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Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A" title="روزماري كينيدي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="روزماري كينيدي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Розмари Кенеди – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Розмари Кенеди" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedyov%C3%A1" title="Rosemary Kennedyová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rosemary Kennedyová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="رزماری کندی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رزماری کندی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A1%9C%EC%A6%88%EB%A7%88%EB%A6%AC_%EC%BC%80%EB%84%A4%EB%94%94" title="로즈마리 케네디 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="로즈마리 케네디" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%94%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A5%D5%A4%D5%AB" title="Ռոզմարի Քենեդի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռոզմարի Քենեդի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%96%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99" title="רוזמרי קנדי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוזמרי קנדי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AD%E3%83%BC%E3%82%BA%E3%83%9E%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%8D%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3" title="ローズマリー・ケネディ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ローズマリー・ケネディ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8,_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Кеннеди, Розмари – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кеннеди, Розмари" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosemary_Kennedy" title="Rosemary Kennedy – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rosemary Kennedy" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B4%D1%96" title="Розмарі Кеннеді – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Розмарі Кеннеді" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E8%BF%AA" title="罗斯玛丽·肯尼迪 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="罗斯玛丽·肯尼迪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Sister of John F. Kennedy (1918–2005)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For her mother, see <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Rosemary Kennedy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Rosemary_Kennedy_at_Court.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large family gathering on a beach in front of a house" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/Rosemary_Kennedy_at_Court.jpg/220px-Rosemary_Kennedy_at_Court.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/1/14/Rosemary_Kennedy_at_Court.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="274" data-file-height="365" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kennedy in 1938, aged 20</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Rose Marie Kennedy</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1918-09-13</span>)</span>September 13, 1918<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 7, 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-01-07)</span> (aged 86)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson,_Wisconsin" title="Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin">Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Holyhood_Cemetery" title="Holyhood Cemetery">Holyhood Cemetery</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data">Convent of the Sacred Heart</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rose Marie</b> "<b>Rosemary</b>" <b>Kennedy</b> (September 13, 1918 – January 7, 2005) was the eldest daughter born to <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy</a>. She was a sister of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senators</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a>. </p><p>In her early young adult years, Rosemary Kennedy was "becoming increasingly irritable and difficult". In response to these issues, her father arranged a <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a> on her in 1941, when she was 23 years of age. The procedure left her permanently incapacitated and rendered her unable to speak intelligibly. </p><p>Rosemary Kennedy spent most of the rest of her life being cared for at St. Coletta, an institution in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Wisconsin" title="Jefferson, Wisconsin">Jefferson, Wisconsin</a>. The truth about her situation and whereabouts was kept secret for decades. While she was initially isolated from her siblings and extended family following her lobotomy, Rosemary did go on to visit them during her later life. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_early_life">Family and early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Kennedy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Family and early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheKennedyFamily1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/260px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/390px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/TheKennedyFamily1.jpg/520px-TheKennedyFamily1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="602" /></a><figcaption>The Kennedy family at <a href="/wiki/Hyannis_Port,_Massachusetts" title="Hyannis Port, Massachusetts">Hyannis Port, Massachusetts</a> in 1931, with Rosemary on the far right</figcaption></figure> <p>Rosemary Kennedy was born at <a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">her parents' home</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brookline,_Massachusetts" title="Brookline, Massachusetts">Brookline, Massachusetts</a> on September 13, 1918. She was the third child and first daughter of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a>. She was named after her mother<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was commonly called Rosemary or Rosie. During her birth, the doctor was not immediately available because of an outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_influenza#Deadly_second_wave_of_late_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish influenza">Spanish influenza epidemic</a> and the nurse ordered Rose Kennedy to keep her legs closed, forcing the baby's head to stay in the birth canal for two hours. The action resulted in a harmful <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypoxia (medical)">loss of oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.gordon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Rosemary began to grow, her parents noticed she was not reaching the <a href="/wiki/Child_development_stages" title="Child development stages">basic developmental steps</a> a human normally reaches at a certain month or year. At two years old, she had a hard time sitting up, crawling, and learning to walk.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Accounts of Kennedy's life indicated that she had an <a href="/wiki/Intellectual_disability" title="Intellectual disability">intellectual disability</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-untold_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-untold-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.gordon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some have raised questions about the Kennedys' accounts of the nature and scope of her disability.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A biographer wrote that Rose Kennedy did not confide in her friends and that she pretended her daughter was developing typically, with relatives other than the immediate family knowing nothing of Rosemary's disability.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-library_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the help of tutors, Rosemary had trouble learning to read and write. At age 11, she was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> boarding school for people with intellectual disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.gordon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At age 16, Kennedy was sent to the Sacred Heart Convent in <a href="/wiki/Elmhurst,_Providence,_Rhode_Island" title="Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island">Elmhurst, Providence, Rhode Island</a>, where she was educated separately from the other students. Two nuns and a special teacher, Miss Newton, worked with her all day in a separate classroom. The Kennedys gave the school a new tennis court for their efforts. Her reading, writing, spelling, and counting skills were reported to be at a fourth-grade level (ages 9–10). During this period, her mother arranged for her older brother <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John</a> to accompany her to a <a href="/wiki/Tea_dance" title="Tea dance">tea dance</a>. Thanks to him, she appeared "not different at all" during the dance.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rosemary read few books but could read <i><a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diaries written by her in the late 1930s, and published in the 1980s, reveal a young woman whose life was filled with outings to the <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a>, tea dances, dress fittings, and other social interests.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy accompanied her family to the coronation of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XII" title="Pope Pius XII">Pope Pius XII</a> in Rome in 1939. She also visited the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy's parents told <i><a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Day" title="Woman's Day">Woman's Day</a></i> that she was "studying to be a kindergarten teacher," and <i><a href="/wiki/Parents_(magazine)" title="Parents (magazine)">Parents</a></i> was told that while she had "an interest in social welfare work, she is said to harbor a secret longing to go on the stage." When <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i> requested an interview with Rosemary, her father's assistant prepared a response which Rosemary copied out laboriously: </p> <blockquote><p>I have always had serious tastes and understand life is not given us just for enjoyment. For some time past, I have been studying the well known psychological method of Dr. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a> and I got my degree in teaching last year.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1938, Kennedy was <a href="/wiki/Queen_Charlotte%27s_Ball" title="Queen Charlotte's Ball">presented</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Debutante" title="Debutante">debutante</a> to King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bowes-Lyon" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon">Elizabeth</a> at Buckingham Palace during her father's service as the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Ambassador_to_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom">United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy practiced the complicated royal <a href="/wiki/Curtsy" title="Curtsy">curtsy</a> for hours. At the event, she tripped and nearly fell. Rose Kennedy never discussed the incident and treated the debut as a triumph. The crowd made no sign, and the King and the Queen smiled as if nothing had happened.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lobotomy">Lobotomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Kennedy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lobotomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Kennedy's sister <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice</a>, when Rosemary returned to the United States from the United Kingdom in 1940, she became "increasingly irritable and difficult" at the age of 22.