364-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAschner1909">Aschner (1909)</a>, p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> Also in Grimm's Deutsche Sagen "No. 74 Hütchen, a composite from several sources other than Praetorius,<a href="#cite_note-Grimms-DS074-huetchen-220">[197]</a> including modern oral tradition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAschner190963-364">[327]</a> with the kitchen tale at <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> One of the Grimms' DS sources is <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Francisci" class="mw-redirect" title="Erasmus Francisci">Erasmus Francisci</a> (1690)'s version.<a href="#cite_note-francisci1690-40">[35]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrimms1816101-367"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrimms1816101_367-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunce1878-368">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bunce1878_368-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunce1878_368-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunce1878_368-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bunce1878_368-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunce1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Thackray_Bunce" title="John Thackray Bunce">Bunce, John Thackray</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EltMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA138">Fairy Tales, Their Origin and Meaning: With Some Account of Dwellers in Fairyland</a>. London: Macmillan. pp. 138–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-608-32300-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-608-32300-8"><bdi>978-0-608-32300-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fairy+Tales%2C+Their+Origin+and+Meaning%3A+With+Some+Account+of+Dwellers+in+Fairyland&rft.place=London&rft.pages=138-142&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1878&rft.isbn=978-0-608-32300-8&rft.aulast=Bunce&rft.aufirst=John+Thackray&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEltMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrancisci1690796-369"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrancisci1690796_369-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFrancisci1690">Francisci (1690)</a>, p. 796. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985141–142-370">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985141–142_370-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985141–142_370-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985141–142_370-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, pp. 141–142. </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> The murder of the "Bishop of Hildesheim's Kitchen-boy" is retold in nursery rhyme fashion by <a href="/wiki/M._A._B._Evans" title="M. A. B. Evans">M. A. B. Evans</a> (1895).<a href="#cite_note-evans1895-1">[1]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldmann1704">Feldmann (1704)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gdz.sub.uni-goettingen.de/id/PPN672184966?tify=%7B%22pages%22%3A%5B162%2C163%5D%2C%22view%22%3A%22info%22%7D">Cap. X Von des Geistes Hintzelmanns Kammer und Mahlzeit</a> pp. 108ff. "Schüssel voll süsser Milch worinnen weiß Brodt gebrocket.. und auf seinen Tisch stellen mussen." </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850241,_243-373"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850241,_243_373-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, pp. 241, 243. </li> <li id="cite_note-danneil-dict1839-374"><a href="#cite_ref-danneil-dict1839_374-0">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Danneil" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Friedrich Danneil">Danneil, Johann Friedrich</a> (1839) s.v. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSVbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA111">Kobbold</a>", Wörterbuch der altmärkisch-plattdeutschen Mundart pp. 111–112 </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Danneil" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Friedrich Danneil">Danneil, Johann Friedrich</a> (1839),<a href="#cite_note-danneil-dict1839-374">[337]</a> quoted in Grimm, DW "Kobold". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985142-376"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985142_376-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, p. 142. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239-377">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239_377-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239_377-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239_377-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850239_377-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 239. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985143-378"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeineMustard_tr.1985143_378-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985">Heine & Mustard tr. (1985)</a>, p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMüllenhoff1845">Müllenhoff (1845)</a> "CDXLVI.Niß Puk in der Luke" [446 Niss-Puk in the (gable) hatch-window], pp. 231–232. </li> <li id="cite_note-heyl1897-382"><a href="#cite_ref-heyl1897_382-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeyl1897" class="citation book cs1">Heyl, Johann Adolf, ed. (1897). "38. Der Kobold auf dem Stierlhof". Volkssagen, Bräuche und Meinungen aus Tirol. Brixen: Kath.-polit. Pressverein. pp. 227–228.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=38.+Der+Kobold+auf+dem+Stierlhof&rft.btitle=Volkssagen%2C+Br%C3%A4uche+und+Meinungen+aus+Tirol&rft.place=Brixen&rft.pages=227-228&rft.pub=Kath.-polit.+Pressverein&rft.date=1897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857224-383"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacLaren1857224_383-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacLaren1857">MacLaren (1857)</a>, p. 224. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850246-384"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850246_384-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-385"><a href="#cite_ref-385">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldmann1704">Feldmann (1704)</a> Cap. XX. "Hintzelmann straffet einen Schreiber ab/ wegen seiner Hoffart und Courtesie", pp. 224–238: "Besenstiel (broom handle)", p. 228 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850250-386"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850250_386-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 250. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELüthi19864-387"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELüthi19864_387-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLüthi1986">Lüthi (1986)</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chantilly_98-388"><a href="#cite_ref-Chantilly_98_388-0">^</a> The Writers of Chantilly (2002). "Knock, Knock, Knock!", We Celebrate the Macabre. Xlibris. ISBN 1401066062. p. 98 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintine1862290-389"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESaintine1862290_389-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSaintine1862">Saintine (1862)</a>, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-390"><a href="#cite_ref-390">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a> No. 86.1 "Kobolde", p. 81 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe185283–84-391"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe185283–84_391-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, pp. 83–84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe185249-392"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe185249_392-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAshliman200647-393"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAshliman200647_393-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshliman2006">Ashliman (2006)</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAshliman2006">Ashliman (2006)</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHzDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">Kobold</a>", pp. 91–92. </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGrimms1816">Grimms (1816)</a> No. 75 "Hintzelmann", pp.110–111, 113–114, 127; <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, pp. 244–245, 247, 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850257-396"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850257_396-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 257. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850240-397"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeightley1850240_397-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKeightley1850">Keightley (1850)</a>, p. 240. </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgoLAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA15">No. 17 Klabåtersmanneken oder Pûkse</a>", p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-schmidt1759-399"><a href="#cite_ref-schmidt1759_399-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt1759" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Georg_Schmidt_(Apotheker)" class="extiw" title="de:Johann Georg Schmidt (Apotheker)">Schmidt, Johann Georg</a> [in German] (1759) [1705]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?pg=PA725">"Das XIV. Capitel"</a>. Die gestriegelte Rockenphilosophie (5 ed.). Chemnitz: Stößel. pp. 725–726.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Das+XIV.+Capitel&rft.btitle=Die+gestriegelte+Rockenphilosophie&rft.place=Chemnitz&rft.pages=725-726&rft.edition=5&rft.pub=St%C3%B6%C3%9Fel&rft.date=1759&rft.aulast=Schmidt&rft.aufirst=Johann+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fpg%3DPA725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuhn&schwartz-bieresel-400">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuhn&schwartz-bieresel_400-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuhn&schwartz-bieresel_400-1">b</a> Kuhn&Schwartz (1848) under section "XVI. Dråk, kobold",<a href="#cite_note-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-221-401">[362]</a> translated by Thorpe under section "Dråk-Kobold-Fire-drake".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852157-402">[363]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-221-401"><a href="#cite_ref-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-221_401-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a> "C. Gerbräuche und Aberglauben", "XVI. Dråk, kobold" No. 221 (Bieresel, von Grochwitz bei Torgau), p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852157-402"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe1852157_402-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKirbyHinkkanen201348-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbyHinkkanen201348_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKirbyHinkkanen201348_403-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKirbyHinkkanen2013">Kirby & Hinkkanen (2013)</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirby&Hinkkanen2000-404">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby&Hinkkanen2000_404-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby&Hinkkanen2000_404-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirby&Hinkkanen2000_404-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirbyHinkkanen2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Kirby_(historian)" title="David Kirby (historian)">Kirby, David</a>; Hinkkanen, Merja-Liisa (2013) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bm9c02nBqOcC&pg=PA48">The Baltic and the North Seas</a>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136169540" title="Special:BookSources/9781136169540"><bdi>9781136169540</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Baltic+and+the+North+Seas&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136169540&rft.aulast=Kirby&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Hinkkanen%2C+Merja-Liisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dbm9c02nBqOcC%26pg%3DPA48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-222-405"><a href="#cite_ref-kuhn&schwarz-PartC-XVI-222_405-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848">Kuhn & Schwartz (1848)</a> "C. Gerbräuche und Aberglauben", "XVI. "Der klabautermann sitzt.." No. 222, p. 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThorpe185249–50-406"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThorpe185249–50_406-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFThorpe1852">Thorpe (1852)</a>, pp. 49–50. </li> <li id="cite_note-Ellet1846-407">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ellet1846_407-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellet1846_407-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ellet1846_407-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllett1846" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_F._Ellet" title="Elizabeth F. Ellet">Ellett, Elizabeth F.</a> (January 1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mn_QAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA107">"Traditions and Superstitions"</a>. The American Whig Review: A Whig Journal. III. New York: George H. Colton: 107–108.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Whig+Review%3A+A+Whig+Journal&rft.atitle=Traditions+and+Superstitions&rft.volume=III&rft.pages=107-108&rft.date=1846-01&rft.aulast=Ellett&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMn_QAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-runeberg1947-408"><a href="#cite_ref-runeberg1947_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuneberg1947" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arne_Runeberg" title="Arne Runeberg">Runeberg, Arne</a>, ed. