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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecological_measurements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ecological measurements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecological_measurements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Green_energy_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Green_energy_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Green energy issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Green_energy_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Green economy</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ya%C5%9F%C4%B1l_iqtisadiyyat" title="Yaşıl iqtisadiyyat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yaşıl iqtisadiyyat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C_%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="সবুজ অর্থনীতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সবুজ অর্থনীতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelen%C3%A1_ekonomika" title="Zelená ekonomika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Zelená ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_Economy" title="Green Economy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Green Economy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohemajandus" title="Rohemajandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rohemajandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_berde" title="Ekonomia berde – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ekonomia berde" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%A8%D8%B2" title="اقتصاد سبز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اقتصاد سبز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89conomie_verte" title="Économie verte – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Économie verte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B9%EC%83%89_%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C" title="녹색 경제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="녹색 경제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B9_%D5%BF%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Կանաչ տնտեսություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կանաչ տնտեսություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomi_Hijau" title="Ekonomi Hijau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ekonomi Hijau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_verde" title="Economia verde – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Economia verde" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89komomi_Ijo" title="Ékomomi Ijo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Ékomomi Ijo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9ng_Ekonomie" title="Gréng Ekonomie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Gréng Ekonomie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekologi%C5%A1koji_ekonomika" title="Ekologiškoji ekonomika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ekologiškoji ekonomika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Еколошка економија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Еколошка економија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%98%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%A8" title="ഹരിതസമ്പദ്ഘടന – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹരിതസമ്പദ്ഘടന" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%8D%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Ногоон эдийн засаг – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ногоон эдийн засаг" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B3%E7%B5%8C%E6%B8%88" title="グリーン経済 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グリーン経済" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nn_%C3%B8konomi" title="Grønn økonomi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grønn økonomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yashil_iqtisodiyot" title="Yashil iqtisodiyot – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yashil iqtisodiyot" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economia_verde" title="Economia verde – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Economia verde" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economie_verde" title="Economie verde – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Economie verde" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%8D%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зелёная экономика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Зелёная экономика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekonomia_e_gjelb%C3%ABr" title="Ekonomia e gjelbër – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ekonomia e gjelbër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economy" title="Green economy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Green economy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Зелена економија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Зелена економија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vihre%C3%A4_talous" title="Vihreä talous – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vihreä talous" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%B6n_ekonomi" title="Grön ekonomi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grön ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A7" title="เศรษฐกิจสีเขียว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เศรษฐกิจสีเขียว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ye%C5%9Fil_ekonomi" title="Yeşil ekonomi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yeşil ekonomi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Зелена економіка – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Зелена економіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinh_t%E1%BA%BF_xanh" title="Kinh tế xanh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kinh tế xanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E" title="绿色经济 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="绿色经济" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q598188#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cash_template.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/90px-Cash_template.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/135px-Cash_template.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Cash_template.svg/180px-Cash_template.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="32" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Carbon price</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_credit" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon credit">Carbon credit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_emission_trading" title="Carbon emission trading">Carbon emission trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_fee_and_dividend" title="Carbon fee and dividend">Carbon fee and dividend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon finance">Carbon finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_offset" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon offset">Carbon offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_tax" title="Carbon tax">Carbon tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emissions_trading" title="Emissions trading">Emissions trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tax" title="Environmental tax">Environmental tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_carbon_trading" title="Personal carbon trading">Personal carbon trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigovian_tax" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigovian tax">Pigovian tax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cost_of_carbon" title="Social cost of carbon">Social cost of carbon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Climate change</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">Climate change mitigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_miles" title="Food miles">Food miles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bright_green_environmentalism" title="Bright green environmentalism">Bright green environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular 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consumer behaviour">consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design_standards" title="Sustainable design standards">design standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development_goals" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable development goals">development goals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable food systems">food systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">transport</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoeconomics" title="Thermoeconomics">Thermoeconomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_good" title="Used good">Used good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Value_of_Earth" title="Value of Earth">Value of Earth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Energy transition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000-watt_society" title="2000-watt society">2000-watt society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_fuel" title="Alternative fuel">Alternative fuel</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">Carbon neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon-neutral_fuel" title="Carbon-neutral fuel">Carbon-neutral fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feed-in_tariff" title="Feed-in tariff">Feed-in tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_divestment" title="Fossil fuel divestment">Fossil fuel divestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_phase-out" title="Fossil fuel phase-out">Fossil fuel phase-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_metering" title="Net metering">Net metering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_commercialization" title="Renewable energy commercialization">Renewable energy commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Policies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_leakage" title="Carbon leakage">Carbon leakage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_pricing_reform" title="Environmental pricing reform">Environmental pricing reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_tariff" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental tariff">Environmental tariff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_public_transport" title="Free public transport">Free public transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_industrial_policy" title="Green industrial policy">Green industrial policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_New_Deal" title="Green New Deal">Green New Deal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_subsidies" title="Rail subsidies">Rail subsidies</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Template:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Green_economics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Green economics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p>A <b>green economy</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> that aims at reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities, and that aims for <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a> without <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">degrading the environment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is closely related with <a href="/wiki/Ecological_economics" title="Ecological economics">ecological economics</a>, but has a more politically applied focus.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2011 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> Green Economy Report argues "that to be green, an economy must not only be efficient, but also fair. Fairness implies recognizing global and country level equity dimensions, particularly in assuring a <a href="/wiki/Just_Transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Just Transition">Just Transition</a> to an <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">economy that is low-carbon</a>, resource efficient, and socially inclusive."<sup id="cite_ref-unep.org_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A feature distinguishing it from prior economic regimes is the direct valuation of <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecological_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecological services">ecological services</a> as having <a href="/wiki/Economic_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic value">economic value</a> (<i>see <a href="/wiki/The_Economics_of_Ecosystems_and_Biodiversity" title="The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity">The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Natural_Capital" title="Bank of Natural Capital">Bank of Natural Capital</a></i>) and a <a href="/wiki/Full_cost_accounting" class="mw-redirect" title="Full cost accounting">full cost accounting</a> regime in which costs externalized onto society via ecosystems are reliably traced back to, and accounted for as liabilities of, the entity that does the harm or neglects an asset.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Green_sticker" class="mw-redirect" title="Green sticker">Green sticker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">ecolabel</a> practices have emerged as consumer facing indicators of friendliness to the environment and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. Many industries are starting to adopt these standards as a way to promote their greening practices in a <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalizing</a> economy. Also known as <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">sustainability standards</a>, these standards are special rules that guarantee the products bought do not hurt the environment and the people that make them. The number of these standards has grown recently and they can now help build a new, greener economy. They focus on economic sectors like <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">farming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> or <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a>, among others; concentrate on environmental factors like protecting water sources and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>, or reducing <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>; support social protections and <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">workers’ rights</a>; and home in on specific parts of production processes.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_economists_and_economics">Green economists and economics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Green economists and economics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Green economics is loosely defined as any theory of <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> by which an economy is considered to be component of the ecosystem in which it resides (after <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Margulis" title="Lynn Margulis">Lynn Margulis</a>). A holistic approach to the subject is typical, such that economic ideas are commingled with any number of other subjects, depending on the particular theorist. Proponents of <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Postmodernism" title="Postmodernism">postmodernism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Environmental_movement" title="Environmental movement">environmental movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peace_movement" title="Peace movement">peace movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_politics" title="Green politics">Green politics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green anarchism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">anti-globalization movement</a> have used the term to describe very different ideas, all external to <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_economics" title="Mainstream economics">mainstream economics</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>According to Büscher, the increasing liberalisation of politics since the 1990s has meant that biodiversity must 'legitimise itself' in economic terms. Many non-governmental organisations, governments, banks, companies and so forth have started to claim the right to Define and defend biodiversity and in a distinctly neoliberal manner that subjects the concept's social, political, and ecological dimensions to their value as determined by capitalist markets.<sup id="cite_ref-Death_2013_p._18_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Death_2013_p._18-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some economists view green economics as a branch or subfield of more established schools. For instance, it can be regarded as <a href="/wiki/Classical_economics" title="Classical economics">classical economics</a> where the traditional land is generalized to <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a> and has some attributes in common with labor and physical capital (since natural capital assets like rivers directly substitute for human-made ones such as <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>). Or, it can be viewed as <a href="/wiki/Marxist_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist economics">Marxist economics</a> with nature represented as a form of <a href="/wiki/Lumpenproletariat" title="Lumpenproletariat">Lumpenproletariat</a>, an exploited base of non-human workers providing <a href="/wiki/Surplus_value" title="Surplus value">surplus value</a> to the human economy, or as a branch of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_economics" title="Neoclassical economics">neoclassical economics</a> in which the <a href="/wiki/Price_of_life" class="mw-redirect" title="Price of life">price of life</a> for developing vs. developed nations is held steady at a ratio reflecting a balance of power and that of non-human life is very low.