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<span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Azovian_Urums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Azovian_Urums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>North Azovian Urums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Azovian_Urums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tsalka_Urums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tsalka_Urums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Tsalka Urums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tsalka_Urums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> 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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85" title="أوروم – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوروم" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumlar" title="Urumlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Urumlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Урумсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Урумсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumov%C3%A9" title="Urumové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Urumové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum" title="Urum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Urum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BC" title="Ουρούμ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουρούμ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum" title="Urum – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Urum" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_urum" title="Pobo urum – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo urum" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EB%A3%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="우룸인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우룸인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumi" title="Urumi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Urumi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urum" title="Urum – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Urum" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ұрымдар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Ұрымдар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Уруми – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Уруми" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%83%AB%E3%83%A0%E4%BA%BA" title="ウルム人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウルム人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumlar" title="Urumlar – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Urumlar" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Урумы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Урумы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Урумнар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Урумнар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumi" title="Urumi – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Urumi" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Уруми – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уруми" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urumlar" title="Urumlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Urumlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" 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class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Turkic speaking Greek Orthodox group</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Urums</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">>192,700<sup id="cite_ref-a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Other <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greeks" title="Ukrainian Greeks">Ukrainian Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Caucasian Greeks">Caucasian Greeks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krymchaks" title="Krymchaks">Krymchaks</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-top:0.4em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Greek_people" title="Category:Greek people">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; line-height:1.0em; padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="border:none; padding:0.6em 0.4em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_the_State_(Greece).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Great Seal of Greece"><img alt="Great Seal of Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg/100px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg/150px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg/200px-Great_Seal_of_the_State_%28Greece%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="213" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border-bottom:1px solid #aaa; font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Greeks" title="Names of the Greeks">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_name" title="Greek name">Greek names</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">By country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Native communities</b> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Albania" title="Greeks in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Italy" title="Greeks in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_Ukraine" title="Greeks in Russia and Ukraine">Russia and Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey" title="Greeks in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_of_Melbourne" title="Greeks of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" title="Greek Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_of_Toronto" title="Greeks of Toronto">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany" title="Greeks in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">United States</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Groups by region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b>Modern Greece</b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarakatsani" title="Sarakatsani">Sarakatsani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maniots" title="Maniots">Maniots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsakonians">Tsakonians</a></li></ul> <p><b>Constantinople and Asia Minor</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Turkey#Demographics_of_Greeks_in_Istanbul" title="Greeks in Turkey">Constantinopolitan Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariots" title="Phanariots">Phanariots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanlides" title="Karamanlides">Karamanlides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Greeks">Crimea</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/African_Greeks" title="African Greeks">Africa</a></b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Greeks" title="Egyptian Greeks">Egyptiots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Greeks" title="Ethiopian Greeks">Ethiopian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Greeks" title="Sudanese Greeks">Sudanese Greeks</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other regions</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Griko</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urums</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other groups</b>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanians_in_Greece" title="Aromanians in Greece">Aromanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanites" title="Arvanites">Arvanites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians#Greece" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_speakers_of_Greek_Macedonia" title="Slavic