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UulFAQAAIAAJ&q=kobold">Witches, demons, and fertility magic; analysis of their significance and mutual relations in West-European folk religion</a>. Commentationes Humanarum Litterarum XIV.4. Helsinki: <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Society_of_Sciences_and_Letters" title="Finnish Society of Sciences and Letters">Suomen Tiedeseura</a>. p. 144. <q>Closely akin with the tomte is the Swedish goanisse and the Scanian vättar which carry things to their favourites from other people's farms. The Danish Nisse show also the same trait. Sometimes these beings do not live in the house but outside of it and become wood-and field-spirits. A relative of the Swedish tomte is the Kobold of the German folklore.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witches%2C+demons%2C+and+fertility+magic%3B+analysis+of+their+significance+and+mutual+relations+in+West-European+folk+religion&rft.place=Helsinki&rft.series=Commentationes+Humanarum+Litterarum+XIV.4&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Suomen+Tiedeseura&rft.date=1947&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUulFAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Dkobold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baring-Gould1913-409">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baring-Gould1913_409-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baring-Gould1913_409-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaring-Gould1913" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sabine_Baring-Gould" title="Sabine Baring-Gould">Baring-Gould, Sabine</a> (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Book_of_Folklore/Chapter_9">"Chapter IX Pixies and Brownies"</a>. <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_Book_of_Folklore">A Book of Folklore </a>. Lonodon: Collins Cleartype Press. p. 223 – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+IX+Pixies+and+Brownies&rft.btitle=A+Book+of+Folklore&rft.place=Lonodon&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Collins+Cleartype+Press&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Baring-Gould&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FA_Book_of_Folklore%2FChapter_9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-taillepieds1588-tr-summers-410"><a href="#cite_ref-taillepieds1588-tr-summers_410-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Summers, Montague</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wJY0AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA216">p. 216, note 4.</a> in <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Taillepied" class="extiw" title="fr:Noël Taillepied">Taillepied, Noël</a> (1933) [1588] A Treatise of Ghosts: Being the Psichologie, Or Treatise Upon Apparitions, Translated by Summers, London: Fortune Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-black1893-411"><a href="#cite_ref-black1893_411-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack1893" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_George_Black" title="William George Black">Black, William George</a> (18 March 1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nECFbfG0znIC&pg=PA205">"Ghost miners"</a>. Notes and Queries. 8: 205–206.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Queries&rft.atitle=Ghost+miners&rft.pages=205-206&rft.date=1893-03-18&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=William+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnECFbfG0znIC%26pg%3DPA205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorson1999-412"><a href="#cite_ref-Dorson1999_412-0">^</a> Dorson, Richard Mercer (1999). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DiCjLRGRkS4C&pg=PA5">The Antiquary Folklorists</a>". History of British Folklore, Volume I: The British Folklorists: A History. Taylor & Francis. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-20476-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-20476-3">0-415-20476-3</a>, p. 54. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardwick1872-413"><a href="#cite_ref-Hardwick1872_413-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hardwick_(antiquary)" title="Charles Hardwick (antiquary)">Hardwick, Charles</a> (1980 [1872]). Traditions, Superstitions, and Folk-lore. Lancanshire: Ayer Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-13333-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-13333-2">0-405-13333-2</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-414"><a href="#cite_ref-414">^</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roby" title="John Roby">Roby, John</a> (1829). Traditions of Lancashire. Quoted in Hardwick, p. 139.<a href="#cite_note-Hardwick1872-413">[374]</a> The sources spell the word khobalus. </li> <li id="cite_note-makita1973-415"><a href="#cite_ref-makita1973_415-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMakita1973" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%89%A7%E7%94%B0%E8%8C%82" class="extiw" title="ja:牧田茂">Makita, Shigeru</a> [in Japanese] (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ABIVAAAAMAAJ&q=kobold">"World authority on folklore: Yanagita Kunio"</a>. Japan Quarterly. 20: 286. <q>kobold-like boy-sprites said to dwell in old houses (zashiki-warashi), the beaked, shell-backed water imps known as kappa..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Japan+Quarterly&rft.atitle=World+authority+on+folklore%3A+Yanagita+Kunio&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=286&rft.date=1973&rft.aulast=Makita&rft.aufirst=Shigeru&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DABIVAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dkobold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsunoda2007-416"><a href="#cite_ref-tsunoda2007_416-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsunoda2007" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script">Tsunoda, Yoshiharu (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i8OUxDoN4BMC&pg=PA22">Nihon to seiyō no yōkai kurabe: yōkai densetsu hyakuwa shū <bdi lang="ja">日本と西洋の妖怪比べ: 妖怪伝説百話集</bdi></a>. Miki Shobo. pp. 21–22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9784902615234" title="Special:BookSources/9784902615234"><bdi>9784902615234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nihon+to+seiy%C5%8D+no+y%C5%8Dkai+kurabe%3A+y%C5%8Dkai+densetsu+hyakuwa+sh%C5%AB+%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E3%81%A8%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E3%81%AE%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%E6%AF%94%E3%81%B9%3A+%E5%A6%96%E6%80%AA%E4%BC%9D%E8%AA%AC%E7%99%BE%E8%A9%B1%E9%9B%86&rft.pages=21-22&rft.pub=Miki+Shobo&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9784902615234&rft.aulast=Tsunoda&rft.aufirst=Yoshiharu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di8OUxDoN4BMC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsunoda200724-417">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsunoda200724_417-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsunoda200724_417-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsunoda200724_417-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsunoda2007">Tsunoda (2007)</a>, p. 24. </li> <li id="cite_note-418"><a href="#cite_ref-418">^</a> Gostwick, Joseph (1849). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9_UOAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA224">Redmantle</a>", German Literature. Edinburgh: William and Robert Chambers, p. 221 </li> <li id="cite_note-419"><a href="#cite_ref-419">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bible.cc/isaiah/34-14.htm">Isaiah 34:14: Parallel Translations</a>", Biblos.com. Retrieved 8 November 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-420"><a href="#cite_ref-420">^</a> Jeffrey, David Lyle, ed. (1992). A Dictionary of Biblical Tradition in English Literature. Grand Rapids, Michigan: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-3634-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-3634-8">0-8028-3634-8</a>, p. 452. </li> <li id="cite_note-421"><a href="#cite_ref-421">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Salamander shall glow, Undine twine, Sylph vanish, Kobold be moving. Who did not know The elements,... </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Goethe, tr. Hayward</cite></div></blockquote> </li> <li id="cite_note-goethe-tr-hayward1855-422"><a href="#cite_ref-goethe-tr-hayward1855_422-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoethe1855" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von</a> (1855). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uQj4P1FXrooC&pg=PA38">Faust</a>. Translated by <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Hayward" title="Abraham Hayward">Abraham Hayward</a> (6 ed.). London: Edward Moxon. p. 38.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faust&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.edition=6&rft.pub=Edward+Moxon&rft.date=1855&rft.aulast=Goethe&rft.aufirst=Johann+Wolfgang+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuQj4P1FXrooC%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goethe-ed-thomas1897-423"><a href="#cite_ref-goethe-ed-thomas1897_423-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoethe1897" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Wolfgang_von_Goethe" title="Johann Wolfgang von Goethe">Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von</a> (1897). <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Thomas_(linguist)" title="Calvin Thomas (linguist)">Thomas, Calvin</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ohU_AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA366">Faust, the Second Part</a>. Vol. 2. Boston: D.C. Heath. p. 366.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faust%2C+the+Second+Part&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=366&rft.pub=D.C.+Heath&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Goethe&rft.aufirst=Johann+Wolfgang+von&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DohU_AAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAschner1909" class="citation thesis cs1">Aschner, Siegfried (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dp4-AAAAYAAJ">Die deutschen Sagen der Brüder Grimm</a> (Ph. D.). Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin">Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Die+deutschen+Sagen+der+Br%C3%BCder+Grimm&rft.inst=Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t+Berlin&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Aschner&rft.aufirst=Siegfried&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDp4-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshliman2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/D._L._Ashliman" title="D. L. Ashliman">Ashliman, D. L.</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nHzDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">"Kobold"</a>. Fairy Lore: A Handbook. Westport, CT: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenwood Press">Greenwood Press</a>. pp. 91–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-313-33349-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-313-33349-1"><bdi>0-313-33349-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kobold&rft.btitle=Fairy+Lore%3A+A+Handbook&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=91-92&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-313-33349-1&rft.aulast=Ashliman&rft.aufirst=D.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnHzDEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger2001" class="citation book cs1">Berger, Katarina (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tLPeniEA1m4C&pg=PA163">"X.Hausgeister. Kobold, Puk, Drak, Klabautermann"</a>. Erzählungen und Erzählstoff in Pommern 1840-1938. München: Waxmann Verlag. pp. 163ff. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783830958697" title="Special:BookSources/9783830958697"><bdi>9783830958697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=X.Hausgeister.+Kobold%2C+Puk%2C+Drak%2C+Klabautermann&rft.btitle=Erz%C3%A4hlungen+und+Erz%C3%A4hlstoff+in+Pommern+1840-1938&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.pages=163ff&rft.pub=Waxmann+Verlag&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9783830958697&rft.aulast=Berger&rft.aufirst=Katarina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtLPeniEA1m4C%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanns_B%C3%A4chtold-St%C3%A4ubli" class="extiw" title="de:Hanns Bächtold-Stäubli">Bächtold-Stäubli, Hanns</a> [in German]; <a href="/wiki/Eduard_Hoffmann-Krayer" title="Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer">Hoffmann-Krayer, Eduard</a>, eds. (1936). Handwörterbuch des Deutschen Aberglaubens. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handw%C3%B6rterbuch+des+Deutschen+Aberglaubens&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> (Reprint 1987)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmann1704" class="citation book cs1">Feldmann, Marcquart, Pfarrer (1704). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de/purl?PPN672184966">Der vielförmige Hintzelmann oder umbständliche und merckwürdige Erzehlung von einem Geist, so sich auf dem Hause Hudemühlen, und hernach zu Estrup im Lande Lüneburg unter vielfältigen Gestalten.</a> Leipzig: [s.n.]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+vielf%C3%B6rmige+Hintzelmann+oder+umbst%C3%A4ndliche+und+merckw%C3%BCrdige+Erzehlung+von+einem+Geist%2C+so+sich+auf+dem+Hause+Hudem%C3%BChlen%2C+und+hernach+zu+Estrup+im+Lande+L%C3%BCneburg+unter+vielf%C3%A4ltigen+Gestalten..&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=%5Bs.n.%5D&rft.date=1704&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.aufirst=Marcquart%2C+Pfarrer&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresolver.sub.uni-goettingen.de%2Fpurl%3FPPN672184966&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zK00AAAAMAAJ">Facsimile edition</a>. Göttingen: Verlag Otto Schwartz & Co. 1965</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlasenapp1911" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Glasenapp" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Friedrich Glasenapp">Glasenapp, Carl Friedrich</a> [in German] (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hqE5AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA131">"III. Der Kobold"</a>. Siegfried Wagner und seine Kunst: gesammelte Aufsätze über das dramatische Schaffen Siegfried Wagners vom "Bärenhäuter" bis zum "Banadietrich". Illustrated by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Stassen" title="Franz Stassen">Franz Stassen</a>. Leipzig: Breitkopf & Härtel. pp. 131–202.