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>An increasing commitment by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">UNEP</a> (and national governments such as the UK) to the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Natural_capital" title="Natural capital">natural capital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Full_cost_accounting" class="mw-redirect" title="Full cost accounting">full cost accounting</a> under the banner 'green economy' could blur distinctions between the schools and redefine them all as variations of "green economics". As of 2010 the <a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_system" title="Bretton Woods system">Bretton Woods</a> institutions (notably the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (via its "Green Fund" initiative) responsible for global <a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">monetary policy</a> have stated a clear intention to move towards <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> valuation and a more official and universal <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity finance">biodiversity finance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UNEP 2011 Green Economy Report informs that "based on existing studies, the annual financing demand to green the global economy was estimated to be in the range US$1.05 to US$2.59 trillion. To place this demand in perspective, it is about one-tenth of total global investment per year, as measured by global Gross Capital Formation."<sup id="cite_ref-unep.org_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unep.org-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/2021_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" title="2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference">COP26</a>, the <a href="/wiki/European_Investment_Bank" title="European Investment Bank">European Investment Bank</a> announced a set of just transition common principles agreed upon with multilateral development banks, which also align with the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a>. The principles refer to focusing financing on the transition to <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">net zero carbon economies</a>, while keeping socioeconomic effects in mind, along with policy engagement and plans for inclusion and gender equality, all aiming to deliver long-term economic transformation.<sup id="cite_ref-:552_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:552-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/African_Development_Bank" title="African Development Bank">The African Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Development_Bank" title="Asian Development Bank">Asian Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">Islamic Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_Development_Bank" title="Council of Europe Development Bank">Council of Europe Development Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asian_Infrastructure_Investment_Bank" title="Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank">Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="European Bank for Reconstruction and Development">European Bank for Reconstruction and Development</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Development_Bank" title="Inter-American Development Bank">Inter-American Development Bank</a> are among the <a href="/wiki/International_financial_institutions" title="International financial institutions">multilateral development banks</a> that have vowed to uphold the principles of <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a> and a Just Transition. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_Group" title="World Bank Group">The World Bank Group</a> also contributed.<sup id="cite_ref-:552_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:552-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Karl Burkart defined a green economy as based on six main sectors:<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building" title="Green building">Green buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Sustainable transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Water management">Water management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_management" title="Land management">Land management</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right noresize" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/300px-Sustainable_development.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/450px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Sustainable_development.svg/600px-Sustainable_development.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="326" usemap="#ImageMap_6628f7872ad4e65d" resource="/wiki/File:Sustainable_development.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_6628f7872ad4e65d"><area href="/wiki/Environment_(biophysical)" shape="poly" coords="81,114,87,128,96,141,107,151,128,162,154,171,153,182,155,194,159,206,166,214,176,224,185,231,168,239,153,244,131,248,107,250,90,248,70,243,51,236,34,226,23,216,14,203,10,192,8,181,9,168,15,154,25,141,37,131,49,124,63,118" alt="Environment" title="Environment" /><area href="/wiki/Equity_(economics)" shape="poly" coords="190,128,196,132,201,137,206,142,210,147,214,154,217,162,220,168,234,163,244,159,257,154,265,148,273,141,279,134,286,125,291,113,282,111,271,110,248,110,233,112,220,115,206,120" alt="Equitable" title="Equitable" /><area href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" shape="poly" coords="187,129,193,134,197,138,203,143,209,151,214,158,217,168,210,169,202,171,188,171,178,171,166,170,157,169,159,161,163,153,168,146,174,140" alt="Sustainable" title="Sustainable" /><area href="/wiki/Social_ecology_(theory)" shape="poly" coords="83,112,98,110,108,110,124,110,138,111,154,115,168,119,178,124,185,128,179,133,173,138,167,144,162,152,158,159,155,168,146,166,134,162,122,157,111,150,101,142,93,132,87,124" alt="Bearable (Social ecology)" title="Bearable (Social ecology)" /><area href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" shape="poly" coords="156,171,155,178,156,187,161,202,166,211,172,217,178,223,187,230,195,225,201,219,207,212,213,203,217,195,219,186,219,179,218,171,212,172,202,173,189,173,176,173,168,172" alt="Viable (Environmental economics)" title="Viable (Environmental economics)" /><area href="/wiki/Economics" shape="poly" coords="294,113,304,115,317,120,329,126,341,134,354,145,361,156,365,168,367,179,365,191,362,201,356,210,349,219,340,226,330,233,315,240,303,244,289,247,274,249,253,250,242,248,232,247,220,244,207,240,196,235,189,231,196,226,204,218,211,210,219,194,221,183,221,175,220,170,227,169,240,164,268,150,282,137" alt="Economic" title="Economic" /><area href="/wiki/Society" shape="poly" coords="83,110,81,101,84,86,89,74,99,63,112,52,127,44,142,38,164,32,182,31,206,32,222,35,243,42,262,52,270,58,278,66,286,75,291,86,293,95,293,103,293,111,276,108,265,107,240,108,216,114,197,121,187,127,179,122,163,115,151,112,135,108,117,107,117,107,117,107" alt="Social" title="Social" /></map><figcaption>The three pillars of sustainability</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="International Chamber of Commerce">International Chamber of Commerce</a> (ICC), representing global business, defines the green economy as "an economy in which economic growth and environmental responsibility work together in a mutually reinforcing fashion while supporting progress on social development".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2012, the ICC published the <i>Green Economy Roadmap</i>, containing contributions from international experts consulted bi-yearly. The Roadmap represents a comprehensive and multidisciplinary effort to clarify and frame the concept of "green economy". It highlights the role of business in bringing solutions to global challenges. It sets out the following 10 conditions which relate to business/intra-industry and collaborative action for a transition towards a green economy: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Open_market" title="Open market">Open</a> and competitive markets</li> <li>Metrics, accounting, and <a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">reporting</a></li> <li>Finance and investment</li> <li>Awareness</li> <li>Life cycle approach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resource_efficiency" title="Resource efficiency">Resource efficiency</a> and decoupling</li> <li>Employment</li> <li>Education and skills</li> <li>Governance and partnership</li> <li>Integrated policy and decision-making</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Finance_and_investing">Finance and investing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Finance and investing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eco-investing&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a> or green investing is a form of <a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_investing" title="Socially responsible investing">socially responsible investing</a> where <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investments</a> are made in companies that support or provide <a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">environmentally friendly</a> products and practices. These companies encourage (and often profit from) <a href="/wiki/New_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="New Technologies">new technologies</a> that support the transition from carbon dependence to more sustainable alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-Eco-investing_chow_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eco-investing_chow-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Green_finance" class="mw-redirect" title="Green finance">Green finance</a></i> is "any structured financial activity that’s been created to ensure a better environmental outcome."