speakers of Greek Macedonia">Slavophones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Souliotes" title="Souliotes">Souliotes</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Greek culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_art" title="Greek art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Greece" title="Cinema of Greece">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_cuisine" title="Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dances" title="Greek dances">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_dress" title="Greek dress">Dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Greece" title="Education in Greece">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Greece" title="Flag of Greece">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_literature" title="Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Greece" title="Music of Greece">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Greece" title="Politics of Greece">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Greece" title="Religion in Greece">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Greece" title="Sport in Greece">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Greece_and_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Television in Greece and Cyprus">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_theatre" title="Modern Greek theatre">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Religion</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox Church</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Greece">Greek Roman Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek Byzantine Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Evangelical_Church" title="Greek Evangelical Church">Greek Evangelicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Greece" title="Islam in Greece">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Polytheistic_Reconstructionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism">Hellenism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0 0.4em 0.6em; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0; border-top:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Languages and dialects</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><b><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a></b>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calabrian_Greek" title="Calabrian Greek">Calabrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greek" title="Cappadocian Greek">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_language" title="Griko language">Griko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Greek" title="Cypriot Greek">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himariote_dialect" title="Himariote dialect">Himariote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_Greek_Dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Mani Greek Dialect">Maniot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Greek_dialect" title="Istanbul Greek dialect">Constantinopolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek" title="Pontic Greek">Pontic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakonian_language" title="Tsakonian language">Tsakonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevanic_language" title="Yevanic language">Yevanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeklish" title="Greeklish">Greeklish</a></li></ul> <p><b>Other languages</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aromanian_language" title="Aromanian language">Aromanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arvanitika" title="Arvanitika">Arvanitika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanian_language" title="Megleno-Romanian language">Megleno-Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_dialects_of_Greece" title="Slavic dialects of Greece">Slavic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:none; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History of Greece</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greeks">Ancient</a> · <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Greeks" title="Byzantine Greeks">Byzantine</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Ottoman</a>)</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greeks" title="Template:Greeks"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greeks" title="Template talk:Greeks"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greeks" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greeks"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Urums</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʊəˈr/: 'ur' in 'plurality'">ʊəˈr</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'r' in 'rye'">r</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Ουρούμ</span>, <i>Urúm</i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>: <i>Urum,</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="tr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">[uˈɾum]</a></span>) are several groups of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a>-speaking <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Greek Orthodox</a> people native to <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. The emergence and development of the Urum identity took place from 13th to the 17th centuries. Bringing together the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greeks" title="Ukrainian Greeks">Crimean Greeks</a> along with Greek-speaking <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a>, with other indigenous groups that had long inhabited the region, resulting in a gradual transformation of their collective identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Stearns_7_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stearns_7-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urums&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two main theories covering how the Urums may have originated. One hypothesis is that the Urums arose as a result of some <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Greeks">Crimean Greeks</a> converting to using the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a>. Another theory is that the Urums arose as a result of the adoption of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> by a group of <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-b_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A specialist in the history of the Crimean Greeks, M. Arajioni notes: “The narrowing of the scope of the use of the Greek language in the southwestern Crimea and in the cities of Crimea led some of the Crimean “Romans” to the loss of their native language. Thus, Urums are Greeks who have undergone linguistic assimilation, and not "baptized Tatars".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some also speculate that the Urums from Crimea/Ukraine and Georgia have the same origins from <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>, with some even going as far to say that the two Urum groups speak the same language; however, the latter is not supported with the available linguistic data.