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=III.+Der+Kobold&rft.btitle=Siegfried+Wagner+und+seine+Kunst%3A+gesammelte+Aufs%C3%A4tze+%C3%BCber+das+dramatische+Schaffen+Siegfried+Wagners+vom+%22B%C3%A4renh%C3%A4uter%22+bis+zum+%22Banadietrich%22&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=131-202&rft.pub=Breitkopf+%26+H%C3%A4rtel&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Glasenapp&rft.aufirst=Carl+Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhqE5AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolther1908" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Golther" title="Wolfgang Golther">Golther, Wolfgang</a> (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPoyAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA141">"Kobolde"</a>. Handbuch der germanischen Mythologie (3rd. Rev. ed.). Stuttgart: Magnus-Verlag. pp. 141–145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-88400-111-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-88400-111-0"><bdi>978-3-88400-111-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kobolde&rft.btitle=Handbuch+der+germanischen+Mythologie&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.pages=141-145&rft.edition=3rd.+Rev.&rft.pub=Magnus-Verlag&rft.date=1908&rft.isbn=978-3-88400-111-0&rft.aulast=Golther&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbPoyAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimms1816" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brothers_Grimm" title="Brothers Grimm">Grimms</a>, ed. (1816). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SRcFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA90">"71. Der Kobold"</a>. Deutsche Sagen. Vol. 1. Berlin: Nicolai. pp. 90–92.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=71.+Der+Kobold&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Sagen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=90-92&rft.pub=Nicolai&rft.date=1816&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSRcFAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm1875" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Grimm, Jacob</a> (1875). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=85GLFD-dUEoC&pg=PA413">"XVII. Wichte und Elbe"</a>. Deutsche Mythologie. Vol. 1 (4 ed.). Göttingen: W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 363–428.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XVII.+Wichte+und+Elbe&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Mythologie&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=363-428&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=W.+Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Allen&rft.date=1875&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D85GLFD-dUEoC%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimm1878" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Grimm, Jacob</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VD7aAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA122">"(Anmerkung von) XVII. Wichte und Elbe"</a>. Deutsche Mythologie. Vol. 3 (4 ed.). Göttingen: W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 122–149.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28Anmerkung+von%29+XVII.+Wichte+und+Elbe&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Mythologie&rft.place=G%C3%B6ttingen&rft.pages=122-149&rft.edition=4&rft.pub=W.+Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Allen&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVD7aAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1883" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Grimm, Jacob</a> (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ektAAAAIAAJ">"XVII. Wights and Elves §Elves, Dwarves"</a>. Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 2. Translated by James Steven Stallybrass. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 439–517.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XVII.+Wights+and+Elves+%C2%A7Elves%2C+Dwarves&rft.btitle=Teutonic+Mythology&rft.pages=439-517&rft.pub=W.+Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Allen&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8ektAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrimmStallybrass_tr.1888" class="citation book cs1">—— (1888). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uy1LAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1426">"(Notes to) XVII. Wights and Elves §Elves, Dwarves"</a>. Teutonic Mythology. Vol. 4. Translated by James Steven Stallybrass. W. Swan Sonnenschein & Allen. pp. 1407–1436.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%28Notes+to%29+XVII.+Wights+and+Elves+%C2%A7Elves%2C+Dwarves&rft.btitle=Teutonic+Mythology&rft.pages=1407-1436&rft.pub=W.+Swan+Sonnenschein+%26+Allen&rft.date=1888&rft.aulast=Grimm&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Duy1LAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA1426&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas1899" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Haas_(Volkskundler)" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred Haas (Volkskundler)">Haas, Alfred</a> [in German] (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QDEWAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA76">Schnurren, schwänke und erzählungen von der insel Rügen</a>. Greifswald: Julius Abel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Schnurren%2C+schw%C3%A4nke+und+erz%C3%A4hlungen+von+der+insel+R%C3%BCgen&rft.place=Greifswald&rft.pub=Julius+Abel&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQDEWAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaas1912" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Haas_(Volkskundler)" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred Haas (Volkskundler)">Haas, Alfred</a> [in German] (1912). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bibliotekacyfrowa.eu/dlibra/show-content/publication/41959/edition/35167/">Pommersche Sagen</a>. Berlin: Hermann Eichblatt.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pommersche+Sagen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Hermann+Eichblatt&rft.date=1912&rft.aulast=Haas&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbibliotekacyfrowa.eu%2Fdlibra%2Fshow-content%2Fpublication%2F41959%2Fedition%2F35167%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeineMustard_tr.1985" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Heine" title="Heinrich Heine">Heinrich, Heine</a> (1985) [1835]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=daVZAQwYDAYC&pg=PA140">"Concerning the History of Religion and Philosophy in Germany"</a>. The Romantic School and Other Essays. Translated by Helen Mustard. New York: Continuum. pp. 128–244. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-0291-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-0291-7"><bdi>0-8264-0291-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Concerning+the+History+of+Religion+and+Philosophy+in+Germany&rft.btitle=The+Romantic+School+and+Other+Essays&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=128-244&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-8264-0291-7&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Heine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdaVZAQwYDAYC%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahn1886" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulrich_Jahn" class="extiw" title="de:Ulrich Jahn">Jahn, Ulrich</a> [in German] (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ku5XaLu1xvwC">Volkssagen aus Pommern und Rügen</a>. Stettin: H. Dannenberg.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkssagen+aus+Pommern+und+R%C3%BCgen&rft.place=Stettin&rft.pub=H.+Dannenberg&rft.date=1886&rft.aulast=Jahn&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dku5XaLu1xvwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeightley1850" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Keightley" title="Thomas Keightley">Keightley, Thomas</a> (1850). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3cByu3_ZtaAC">The Fairy Mythology, Illustrative of the Romance and Superstition of Various Countries</a>. London: H. G. Bohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fairy+Mythology%2C+Illustrative+of+the+Romance+and+Superstition+of+Various+Countries&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+G.+Bohn&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Keightley&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3cByu3_ZtaAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiesewetter1890" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Kiesewetter" class="extiw" title="de:Carl Kiesewetter">Kiesewetter, Carl</a> [in German] (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PG7ew5WkcfoC&pg=PA9">"Der vielförmige Hintzelmann"</a>. Zeitschrift für Parapsychologie. 17. Part I, pp. 9–14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zeitschrift+f%C3%BCr+Parapsychologie&rft.atitle=Der+vielf%C3%B6rmige+Hintzelmann&rft.volume=17&rft.pages=Part+I%2C+pp.+9-14&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Kiesewetter&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPG7ew5WkcfoC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988">; Part II, pp. 64–70; Part III, pp. 115–122</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKittredge1900" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Lyman_Kittredge" title="George Lyman Kittredge">Kittredge, George Lyman</a> (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6NRQwEVJqU8C&pg=PA415">"The Friar's Lantern and Friar Rush"</a>. Publications of the Modern Language Association. 15: 415–441.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+of+the+Modern+Language+Association&rft.atitle=The+Friar%27s+Lantern+and+Friar+Rush&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=415-441&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Kittredge&rft.aufirst=George+Lyman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6NRQwEVJqU8C%26pg%3DPA415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuhnSchwartz1848" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Adalbert_Kuhn" class="mw-redirect" title="Adalbert Kuhn">Kuhn, Adalbert</a>; <a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Schwartz_(Philologe)" class="extiw" title="de:Wilhelm Schwartz (Philologe)">Schwartz, Wilhelm</a> [in German] (1848). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TgoLAAAAQAAJ">Nordeutsche Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche: aus Meklenburg, Pommern, der Mark, Sachsen, Thürigen, Braunschweig, Hannover, Oldenburg und Westfalen</a>. Leipzig: F. A. Brockhaus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nordeutsche+Sagen%2C+M%C3%A4rchen+und+Gebr%C3%A4uche%3A+aus+Meklenburg%2C+Pommern%2C+der+Mark%2C+Sachsen%2C+Th%C3%BCrigen%2C+Braunschweig%2C+Hannover%2C+Oldenburg+und+Westfalen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=F.+A.+Brockhaus&rft.date=1848&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Adalbert&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+Wilhelm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTgoLAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLüthi1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Max_L%C3%BCthi" title="Max Lüthi">Lüthi, Max</a> (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znaLPAeek88C&pg=PA4">"1. One-Dimensionality"</a>. The European Folktale: Form and Nature. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_D._Niles" class="mw-redirect" title="John D. Niles">John D. Niles</a>. Indianapolis: Indiana University Press. pp. 4–5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20393-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20393-7"><bdi>0-253-20393-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1.+One-Dimensionality&rft.btitle=The+European+Folktale%3A+Form+and+Nature&rft.place=Indianapolis&rft.pages=4-5&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-253-20393-7&rft.aulast=L%C3%BCthi&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DznaLPAeek88C%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacLaren1857" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_MacLaren" title="Archibald MacLaren">MacLaren, Archibald</a> (1857). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7jd6Kt7FzCQC&pg=PA223">"The Kobold"</a>. The Fairy Family: A Series of Ballads & Metrical Tales Illustrating the Fairy Mythology of Europe. London: Longman, Brown, Green, Longmans, & Roberts. pp. 223–233.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kobold&rft.btitle=The+Fairy+Family%3A+A+Series+of+Ballads+%26+Metrical+Tales+Illustrating+the+Fairy+Mythology+of+Europe&rft.place=London&rft.pages=223-233&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Brown%2C+Green%2C+Longmans%2C+%26+Roberts&rft.date=1857&rft.aulast=MacLaren&rft.aufirst=Archibald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7jd6Kt7FzCQC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeiche1903" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Meiche" class="extiw" title="de:Alfred Meiche">Meiche, Alfred</a> [in German] (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kbcUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA291">"378. Das Heugütel bei den Vogtländern -- 380. Noch mehr vom Heugütel"</a>. Sagenbuch des Königreichs Sachsen. Leipzig: G. Schönfeld. pp. 291–293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=378.+Das+Heug%C3%BCtel+bei+den+Vogtl%C3%A4ndern+--+380.+Noch+mehr+vom+Heug%C3%BCtel&rft.btitle=Sagenbuch+des+K%C3%B6nigreichs+Sachsen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=291-293&rft.pub=G.