CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html class="no-js" lang="en" data-content_root="./"> <head><meta charset="utf-8"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/> <meta name="color-scheme" content="light dark"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Ubuntu Server documentation" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://documentation.ubuntu.com/server/" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ubuntu Server" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Ubuntu Server is a version of the Ubuntu operating system designed and engineered as a backbone for the internet. Ubuntu Server brings economic and technical scalability to your datacenter, public ..." /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://assets.ubuntu.com/v1/253da317-image-document-ubuntudocs.svg" /> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Ubuntu Server" /> <meta name="description" content="Ubuntu Server is a version of the Ubuntu operating system designed and engineered as a backbone for the internet. Ubuntu Server brings economic and technical scalability to your datacenter, public ..." /> <link rel="index" title="Index" href="genindex/" /><link rel="search" title="Search" href="search/" /><link rel="next" title="Ubuntu Server tutorial" href="tutorial/" /> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="_static/favicon.png"/> <title>Ubuntu Server documentation</title> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/pygments.css?v=8f2a1f02" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/styles/furo.css?v=354aac6f" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/copybutton.css?v=76b2166b" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/tooltipster.custom.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/tooltipster.bundle.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/tooltipster-sideTip-shadow.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/tooltipster-sideTip-punk.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/tooltipster-sideTip-noir.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/tooltipster-sideTip-light.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/tooltipster-sideTip-borderless.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/css/micromodal.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/sphinx-design.min.css?v=95c83b7e" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/styles/furo-extensions.css?v=302659d7" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/custom.css?v=912f9c79" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/header.css?v=84f70f09" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/github_issue_links.css?v=af88fb93" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/furo_colors.css?v=b6ad0433" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/footer.css?v=bd05fc90" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="_static/cookie-banner.css?v=b74831ab" /> <script async type="text/javascript" src="/_/static/javascript/readthedocs-addons.js"></script><meta name="readthedocs-project-slug" content="canonical-ubuntu-server-documentation" /><meta name="readthedocs-version-slug" content="latest" /><meta name="readthedocs-resolver-filename" content="/" /><meta name="readthedocs-http-status" content="200" /></head> <body> <header id="header" class="p-navigation"> <script type="module" src="_static/js/bundle.js"> </script>  <script> (function(w, d, s, l, i) { w[l] = w[l] || []; w[l].push({ 'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(), event: 'gtm.js' }); var f = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; var j = d.createElement(s); var dl = ''; if (l != 'dataLayer') { dl = '&l=' + l; } j.async = true; j.src = 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=' + i + dl; f.parentNode.insertBefore(j, f); })(window, document, 'script', 'dataLayer', 'GTM-KNX3CJC'); </script> <div class="p-navigation__nav" role="menubar"> <ul class="p-navigation__links" role="menu"> <li> <a class="p-logo" href="https://ubuntu.com/server" aria-current="page"> <img src="_static/tag.png" alt="Logo" class="p-logo-image"> <div class="p-logo-text p-heading--4">Ubuntu Server </div> </a> </li> <li class="nav-ubuntu-com"> <a href="https://ubuntu.com/server" class="p-navigation__link">ubuntu.com/server</a> </li> <li> <a href="#" class="p-navigation__link nav-more-links">More resources</a> <ul class="more-links-dropdown"> <li> <a href="https://discourse.ubuntu.com/c/server/17" class="p-navigation__sub-link p-dropdown__link">Discourse</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://chat.canonical.com/canonical/channels/server" class="p-navigation__sub-link