<sup id="cite_ref-c_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urums&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term <i>Urum</i> is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> word <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">روم</span></span> (<i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%ABm" class="mw-redirect" title="Rūm">rūm</a></i>), meaning <i>Roman</i> and subsequently <i><a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks"><i>Greek</i></a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Prothesis_(linguistics)" title="Prothesis (linguistics)">prothetic</a> <i>u</i> in some Turkic languages. In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, <i>Rum</i> denoted <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christians</a> living in the Empire; in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">modern Turkish</a>, <i>Rum</i> denotes <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> living in Turkey and Cyprus. The word "Urum" involves a prothetic <i>u-</i> that generally appears in <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic language</a> loanwords initially starting with a <i>r-.</i><sup id="cite_ref-c_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The common use of the term <i>Urum</i> appears to have led to some confusion, as most <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>-speaking Greeks were called Urum. </p><p>The term is used by the following sub-ethnic groups of Greeks as a way of ethnic self-identification: </p> <ul><li>Crimean-Tatar speaking Greeks of <a href="/wiki/Azov_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Azov Sea">North Azov</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>) (<a href="/wiki/Crimean_Greeks" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Greeks">Crimean Greeks</a>)</li> <li>Turkish speaking Greeks of <a href="/wiki/Tsalka" title="Tsalka">Tsalka</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>) (see <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_Azovian_Urums">North Azovian Urums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urums&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North Azovian Urums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F2.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F2.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F2.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8F2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>A group of Urums from <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk Oblast</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Greeks of Crimea (and later of the adjacent Azovian region; present-day <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk Oblast</a>, Ukraine) were represented by two groups: the Hellenic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Romaioi" class="mw-redirect" title="Romaioi">Romaioi</a>, whose dialect is known as <i>Rumeíka</i>, a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Mariupol_Greek" title="Mariupol Greek">Mariupol Greek</a>, and the Turkic-speaking Urums (also called Graeco-Tatars).<sup id="cite_ref-b_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-b-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These Byzantine Greeks of Crimea are <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> who colonised Crimea. Both groups populated the region over the course of many centuries, and consist of both the descendants of the ancient (4th century BC – 4th century AD) Greek and Byzantine Christian Greek colonizers of the northern shores of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and interior of southern Russia and Ukraine, and also of Pontic Greeks who fled as refugees, or 'economic migrants,' from northeastern Anatolia between the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> to the Ottomans in 1461 and the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">1828-29 Russo-Turkish War</a>. However, the Greek settlers of the Crimea region underwent social and cultural processes, which led to them adopting the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar language</a> as a mother tongue. </p><p>In 1777, after the <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire">annexation of Crimea</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, Empress <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> ordered all Greeks from the peninsula to settle in the <a href="/wiki/North_Azov" class="mw-redirect" title="North Azov">North Azov</a> region around <a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a>, and they have been known as the North Azovian Greeks (<i>приазовские греки</i> /  <i>priazovskie greki</i>) henceforth. Some linguists believe that the dialect spoken by the North Azovian Urums differs from the common Crimean Tatar language on a more than just dialectical level and therefore constitutes a separate language unit within the <a href="/wiki/Kypchak_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kypchak languages">Kypchak language sub-group</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum language</a>). </p><p>Urums practice <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Christianity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout history, they represented an isolated cultural group and rarely settled in towns populated by the Romaioi, despite sharing Greek heritage with them.<sup id="cite_ref-genling_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-genling-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Greek, Urum has never been a language of secondary education in Ukraine. <a href="/wiki/Turkologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkologist">Turkologist</a> Nikolai Baskakov estimated that by 1969, 60,000 people spoke Urum as a native language. According to the All-Ukrainian Population Census of 2001, only 112 of the <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Oblast" title="Donetsk Oblast">Donetsk Oblast</a>'s 77,516 Greeks listed languages other than <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> as their mother tongue.<sup id="cite_ref-ukrcensus_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ukrcensus-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimean_Urums_with_Greek_flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Crimean_Urums_with_Greek_flags.jpg/220px-Crimean_Urums_with_Greek_flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Crimean_Urums_with_Greek_flags.jpg/330px-Crimean_Urums_with_Greek_flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Crimean_Urums_with_Greek_flags.jpg/440px-Crimean_Urums_with_Greek_flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption>A group of Urums from Crimea waving Greek flags.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tsalka_Urums">Tsalka Urums</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urums&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Tsalka Urums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tsalka Urums are sometimes referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Trialeti" title="Trialeti">Trialeti</a> Greeks or the Transcaucasian Turcophone Greeks, <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a>, or <i><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Τσαλκαλίδες</span></span></i> (<i><span title="Greek-language romanization"><i lang="el-Latn">Tsalkalides</i></span></i>), a name that refers to the Georgian town of <a href="/wiki/Tsalka" title="Tsalka">Tsalka</a>, where Urums once made up the largest ethnic community. </p><p>Between the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Empire of Trebizond</a> to the Ottomans in 1461 and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_annexation_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian annexation of Georgia">Russian annexation of Georgia</a> in 1801 there had been several waves of <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> who left the eastern <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> coastline and the highlands of the <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Alps" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontic Alps">Pontic Alps</a>, and then settled as refugees or economic migrants in Georgia and the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>. The largest and most recent waves came in the late 18th and especially the early 19th century, when the South Caucasus experienced mass migrations of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Greeks" title="Ottoman Greeks">Greeks from the Ottoman Empire</a>, mainly from the region of <a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a>, as well as the vilayets of <a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a> in northeastern Anatolia. This wave of Pontic emigrants is particularly associated with the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1828%E2%80%9329)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War (1828–29)">1828-29 Russo-Turkish War</a>, when many <a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a> collaborated with or welcomed the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Russian army</a> that had occupied the region and then, to escape likely Turkish reprisals, followed it with their families when it withdrew back into Russian territory. </p><p>Many Pontian Greeks spoke Turkish either as Greek-Turkish bilinguals, or as a mother tongue due to linguistic assimilation processes that isolated groups of the Anatolian Greeks were exposed to. </p><p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrei_Popov_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrei Popov (writer) (page does not exist)">Andrei Popov</a>, throughout the 19th century hundreds of Turkish-speaking Greek Orthodox families from <a href="/wiki/Erzurum" title="Erzurum">Erzurum</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCm%C3%BC%C5%9Fhane" title="Gümüşhane">Gümüşhane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artvin" title="Artvin">Artvin</a> moved to Southern Russia and settled on the <a href="/wiki/Tsalka_Plateau" title="Tsalka Plateau">Tsalka Plateau</a>, in present-day Georgia.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Soviet era they populated over 20 villages in Georgia's <a href="/wiki/Tsalka" title="Tsalka">Tsalka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dmanisi" title="Dmanisi">Dmanisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetritsqaro" title="Tetritsqaro">Tetritsqaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marneuli" title="Marneuli">Marneuli</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Akhaltsikhe" title="Akhaltsikhe">Akhaltsikhe</a> regions. In 1926, there were 24,000 Greeks living in <a href="/wiki/Tiflis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiflis">Tiflis</a> and the neighbouring area with 20,000 of them being Turcophone.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dialect spoken by the Tsalka Urums is similar to that of the Meskhetian-Ahiska Turks, an Eastern Anatolian dialect of Turkish, which hails from the regions of Kars, Ardahan, and Artvin. The Turkish Meskhetian-Ahiska dialect has also borrowed from other languages (including Azerbaijani, Georgian, Kazakh, Kyrgyz, Russian, and Uzbek) which the Meskhetian-Ahiska Turks have been in contact with during the Russian and Soviet rule.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However some linguists, like <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Baskakov_(linguist)" title="Nikolai Baskakov (linguist)">Nikolai Baskakov</a>, classify it as a separate <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Oghuz language">Oghuz language</a> due to differences in phonetics, vocabulary and grammar.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Present-day Urum Turkish is also thought by some to be phonetically closer to <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azeri</a> than to the literary Turkish, which leads them to believe that it is rather a dialect of Azeri.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late Soviet censuses also showed Azeri as the mother tongue of the Tsalka Urums, however this may have been done simply due to the Soviets' somewhat unfavourable attitude towards Turkish culture. No secondary education in Urum Turkish has been available; its speakers attended schools where subjects were taught in Azeri and later in Russian.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tsalka Urums themselves call their language <i>bizim dilja</i> (turk. 'our language') or <i>moussourmanja</i> (turk. 'Muslims' language). Nowadays, the majority speaks Russian. Also starting from the 1960s, there has been a modest cultural revival among the Turcophone Greeks. Historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Airat_Aklaev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Airat Aklaev (page does not exist)">Airat Aklaev</a>'s research showed that 36% of them considered <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> their mother tongue despite not speaking it; 96% expressed a desire to learn Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A documentation project on the language of Caucasus Urum people compiled a basic lexicon, a sample of translations for the study of grammar, and a text collection. The website of the project contains further information about the language and the language community.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a>, serious migration did take place, so Greeks are no longer the largest ethnic group in Tsalka. Between 1989 and 2002, their population declined from 35,000 to 3,000. Many emigrated to <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Greek Macedonia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Greece" title="Northern Greece">Northern Greece</a>, and also to the relatively near the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a> and other parts of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Russia" title="Southern Russia">Southern Russia</a> (particularly the cities of <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abinsk" title="Abinsk">Abinsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sochi" title="Sochi">Sochi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gelendzhik" title="Gelendzhik">Gelendzhik</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urums&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By religion, the majority of Urums are <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Christians">Greek Orthodox Christians</a>. Urums tend to practice their religion in Greek, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Orthodox_Church" title="Georgian Orthodox Church">Georgian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian</a> Orthodox churches. Despite there not being any liturgical practices in the Urum language, 60% (18/30 respondents) of native Urum speakers reported that they use Urum in praying. 23% of Urum vocabulary in the field of religion or belief are said to be loanwords - much less than the average across world languages, being estimated to be 43%.<sup id="cite_ref-c_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to legend common among the Urums of Georgia, long before they left Turkey, the Orthodox Greeks were forced to make a choice between their language and faith. Being devout Christians, they chose to keep their Orthodox faith and thus relinquished their language. However, most historians consider this to be a myth.