+Sch%C3%B6nfeld&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Meiche&rft.aufirst=Alfred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkbcUAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA291&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüllenhoff1845" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_M%C3%BCllenhoff" title="Karl Müllenhoff">Müllenhoff, Karl</a> (1845). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=138BAAAAQAAJ">Sagen, Märchen und Lieder der Herzogthümer Schleswig Holstein und Lauenburg</a>. Schwerssche Buchhandlung.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sagen%2C+M%C3%A4rchen+und+Lieder+der+Herzogth%C3%BCmer+Schleswig+Holstein+und+Lauenburg&rft.pub=Schwerssche+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1845&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCllenhoff&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D138BAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> <ul><li>——(1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=znaLPAeek88C&pg=PA4">Reprint</a>. Siegen: Westdeutschen Verlagsanstalt</li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraetorius1666" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius_(writer)" title="Johannes Praetorius (writer)">Praetorius, Johannes</a> (1666). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OzJmAAAAcAAJ&pg=RA1-PA359">"VIII. Von Haußmännern, Laribus, Penatibus, Geniis, Kobolden, Stepgen, Ungethümen, Larven, Haussgötzen, Gütgen"</a>. Anthropodemus Plutonicus. Das ist, Eine Neue Welt-beschreibung Von allerley Wunderbahren Menschen: Als da seyn, Die 1. Alpmännergen, Schröteln, Nachtmähren. 2. Bergmännerlein, Wichtelin, Unter-Irrdische. 3. Chymische Menschen, Wettermännlein. ... 22. Zwerge, Dümeken. Vol. 1. Illustrated by Thomas Cross (fl. 1632-1682). Magdeburg: In Verlegung Johann Lüderwalds. pp. 359–379.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VIII.+Von+Hau%C3%9Fm%C3%A4nnern%2C+Laribus%2C+Penatibus%2C+Geniis%2C+Kobolden%2C+Stepgen%2C+Ungeth%C3%BCmen%2C+Larven%2C+Haussg%C3%B6tzen%2C+G%C3%BCtgen&rft.btitle=Anthropodemus+Plutonicus.+Das+ist%2C+Eine+Neue+Welt-beschreibung+Von+allerley+Wunderbahren+Menschen%3A+Als+da+seyn%2C+Die+1.+Alpm%C3%A4nnergen%2C+Schr%C3%B6teln%2C+Nachtm%C3%A4hren.+2.+Bergm%C3%A4nnerlein%2C+Wichtelin%2C+Unter-Irrdische.+3.+Chymische+Menschen%2C+Wetterm%C3%A4nnlein.+...+22.+Zwerge%2C+D%C3%BCmeken&rft.place=Magdeburg&rft.pages=359-379&rft.pub=In+Verlegung+Johann+L%C3%BCderwalds&rft.date=1666&rft.aulast=Praetorius&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOzJmAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA359&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb10739163?page=2">digitalization</a>@:Münchener DigitalisierungsZentrum; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/hd/content/titleinfo/62738">another digicopy</a>@:Martin-Lutherr-Universität Halle-Wittenberg <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPraetorius1668" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Praetorius_(writer)" title="Johannes Praetorius (writer)">Praetorius, Johannes</a> (1668) [1666]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qC9O0VIg_pwC&pg=PP8">Anthropodemvs Plvtonicus, Das ist Eine Neue Weltbeschreibung Von Allerley Wunderbahren Menschen, Als da seyn...</a> Vol. 1. Illustrated by Thomas Cross (fl. 1632-1682). Magdeburg: In Verlegung Johann Lüderwalds.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anthropodemvs+Plvtonicus%2C+Das+ist+Eine+Neue+Weltbeschreibung+Von+Allerley+Wunderbahren+Menschen%2C+Als+da+seyn...&rft.place=Magdeburg&rft.pub=In+Verlegung+Johann+L%C3%BCderwalds&rft.date=1668&rft.aulast=Praetorius&rft.aufirst=Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqC9O0VIg_pwC%26pg%3DPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanke1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ranke" title="Friedrich Ranke">Ranke, Friedrich</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y8JLAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA163">"6. Der Kobold"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_der_Leyen" title="Friedrich von der Leyen">von der Leyen, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ranke" title="Friedrich Ranke">Ranke, Friedrich</a>; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Alexander_von_M%C3%BCller" title="Karl Alexander von Müller">Müller, Karl Alexander von</a> (eds.). Die deutschen Vokssagen. Deutsches Sagenbuch 4. München: C.H. Beck. pp. 149–166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6.+Der+Kobold&rft.btitle=Die+deutschen+Vokssagen&rft.place=M%C3%BCnchen&rft.series=Deutsches+Sagenbuch+4&rft.pages=149-166&rft.pub=C.H.+Beck&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Ranke&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy8JLAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988">; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.projekt-gutenberg.org/rankef/sagen/chap007.html">e-text</a> @Projeckt Gutenberg</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRand2019" class="citation book cs1">Rand, Harry (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NorCDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA39">Rumpelstiltskin's Secret: What Women Didn't Tell the Grimms</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351204149" title="Special:BookSources/9781351204149"><bdi>9781351204149</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rumpelstiltskin%27s+Secret%3A+What+Women+Didn%27t+Tell+the+Grimms&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9781351204149&rft.aulast=Rand&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNorCDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rose, Carol (1996). Spirits, Fairies, Leprechauns, and Goblins: An Encyclopedia. New York City: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-31792-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-31792-7">0-393-31792-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSommer1846" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Friedrich_Julius_Sommer" class="extiw" title="de:Emil Friedrich Julius Sommer">Sommer, Emil</a> [in German] (1846). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3AtOAAAAcAAJ">Sagen, Märchen und Gebräuche aus Sachsen und Thüringen</a>. Vol. 1. Halle: Anton.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sagen%2C+M%C3%A4rchen+und+Gebr%C3%A4uche+aus+Sachsen+und+Th%C3%BCringen&rft.place=Halle&rft.pub=Anton&rft.date=1846&rft.aulast=Sommer&rft.aufirst=Emil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3AtOAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorpe1852" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Thorpe" title="Benjamin Thorpe">Thorpe, Benjamin</a> (1852). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SjMMAAAAIAAJ">Northern Mythology, Comparing the Principal Popular Traditions and Superstitions of Scandinavia, North Germany, and the Netherlands</a>. Vol. III. London: Edward Lumley.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Mythology%2C+Comparing+the+Principal+Popular+Traditions+and+Superstitions+of+Scandinavia%2C+North+Germany%2C+and+the+Netherlands&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Lumley&rft.date=1852&rft.aulast=Thorpe&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSjMMAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyl1909" class="citation book cs1">Wyl, Karl de (1909). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V6TalJ4xceMC&pg=PA76">Rübezahl-Forschungen: Die Schriften des M. Johannes Prätorius</a>. Wort und Brauch 5. Breslau: M. & H. Marcus.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=R%C3%BCbezahl-Forschungen%3A+Die+Schriften+des+M.+Johannes+Pr%C3%A4torius&rft.place=Breslau&rft.series=Wort+und+Brauch+5&rft.pub=M.+%26+H.+Marcus&rft.date=1909&rft.aulast=Wyl&rft.aufirst=Karl+de&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV6TalJ4xceMC%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKobold" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:German_folklore" title="Template:German folklore"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:German_folklore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:German folklore (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:German_folklore" title="Special:EditPage/Template:German folklore"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="German_folklore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Folklore of <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_German_is_an_official_language" title="List of countries and territories where German is an official language">German-speaking countries</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Beings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberich" title="Alberich">Alberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Askafroa" title="Askafroa">Askafroa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aufhocker" title="Aufhocker">Aufhocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahkauv" title="Bahkauv">Bahkauv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beerwolf" title="Beerwolf">Beerwolf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belsnickel" title="Belsnickel">Belsnickel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergm%C3%B6nch" title="Bergmönch">Bergmönch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bieresel" title="Bieresel">Bieresel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buschgro%C3%9Fmutter" title="Buschgroßmutter">Buschgroßmutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christkind" title="Christkind">Christkind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of Saint Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doppelg%C3%A4nger" title="Doppelgänger">Doppelgänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drak_(mythology)" title="Drak (mythology)">Drak (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Bunny" title="Easter Bunny">Easter Bunny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekke_Nekkepenn" title="Ekke Nekkepenn">Ekke Nekkepenn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elwetritsch" title="Elwetritsch">Elwetritsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erdhenne" title="Erdhenne">Erdhenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewiger_J%C3%A4ger" title="Ewiger Jäger">Ewiger Jäger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4nggen" title="Fänggen">Fänggen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasolt" title="Fasolt">Fasolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feuermann_(ghost)" title="Feuermann (ghost)">Feuermann (ghost)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feldgeister" title="Feldgeister">Feldgeister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frau_Holle" title="Frau Holle">Frau Holle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCtel" title="Gütel">Gütel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimchen" title="Heimchen">Heimchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemann" title="Hemann">Hemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrwurz" title="Irrwurz">Irrwurz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_o%27_the_bowl" title="Jack o' the bowl">Jack o' the bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klagmuhme" title="Klagmuhme">Klagmuhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Goldemar" title="King Goldemar">King Goldemar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Laurin" title="King Laurin">King Laurin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knecht_Ruprecht" title="Knecht Ruprecht">Knecht Ruprecht</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kobold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krampus" title="Krampus">Krampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindworm" title="Lindworm">Lindworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorelei" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutzelfrau" title="Lutzelfrau">Lutzelfrau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mephistopheles" title="Mephistopheles">Mephistopheles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_people" title="Moss people">Moss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachtkrapp" title="Nachtkrapp">Nachtkrapp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachzehrer" title="Nachzehrer">Nachzehrer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nis_Puk" title="Nis Puk">Nis Puk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Nixie (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ork_(folklore)" title="Ork (folklore)">Ork (folklore)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Petermännchen">Petermännchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poltergeist" title="Poltergeist">Poltergeist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasselbock" title="Rasselbock">Rasselbock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhinemaidens" title="Rhinemaidens">Rhinemaidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCbezahl" title="Rübezahl">Rübezahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatzelwurm" title="Tatzelwurm">Tatzelwurm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrst" title="Türst">Türst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uhaml" title="Uhaml">Uhaml</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiederg%C3%A4nger" title="Wiedergänger">Wiedergänger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_Hunt" title="Wild Hunt">Wild Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wiwer" title="Witte Wiwer">Witte Wiwer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolpertinger" title="Wolpertinger">Wolpertinger</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Gessler" title="Albrecht Gessler">Albrecht Gessler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_von_Winkelried" title="Arnold von Winkelried">Arnold von Winkelried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Munchausen" title="Baron Munchausen">Baron Munchausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunhild" title="Brunhild">Brunhild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christman_Genipperteinga" title="Christman