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As industries' environmental impacts become more apparent, green topics have not only taken center stage in pop-culture, but the financial world as well. In the 1990s, many investors "began to look for those companies that were better than their competitors in terms of managing their environmental impact." While some investors still focus their funds to avoid only "the most egregious polluters," the emphasis for many investors has switched to changing "the way money is used", and using "it in a positive, transformative way to get us from where we are now ultimately to a truly sustainable society."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Investment in companies that are damaging to the environment, and investment into the infrastructure that supports those companies detracts from environmentally sustainable investment.<sup id="cite_ref-Eco-investing_:0_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eco-investing_:0-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The Global Climate Prosperity Scoreboard – launched by Ethical Markets Media and The Climate Prosperity Alliance to monitor private investments in green companies – estimated that over $1.248 trillion has been invested in solar, wind, <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal</a>, ocean/<a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">hydro</a> and other green sectors since 2007. This number represents investments from <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, as well at other developing countries.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_growth">Green growth</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Green growth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">Green growth</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_growth&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wind_Turbine_with_Workers_-_Boryspil_-_Ukraine_(43478128644).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wind_Turbine_with_Workers_-_Boryspil_-_Ukraine_%2843478128644%29.jpg/220px-Wind_Turbine_with_Workers_-_Boryspil_-_Ukraine_%2843478128644%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wind_Turbine_with_Workers_-_Boryspil_-_Ukraine_%2843478128644%29.jpg/330px-Wind_Turbine_with_Workers_-_Boryspil_-_Ukraine_%2843478128644%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Wind_Turbine_with_Workers_-_Boryspil_-_Ukraine_%2843478128644%29.jpg/440px-Wind_Turbine_with_Workers_-_Boryspil_-_Ukraine_%2843478128644%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2614" data-file-height="3458" /></a><figcaption>Wind turbine with workers - Boryspil, Ukraine</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">Green growth</a> is a concept in economic theory and policymaking used to describe paths of <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a> that are environmentally sustainable.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on the understanding that as long as economic growth remains a predominant goal, a <a href="/wiki/Eco-economic_decoupling" title="Eco-economic decoupling">decoupling</a> of economic growth from resource use and adverse environmental impacts is required. As such, green growth is closely related to the concepts of green economy and <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Low-carbon">low-carbon</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable development</a>. A main driver for green growth is the transition towards <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">sustainable energy</a> systems. Advocates of green growth policies argue that well-implemented green policies can create opportunities for employment in sectors such as <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Green_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Green agriculture">green agriculture</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forestry">sustainable forestry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several countries and international organizations, such as the <a href="/wiki/OECD" title="OECD">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD)</a>, World Bank, and United Nations,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have developed strategies on green growth; others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Global_Green_Growth_Institute" title="Global Green Growth Institute">Global Green Growth Institute (GGGI)</a>, are specifically dedicated to the issue. The term green growth has been used to describe national or international strategies, for example as part of economic recovery from the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_recession" title="COVID-19 recession">COVID-19 recession</a>, often framed as a <a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">green recovery</a>. </p> Critics of green growth highlight how green growth approaches do not fully account for the underlying economic systems change needed in order to address the <a href="/wiki/Climate_crisis" title="Climate crisis">climate crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodiversity crisis">biodiversity crisis</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a>. Critics point instead to alternative frameworks for economic change such as a <a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">circular economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">steady-state economy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">degrowth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doughnut_(economic_model)" title="Doughnut (economic model)">doughnut economics</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div><p>Approximately 57% of businesses responding to a survey are investing in <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">energy efficiency</a>, 64% in reducing and <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">recycling</a> trash, and 32% in new, less polluting industries and technologies. Roughly 40% of businesses made investments in energy efficiency in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-:833_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:833-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecological_measurements">Ecological measurements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecological measurements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Measuring economic output and progress is done through the use of <a href="/wiki/Index_(economics)" title="Index (economics)">economic index</a> indicators. Green indices emerged from the need to measure <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental impact of humans">human ecological impact</a>, efficiency sectors like <a href="/wiki/Transport_industry" title="Transport industry">transport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy sector">energy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction industry">buildings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Tourism industry">tourism</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a> flows targeted to areas like <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cleantech" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleantech">cleantech</a> innovation. </p> <ol><li>2016 - 2022 Green Score City Index<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an ongoing study measuring the anthropogenic impact human activity has on nature.</li> <li>2010 - 2018 Global Green Economy Index™ (GGEI),<sup id="cite_ref-ggei_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ggei-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by consultancy Dual Citizen LLC is in its 6th edition. It measures the green economic performance and perceptions of it in 130 countries along four main dimensions of leadership & climate change, efficiency sectors, markets & investment and the environment.</li> <li>2009 - 2013 <a href="/wiki/Circles_of_Sustainability" title="Circles of Sustainability">Circles of Sustainability</a> project scored 5 cities in 5 separate countries.</li> <li>2009 - 2012 Green City Index <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A global study commissioned by <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a></li></ol> <p><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a> measurements are a way to gauge anthropogenic impact and are another standard used by municipal governments.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Green_energy_issues">Green energy issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Green energy issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_electricity" title="Low-carbon electricity">Low-carbon electricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></div> <p>Green economies require <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy_transition" class="mw-redirect" title="Renewable energy transition">a transition to</a> <a href="/wiki/Green_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green energy">green energy</a> generation based on <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> to replace <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Energy_conservation" title="Energy conservation">energy conservation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Efficient_energy_use" title="Efficient energy use">efficient energy use</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Aswathanarayana_Harikrishnan_Kadher-Mohien_2010_p.1-2_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aswathanarayana_Harikrishnan_Kadher-Mohien_2010_p.1-2-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Renewables, like <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind energy</a>, may eliminate the use of fossil fuels for electricity by 2035 and replace fossil fuel usage altogether by 2050.