p-dropdown__link">Mattermost</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-server-documentation" class="p-navigation__sub-link p-dropdown__link">GitHub</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <script> document.body.dataset.theme = localStorage.getItem("theme") || "auto"; </script> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="display: none;"> <symbol id="svg-toc" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Contents</title> <svg stroke="currentColor" fill="currentColor" stroke-width="0" viewBox="0 0 1024 1024"> <path d="M408 442h480c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8v-56c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8H408c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8zm-8 204c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h480c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8v-56c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8H408c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56zm504-486H120c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h784c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8v-56c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8zm0 632H120c-4.4 0-8 3.6-8 8v56c0 4.4 3.6 8 8 8h784c4.4 0 8-3.6 8-8v-56c0-4.4-3.6-8-8-8zM115.4 518.9L271.7 642c5.8 4.6 14.4.5 14.4-6.9V388.9c0-7.4-8.5-11.5-14.4-6.9L115.4 505.1a8.74 8.74 0 0 0 0 13.8z"/> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-menu" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Menu</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather-menu"> <line x1="3" y1="12" x2="21" y2="12"></line> <line x1="3" y1="6" x2="21" y2="6"></line> <line x1="3" y1="18" x2="21" y2="18"></line> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-arrow-right" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Expand</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather-chevron-right"> <polyline points="9 18 15 12 9 6"></polyline> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Light mode</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="feather-sun"> <circle cx="12" cy="12" r="5"></circle> <line x1="12" y1="1" x2="12" y2="3"></line> <line x1="12" y1="21" x2="12" y2="23"></line> <line x1="4.22" y1="4.22" x2="5.64" y2="5.64"></line> <line x1="18.36" y1="18.36" x2="19.78" y2="19.78"></line> <line x1="1" y1="12" x2="3" y2="12"></line> <line x1="21" y1="12" x2="23" y2="12"></line> <line x1="4.22" y1="19.78" x2="5.64" y2="18.36"></line> <line x1="18.36" y1="5.64" x2="19.78" y2="4.22"></line> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Dark mode</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="icon-tabler-moon"> <path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /> <path d="M12 3c.132 0 .263 0 .393 0a7.5 7.5 0 0 0 7.92 12.446a9 9 0 1 1 -8.313 -12.454z" /> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-sun-with-moon" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Auto light/dark, in light mode</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="icon-custom-derived-from-feather-sun-and-tabler-moon"> <path style="opacity: 50%" d="M 5.411 14.504 C 5.471 14.504 5.532 14.504 5.591 14.504 C 3.639 16.319 4.383 19.569 6.931 20.352 C 7.693 20.586 8.512 20.551 9.25 20.252 C 8.023 23.207 4.056 23.725 2.11 21.184 C 0.166 18.642 1.702 14.949 4.874 14.536 C 5.051 14.512 5.231 14.5 5.411 14.5 L 5.411 14.504 Z"/> <line x1="14.5" y1="3.25" x2="14.5" y2="1.25"/> <line x1="14.5" y1="15.85" x2="14.5" y2="17.85"/> <line x1="10.044" y1="5.094" x2="8.63" y2="3.68"/> <line x1="19" y1="14.05" x2="20.414" y2="15.464"/> <line x1="8.2" y1="9.55" x2="6.2" y2="9.55"/> <line x1="20.8" y1="9.55" x2="22.8" y2="9.55"/> <line x1="10.044" y1="14.006" x2="8.63" y2="15.42"/> <line x1="19" y1="5.05" x2="20.414" y2="3.636"/> <circle cx="14.5" cy="9.55" r="3.6"/> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-moon-with-sun" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <title>Auto light/dark, in dark mode</title> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="icon-custom-derived-from-feather-sun-and-tabler-moon"> <path d="M 8.282 7.007 C 8.385 7.007 8.494 7.007 8.595 7.007 C 5.18 10.184 6.481 15.869 10.942 17.24 C 12.275 17.648 13.706 17.589 15 17.066 C 12.851 22.236 5.91 23.143 2.505 18.696 C -0.897 14.249 1.791 7.786 7.342 7.063 C 7.652 7.021 7.965 7 8.282 7 L 8.282 7.007 Z"/> <line style="opacity: 50%" x1="18" y1="3.705" x2="18" y2="2.5"/> <line style="opacity: 50%" x1="18" y1="11.295" x2="18" y2="12.5"/> <line style="opacity: 50%" x1="15.316" y1="4.816" x2="14.464" y2="3.964"/> <line style="opacity: 50%" x1="20.711" y1="10.212" x2="21.563" y2="11.063"/> <line style="opacity: 50%" x1="14.205" y1="7.5" x2="13.001" y2="7.5"/> <line style="opacity: 50%" x1="21.795" y1="7.5" x2="23" y2="7.5"/> <line