Genipperteinga">Christman Genipperteinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietrich_von_Bern" title="Dietrich von Bern">Dietrich von Bern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppelein_von_Gailingen" title="Eppelein von Gailingen">Eppelein von Gailingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faust" title="Faust">Faust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Barbarossa" title="Frederick Barbarossa">Frederick Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar_Rush" title="Friar Rush">Friar Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genevieve_of_Brabant" title="Genevieve of Brabant">Genevieve of Brabant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giselher_of_Burgundy" title="Giselher of Burgundy">Giselher of Burgundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6tz_von_Berlichingen" title="Götz von Berlichingen">Götz von Berlichingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther" title="Gunther">Gunther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudrun" title="Gudrun">Gudrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundomar_I" title="Gundomar I">Gundomar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hagen_(legend)" title="Hagen (legend)">Hagen (legend)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannikel" title="Hannikel">Hannikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Sagan" title="Hans von Sagan">Hans von Sagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Trotha" title="Hans von Trotha">Hans von Trotha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_von_Winkelried" title="Heinrich von Winkelried">Heinrich von Winkelried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildebrand" title="Hildebrand">Hildebrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Peter_Petri" title="Johann Peter Petri">Johann Peter Petri (Black Peter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_St%C3%B6rtebeker" title="Klaus Störtebeker">Klaus Störtebeker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Swan" title="Knight of the Swan">Knight of the Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Baumgarten" title="Konrad Baumgarten">Konrad Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunigunde_von_Orlam%C3%BCnde" title="Kunigunde von Orlamünde">Kunigunde von Orlamünde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Klostermayr" title="Matthias Klostermayr">Matthias Klostermayr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibelung" title="Nibelung">Nibelung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ortnit" title="Ortnit">Ortnit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_the_Younger" title="Otto the Younger">Otto the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Klaus" title="Peter Klaus">Peter Klaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nikoll" title="Peter Nikoll">Peter Nikoll (Black Peter)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pied_Piper_of_Hamelin" title="Pied Piper of Hamelin">Pied Piper of Hamelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Ilse" title="Princess Ilse">Princess Ilse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punker_of_Rohrbach" title="Punker of Rohrbach">Punker of Rohrbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCdiger_von_Bechelaren" title="Rüdiger von Bechelaren">Rüdiger von Bechelaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schildb%C3%BCrger" title="Schildbürger">Schildbürger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schinderhannes" title="Schinderhannes">Schinderhannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stauffacherin" title="Stauffacherin">Stauffacherin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannh%C3%A4user" title="Tannhäuser">Tannhäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Smith_of_Kochel" title="The Smith of Kochel">The Smith of Kochel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till_Eulenspiegel" title="Till Eulenspiegel">Till Eulenspiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volker_von_Alzey" title="Volker von Alzey">Volker von Alzey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walram_of_Thierstein" title="Walram of Thierstein">Walram of Thierstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_of_Aquitaine" title="Walter of Aquitaine">Walter of Aquitaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Stauffacher" title="Werner Stauffacher">Werner Stauffacher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tell" title="William Tell">William Tell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witege" title="Witege">Witege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfdietrich" title="Wolfdietrich">Wolfdietrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaver_Hohenleiter" title="Xaver Hohenleiter">Xaver Hohenleiter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legends and fairy tales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimms%27_Fairy_Tales" title="Grimms' Fairy Tales">Grimms' Fairy Tales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Sagen" title="Deutsche Sagen">Deutsche Sagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volksm%C3%A4rchen_der_Deutschen" title="Volksmärchen der Deutschen">Volksmärchen der Deutschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gespensterbuch" title="Gespensterbuch">Gespensterbuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibelungenlied" title="Nibelungenlied">Nibelungenlied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freisch%C3%BCtz" title="Freischütz">Freischütz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirschsprung_(Black_Forest)" title="Hirschsprung (Black Forest)">Hirschsprung (Black Forest)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusberg_(mythology)" title="Venusberg (mythology)">Venusberg (mythology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vineta" title="Vineta">Vineta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpurgis_Night" title="Walpurgis Night">Walpurgis Night</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_folklore" title="German folklore">German folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_folklore" title="Swiss folklore">Swiss folklore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fairies_in_folklore" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;;background: #F2C1D1;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fairies" title="Template:Fairies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fairies" title="Template talk:Fairies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fairies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fairies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fairies_in_folklore" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Fairies</a> in folklore</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;"><div><a href="/wiki/Classifications_of_fairies" title="Classifications of fairies">Classifications of fairies</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfheimr" title="Álfheimr">Álfheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_sacred_trees" title="Celtic sacred trees">Celtic sacred trees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changeling" title="Changeling">Changeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elfshot" title="Elfshot">Elfshot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy-lock" title="Fairy-lock">Fairy-lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_painting" title="Fairy painting">Fairy painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_riding" title="Fairy riding">Fairy riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fairy_tales" title="List of fairy tales">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Tale_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairy Tale (color)">Fairy Tale (color)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genius_loci" title="Genius loci">Genius loci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_deity" title="Household deity">Household deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_grass" title="Hungry grass">Hungry grass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_spirit" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature spirit">Nature spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">Tutelary deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_spirit" title="Water spirit">Water spirit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #F2C1D1;;width:1%;background: #F2C1D1;">Abodes and structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_fort" title="Fairy fort">Fairy fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairyland" title="Fairyland">Fairyland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_path" title="Fairy path">Fairy path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_ring" title="Fairy ring">Fairy ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Attested_fairies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Attested fairies</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">A–E</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhene" title="Adhene">Adhene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aibell" title="Aibell">Aibell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alp-luachra" class="mw-redirect" title="Alp-luachra">Alp Luachra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjana_(Cantabrian_mythology)" title="Anjana (Cantabrian mythology)">Anjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aos_S%C3%AD" title="Aos Sí">Aos Sí (Aes Sídhe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arkan_Sonney" class="mw-redirect" title="Arkan Sonney">Arkan Sonney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrai" title="Asrai">Asrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baobhan_sith" title="Baobhan sith">Baobhan sith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banshee" title="Banshee">Banshee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barghest" title="Barghest">Barghest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bean_nighe" class="mw-redirect" title="Bean nighe">Bean nighe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Blind" title="Billy Blind">Billy Blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bir%C3%B3g" title="Biróg">Biróg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bones" title="Bloody Bones">Bloody Bones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluecap" title="Bluecap">Bluecap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_men_of_the_Minch" title="Blue men of the Minch">Blue men of the Minch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodach" title="Bodach">Bodach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boggart" title="Boggart">Boggart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogle" title="Bogle">Bogle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boobrie" title="Boobrie">Boobrie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brag_(folklore)" title="Brag (folklore)">Brag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownie_(folklore)" title="Brownie (folklore)">Brownie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Man_of_the_Muirs" title="Brown Man of the Muirs">Brown Man of the Muirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucca_(mythological_creature)" title="Bucca (mythological creature)">Bucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buggane" title="Buggane">Buggane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugbear" title="Bugbear">Bugbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugul_Noz" title="Bugul Noz">Bugul Noz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caoineag" title="Caoineag">Caoineag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_s%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat sìth">Cat sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%B9_S%C3%ACth" class="mw-redirect" title="Cù Sìth">Cù Sìth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceffyl_D%C5%B5r" title="Ceffyl Dŵr">Ceffyl Dŵr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%ADodhna" title="Clíodhna">Clíodhna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clurichaun" title="Clurichaun">Clurichaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coblynau" class="mw-redirect" title="Coblynau">Coblynau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colt_pixie" title="Colt pixie">Colt pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyhyraeth" title="Cyhyraeth">Cyhyraeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duende_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duende (mythology)">Duende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonside_Dwarfs" title="Simonside Dwarfs">Duergar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dullahan" title="Dullahan">Dullahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnie" title="Dunnie">Dunnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Each-uisge" title="Each-uisge">Each-uisge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elf</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alp_(folklore)" title="Alp (folklore)">Alp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elegast" title="Elegast">Elegast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erlking" title="Erlking">Erlking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulduf%C3%B3lk" title="Huldufólk">Huldufólk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Elphame" title="Queen of Elphame">Queen of Elphame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Svartálfar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">F–L</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fachan" title="Fachan">Fachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_Queen" title="Fairy Queen">Fairy Queen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_darrig" title="Far darrig">Fear dearg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_gorta" title="Fear