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Market_failure" title="Market failure">market failure</a> to respond to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_protection" title="Environmental protection">environmental protection</a> and <a href="/wiki/Climate_protection" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate protection">climate protection</a> needs can be attributed to high <a href="/wiki/External_costs" class="mw-redirect" title="External costs">external costs</a> and high initial costs for research, development, and marketing of <a href="/wiki/Green_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Green energy">green energy</a> sources and green products.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The green economy may need government subsidies as market incentives to motivate firms to invest and produce green products and services. The <a href="/wiki/German_Renewable_Energy_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="German Renewable Energy Act">German Renewable Energy Act</a>, legislations of many other <a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_European_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the European Union">member states of the European Union</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Recovery_and_Reinvestment_Act_of_2009" title="American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009">American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009</a>, all provide such market incentives.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> However, other experts<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argue that green strategies can be highly profitable for corporations that understand the business case for sustainability and can market green products and services beyond the traditional green consumer. </p><p>In the United States, it seemed as though the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear industry">nuclear industry</a> was coming to an end by the mid-1990s. Until 2013, there had been no new nuclear power facilities built since 1977. One reason was due to the economic reliance on fossil fuel-based energy sources. Additionally, there was a public fear of nuclear energy due to the <a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_accident" title="Three Mile Island accident">Three Mile Island accident</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">Chernobyl disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Policy_Act_of_2005" title="Energy Policy Act of 2005">2005 Energy Bill</a> that granted the nuclear industry around 10 million dollars to encourage research and development efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the increasing threat of climate change, nuclear energy has been highlighted as an option to work to decarbonize the atmosphere and reverse climate change.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nuclear power forces environmentalists and citizens around the world to weigh the pro and cons of using nuclear power as a <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy source</a>. The controversial nature of nuclear power has the potential to split the green economy movement into two branches— anti-nuclear and pro-nuclear. </p><p>According to a European climate survey, 63% of EU residents, 59% of Britons, 50% of Americans and 60% of Chinese respondents are in favor of switching to <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a>. As of 2021, 18% of Americans are in favor of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> as a source of energy. For Britons and EU citizens nuclear energy is a more popular energy alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the COVID-19 pandemic, Eastern European and Central Asian businesses fall behind their Southern European counterparts in terms of the average quality of their green management practices, notably in terms of specified energy consumption and emissions objectives.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:51_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>External variables, such as consumer pressure and energy taxes, are more relevant than firm-level features, such as size and age, in influencing the quality of green management practices.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:51_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Firms with less financial limitations and stronger green management practices are more likely to invest in a bigger variety of green initiatives. Energy efficiency investments are good to both the bottom line and the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-:50_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:50-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:51_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:51-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shift to greener energy and the adoption of more climate regulations are expected to have a 30% positive impact on businesses, mostly through new business prospects, and a 30% negative impact, according to businesses that took part in a survey in 2022. A little over 40% of the same businesses do not anticipate the transition to greener alternatives to alter their operations.<sup id="cite_ref-:83_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:83-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of organisations and individuals have criticised aspects of the 'Green Economy', particularly the mainstream conceptions of it based on using <a href="/wiki/The_Economics_of_Ecosystems_and_Biodiversity" title="The Economics of Ecosystems and Biodiversity">price mechanisms to protect nature</a>, arguing that this will extend corporate control into new areas from <a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">forestry</a> to water. Venezuelan professor <a href="/wiki/Edgardo_Lander" title="Edgardo Lander">Edgardo Lander</a> says that the <a href="/wiki/UNEP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNEP">UNEP</a>'s report, <i>Towards a Green Economy</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while well-intentioned "ignores the fact that the capacity of existing political systems to establish regulations and restrictions to the free operation of the markets – even when a large majority of the population call for them – is seriously limited by the political and <a href="/wiki/Financial_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial power">financial power</a> of the corporations."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ulrich Hoffmann, in a paper for <a href="/wiki/UNCTAD" class="mw-redirect" title="UNCTAD">UNCTAD</a> also says that the focus on Green Economy and "<a href="/wiki/Green_growth" title="Green growth">green growth</a>" in particular, "based on an evolutionary (and often <a href="/wiki/Reductionist" class="mw-redirect" title="Reductionist">reductionist</a>) approach will not be sufficient to cope with the complexities of [[climate change]]" and "may rather give much false hope and excuses to do nothing really fundamental that can bring about a U-turn of global greenhouse gas emissions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clive Spash, an ecological economist, has criticised the use of economic growth to address environmental losses,<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and argued that the Green Economy, as advocated by the UN, is not a new approach at all and is actually a diversion from the real drivers of environmental crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also criticised the UN's project on the economics of ecosystems and biodiversity (<a href="/wiki/TEEB" class="mw-redirect" title="TEEB">TEEB</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the basis for valuing ecosystems services in monetary terms.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a> – Production model to minimise wastage and emissions</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Degrowth" title="Degrowth">Degrowth</a> – Political, economic and social movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_economics" title="Energy economics">Energy economics</a> – Discipline that includes topics related to supply and use of energy in societies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy" title="Energy policy">Energy policy</a> – How a government or business deals with energy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_economics" title="Environmental economics">Environmental economics</a> – Sub-field of economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_accounting" title="Green accounting">Green accounting</a> – Green accounting is a type of accounting that attempts to include factor environmental costs into the financial results of operations<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_recovery" title="Green recovery">Green recovery</a> – Type of economic stimulus program</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">Low-carbon economy</a> – Climate-friendly economy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_governance_mechanism" title="Market governance mechanism">Market governance mechanism</a> – Rules that have been consciously designed to change the behaviour of various economic actors</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Sustainable finance</a> – Financial regulations, standards, norms and products that pursue an environmental objective.