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urums&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Urum_language" title="Urum language">Urum language</a></div> <p>The language of the North Azov Urums is a Turkic language belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Kipchak_languages" title="Kipchak languages">West Kipchak branch</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been written with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a>, and between 1927 and 1937 it was written with <a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1alif" title="Yañalif">Yañalif</a>, and it was taught in some schools.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Yañalif's replacement by the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> in 1940, the Urum language was to only be written in Cyrillic.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Urum is considered by some to be a dialect of Crimean Tatar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Tsalka Urum language belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz branch</a> of the Turkic language and displays substantial similarities with the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_dialects" title="Turkish dialects">Turkish dialects of Anatolia</a> (e.g. in vocal harmony), but also with <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> (e.g. in the use of subordinate clauses).<sup id="cite_ref-c_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of Urum's religious vocabulary is descended from words of Turkic origin, for example, <span title="Urum-language text"><i lang="uum-Latn">Allah</i></span> for ‘God’ or <span title="Urum-language text"><i lang="uum-Latn">cänäm</i></span> for ‘hell’ (compare Turkish allah, cehennem). However, Russian loanwords are restricted to narrow Christian terms, e.g., <span title="Urum-language text"><i lang="uum-Latn">gimn</i></span> meaning ‘hymn’, derived from Russian <i>gimn (Гимн)</i> and <span title="Urum-language text"><i lang="uum-Latn">episkop</i></span> meaning ‘bishop’, derived from Russian <i>episkop (Епископ).</i><sup id="cite_ref-c_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urums&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Georgia" title="Greeks in Georgia">Greeks in Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Ukraine" title="Demographics of Ukraine">Demographics of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Demographics of Georgia (country)">Demographics of Georgia (country)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union">Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urums&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-a_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Furum.lili.uni-bielefeld.de%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrums" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEloeva" class="citation book cs1">Eloeva, Fatima A. <i>Turkic-Speaking Orthodox Greeks: The Conflict of Faith, Mentality and Language</i>. p. 407.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkic-Speaking+Orthodox+Greeks%3A+The+Conflict+of+Faith%2C+Mentality+and+Language.&rft.pages=407&rft.aulast=Eloeva&rft.aufirst=Fatima+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrums" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohanson2021" class="citation book cs1">Johanson, Lars (2021). <i>Turkic</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Urum+language%2C+alphabet+and+pronunciation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fomniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Furum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUrums" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-history.kz/en/news/show/7620">"THE LATIN ALPHABET – THE ALPHABET OF REVOLUTION"</a>. <i>e-history.kz</i>. 18 August 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Greek_diaspora" title="Greek diaspora">Greek diaspora (Omogenia)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Old Greek Diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor_Greeks" title="Asia Minor Greeks">Asia Minor Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_genocide" title="Greek genocide">genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istanbul_pogrom" title="Istanbul pogrom">pogrom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Greeks_from_Istanbul" title="Expulsion of Greeks from Istanbul">expulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmit_massacres" title="İzmit massacres">massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Smyrna" title="Burning of Smyrna">burning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptiotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Egyptiotes">Egyptian Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956%E2%80%9357_exodus_and_expulsions_from_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="1956–57 exodus and expulsions from Egypt">expulsion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greeks" title="Ukrainian Greeks">Ukrainian Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_Ukrainian_refugee_crisis#Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Ukrainian refugee crisis">evacuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Russia and the Soviet Union">Soviet Greeks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_the_Soviet_Greeks" title="Deportation of the Soviet Greeks">deportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Operation_of_the_NKVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Operation of the NKVD">prison shootings</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">New Greek Diaspora</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a> <ul><li>Boston</li> <li>Chicago</li> <li>New York City</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Australians" title="Greek Australians">Greek Australians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_community_of_Melbourne" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek community of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li> <li>Sydney</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Canadians" 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href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Germany" title="Greeks in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Hungary" title="Greeks in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Moldova" title="Greeks in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Greeks in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Poland" title="Greeks in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Romania" title="Greeks in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Serbia" title="Greeks in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Greeks" title="Swedish Greeks">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Greeks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Armenia" title="Greeks in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Azerbaijan" title="Greeks in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Georgia" title="Greeks in Georgia">Georgia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Greeks in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Greeks in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Greeks in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Africa" title="Greeks in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Sudan" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_South_Sudan" title="Greeks in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Zimbabwe" title="Greeks in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Argentines" title="Greek Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Bahamians" title="Greek Bahamians">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Brazilians" title="Greek Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Chile" title="Greeks in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Mexicans" title="Greek