<sup id="cite_ref-library_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-library-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy would often experience convulsions<sup id="cite_ref-auto_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and fly into violent rages, during which she would hit and injure others.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.gordon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being expelled from a <a href="/wiki/Summer_camp" title="Summer camp">summer camp</a> in <a href="/wiki/Western_Massachusetts" title="Western Massachusetts">western Massachusetts</a> and staying only a few months at a <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> boarding school, Kennedy was sent to a convent school in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.gordon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy began sneaking out of the convent school at night.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nuns at the convent thought that Rosemary might be involved with sexual partners and that she could contract a <a href="/wiki/Sexually_transmitted_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Sexually transmitted disease">sexually transmitted disease</a><sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or become pregnant.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her occasionally erratic behavior frustrated her parents; her father was especially worried that Kennedy's behavior would shame and embarrass the family and damage <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">his and his children's political careers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt.gordon-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Book review. The actual book with page number should be given instead. (October 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>When Kennedy was 23 years old, doctors told her father that a <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">lobotomy</a> would help calm her mood swings and stop her occasional violent outbursts.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joe Sr. decided that Rosemary should have a lobotomy; however, he did not inform his wife of this decision until after the procedure was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The procedure took place in November 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-untold_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-untold-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Kessler" title="Ronald Kessler">Ronald Kessler</a>'s 1996 biography of Joe Sr., <i>Sins of the Father</i>, <a href="/wiki/James_W._Watts" title="James W. Watts">James W. Watts</a>, who carried out the procedure with <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_II" title="Walter Jackson Freeman II">Walter Freeman</a> (both of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington_University_School_of_Medicine_%26_Health_Sciences" title="George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences">George Washington University School of Medicine & Health Sciences</a>), described the procedure to Kessler as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>After Rosemary was mildly sedated, "We went through the top of the head," Dr. Watts recalled. "I think she was awake. She had a mild <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">tranquilizer</a>. I made a surgical incision in the brain through the skull. It was near the front. It was on both sides. We just made a small incision, no more than an inch." The instrument Dr. Watts used looked like a <a href="/wiki/Butter_knife" title="Butter knife">butter knife</a>. He swung it up and down to cut <a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain tissue.</a> "We put an instrument inside", he said. As Dr. Watts cut, Dr. Freeman asked Rosemary, for example, to recite the <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Prayer" title="Lord's Prayer">Lord's Prayer</a> or sing "<a href="/wiki/God_Bless_America" title="God Bless America">God Bless America</a>" or count backwards;... "We tried to estimate thus, how far to further cut, based on how Rosemary responded." When she became incoherent, they ceased cutting.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Watts told Kessler that in his opinion, Kennedy did not have "mental retardation" but rather a form of <a href="/wiki/Depression_in_childhood_and_adolescence" title="Depression in childhood and adolescence">depression</a>. A review of all of the papers written by the two doctors confirmed Watts' declaration. All of the patients the two doctors lobotomized were diagnosed as having some form of mental disorder.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bertram_S._Brown" title="Bertram S. Brown">Bertram S. Brown</a>, director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> who was previously an aide to President Kennedy, told Kessler that Joe Kennedy referred to his daughter Rosemary as <a href="/wiki/Mentally_retarded" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally retarded">mentally retarded</a> rather than <a href="/wiki/Mentally_ill" class="mw-redirect" title="Mentally ill">mentally ill</a> in order to protect John's reputation for a presidential run and that the family's "lack of support for mental illness is part of a lifelong family denial of what was really so".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was quickly apparent that the procedure had caused immense harm. Kennedy's mental capacity diminished to that of a two-year-old child. She could not walk or speak intelligibly and was <a href="/wiki/Urinary_incontinence" title="Urinary incontinence">incontinent</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Kennedy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the lobotomy, Kennedy was immediately institutionalized. She initially lived for several years at Craig House, a private psychiatric hospital 90 minutes north of New York City.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949, she was relocated to <a href="/wiki/Jefferson,_Wisconsin" title="Jefferson, Wisconsin">Jefferson, Wisconsin</a>, where she lived for the rest of her life on the grounds of the St. Coletta School for Exceptional Children (formerly known as "St. Coletta Institute for Backward Youth").<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archbishop <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cushing" title="Richard Cushing">Richard Cushing</a> of Boston had told her father about St. Coletta's, an institution for more than 300 people with disabilities, and her father traveled to and built a private house for her about a mile outside St. Coletta's main campus near Alverno House, which was designed for adults who needed lifelong care.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The nuns called the house "the Kennedy cottage".<sup id="cite_ref-Leamer680_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leamer680-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two Catholic nuns, Sister Margaret Ann and Sister Leona, provided her care along with a student and a woman who worked on ceramics with Kennedy three nights a week.<sup id="cite_ref-Leamer760_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leamer760-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kennedy had a car that could be used to take her for rides and a dog which she could take on walks.<sup id="cite_ref-Leamer680_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leamer680-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to her condition, Kennedy's parents separated her from her family. Rose Kennedy did not visit her for 20 years.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joe Sr. did not visit his daughter at the institution at all.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter,</i> author <a href="/wiki/Kate_Clifford_Larson" class="mw-redirect" title="Kate Clifford Larson">Kate Clifford Larson</a> stated that Kennedy's lobotomy was hidden from the family for 20 years; none of her siblings knew of her whereabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-people.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While her older brother John was campaigning for re-election to the U.S. Senate in <a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a>, the Kennedy family explained away her absence by claiming she was reclusive. The family did not publicly explain her absence until 1961, after John had been elected president. The Kennedys did not reveal that she was institutionalized because of a failed lobotomy, but instead said that she was deemed "mentally retarded".<sup id="cite_ref-independent_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1961, after Joe Sr. had a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> that left him unable to speak and walk, Rosemary's siblings were made aware of her location.<sup id="cite_ref-people.com_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rosemary's condition was revealed publicly by her sister Eunice in a 1962 interview to <i><a href="/wiki/The_Saturday_Evening_Post" title="The Saturday Evening Post">The Saturday Evening Post</a></i>, but her lobotomy did not become public knowledge until 1987, when historian <a href="/wiki/Doris_Kearns_Goodwin" title="Doris Kearns Goodwin">Doris Kearns Goodwin</a> revealed it in her book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fitzgeralds_and_the_Kennedys" title="The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys">The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Kennedy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following her father's death in 1969, the Kennedys gradually involved Rosemary in family life again.<sup id="cite_ref-independent.co.uk_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent.co.uk-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was occasionally taken to visit relatives<sup id="cite_ref-people.com_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-people.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, as well as her childhood home on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod,_Massachusetts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Cod, Massachusetts">Cape Cod, Massachusetts</a>. By that time, Rosemary had learned to walk again, but did so with a <a href="/wiki/Limp" title="Limp">limp</a>. She never regained the ability to speak clearly and her arm was <a href="/wiki/Erb%27s_palsy" title="Erb's palsy">palsied</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-independent_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her condition is sometimes credited as the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> to later found the <a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-independent_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although Shriver told <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> in 1995 that Kennedy was just one of the disabled people she would have over to her house to swim, and that the games should not focus on any single individual.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kennedy died from natural causes<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on January 7, 2005, aged 86,<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at the Fort Atkinson Memorial Hospital in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson,_Wisconsin" title="Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin">Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with her siblings (sisters <a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean</a>, Eunice, and <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia</a> and brother <a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted</a>) by her side.