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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European Investment Bank. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5086-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-861-5086-9"><bdi>978-92-861-5086-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+resilience+in+the+pandemic+and+beyond%3A+Adaptation%2C+innovation%2C+financing+and+climate+action+from+Eastern+Europe+to+Central+Asia&rft.pub=European+Investment+Bank&rft.date=2022-05-18&rft.isbn=978-92-861-5086-9&rft.aulast=Bank&rft.aufirst=European+Investment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eib.org%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fbusiness-resilience-in-the-pandemic-and-beyond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:51-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:51_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:51_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:51_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unece.org/DAM/energy/se/pdfs/CSE/Publications/Final_Report_PathwaysToSE.pdf">"Pathways to Sustainable Energy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pathways+to+Sustainable+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funece.org%2FDAM%2Fenergy%2Fse%2Fpdfs%2FCSE%2FPublications%2FFinal_Report_PathwaysToSE.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+economy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:83-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:83_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_Investment_Bank.Ipsos_Public_Affairs.2022" class="citation book cs1">European Investment Bank.; Ipsos Public Affairs. 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Fallacies of economic growth in addressing environmental losses: Human induced climatic change. Newsletter of the Australia New Zealand Society for Ecological Economics (ANZSEE), no. May, 2-4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103043229/http://www.clivespash.org/fgml.pdf">Archived</a> 2013-11-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://econpapers.repec.org/article/envjournl/ev21_3aeditev212.htm">"EconPapers: Green Economy, Red Herring"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2011-05-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/xref?genre=article&issn=0963-2719&volume=20&issue=2&spage=141">"Editorial: Terrible Economics, Ecosystems and Banking"</a>. <i>Environmental Values</i>. <b>20</b> (2): 141–145. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3197%2F096327111X12997574391562">10.3197/096327111X12997574391562</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153885129">153885129</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Values&rft.atitle=Editorial%3A+Terrible+Economics%2C+Ecosystems+and+Banking&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=141-145&rft.date=2011-05-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3197%2F096327111X12997574391562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153885129%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Spash&rft.aufirst=Clive+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopenurl.ingenta.com%2Fcontent%2Fxref%3Fgenre%3Darticle%26issn%3D0963-2719%26volume%3D20%26issue%3D2%26spage%3D141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreen+economy" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clivespash.org/Spash_Ecosystem_Value_EV_2008.pdf">Spash, C.L. 2008. How much is that ecosystem in the window? The one with the bio-diverse trail. Environmental Values, vol. 17, no. 2, 259-284</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141127010908/http://www.clivespash.org/Spash_Ecosystem_Value_EV_2008.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-11-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_economy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greengrowthknowledge.org/">Green Growth Knowledge Platform</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.greeneconomycoalition.org/">Green Economy Coalition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">Environmentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">Human impact on the environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_boundaries" title="Planetary boundaries">Planetary boundaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">Development</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumption" title="Sustainable consumption">Consumption</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropization" title="Anthropization">Anthropization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-consumerism" title="Anti-consumerism">Anti-consumerism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circular_economy" title="Circular economy">Circular economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durable_good" title="Durable good">Durable good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Overshoot_Day" title="Earth Overshoot Day">Earth Overshoot Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_footprint" title="Ecological footprint">Ecological footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethical_consumerism" title="Ethical consumerism">Ethical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_consumption" title="Green consumption">Green consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro-sustainability" title="Micro-sustainability">Micro-sustainability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Over-consumption" class="mw-redirect" title="Over-consumption">Over-consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_stewardship" title="Product stewardship">Product stewardship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_return_on_investment" title="Social return on investment">Social return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steady-state_economy" title="Steady-state economy">Steady-state economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_advertising" title="Sustainability advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_brand" title="Sustainability brand">Brand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_marketing_myopia" title="Sustainability marketing myopia">Marketing myopia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainable</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_consumer_behaviour" title="Sustainable consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_systemic_change_resistance" title="Sustainability and systemic change resistance">Systemic change resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragedy_of_the_commons" title="Tragedy of the commons">Tragedy of the commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">World population</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">Demographic transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_planning" title="Family planning">Family planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_population_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Human population control">Control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_population" title="Sustainable population">Sustainable population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_technology" title="Environmental technology">Environmental technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_architecture" title="Sustainable architecture">Sustainable architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_design" title="Sustainable design">Sustainable design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_industries" title="Sustainable industries">Sustainable industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity" title="Biosecurity">Biosecurity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosphere" title="Biosphere">Biosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_biology" title="Conservation biology">Conservation biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_species" title="Endangered species">Endangered species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_extinction" title="Holocene extinction">Holocene extinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_footprint" title="Carbon footprint">Carbon footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">Renewable energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_food_system" title="Sustainable food system">Food</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civic_agriculture" title="Civic agriculture">Civic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-smart_agriculture" title="Climate-smart agriculture">Climate-smart agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community-supported_agriculture" title="Community-supported agriculture">Community-supported agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultured_meat" title="Cultured meat">Cultured meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">Sustainable agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_diet" title="Sustainable diet">Sustainable diet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Water</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)" title="Air well (condenser)">Air well (condenser)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_roof" title="Blue roof">Blue roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catchwater" title="Catchwater">Catchwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constructed_wetland" title="Constructed wetland">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dew_pond" title="Dew pond">Dew pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_footprint" title="Water footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">Hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropower" title="Hydropower">Hydropower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation_tank" title="Irrigation tank">Irrigation tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_energy" title="Marine energy">Marine energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_hydro" title="Micro hydro">Micro hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_thermal_energy_conversion" title="Ocean thermal energy conversion">Ocean thermal energy conversion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pico_hydro" title="Pico hydro">Pico hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_harvesting" title="Rainwater harvesting">Rainwater harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainwater_tank" title="Rainwater tank">Rainwater tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_water" title="Reclaimed water">Reclaimed water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Run-of-the-river_hydroelectricity" title="Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity">Run-of-the-river hydroelectricity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_hydro" title="Small hydro">Small hydro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_drainage_system" title="Sustainable drainage system">Sustainable drainage system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_power" title="Tidal power">Tidal power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_stream_generator" title="Tidal stream generator">Tidal stream generator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_box_filter" title="Tree box filter">Tree box filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conservation" title="Water conservation">Water conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_heat_recycling" title="Water heat recycling">Water heat recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_recycling_shower" title="Water recycling shower">Water recycling shower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accountability</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_environmental_responsibility" title="Corporate environmental responsibility">Corporate environmental responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_social_responsibility" title="Corporate social responsibility">Corporate social responsibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_accounting" title="Environmental accounting">Environmental accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_full-cost_accounting" title="Environmental full-cost accounting">Environmental full-cost accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">Environmental planning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability" title="Sustainability">Sustainability</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_accounting" title="Sustainability accounting">Accounting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_measurement" title="Sustainability measurement">Measurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_metrics_and_indices" title="Sustainability metrics and indices">Metrics and indices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_reporting" title="Sustainability reporting">Reporting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_standards_and_certification" title="Sustainability standards and certification">Standards and certification</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_yield" title="Sustainable yield">Sustainable yield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_art" title="Sustainable art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_business" title="Sustainable business">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_city" title="Sustainable city">City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_finance" title="Climate finance">Climate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_community" title="Sustainable community">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disinvestment" title="Disinvestment">Disinvestment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-capitalism" title="Eco-capitalism">Eco-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-cities" title="Eco-cities">Eco-cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-investing" title="Eco-investing">Eco-investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eco-socialism" title="Eco-socialism">Eco-socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecovillage" title="Ecovillage">Ecovillage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_finance" title="Environmental finance">Environmental finance</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Green economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_in_construction" title="Sustainability in construction">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fashion" title="Sustainable fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_finance" title="Sustainable finance">Finance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geopark" title="Geopark">Geopark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmentally_friendly" title="Environmentally friendly">Green</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Green_development" title="Green development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_infrastructure" title="Green infrastructure">Infrastructure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_marketing" title="Green marketing">Marketing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greening" title="Greening">Greening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_investing" title="Impact investing">Impact investing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_landscape_architecture" title="Sustainable landscape architecture">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_livelihood" title="Sustainable livelihood">Livelihood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_living" title="Sustainable living">Living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_market" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable market">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_movement" title="Organic movement">Organic movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainability organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_procurement" title="Sustainable procurement">Procurement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_refurbishment" title="Sustainable refurbishment">Refurbishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_business" title="Socially responsible business">Socially responsible business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socially_responsible_marketing" title="Socially responsible marketing">Socially responsible marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sanitation" title="Sustainable sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_sourcing" title="Sustainable sourcing">Sourcing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_sustainability" title="Space sustainability">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_organization" title="Sustainability organization">Sustainability organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_tourism" title="Sustainable tourism">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_transport" title="Sustainable transport">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_drainage_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable urban drainage systems">Urban drainage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_urban_infrastructure" title="Sustainable urban infrastructure">Urban infrastructure</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_management" title="Sustainable management">Sustainable management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_and_environmental_management" title="Sustainability and environmental management">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_capitalism" title="Humanistic capitalism">Humanistic capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_landscape_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated landscape management">Landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_materials_management" title="Sustainable materials management">Materials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resource_management" title="Natural resource management">Natural resource</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_management" title="Planetary management">Planetary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Agreements and <br />conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_the_Human_Environment" title="United Nations Conference on the Human Environment"><span class="wrap">UN Conference on the Human Environment (Stockholm 1972)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brundtland_Commission" title="Brundtland Commission">Brundtlandt Commission Report (1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Common_Future" title="Our Common Future"><i>Our Common Future</i> (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit" title="Earth Summit">Earth Summit (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Declaration_on_Environment_and_Development" title="Rio Declaration on Environment and Development">Rio Declaration on Environment and Development</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21 (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Biological_Diversity" title="Convention on Biological Diversity">Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon_Principles" title="Lisbon Principles">Lisbon Principles</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Charter" title="Earth Charter">Earth Charter</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Millennium_Declaration" title="United Nations Millennium Declaration">UN Millennium Declaration (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_Summit_2002" title="Earth Summit 2002">Earth Summit 2002</a> (Rio+10, Johannesburg)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_Sustainable_Development" title="United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development">UN Conference on Sustainable Development</a> (Rio+20, 2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goals" title="Sustainable Development Goals">Sustainable Development Goals</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability" title="Category:Sustainability">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Sustainability_lists" title="Category:Sustainability lists">Lists</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_science" title="Sustainability science">Science</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sustainability_studies" title="Sustainability studies">Studies</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_degrees" title="List of environmental degrees">Degrees</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microeconomics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microeconomics" title="Template:Microeconomics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microeconomics" title="Template talk:Microeconomics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microeconomics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microeconomics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microeconomics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microeconomics" title="Microeconomics">Microeconomics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aggregation_problem" title="Aggregation problem">Aggregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budget_set" title="Budget set">Budget set</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_choice" title="Consumer choice">Consumer choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convexity_in_economics" title="Convexity in economics">Convexity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Non-convexity_(economics)" title="Non-convexity (economics)">non-convexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_cost" title="Economic cost">Cost</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Average_cost" title="Average cost">Average</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_cost" title="Marginal cost">Marginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opportunity_cost" title="Opportunity cost">Opportunity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Implicit_cost" title="Implicit cost">Implicit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_cost" title="Social cost">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunk_cost" title="Sunk cost">Sunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transaction_cost" title="Transaction cost">Transaction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cost%E2%80%93benefit_analysis" title="Cost–benefit analysis">Cost–benefit analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deadweight_loss" title="Deadweight loss">Deadweight loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(economics)" title="Distribution (economics)">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">Economies of scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scope" title="Economies of scope">Economies of scope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elasticity_(economics)" title="Elasticity (economics)">Elasticity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross_elasticity_of_demand" title="Cross elasticity of demand">Cross elasticity of demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_elasticity_of_demand" title="Income elasticity of demand">Income elasticity of demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_demand" title="Price elasticity of demand">Price elasticity of demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_elasticity_of_supply" title="Price elasticity of supply">Price elasticity of supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_equilibrium" title="Economic equilibrium">Equilibrium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_equilibrium_theory" title="General equilibrium theory">General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Externality" title="Externality">Externality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_the_firm" title="Theory of the firm">Firms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goods_and_services" title="Goods and services">Goods and services</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goods" title="Goods">Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_economics" title="Family 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href="/wiki/Duopoly" title="Duopoly">Duopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">Monopoly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilateral_monopoly" title="Bilateral monopoly">Bilateral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementary_monopoly" title="Complementary monopoly">Complementary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monopsony" title="Monopsony">Monopsony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopoly" title="Oligopoly">Oligopoly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligopsony" title="Oligopsony">Oligopsony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pareto_efficiency" title="Pareto efficiency">Pareto efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preference_(economics)" title="Preference (economics)">Preferences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price" title="Price">Price</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Price_controls" title="Price controls">Price controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_ceiling" title="Price ceiling">Price ceiling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Price_floor" title="Price floor">Price floor</a></li> 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title="Scarcity">Scarcity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage" title="Shortage">Shortage</a>/<a href="/wiki/Excess_supply" title="Excess supply">Excess supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substitution_effect" title="Substitution effect">Substitution effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_surplus" title="Economic surplus">Surplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_choice_theory" title="Social choice theory">Social choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_and_demand" title="Supply and demand">Supply and demand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demand" title="Demand">Demand</a>/<a href="/wiki/Law_of_demand" title="Law of demand">Law of demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_(economics)" title="Supply (economics)">Supply</a>/<a href="/wiki/Law_of_supply" title="Law of supply">Law of supply</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncertainty" title="Uncertainty">Uncertainty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility" title="Utility">Utility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Expected_utility_hypothesis" title="Expected utility hypothesis">Expected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marginal_utility" title="Marginal utility">Marginal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">Wage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_economics" title="Behavioral economics">Behavioral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_economics" title="Business economics">Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_economics" title="Computational economics">Computational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_economics" title="Development economics">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_decision_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Statistical decision theory">Statistical decision theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econometrics" title="Econometrics">Econometrics</a></li> 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