gorta">Fear gorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenodyree" title="Fenodyree">Fenodyree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finfolk" title="Finfolk">Finfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finvarra" title="Finvarra">Finvarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuath" title="Fuath">Fuath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gancanagh" title="Gancanagh">Gancanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghillie_Dhu" title="Ghillie Dhu">Ghillie Dhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaistig" title="Glaistig">Glaistig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glashtyn" title="Glashtyn">Glashtyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groac%27h" title="Groac'h">Groac'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindylow" title="Grindylow">Grindylow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwragedd_Annwn" title="Gwragedd Annwn">Gwragedd Annwn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyllion" title="Gwyllion">Gwyllion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwyn_ap_Nudd" title="Gwyn ap Nudd">Gwyn ap Nudd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habetrot" title="Habetrot">Habetrot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hag" title="Hag">Hag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hedley_Kow" title="The Hedley Kow">The Hedley Kow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinzelm%C3%A4nnchen" title="Heinzelmännchen">Heinzelmännchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinzelmann" title="Hinzelmann">Hinzelmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hob_(folklore)" title="Hob (folklore)">Hob</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobbididance" title="Hobbididance">Hobbididance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6dekin" title="Hödekin">Hödekin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iannic-ann-%C3%B4d" title="Iannic-ann-ôd">Iannic-ann-ôd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack-o%27-lantern" title="Jack-o'-lantern">Jack-o'-lantern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_o%27_the_bowl" title="Jack o' the bowl">Jack o' the bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Greenteeth" title="Jenny Greenteeth">Jenny Greenteeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_the_Wad" title="Joan the Wad">Joan the Wad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint-eater" title="Joint-eater">Joint-eater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelpie" title="Kelpie">Kelpie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kilmoulis" title="Kilmoulis">Kilmoulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocker_(folklore)" title="Knocker (folklore)">Knocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knucker" title="Knucker">Knucker</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kobold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korrigan" title="Korrigan">Korrigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazy_Laurence" title="Lazy Laurence">Lazy Laurence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leanan_s%C3%ADdhe" title="Leanan sídhe">Leanan sídhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubber_fiend" title="Lubber fiend">Lubber fiend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutin" title="Lutin">Lutin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ly_Erg" title="Ly Erg">Ly Erg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">M–Z</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mare_(folklore)" title="Mare (folklore)">Mare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margot_the_fairy" title="Margot the fairy">Margot the fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggy_Moulach" title="Maggy Moulach">Meg Mullach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melusine" title="Melusine">Melusine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrow" title="Merrow">Merrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooinjer_veggey" title="Mooinjer veggey">Mooinjer veggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgen_(mythological_creature)" title="Morgen (mythological creature)">Morgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morvarc%27h" title="Morvarc'h">Morvarc'h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moss_people" title="Moss people">Moss people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nain_Rouge" title="Nain Rouge">Nain Rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelly_Longarms" title="Nelly Longarms">Nelly Longarms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicnevin" title="Nicnevin">Nicnevin/Gyre-Carling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisse_(folklore)" title="Nisse (folklore)">Nisse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixie_(folklore)" title="Nixie (folklore)">Nixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuckelavee" title="Nuckelavee">Nuckelavee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuggle" title="Nuggle">Nuggle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberon" title="Oberon">Oberon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peg_Powler" title="Peg Powler">Peg Powler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillywiggin" title="Pillywiggin">Pillywiggin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pixie" title="Pixie">Pixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%BAca" title="Púca">Púca/Pwca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puck_(folklore)" title="Puck (folklore)">Puck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A5" title="Rå">Rå</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bergsr%C3%A5" title="Bergsrå">Bergsrå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">Hulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radande" class="mw-redirect" title="Radande">Radande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Sjörå">Sjörå</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skogsr%C3%A5" title="Skogsrå">Skogsrå</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redcap" title="Redcap">Redcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schrat" title="Schrat">Schrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selkie" title="Selkie">Selkie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seonaidh" title="Seonaidh">Seonaidh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shellycoat" title="Shellycoat">Shellycoat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleih_beggey" title="Sleih beggey">Sleih beggey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluagh" title="Sluagh">Sluagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spriggan" title="Spriggan">Spriggan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprite_(folklore)" title="Sprite (folklore)">Sprite/Water sprite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylph" title="Sylph">Sylph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tooth_fairy" title="Tooth fairy">Tooth fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trow_(folklore)" title="Trow (folklore)">Trow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tylwyth_Teg" title="Tylwyth Teg">Tylwyth Teg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undine" title="Undine">Undine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bull" title="Water bull">Water bull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_horse" title="Water horse">Water horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_fairy_(Sleeping_Beauty)" title="Wicked fairy (Sleeping Beauty)">Wicked fairy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wight" title="Wight">Wight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wirry-cow" title="Wirry-cow">Wirry-cow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xana" title="Xana">Xana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yallery_Brown" title="Yallery Brown">Yallery Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan-gant-y-tan" title="Yan-gant-y-tan">Yan-gant-y-tan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FADBEB;;background: #F8D2E2;"><div id="Fairy-like_beings_worldwide" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fairy-like beings worldwide</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Worldwide</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bogeyman" title="Bogeyman">Bogeyman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crone" title="Crone">Crone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanoid" title="Humanoid">Humanoid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">Incubus</a>/<a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">Succubus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Merman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abatwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Abatwa">Abatwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanbosam" class="mw-redirect" title="Asanbosam">Asanbosam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aziza_(African_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aziza (African mythology)">Aziza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werehyena" title="Werehyena">Bultungin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eloko" title="Eloko">Eloko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jengu" title="Jengu">Jengu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kishi_(folklore)" title="Kishi (folklore)">Kishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mami_Wata" title="Mami Wata">Mami Wata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rompo" title="Rompo">Rompo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbi" title="Simbi">Simbi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikoloshe" title="Tikoloshe">Tikoloshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yumboes" title="Yumboes">Yumboes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alux" title="Alux">Alux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anchimayen" title="Anchimayen">Anchimayen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caipora" title="Caipora">Caipora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canotila" title="Canotila">Canotila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaneque" title="Chaneque">Chaneque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_elf" title="Christmas elf">Christmas elf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encantado_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Encantado (mythology)">Encantado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fearsome_critters" title="Fearsome critters">Fearsome critters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Hopkinsville Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Ishigaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jogah" title="Jogah">Jogah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muki_(mythology)" title="Muki (mythology)">Muki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimerigar" title="Nimerigar">Nimerigar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_alien" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic alien">Nordic alien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BB%C3%B1n%C3%AB%27h%C3%AF" title="Nûñnë'hï">Nûñnë'hï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pombero" title="Pombero">Pombero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saci_(Brazilian_folklore)" title="Saci (Brazilian folklore)">Saci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trauco" title="Trauco">Trauco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)#Native_American_folklore" title="Little people (mythology)">Yunwi Tsunsdi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Diwata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokkaebi" title="Dokkaebi">Dokkaebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fallen_angel" title="Fallen angel">Fallen angel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_spirit" title="Fox spirit">Fox spirit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%E1%BB%93_ly_tinh" title="Hồ ly tinh">Hồ ly tinh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huli_jing" class="mw-redirect" title="Huli jing">Huli jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxian" title="Huxian">Huxian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inari_%C5%8Ckami" title="Inari Ōkami">Inari Ōkami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitsune" title="Kitsune">Kitsune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumiho" title="Kumiho">Kumiho</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyang" title="Hyang">Hyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irshi" title="Irshi">Irshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kijimuna" title="Kijimuna">Kijimuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korpokkur" title="Korpokkur">Korpokkur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazzikin" title="Mazzikin">Mazzikin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogwai_(Chinese_culture)" title="Mogwai (Chinese culture)">Mogwai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mrenh_kongveal" title="Mrenh kongveal">Mrenh kongveal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_bunian" title="Orang bunian">Orang bunian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peri" class="mw-redirect" title="Peri">Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Preta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungry_ghost" title="Hungry ghost">Hungry ghost</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennin" title="Tennin">Tennin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaksha" title="Yaksha">Yaksha</a>/<a href="/wiki/Yakshini" title="Yakshini">Yakshini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsei" title="Yōsei">Yōsei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zashiki-warashi" title="Zashiki-warashi">Zashiki