Mexicans">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Uruguayans" title="Greek Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Venezuela" title="Greeks in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia-Pacific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_New_Zealanders" title="Greek New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_settlement_in_the_Philippines" title="Greek settlement in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonization" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek colonization">Greek colonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic world</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Template:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus"><abbr title="View this 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_languages" title="Kartvelian languages">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgians" title="Georgians">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvals" title="Dvals">Dvals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guria#Demographics" title="Guria">Gurians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerkhevians" title="Imerkhevians">Imerkhevians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javakhians" title="Javakhians">Javakhians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakhetians" title="Kakhetians">Kakhetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Colchians">Colchians</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zans" title="Zans">Zans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mingrelians" title="Mingrelians">Mingrelians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svans" title="Svans">Svans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Caucasian_languages" title="Northeast Caucasian languages">Northeast</a><br />(Caspian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avar%E2%80%93Andic_languages" title="Avar–Andic languages">Avar–Andic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lezgic_languages" title="Lezgic languages">Lezgic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aguls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Udi_people" title="Udi people">Udis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nakh_peoples" title="Nakh peoples">Nakh</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bats_people" title="Bats people">Bats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tsezic_languages" title="Tsezic languages">Tsezic</a> (Didoic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Caucasian_languages" title="Northwest Caucasian languages">Northwest</a><br />(Pontic)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkess" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherkess">Cherkess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/250px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/375px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg/500px-Caucasus-ethnic_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="977" data-file-height="1111" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-<br />European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armeno-Tats" title="Armeno-Tats">Armeno-Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkesogai" title="Cherkesogai">Cherkesogai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zok_language" title="Zok language">Zoks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Lom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hellenic_languages" title="Hellenic languages">Hellenic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Caucasus Greeks</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Urums</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic Greeks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranian_languages" title="Indo-Iranian languages">Indo-Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Aryan_languages" title="Indo-Aryan languages">Indo-Aryan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lom_people" title="Lom people">Loms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_diaspora#Georgia" title="Romani diaspora">Roma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ossetians" title="Ossetians">Ossetians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digor_people" title="Digor people">Digors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_people" title="Iron people">Irons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kudar" title="Kudar">Kudar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trialeti_Ossetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Trialeti Ossetians">Trialeti Ossetians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yazidis" title="Yazidis">Yazidis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Poles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Armenia" title="Poles in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Azerbaijan" title="Poles in Azerbaijan">in Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Russians" title="Caucasus Russians">Russians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans">Molokans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Kuban" title="Ukrainians in Kuban">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Germans" title="Caucasus Germans">Germans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_Turks" title="Oghuz Turks">Oghuz Turks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayrums" title="Ayrums">Ayrums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karadaghis" title="Karadaghis">Karadaghis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahsevan" title="Shahsevan">Shahsevan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayat_(tribe)" title="Bayat (tribe)">Bayats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karapapakhs" title="Karapapakhs">Karapapakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%BCres%C3%BCnni" title="Küresünni">Küresünni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_people" title="Assyrian people">Assyrians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Armenia" title="Assyrians in Armenia">in Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Georgia" title="Assyrians in Georgia">in Georgia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Abkhazia" title="History of the Jews in Abkhazia">Abkhaz Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Armenia" title="History of the Jews in Armenia">Armenian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Azerbaijan" title="History of the Jews in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijani Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Jews" title="Georgian Jews">Georgian Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Jews" title="Mountain Jews">Mountain Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyks" title="Kalmyks">Kalmyks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Armenia" title="Ethnic minorities in Armenia">Ethnic minorities in Armenia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Azerbaijan" title="Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan">Ethnic minorities in Azerbaijan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Ethnic minorities in Georgia (country)">Ethnic minorities in Georgia</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Russia" title="Demographics of Russia">Ethnic minorities in Russia</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urums&oldid=1258992830">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Urums&oldid=1258992830</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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