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was buried beside her parents at <a href="/wiki/Holyhood_Cemetery" title="Holyhood Cemetery">Holyhood Cemetery</a> in Brookline, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Kennedy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" 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screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedywomensaga00leam_0/page/137">p. 137</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt.gordon-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nyt.gordon_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGordon2015" class="citation news cs1">Gordon, Meryl (October 6, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/11/books/review/rosemary-the-hidden-kennedy-daughter-by-kate-clifford-larson.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter', by Kate Clifford Larson"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 13,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=%27Rosemary%3A+The+Hidden+Kennedy+Daughter%27%2C+by+Kate+Clifford+Larson&rft.date=2015-10-06&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Meryl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F10%2F11%2Fbooks%2Freview%2Frosemary-the-hidden-kennedy-daughter-by-kate-clifford-larson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Washington College (April 11, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1lYAPquScU"><i>Rosemary, The Hidden Kennedy Daughter</i></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/Y1lYAPquScU">Archived</a> from the original on December 12, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2017</span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rosemary%2C+The+Hidden+Kennedy+Daughter&rft.date=2016-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DY1lYAPquScU&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span> Also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161207020133/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y1lYAPquScU">Archived</a> 2016-12-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-untold-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-untold_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-untold_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2018" class="citation magazine cs1">McNeil, Liz (September 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/politics/untold-story-of-rosemary-kennedy-and-her-disastrous-lobotomy/">"The Untold Story of JFK's Sister, Rosemary Kennedy, and Her Disastrous Lobotomy"</a>. <i>People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=The+Untold+Story+of+JFK%27s+Sister%2C+Rosemary+Kennedy%2C+and+Her+Disastrous+Lobotomy&rft.date=2018-09-06&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fpolitics%2Funtold-story-of-rosemary-kennedy-and-her-disastrous-lobotomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent.co.uk-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent.co.uk_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hai2005" class="citation web cs1">El-Hai, Jack (January 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/the-exiled-kennedy-486688.html">"The exiled Kennedy"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+exiled+Kennedy&rft.date=2005-01-15&rft.aulast=El-Hai&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fthe-exiled-kennedy-486688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, p. 166</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-library-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-library_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-library_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jfklibrary.org/learn/about-jfk/the-kennedy-family/rosemary-kennedy">"Rosemary Kennedy"</a>. <i>JFK Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=JFK+Library&rft.atitle=Rosemary+Kennedy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jfklibrary.org%2Flearn%2Fabout-jfk%2Fthe-kennedy-family%2Frosemary-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, pp. 203–204</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, p. 304</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gibson, <i>Rose Kennedy and Her Family</i>, includes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/07-95/07-19-95/0719kennedydiaries.HTML">Rosemary's diaries</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050130234921/http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/07-95/07-19-95/0719kennedydiaries.HTML">Archived</a> January 30, 2005, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> from 1936–1938.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, p. 271</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whdh.com/news/jfk-house-celebrates-rosemary-kennedys-100th-birthday/">"JFK house celebrates Rosemary Kennedy's 100th birthday"</a>. <i>WHDH</i>. Associated Press. September 9, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHDH&rft.atitle=JFK+house+celebrates+Rosemary+Kennedy%27s+100th+birthday&rft.date=2018-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhdh.com%2Fnews%2Fjfk-house-celebrates-rosemary-kennedys-100th-birthday%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, pp. 251–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholas2015" class="citation web cs1">Nicholas, Elizabeth (October 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/mvb4pq/rosemary-kennedy-and-the-legacy-of-mental-illness-511">"Rosemary Kennedy and the Legacy of Mental Illness"</a>. <i>Vice</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vice&rft.atitle=Rosemary+Kennedy+and+the+Legacy+of+Mental+Illness&rft.date=2015-10-05&rft.aulast=Nicholas&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vice.com%2Fen_us%2Farticle%2Fmvb4pq%2Frosemary-kennedy-and-the-legacy-of-mental-illness-511&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leamer, Laurence, <i>The Kennedy Women: The Saga of an American Family</i>, referenced in Associated Press article, "Retarded Kennedy Sister Dies at 86" (January 8, 2005)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Brien2004" class="citation journal cs1">O'Brien, Gerald (July 2004). "Rosemary Kennedy: The Importance of a Historical Footnote". <i>Journal of Family History</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 225–236. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0363199004266849">10.1177/0363199004266849</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15307263">15307263</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145441644">145441644</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Family+History&rft.atitle=Rosemary+Kennedy%3A+The+Importance+of+a+Historical+Footnote&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=225-236&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145441644%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15307263&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0363199004266849&rft.aulast=O%27Brien&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlock2002" class="citation book cs1">Block, Jennie Weiss (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq7lwuQVQ4sC&q=rosemary+kennedy+violent+outbursts&pg=PA56"><i>Copious hosting: A theology of access for people with disabilities</i></a>. Continuum International. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826413499" title="Special:BookSources/9780826413499"><bdi>9780826413499</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Copious+hosting%3A+A+theology+of+access+for+people+with+disabilities&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=Continuum+International&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780826413499&rft.aulast=Block&rft.aufirst=Jennie+Weiss&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAq7lwuQVQ4sC%26q%3Drosemary%2Bkennedy%2Bviolent%2Boutbursts%26pg%3DPA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2014" class="citation magazine cs1">McNeil, Liz (November 6, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.people.com/article/rosemary-kennedy-timothy-shriver-fully-alive">"Rosemary Kennedy: The Truth About Her Lobotomy"</a>. <i>People</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 6,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Rosemary+Kennedy%3A+The+Truth+About+Her+Lobotomy&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.people.com%2Farticle%2Frosemary-kennedy-timothy-shriver-fully-alive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hai2005" class="citation web cs1">El-Hai, Jack (January 15, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/the-exiled-kennedy-486688.html">"The Exiled Kennedy"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+Exiled+Kennedy&rft.date=2005-01-15&rft.aulast=El-Hai&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fthe-exiled-kennedy-486688.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorris2015" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Jukes_Morris" title="Sylvia Jukes Morris">Morris, Sylvia Jukes</a> (October 2, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/the-saddest-story-ever-told-1443819842">"The Saddest Story Ever Told"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Saddest+Story+Ever+Told&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Sylvia+Jukes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fthe-saddest-story-ever-told-1443819842&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2018" class="citation magazine cs1">McNeil, Liz (September 13, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/politics/letters-jfk-sister-rosemary-kennedy-lobotomy/">"Letters from JFK's Sister Rosemary Before Lobotomy Reveal 'Loss'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Letters+from+JFK%27s+Sister+Rosemary+Before+Lobotomy+Reveal+%27Loss%27&rft.date=2018-09-13&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fpolitics%2Fletters-jfk-sister-rosemary-kennedy-lobotomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKessler1996">Kessler 1996</a>, p. 243</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKessler1996">Kessler 1996</a>, p. 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKessler1996">Kessler 1996</a>, pp. 252–253</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenley2009" class="citation web cs1">Henley, Jon (August 12, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/aug/13/eunice-kennedy-shriver-rosemary-kennedy">"The Forgotten Kennedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Kennedy&rft.date=2009-08-12&rft.aulast=Henley&rft.aufirst=Jon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2009%2Faug%2F13%2Feunice-kennedy-shriver-rosemary-kennedy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, p. 322</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, p. 412, and caption to photo of the house facing p. 650.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, p. 412</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leamer680-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leamer680_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leamer680_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, pp. 412, 680</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leamer760-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Leamer760_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLeamer1994">Leamer 1994</a>, p. 760</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollierHorowitz1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Collier_(political_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Collier (political author)">Collier, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz, David</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedysamerica00coll/page/116"><i>The Kennedys</i></a>. Summit Books. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedysamerica00coll/page/116">116</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44793-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-44793-9"><bdi>978-0-671-44793-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedys&rft.pages=116&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-671-44793-9&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkennedysamerica00coll%2Fpage%2F116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-people.com-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-people.com_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-people.com_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-people.com_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcNeil2015" class="citation magazine cs1">McNeil, Liz (September 3, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://people.com/books/why-rosemary-kennedys-siblings-didnt-see-her-after-her-lobotomy/">"Why Rosemary Kennedy's Siblings Didn't See Her for 20 Years After Her Lobotomy"</a>. <i>People</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=People&rft.atitle=Why+Rosemary+Kennedy%27s+Siblings+Didn%27t+See+Her+for+20+Years+After+Her+Lobotomy&rft.date=2015-09-03&rft.aulast=McNeil&rft.aufirst=Liz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpeople.com%2Fbooks%2Fwhy-rosemary-kennedys-siblings-didnt-see-her-after-her-lobotomy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKessler1996">Kessler 1996</a>, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/niallodowd/sad-dreadful-life-Rosemary-Kennedy-revealed.html">"Remembering the sad and dreadful life of Rosemary Kennedy"</a>. <i>IrishCentral</i>. January 7, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IrishCentral&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+sad+and+dreadful+life+of+Rosemary+Kennedy&rft.date=2019-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishcentral.com%2Fopinion%2Fniallodowd%2Fsad-dreadful-life-Rosemary-Kennedy-revealed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1987" class="citation news cs1">Goodwin, Doris Kearns (March 23, 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/1987/03/23/the-first-tragedy/b91575ef-a854-47f8-9ca8-c089993045e7/">"The First Tragedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+First+Tragedy&rft.date=1987-03-23&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Doris+Kearns&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1987%2F03%2F23%2Fthe-first-tragedy%2Fb91575ef-a854-47f8-9ca8-c089993045e7%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson,_Kirk1995" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Kirk (June 23, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/06/23/nyregion/reaching-the-retarded-an-old-kennedy-mission.html">"Reaching the Retarded: An Old Kennedy Mission"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Reaching+the+Retarded%3A+An+Old+Kennedy+Mission&rft.date=1995-06-23&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F06%2F23%2Fnyregion%2Freaching-the-retarded-an-old-kennedy-mission.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480698/Sister-of-President-John-F-Kennedy-dies.html">"Sister of President John F Kennedy dies"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></i>. January 8, 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/1480698/Sister-of-President-John-F-Kennedy-dies.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 12, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Sister+of+President+John+F+Kennedy+dies&rft.date=2005-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2F1480698%2FSister-of-President-John-F-Kennedy-dies.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_38-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_38-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCornwell2005" class="citation news cs1">Cornwell, Rupert (January 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130324053310/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rosemary-kennedy-6155200.html">"Obituaries: Rosemary Kennedy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/obituaries/rosemary-kennedy-6155200.html">the original</a> on March 24, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituaries%3A+Rosemary+Kennedy&rft.date=2005-01-10&rft.aulast=Cornwell&rft.aufirst=Rupert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2Frosemary-kennedy-6155200.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeil2005" class="citation news cs1">Weil, Martin (January 8, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/articles/A58134-2005Jan8.html">"Rosemary Kennedy, 86; President's Disabled Sister (washingtonpost.com)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. p. B06<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Rosemary+Kennedy%2C+86%3B+President%27s+Disabled+Sister+%28washingtonpost.com%29&rft.pages=B06&rft.date=2005-01-08&rft.aulast=Weil&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Farticles%2FA58134-2005Jan8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatzAndersen2011" class="citation news cs1">Katz, Alex; Andersen, Travis (September 22, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.boston.com/news/education/higher/articles/2011/09/22/friends_family_bid_farewell_to_kara_kennedy_in_washington_brookline/">"Friends, family bid farewell to Kennedy in D.C., Brookline"</a>. <i>Boston.com</i> – via The Boston Globe.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Boston.com&rft.atitle=Friends%2C+family+bid+farewell+to+Kennedy+in+D.C.%2C+Brookline&rft.date=2011-09-22&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft.au=Andersen%2C+Travis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.boston.com%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fhigher%2Farticles%2F2011%2F09%2F22%2Ffriends_family_bid_farewell_to_kara_kennedy_in_washington_brookline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYadira_Chavez2018" class="citation news cs1">Yadira Chavez (December 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stmuscholars.org/rosemary-kennedy-a-life-stolen-by-mental-illness-and-her-family">"Rosemary Kennedy: A Life Stolen By Mental Illness And Her Family"</a>. <i>St. Mary's University History Media Project</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=St.+Mary%27s+University+History+Media+Project&rft.atitle=Rosemary+Kennedy%3A+A+Life+Stolen+By+Mental+Illness+And+Her+Family&rft.date=2018-12-06&rft.au=Yadira+Chavez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstmuscholars.org%2Frosemary-kennedy-a-life-stolen-by-mental-illness-and-her-family&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Kennedy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1960" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_MacGregor_Burns" title="James MacGregor Burns">Burns, James MacGregor</a> (1960). <i>John Kennedy: A Political Profile</i>. Harcourt Brace.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Kennedy%3A+A+Political+Profile&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=James+MacGregor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollierHorowitz1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Collier_(political_author)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Collier (political author)">Collier, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz, David</a> (1984). <i>The Kennedys</i>. New York: Summit Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-671-44793-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-671-44793-9"><bdi>0-671-44793-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedys&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Summit+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-671-44793-9&rft.aulast=Collier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Horowitz%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEl-Hai2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_El-Hai" title="Jack El-Hai">El-Hai, Jack</a> (2004). <i>The Lobotomist: A Maverick Medical Genius and His Tragic Quest to Rid the World of Mental Illness</i>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-23292-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-23292-0"><bdi>0-471-23292-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lobotomist%3A+A+Maverick+Medical+Genius+and+His+Tragic+Quest+to+Rid+the+World+of+Mental+Illness&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-471-23292-0&rft.aulast=El-Hai&rft.aufirst=Jack&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson1995" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Barbara (1995). <i>Rose Kennedy and Her Family: The Best and Worst of Their Lives and Times</i>. Birch Lane Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55972-299-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-55972-299-1"><bdi>1-55972-299-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rose+Kennedy+and+Her+Family%3A+The+Best+and+Worst+of+Their+Lives+and+Times&rft.pub=Birch+Lane+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=1-55972-299-1&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Fitzgerald_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Rose Fitzgerald Kennedy">Kennedy, Rose</a> (1974). <i>Times to Remember</i>. Doubleday. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47657-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47657-4"><bdi>0-385-47657-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Times+to+Remember&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0-385-47657-4&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Rose&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKessler1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Kessler" title="Ronald Kessler">Kessler, Ronald</a> (1996). <i>The Sins of the Father: Joseph P. Kennedy and the Dynasty He Founded</i>. Warner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-60384-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-60384-8"><bdi>0-446-60384-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sins+of+the+Father%3A+Joseph+P.+Kennedy+and+the+Dynasty+He+Founded&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-446-60384-8&rft.aulast=Kessler&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeamer1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Leamer" title="Laurence Leamer">Leamer, Laurence</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kennedywomensaga00leam_0/"><i>The Kennedy Women: The Saga of an American Family</i></a>. Villard Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-42860-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-42860-7"><bdi>0-679-42860-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Kennedy+Women%3A+The+Saga+of+an+American+Family&rft.pub=Villard+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-679-42860-7&rft.aulast=Leamer&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkennedywomensaga00leam_0%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1960" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Joe (1960). <i>The Remarkable Kennedys</i>. Dial Press. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559761987">559761987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Remarkable+Kennedys&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1960&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559761987&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Joe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcTaggart1983" class="citation book cs1">McTaggart, Lynne (1983). <i>Kathleen Kennedy</i>. Dial Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385274159" title="Special:BookSources/9780385274159"><bdi>9780385274159</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kathleen+Kennedy&rft.pub=Dial+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=9780385274159&rft.aulast=McTaggart&rft.aufirst=Lynne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFValenstein1986" class="citation book cs1">Valenstein, Elliot S (1986). <i>Great and Desperate Cures: The Rise and Decline of Psychosurgery and Other Radical Treatments for Mental Illness</i>. Basic Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+and+Desperate+Cures%3A+The+Rise+and+Decline+of+Psychosurgery+and+Other+Radical+Treatments+for+Mental+Illness&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Valenstein&rft.aufirst=Elliot+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShriver2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shriver" title="Timothy Shriver">Shriver, Timothy</a> (2014). <i>Fully Alive: Discovering What Matters Most</i>. New York, NY: Sarah Crichton Books-Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780374280918" title="Special:BookSources/9780374280918"><bdi>9780374280918</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fully+Alive%3A+Discovering+What+Matters+Most&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Sarah+Crichton+Books-Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780374280918&rft.aulast=Shriver&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_Larson_(historian)" title="Kate Larson (historian)">Larson, Kate</a>. <i>Rosemary: The Hidden Kennedy Daughter</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rosemary%3A+The+Hidden+Kennedy+Daughter&rft.aulast=Larson&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARosemary+Kennedy" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosemary_Kennedy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1812993/">Rosemary Kennedy</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna6801152">"Rosemary Kennedy, JFK's sister, dies at 86 – Born Mentally Disabled, She Was Inspiration for Special Olympics"</a> obituary by <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">The Associated Press</a> at <a href="/wiki/MSNBC" title="MSNBC">MSNBC</a>, January 8, 2005</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kennedy_family" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">I.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="P._J._Kennedy_(1858–1929)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1858–1929)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr. <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/75px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/113px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg/150px-Coat_of_Arms_of_John_F._Kennedy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="588" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">II.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr._(1888–1969)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1888–1969)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">John F. Kennedy <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rosemary Kennedy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a> <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/William_Cavendish,_Marquess_of_Hartington" title="William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington">William Cavendish, Marquess of Hartington</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Eunice Kennedy <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Sargent_Shriver" title="Sargent Shriver">Sargent Shriver</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Patricia Kennedy <i>(m./div.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Lawford" title="Peter Lawford">Peter Lawford</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Robert F. Kennedy <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Jean Kennedy <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Edward_Smith" title="Stephen Edward Smith">Stephen Edward Smith</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Edward M. "Ted" Kennedy <i>(m./div. 1st)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan Bennett</a>; <i>(m. 2nd)</i> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy" title="Victoria Reggie Kennedy">Victoria Reggie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">III.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1917–1963)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Schlossberg" title="Edwin Schlossberg">Edwin Schlossberg</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Bessette-Kennedy" title="Carolyn Bessette-Kennedy">Carolyn Bessette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1921–2009)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Shriver" title="Bobby Shriver">Bobby Shriver</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Shriver" title="Maria Shriver">Maria Shriver</a> <i>(m./div.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Schwarzenegger" title="Arnold Schwarzenegger">Arnold Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Shriver" title="Timothy Shriver">Timothy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Mark Kennedy Shriver">Mark Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Shriver" title="Anthony Shriver">Anthony Shriver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1924–2006)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lawford" title="Christopher Lawford">Christopher Lawford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1925–1968)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph P. Kennedy II</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> <i>(m./sep.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Mary_Richardson_Kennedy" title="Mary Richardson Kennedy">Mary Richardson</a> <i>(m. 3rd)</i> <a href="/wiki/Cheryl_Hines" title="Cheryl Hines">Cheryl Hines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> <i>(m./div.)</i> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> <i>(m.)</i></span> <a href="/wiki/Mark_Bailey_(writer)" title="Mark Bailey (writer)">Mark Bailey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1928–2020)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Kennedy_Smith" title="William Kennedy Smith">William Kennedy Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> <br /><span class="nobold">(1932–2009)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Kennedy" title="Kara Kennedy">Kara Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Jr." title="Edward M. Kennedy Jr.">Edward M. Kennedy Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy" title="Patrick J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> <i>(m.)</i> <a href="/wiki/Amy_Kennedy" title="Amy Kennedy">Amy Savell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">IV.</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Kennedy Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Celia Kennedy Schlossberg </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">John Bouvier Kennedy Schlossberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Schwarzenegger" title="Katherine Schwarzenegger">Katherine Schwarzenegger</a> <i>(m.)</i> <a href="/wiki/Chris_Pratt" title="Chris Pratt">Chris Pratt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Schwarzenegger" title="Patrick Schwarzenegger">Patrick Schwarzenegger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_curse" title="Kennedy curse">Kennedy curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merchandise_Mart" title="Merchandise Mart">Merchandise Mart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(museum)" title="The Kennedys (museum)">The Kennedys (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)"><i>The Kennedys</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys:_After_Camelot" title="The Kennedys: After Camelot">The Kennedys: After Camelot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Kennedy_family" title="Category:Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><i>m. = married; div. = divorced; sep. = separated.</i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="John_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:John_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:John_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:John F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="John_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">35th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1961–1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">U.S. Senator from Massachusetts</a> (1953–1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States representatives from Massachusetts">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts%27s_11th_congressional_district" title="Massachusetts's 11th congressional district">MA–11</a> (1947–1953)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">Presidency</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_transition_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidential transition of John F. Kennedy">Transition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inauguration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy#Administration,_Cabinet,_and_judicial_appointments_1961–63" title="John F. Kennedy">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of federal judges appointed by John F. Kennedy">Judicial appointments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Supreme_Court_candidates" title="John F. Kennedy Supreme Court candidates">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Executive_orders" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Executive orders">Executive Orders</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy/Presidential_Proclamations" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Author:John Fitzgerald Kennedy/Presidential Proclamations">Presidential Proclamations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_pardoned_or_granted_clemency_by_the_President_of_the_United_States#John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of people pardoned or granted clemency by the President of the United States">Presidential pardons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS-100-X" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-100-X">Presidential limousine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/Y_Manitou" class="mw-redirect" title="S/Y Manitou">Presidential yacht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resolute_desk" title="Resolute desk"><i>Resolute</i> desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Situation_Room" title="Situation Room">Situation Room</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_administration" title="Foreign policy of the John F. Kennedy administration">Foreign policy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Progress" title="Alliance for Progress">Alliance for Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arms_Control_and_Disarmament_Agency" title="Arms Control and Disarmament Agency">Arms Control and Disarmament Agency</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partial_Nuclear_Test_Ban_Treaty" title="Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty">Partial Nuclear Test Ban Treaty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_response" title="Flexible response">Flexible response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Corps" title="Peace Corps">Peace Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_Expansion_Act" title="Trade