warashi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bunyip" title="Bunyip">Bunyip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaia_(mythological_creature)" title="Manaia (mythological creature)">Manaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimi_(folklore)" title="Mimi (folklore)">Mimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muldjewangk" title="Muldjewangk">Muldjewangk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawao" title="Nawao">Nawao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patupaiarehe" title="Patupaiarehe">Patupaiarehe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taniwha" title="Taniwha">Taniwha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipua" title="Tipua">Tipua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandjina" title="Wandjina">Wandjina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yara-ma-yha-who" title="Yara-ma-yha-who">Yara-ma-yha-who</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bannik" title="Bannik">Bannik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83pc%C4%83un" title="Căpcăun">Căpcăun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domovoy" title="Domovoy">Domovoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iele" title="Iele">Iele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karze%C5%82ek" title="Karzełek">Karzełek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kikimora" title="Kikimora">Kikimora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leshy" title="Leshy">Leshy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid%C3%A9rc" title="Lidérc">Lidérc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likho" title="Likho">Likho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovinnik" title="Ovinnik">Ovinnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polevik" title="Polevik">Polevik</a></li> <li>Psotnik</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusalka" title="Rusalka">Rusalka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A2nzian%C4%83" title="Sânziană">Sânziană</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiridu%C8%99" title="Spiriduș">Spiriduș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursitory" title="Ursitory">Ursitory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadleany" class="mw-redirect" title="Vadleany">Vadleany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2lv%C4%83" title="Vâlvă">Vâlvă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A2ntoase" title="Vântoase">Vântoase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vodyanoy" title="Vodyanoy">Vodyanoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Zână">Zână</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitvaras" title="Aitvaras">Aitvaras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajatar" title="Ajatar">Ajatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badb" title="Badb">Badb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_dog_(folklore)" title="Black dog (folklore)">Black dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabija" title="Gabija">Gabija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haltija" title="Haltija">Haltija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headless_Horseman" title="Headless Horseman">Headless Horseman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiisi" title="Hiisi">Hiisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Frost" title="Jack Frost">Jack Frost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Squarefoot" title="Jimmy Squarefoot">Jimmy Squarefoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauma" title="Lauma">Lauma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mennink%C3%A4inen" title="Menninkäinen">Menninkäinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Le_Fay" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgan Le Fay">Morgan Le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_Beast" title="Pictish Beast">Pictish Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basajaun" title="Basajaun">Basajaun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cercopes" title="Cercopes">Cercopes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donas_de_fuera" class="mw-redirect" title="Donas de fuera">Doñas de fuera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farfadet" title="Farfadet">Farfadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faun" title="Faun">Faun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(mythology)" title="Hippocampus (mythology)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallikantzaros" title="Kallikantzaros">Kallikantzaros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kobalos" title="Kobalos">Kobalos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamia_(Basque_mythology)" title="Lamia (Basque mythology)">Lamina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairu" title="Mairu">Mairu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouros" title="Mouros">Mouro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_Moura" title="Enchanted Moura">Enchanted Moura</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nymph#List" title="Nymph">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyr" title="Satyr">Satyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silenus" title="Silenus">Silenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siren_(mythology)" title="Siren (mythology)">Siren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squasc" title="Squasc">Squasc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiasus" title="Thiasus">Thiasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenti" title="Trenti">Trenti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vila_(fairy)" title="Vila (fairy)">Vila</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dames_blanches" title="Dames blanches">Dames blanches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusios" title="Dusios">Dusios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorelei#Original_folklore_and_modern_myth" title="Lorelei">Lorelei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perchta" title="Perchta">Perchta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venusberg_(mythology)" title="Venusberg (mythology)">Venus in German legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vittra_(folklore)" title="Vittra (folklore)">Vittra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witte_Wieven" title="Witte Wieven">Witte Wieven</a>/<a href="/wiki/Wei%C3%9Fe_Frauen" title="Weiße Frauen">Weiße Frauen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">Cross-regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_gift-bringer" title="Christmas gift-bringer">Christmas gift-bringer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Claus" title="Santa Claus">Santa Claus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_Saint_Nicholas" title="Companions of Saint Nicholas">Companions of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elemental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fates" title="Fates">Fates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_salamanders" title="Cultural depictions of salamanders">Salamander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandman" title="Sandman">Sandman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FADBEB;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hybrid_creatures_in_folklore" title="List of hybrid creatures in folklore">List of hybrid creatures in folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beings_referred_to_as_fairies" title="List of beings referred to as fairies">List of beings referred to as fairies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #F2C1D1;"><div> <dl><dd><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fairies" title="Category:Fairies">Category</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fantasy_fiction" style="text-align:center;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fantasy_fiction" title="Template talk:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy_fiction" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fantasy fiction"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fantasy_fiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy" title="Fantasy">Fantasy fiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fantasy" title="History of fantasy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_history_of_fantasy" title="Early history of fantasy">Sources</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Action-adventure <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lost_world" title="Lost world">Lost world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sword_and_sorcery" title="Sword and sorcery">Sword and sorcery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxia" title="Wuxia">Wuxia‎</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">Alternate history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_fantasy" title="Contemporary fantasy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_fantasy" title="Children's fantasy">Children's fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comedy" title="Fantasy comedy">Comedy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsian_fantasy" title="Bangsian fantasy">Bangsian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_fantasy" title="Dark fantasy">Dark fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimdark" title="Grimdark">Grimdark</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale_parody" title="Fairy tale parody">Fairy tale parodies</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairytale_fantasy" title="Fairytale fantasy">Fairytale fantasy</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastique" title="Fantastique">Fantastique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_of_manners" title="Fantasy of manners">Fantasy of manners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_fantasy" title="Hard fantasy">Hard fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_fantasy" title="High fantasy">High fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_fantasy" title="Historical fantasy">Historical fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isekai" title="Isekai">Isekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LitRPG" title="LitRPG">LitRPG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_fantasy" title="Low fantasy">Low fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_girl" title="Magical girl">Magical girl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythic_fiction" title="Mythic fiction">Mythic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mythpunk" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythpunk">Mythpunk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeia" title="Mythopoeia">Mythopoeia‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omegaverse" title="Omegaverse">Omegaverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romantic_fantasy" title="Romantic fantasy">Romantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fantasy" title="Science fantasy">Science fantasy</a>‎ <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dying_Earth_(genre)" title="Dying Earth (genre)">Dying Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_romance" title="Planetary romance">Planetary romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gods_and_demons_fiction" title="Gods and demons fiction">Shenmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_fantasy" title="Urban fantasy">Urban fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective fiction‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal_romance" title="Paranormal romance">Paranormal romance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_fiction" title="Weird fiction">Weird fiction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_weird" title="New weird">New weird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_West" title="Weird West">Weird West</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Western" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy Western">West‎ern fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_film" title="Fantasy film">Film</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fantasy_television" title="Fantasy television">television</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_anime" title="List of fantasy anime">Anime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_fantasy_films" title="Lists of fantasy films">Films</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_highest-grossing_fantasy_films" title="List of highest-grossing fantasy films">highest-grossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sword_and_sorcery_films" title="List of sword and sorcery films">S&S</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_television_programs" title="List of fantasy television programs">Television programs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_authors" title="List of fantasy authors">Authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballantine_Adult_Fantasy_series" title="Ballantine Adult Fantasy series">Ballantine Adult Fantasy series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_of_Fantasy" title="The Encyclopedia of Fantasy">The Encyclopedia of Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_Masterworks" title="Fantasy Masterworks">Fantasy Masterworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels" class="mw-redirect" title="List of fantasy novels">List of novels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(A%E2%80%93H)" title="List of fantasy novels (A–H)">A–H</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(I%E2%80%93R)" title="List of fantasy novels (I–R)">I–R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_novels_(S%E2%80%93Z)" title="List of fantasy novels (S–Z)">S–Z</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_story_collections" title="List of fantasy story collections">List of story collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_publishers" title="List of science fiction