Expansion Act">Trade Expansion Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_and_Refugee_Assistance_Act" title="Migration and Refugee Assistance Act">Migration and Refugee Assistance Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Agency_for_International_Development" title="United States Agency for International Development">USAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War#The_Kennedy_years,_1961–63" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li>Cuba: <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Pigs_Invasion" title="Bay of Pigs Invasion">Bay of Pigs Invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuban Project">Cuban Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></li></ul></li> <li>Soviet Union: <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow%E2%80%93Washington_hotline" title="Moscow–Washington hotline">Moscow–Washington hotline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_summit" title="Vienna summit">Vienna summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_Frontier" title="New Frontier">New Frontier</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communications_Satellite_Act_of_1962" title="Communications Satellite Act of 1962">Communications Satellite Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Mental_Health_Act" title="Community Mental Health Act">Community Mental Health Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Pay_Act_of_1963" title="Equal Pay Act of 1963">Equal Pay Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11110" title="Executive Order 11110">Executive Order 11110</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_10925" title="Executive Order 10925">Federal affirmative action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_11063" title="Executive Order 11063">Federal housing segregation ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_march" title="Kennedy march">Fifty-mile hikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace" title="Food for Peace">Food for Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Nutrition_Assistance_Program#Pilot_Food_Stamp_Program_(1961–1964)" title="Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program">Pilot Food Stamp Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_policy_of_the_United_States#Kennedy_administration" title="Space policy of the United States">Space policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Commission_on_the_Status_of_Women" title="Presidential Commission on the Status of Women">Status of Women (Presidential Commission)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">University of Alabama integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-Channel_Receiver_Act" title="All-Channel Receiver Act">All-Channel Receiver Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_Pollution_Act_of_1961" title="Oil Pollution Act of 1961">Oil Pollution Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revenue_Act_of_1962" title="Revenue Act of 1962">Revenue Act of 1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Farm_and_Rural_Development_Act_of_1961" title="Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961">Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Loan_Act" title="Wetlands Loan Act">Wetlands Loan Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/90px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/135px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg/180px-John_F._Kennedy%2C_White_House_photo_portrait%2C_looking_up.jpg 2x" data-file-width="748" data-file-height="970" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidential<br />speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_John_F._Kennedy#The_inaugural_address" title="Inauguration of John F. Kennedy">Inaugural address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/We_choose_to_go_to_the_Moon" title="We choose to go to the Moon">We choose to go to the Moon</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">Report to the American People on Civil Rights</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/A_rising_tide_lifts_all_boats" title="A rising tide lifts all boats">A rising tide lifts all boats</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_at_Amherst_College_on_the_Arts" title="Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts">Remarks at Amherst College on the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union" title="State of the Union">State of the Union Address</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/January_30,_1961_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="January 30, 1961 State of the Union Address">1961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1962_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1962 State of the Union Address">1962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1963_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1963 State of the Union Address">1963</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Electoral history of John F. Kennedy">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>U.S. House of Representatives elections: <a href="/wiki/1946_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1946 United States House of Representatives elections">1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1948 United States House of Representatives elections">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1950_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1950 United States House of Representatives elections">1950</a></li> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1952_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1952 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1952</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1958_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1958 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1958</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Democratic Party presidential primaries">1960 presidential primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_1960_presidential_campaign" title="John F. Kennedy 1960 presidential campaign">1960 presidential campaign</a></li> <li>Democratic National Conventions: <a href="/wiki/1956_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1956 Democratic National Convention">1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1960 Democratic National Convention">1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_election" title="1960 United States presidential election">U.S. presidential election 1960</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_United_States_presidential_debates" title="1960 United States presidential debates">debates</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Personal life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_National_Historic_Site" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy National Historic Site">Birthplace and childhood home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Querida_(mansion)" title="La Querida (mansion)">La Querida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wexford_(Marshall,_Virginia)" title="Wexford (Marshall, Virginia)">Wexford</a></li> <li>Navy service: <a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-109" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-109"><i>PT-109</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biuku_Gasa_and_Eroni_Kumana" title="Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana">Biuku Gasa and Eroni Kumana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Reginald_Evans" title="Arthur Reginald Evans">Arthur Evans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrol_torpedo_boat_PT-59" title="Patrol torpedo boat PT-59"><i>PT-59</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Hot_Springs_(Arizona)" title="Castle Hot Springs (Arizona)">Castle Hot Springs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammersmith_Farm" title="Hammersmith Farm">Hammersmith Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King#John_F._Kennedy_phone_call" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King phone call</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday,_Mr._President" title="Happy Birthday, Mr. President">Happy Birthday, Mr. President</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_document_hoax" title="John F. Kennedy document hoax">John F. Kennedy document hoax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Why_England_Slept" title="Why England Slept"><i>Why England Slept</i> <small>(1940)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profiles_in_Courage" title="Profiles in Courage"><i>Profiles in Courage</i> <small>(1956)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants"><i>A Nation of Immigrants</i> <small>(1958)</small></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Death</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">Assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_assassination" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy assassination">timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_coverage_of_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Media coverage of the assassination of John F. Kennedy">media coverage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactions_to_the_assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Reactions to the assassination of John F. Kennedy">reactions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy_in_popular_culture" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy in popular culture">in popular culture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">State funeral</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(horse)" title="Black Jack (horse)">Riderless horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dignitaries_at_the_state_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of dignitaries at the state funeral of John F. Kennedy">attending dignitaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Eternal_Flame" title="John F. Kennedy Eternal Flame">Gravesite and Eternal Flame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Bibliography of John F. Kennedy">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Presidential_Library_and_Museum" title="John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum">John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Profile_in_Courage_Award" title="Profile in Courage Award">Profile in Courage Award</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollo_11" title="Apollo 11">Apollo 11 Moon landing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_Employment_Opportunity_Commission" title="Equal Employment Opportunity Commission">Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Space_Center" title="Kennedy Space Center">Kennedy Space Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Round" title="Kennedy Round">Kennedy Round</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Department of Housing and Urban Development">U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmeriCorps_VISTA" title="AmeriCorps VISTA">VISTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Cultural depictions of John F. Kennedy">Cultural depictions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Films_about_John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Films about John F. Kennedy">films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_half_dollar" title="Kennedy half dollar">Kennedy half dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents_of_the_United_States_on_U.S._postage_stamps#John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidents of the United States on U.S. postage stamps">U.S. postage stamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_cents_John_Kennedy" title="Five cents John Kennedy">U.S. five cent stamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Kennedy_coincidences_urban_legend" title="Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences urban legend">Lincoln–Kennedy coincidences</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sail" title="Operation Sail">Operation Sail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_things_named_after_John_F._Kennedy" title="List of things named after John F. Kennedy">Memorials,<br />namesakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Kennedy_School" title="Harvard Kennedy School">Harvard Kennedy School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" title="John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts">Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Federal_Building" title="John F. Kennedy Federal Building">John F. Kennedy Federal Building (Boston)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Boston)" title="Statue of John F. Kennedy (Boston)">Boston statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial">Dallas memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Hyannis,_Massachusetts)" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial (Hyannis, Massachusetts)">Hyannis memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial,_London" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial, London">London bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bust_of_John_F._Kennedy_(Nashua,_New_Hampshire)" title="Bust of John F. Kennedy (Nashua, New Hampshire)">Nashua bust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fitzgerald_Kennedy_Memorial_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="John Fitzgerald Kennedy Memorial (Portland, Oregon)">Portland memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runnymede#John_F._Kennedy_Memorial" title="Runnymede">Runnymede memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Arboretum" title="John F. Kennedy Arboretum">John F. Kennedy Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Bridge" title="John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge">John F. Kennedy Memorial Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Special_Warfare_Center_and_School" title="John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School">John F. Kennedy Special Warfare Center and School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_University" title="John F. Kennedy University">John F. Kennedy University (defunct)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Stadium_(Philadelphia)" title="John F. Kennedy Stadium (Philadelphia)">John F. Kennedy Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Expressway" title="Kennedy Expressway">Kennedy Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Kennedy" title="Mount Kennedy">Mount Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_John_F._Kennedy" title="MV John F. Kennedy">MV <i>John F. Kennedy</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CV-67)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CV-67)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CV-67)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_John_F._Kennedy_(CVN-79)" title="USS John F. Kennedy (CVN-79)">USS <i>John F. Kennedy</i> (CVN-79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Kennedy" title="Yad Kennedy">Yad Kennedy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy_Onassis" title="Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis">Jacqueline Bouvier</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Kennedy" title="Caroline Kennedy">Caroline Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="John F. Kennedy Jr.">John F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Bouvier_Kennedy" title="Patrick Bouvier Kennedy">Patrick Bouvier Kennedy</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Schlossberg" title="Rose Schlossberg">Rose Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatiana_Schlossberg" title="Tatiana Schlossberg">Tatiana Schlossberg</a> (granddaughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Schlossberg" title="Jack Schlossberg">Jack Schlossberg</a> (grandson)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Fitzgerald</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">P. J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushinka" title="Pushinka">Pushinka</a> (dog)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_and_Debbie" title="Billie and Debbie">Billie and Debbie</a> (hamsters)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardar_(horse)" title="Sardar (horse)">Sardar</a> (horse)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">← Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:John_F._Kennedy" title="Category:John F. Kennedy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Robert_F._Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Template talk:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Robert F. Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Robert_F._Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>November 20, 1925 – June 6, 1968 <div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">64th United States Attorney General, 1961–1964</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">United States senator from New York, 1965–1968</a></span></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_1948_visit_to_Palestine" title="Robert F. Kennedy's 1948 visit to Palestine">1948 Palestine visit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Select_Committee_on_Improper_Activities_in_Labor_and_Management" title="United States Senate Select Committee on Improper Activities in Labor and Management">Senate Committee investigation of Labor and Management</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/EXCOMM" title="EXCOMM">ExComm</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy#Civil_rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Civil rights</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Riders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Kennedy_meeting" title="Baldwin–Kennedy meeting">Baldwin–Kennedy meeting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1964 Democratic National Convention">1964 Democratic National Convention</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bedford_Stuyvesant_Restoration_Corporation" title="Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation">Bedford Stuyvesant Restoration Corporation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_S._Clark%27s_and_Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_tour_of_the_Mississippi_Delta" title="Joseph S. Clark's and Robert F. Kennedy's tour of the Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta tour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hickory_Hill_(McLean,_Virginia)" title="Hickory Hill (McLean, Virginia)">Hickory Hill home</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/90px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/135px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg/180px-Robert_F_Kennedy_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="470" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Electoral</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_New_York" title="1964 United States Senate election in New York">1964 U.S. Senate election</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_1968_presidential_campaign" title="Robert F. Kennedy 1968 presidential campaign">1968 presidential campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1968_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Boiler_Room_Girls" title="Boiler Room Girls">Boiler Room Girls</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Law Day Address</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Day_of_Affirmation_Address" title="Day of Affirmation Address">Day of Affirmation Address</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Conflict_in_Vietnam_and_at_Home" title="Conflict in Vietnam and at Home">Conflict in Vietnam and at Home</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_remarks_at_the_University_of_Kansas" title="Robert F. Kennedy's remarks at the University of Kansas">University of Kansas</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_at_Ball_State_University" title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech at Ball State University">Ball State</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy%27s_speech_on_the_assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy's speech on the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">On the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/On_the_Mindless_Menace_of_Violence" title="On the Mindless Menace of Violence">"On the Mindless Menace of Violence"</a> (1968)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Enemy_Within_(Kennedy_book)" title="The Enemy Within (Kennedy book)"><i>The Enemy Within</i></a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Pursuit_of_Justice" title="The Pursuit of Justice"><i>The Pursuit of Justice</i></a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/To_Seek_a_Newer_World" title="To Seek a Newer World"><i>To Seek a Newer World</i></a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(book)" title="Thirteen Days (book)"><i>Thirteen Days: A Memoir of the Cuban Missile Crisis</i></a> (1969)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of Robert F. Kennedy">Assassination</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sirhan_Sirhan" title="Sirhan Sirhan">Sirhan Sirhan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ambassador_Hotel_(Los_Angeles)" title="Ambassador Hotel (Los Angeles)">Ambassador Hotel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Conspiracy theories</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Grave_of_Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Grave of Robert F. Kennedy">Gravesite</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legacy and<br />memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Department_of_Justice_Building" title="Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building">Robert F. Kennedy Department of Justice Building</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_silver_dollar" title="Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar">Robert F. Kennedy silver dollar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights">Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Human_Rights_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Human Rights Award">Human Rights Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Journalism_Award" title="Robert F. Kennedy Journalism Award">Journalism Award</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Center_for_Justice_and_Human_Rights#Book_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert F. Kennedy Center for Justice and Human Rights">Book Award</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_Stadium" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium">Robert F. Kennedy Memorial Stadium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Memorial_(Brooklyn)" title="Robert F. Kennedy Memorial (Brooklyn)">Brooklyn Memorial</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Landmark_for_Peace_Memorial" title="Landmark for Peace Memorial">Landmark for Peace Memorial</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Arch_of_Dignity,_Equality,_and_Justice" title="Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice">Arch of Dignity, Equality, and