publishers">Publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fiction_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy fiction magazine">Magazines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_(magazine)" title="Fantastic (magazine)">Fantastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Adventures" title="Fantastic Adventures">Fantastic Adventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_(magazine)" title="Locus (magazine)">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Magazine_of_Fantasy_%26_Science_Fiction" title="The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction">The Magazine of Fantasy & Science Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_Fantasy_(magazine)" title="Science Fantasy (magazine)">Science Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unknown_(magazine)" title="Unknown (magazine)">Unknown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weird_Tales" title="Weird Tales">Weird Tales</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9erie" title="Féerie">Féeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_podcast" title="Fantasy podcast">Podcasts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balrog_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Balrog Award">Balrog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Fantasy_Award" title="British Fantasy Award">British Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crawford_Award" title="Crawford Award">Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Awards" title="Dragon Awards">Dragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_Award" title="Gandalf Award">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gemmell_Awards_for_Fantasy" title="David Gemmell Awards for Fantasy">Gemmell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Award" title="Hugo Award">Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fantasy_Award" title="International Fantasy Award">International Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Fantasy_Novel_Award" title="Japan Fantasy Novel Award">Japan Fantasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_Award" title="Locus Award">Locus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s_d%27Or" title="Méliès d'Or">Méliès d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Awards" title="Mythopoeic Awards">Mythopoeic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebula_Award" title="Nebula Award">Nebula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Awards" title="Saturn Awards">Saturn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A4htifantasia_Award" title="Tähtifantasia Award">Tähtifantasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Award" title="World Fantasy Award">World Fantasy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_fandom" title="Fantasy fandom">Fandom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantastic_art" title="Fantastic art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fanspeak" title="Fanspeak">Fanspeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_fandom" title="Harry Potter fandom">Harry Potter fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Inklings" class="mw-redirect" title="The Inklings">The Inklings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom" title="Lovecraft fandom">Lovecraft fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythopoeic_Society" title="Mythopoeic Society">Mythopoeic Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien_fandom" title="Tolkien fandom">Tolkien fandom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolkien%27s_influence_on_fantasy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tolkien's influence on fantasy">Tolkien's influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Works_inspired_by_J._R._R._Tolkien" class="mw-redirect" title="Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien">Works inspired by J. R. R. Tolkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Fantasy_Convention" title="World Fantasy Convention">World Fantasy Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_trope" title="Fantasy trope">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legendary_creature" title="Legendary creature">Creatures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">Devils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghouls</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental" title="Elemental">Elementals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy" title="Fairy">Faeries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-breathing_monster" title="Fire-breathing monster">Fire-breathing monsters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chimera_(mythology)" title="Chimera (mythology)">Chimera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">Dragons</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gargoyle_(monster)" title="Gargoyle (monster)">Gargoyles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imp" title="Imp">Imps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymph" title="Nymph">Nymphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Werecat" title="Werecat">Werecats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werewolf" title="Werewolf">Werewolves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin-walker" title="Skin-walker">Skin-walkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural#Spirit" title="Supernatural">Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undead" title="Undead">Undead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personifications_of_death" title="Personifications of death">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost" title="Ghost">Ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lich" title="Lich">Liches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_(undead)" title="Mummy (undead)">Mummies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeleton_(undead)" title="Skeleton (undead)">Skeletons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vampire" title="Vampire">Vampires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">Zombies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicorn" title="Unicorn">Unicorns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dkai" title="Yōkai">Yōkai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_characters" title="List of stock characters">Characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">Barbarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caveman" title="Caveman">Caveman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damsel_in_distress" title="Damsel in distress">Damsel in distress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_lord" title="Dark lord">Dark lord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donor_(fairy_tale)" title="Donor (fairy tale)">Donor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragonslayer" title="Dragonslayer">Dragonslayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_godmother" title="Fairy godmother">Fairy godmother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">Heroes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magician_(fantasy)" title="Magician (fantasy)">Magicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult_detective_fiction" title="Occult detective fiction">Occult detective</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_science_fiction_and_fantasy_detectives" title="List of science fiction and fantasy detectives">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_man" title="Wild man">Wild man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witches</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_and_soft_magic_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard and soft magic systems">Hard and soft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_element" title="Classical element">Elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic">Dark</a>/<a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">neutral</a>/<a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_item" title="Magic item">Magic item</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li></ul></li> <li>Schools <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy" title="Alchemy">Alchemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egregore" title="Egregore">Egregore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runic_magic" title="Runic magic">Runecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapeshifting" title="Shapeshifting">Shapeshifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_races" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy races">Fantasy races</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Centaur" title="Centaur">Centaurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">Dwarves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ent" title="Ent">Treants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant" title="Giant">Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnome" title="Gnome">Gnomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goblin" title="Goblin">Goblins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gremlin" title="Gremlin">Gremlins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halfling" title="Halfling">Halflings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hobgoblin" title="Hobgoblin">Hobgoblins</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kobolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leprechaun" title="Leprechaun">Leprechauns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merfolk" title="Merfolk">Merfolk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mermaid" title="Mermaid">Mermaids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merman" title="Merman">Mermen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogre" title="Ogre">Ogres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oni" title="Oni">Oni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orc" title="Orc">Orcs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Trolls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_places" title="List of mythological places">Places and events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_world" title="Fantasy world">Worlds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_worlds" title="List of fantasy worlds">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Fantasy map">Maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_city_(fiction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost city (fiction)">Lost city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_fiction" title="Subterranean fiction">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astral_plane" title="Astral plane">Astral plane</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dream_world_(plot_device)" title="Dream world (plot device)">Dreamworld</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enchanted_forest" title="Enchanted forest">Enchanted forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thieves%27_guild" title="Thieves' guild">Thieves' guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_schools#Magic_schools" title="List of fictional schools">Magic school</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">Allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epic_poetry" title="Epic poetry">Epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fable" title="Fable">Fable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_tale" title="Fairy tale">Fairy tale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_story" title="Ghost story">Ghost stories</a>‎</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_fiction" title="Gothic fiction">Gothic fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_fiction" title="Horror fiction">Horror fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_speculative_fiction" title="LGBT themes in speculative fiction">LGBT themes in speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecha" title="Mecha">Mecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction" title="Science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural_fiction" title="Supernatural fiction">Supernatural fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_fiction" title="Superhero fiction">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokusatsu" title="Tokusatsu">Tokusatsu‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaiju" title="Kaiju">Kaiju</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legend</a></li></ul> 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9 Template:Navbox"," 3.69% 129.129 1 Template:IPA"," 3.59% 125.546 17 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.44% 120.305 1 Template:Location_map+"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.975","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21252918,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAgricola1614\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgricola1657\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAgricolaHoovers_trr.1912\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArrowsmith2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAschner1909\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshliman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaring-Gould1913\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartsch1879\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlack1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewer1898\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritten1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrückner1926\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBunce1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowden2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowden2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDünnhaupt1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllett1846\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErschGruber1860\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvans1895\"] = 1,\n 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