Justice</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy%E2%80%93King_College" title="Kennedy–King College">Kennedy–King College</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Community_Schools" title="Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools">Robert F. Kennedy Community Schools</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Bridge" title="Robert F. Kennedy Bridge">Robert F. Kennedy Bridge</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_in_media" title="Robert F. Kennedy in media">Robert F. Kennedy in media</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Crisis:_Behind_a_Presidential_Commitment" title="Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment"><i>Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment</i></a> (1963 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_Remembered" title="Robert Kennedy Remembered"><i>Robert Kennedy Remembered</i></a> (1968 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abraham,_Martin_and_John" title="Abraham, Martin and John">"Abraham, Martin and John"</a> (1968 song)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Missiles_of_October" title="The Missiles of October"><i>The Missiles of October</i></a> (1974 docudrama)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_(1983_miniseries)" title="Kennedy (1983 miniseries)"><i>Kennedy</i></a> (1983 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blood_Feud_(1983_film)" title="Blood Feud (1983 film)"><i>Blood Feud</i></a> (1983 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jack" title="Prince Jack"><i>Prince Jack</i></a> (1985 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kennedy_and_His_Times" title="Robert Kennedy and His Times"><i>Robert Kennedy and His Times</i></a> (1985 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hoover_vs._The_Kennedys" title="Hoover vs. The Kennedys"><i>Hoover vs. The Kennedys</i></a> (1987 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Days_(film)" title="Thirteen Days (film)"><i>Thirteen Days</i></a> (2000 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RFK_(film)" title="RFK (film)"><i>RFK</i></a> (2002 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bobby_(2006_film)" title="Bobby (2006 film)"><i>Bobby</i></a> (2006 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RFK_Must_Die" title="RFK Must Die"><i>RFK Must Die</i></a> (2007 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Kennedys_(miniseries)" title="The Kennedys (miniseries)"><i>The Kennedys</i></a> (2011 miniseries)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_(film)" title="Ethel (film)"><i>Ethel</i></a> (2012 documentary)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Killing_Kennedy_(film)" title="Killing Kennedy (film)">Killing Kennedy</a></i> (2013 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jackie_(2016_film)" title="Jackie (2016 film)"><i>Jackie</i></a> (2016 film)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Kennedy_for_President" title="Bobby Kennedy for President"><i>Bobby Kennedy for President</i></a> (2018 miniseries)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family,</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Genealogy" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Kennedy" title="Ethel Kennedy">Ethel Skakel</a> (wife)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Kennedy_Townsend" title="Kathleen Kennedy Townsend">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_II" title="Joseph P. Kennedy II">Joseph Patrick Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_Jr." title="Robert F. Kennedy Jr.">Robert F. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_LeMoyne_Kennedy" title="Michael LeMoyne Kennedy">Michael LeMoyne Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kerry_Kennedy" title="Kerry Kennedy">Kerry Kennedy</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_G._Kennedy" title="Christopher G. Kennedy">Christopher G. Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy" title="Max Kennedy">Max Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Harriman_Kennedy" title="Douglas Harriman Kennedy">Douglas Harriman Kennedy</a> (son)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rory_Kennedy" title="Rory Kennedy">Rory Kennedy</a> (daughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maeve_Kennedy_McKean" title="Maeve Kennedy McKean">Maeve Kennedy McKean</a> (granddaughter)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Kennedy_III" title="Joe Kennedy III">Joseph P. Kennedy III</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Kennedy_Jr." title="Max Kennedy Jr.">Max Kennedy Jr.</a> (grandson)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy Cavendish</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a> (brother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy</a> (grandfather)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Augusta_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Augusta Kennedy">Mary Augusta Kennedy</a> (grandmother)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Category:Robert F. Kennedy">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ted_Kennedy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ted_Kennedy" title="Template:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ted_Kennedy" title="Template talk:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ted_Kennedy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ted Kennedy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ted_Kennedy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy" title="Ted Kennedy">Ted Kennedy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>February 22, 1932 – August 25, 2009 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Massachusetts" title="List of United States senators from Massachusetts">United States Senator from Massachusetts, 1962–2009</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_history_of_Ted_Kennedy" title="Electoral history of Ted Kennedy">Electoral<br />history</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li>U.S. Senate elections in Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/1962_United_States_Senate_special_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1962 United States Senate special election in Massachusetts">1962 (special)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1964 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1970_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1970 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1976 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1976</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1982_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1982 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1988 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1994_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="1994 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2000 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_United_States_Senate_election_in_Massachusetts" title="2006 United States Senate election in Massachusetts">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_United_States_presidential_election" title="1980 United States presidential election">1980 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1980_Democratic_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Democratic Party presidential primaries">Democratic primaries</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Kennedy_1980_presidential_campaign" title="Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign">Ted Kennedy 1980 presidential campaign</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-Ted_Kennedy%2C_official_photo_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1158" data-file-height="1500" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/My_Senator_and_Me" title="My Senator and Me"><i>My Senator and Me: A Dog's-Eye View of Washington, D.C.</i></a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_Compass" title="True Compass"><i>True Compass</i></a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Speeches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_Shall_Never_Die" title="The Dream Shall Never Die">The Dream Shall Never Die</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Family</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family#Family_tree" title="Kennedy family">family tree</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Bennett_Kennedy" title="Joan Bennett Kennedy">Joan Bennett Kennedy</a> (first wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Reggie_Kennedy" title="Victoria Reggie Kennedy">Victoria Reggie Kennedy</a> (second wife, widow)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Kennedy" title="Kara Kennedy">Kara Kennedy</a> (daughter)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Jr." title="Edward M. Kennedy Jr.">Edward M. Kennedy Jr.</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Kennedy" title="Patrick J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy II</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Sr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Kennedy" title="Rose Kennedy">Rose Kennedy</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Kennedy_Jr." title="Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.">Joseph P. Kennedy Jr.</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (brother</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">presidency</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rosemary Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cavendish,_Marchioness_of_Hartington" title="Kathleen Cavendish, Marchioness of Hartington">Kathleen Kennedy</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Kennedy_Lawford" title="Patricia Kennedy Lawford">Patricia Kennedy Lawford</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kennedy_Smith" title="Jean Kennedy Smith">Jean Kennedy Smith</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._J._Kennedy" title="P. J. Kennedy">Patrick J. Kennedy I</a> (grandfather)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Fitzgerald" title="John F. Fitzgerald">John F. Fitzgerald</a> (grandfather)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_and_honors_received_by_Ted_Kennedy" title="List of awards and honors received by Ted Kennedy">Awards and honors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_positions_of_Ted_Kennedy" title="Political positions of Ted Kennedy">Political positions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Compound" title="Kennedy Compound">Kennedy Compound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Institute_for_the_United_States_Senate" title="Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate">Edward M. Kennedy Institute for the United States Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Kennedy_Serve_America_Act" title="Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act">Edward M. Kennedy Serve America Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_incident" title="Chappaquiddick incident">Chappaquiddick incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Jo_Kopechne" title="Mary Jo Kopechne">Mary Jo Kopechne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Ireland_(U.S._Congress)" title="Friends of Ireland (U.S. Congress)">Friends of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chappaquiddick_(film)" title="Chappaquiddick (film)"><i>Chappaquiddick</i> (2018 film)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Ted_Kennedy" title="Category:Ted Kennedy">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q265595#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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