style="opacity: 50%" x1="15.316" y1="10.184" x2="14.464" y2="11.036"/> <line style="opacity: 50%" x1="20.711" y1="4.789" x2="21.563" y2="3.937"/> <circle style="opacity: 50%" cx="18" cy="7.5" r="2.169"/> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-pencil" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="icon-tabler-pencil-code"> <path d="M4 20h4l10.5 -10.5a2.828 2.828 0 1 0 -4 -4l-10.5 10.5v4" /> <path d="M13.5 6.5l4 4" /> <path d="M20 21l2 -2l-2 -2" /> <path d="M17 17l-2 2l2 2" /> </svg> </symbol> <symbol id="svg-eye" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" class="icon-tabler-eye-code"> <path stroke="none" d="M0 0h24v24H0z" fill="none" /> <path d="M10 12a2 2 0 1 0 4 0a2 2 0 0 0 -4 0" /> <path d="M11.11 17.958c-3.209 -.307 -5.91 -2.293 -8.11 -5.958c2.4 -4 5.4 -6 9 -6c3.6 0 6.6 2 9 6c-.21 .352 -.427 .688 -.647 1.008" /> <path d="M20 21l2 -2l-2 -2" /> <path d="M17 17l-2 2l2 2" /> </svg> </symbol> </svg> <input type="checkbox" class="sidebar-toggle" name="__navigation" id="__navigation"> <input type="checkbox" class="sidebar-toggle" name="__toc" id="__toc"> <label class="overlay sidebar-overlay" for="__navigation"> <div class="visually-hidden">Hide navigation sidebar</div> </label> <label class="overlay toc-overlay" for="__toc"> <div class="visually-hidden">Hide table of contents sidebar</div> </label> <a class="skip-to-content muted-link" href="#furo-main-content">Skip to content</a> <div class="page"> <header class="mobile-header"> <div class="header-left"> <label class="nav-overlay-icon" for="__navigation"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle site navigation sidebar</div> <i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-menu"></use></svg></i> </label> </div> <div class="header-center"> <a href="#"><div class="brand">Ubuntu Server documentation</div></a> </div> <div class="header-right"> <div class="theme-toggle-container theme-toggle-header"> <button class="theme-toggle"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme</div> <svg class="theme-icon-when-auto-light"><use href="#svg-sun-with-moon"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-auto-dark"><use href="#svg-moon-with-sun"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-dark"><use href="#svg-moon"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-light"><use href="#svg-sun"></use></svg> </button> </div> <label class="toc-overlay-icon toc-header-icon" for="__toc"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle table of contents sidebar</div> <i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-toc"></use></svg></i> </label> </div> </header> <aside class="sidebar-drawer"> <div class="sidebar-container"> <div class="sidebar-sticky"><a class="sidebar-brand" href="#"> <span class="sidebar-brand-text">Ubuntu Server documentation</span> </a><form class="sidebar-search-container" method="get" action="search/" role="search"> <input class="sidebar-search" placeholder="Search" name="q" aria-label="Search"> <input type="submit" value="Go"> <input type="hidden" name="check_keywords" value="yes"> <input type="hidden" name="area" value="default"> </form> <div id="searchbox"></div><div class="sidebar-scroll"><div class="sidebar-tree"> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/">Tutorial</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-1" name="toctree-checkbox-1" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-1"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Tutorial</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/basic-installation/">Basic installation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/managing-software/">Managing your software</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/attach-your-ubuntu-pro-subscription/">Attach your Ubuntu Pro subscription</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/">How-to guides</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-2" name="toctree-checkbox-2" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-2"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of How-to guides</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/">Server installation</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-3" name="toctree-checkbox-3" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-3"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Server installation</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/how-to-netboot-the-server-installer-on-amd64/">amd64 netboot install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/netboot-the-server-installer-via-uefi-pxe-on-arm-aarch64-arm64-and-x86-64-amd64/">arm64 netboot install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/netboot-the-live-server-installer-on-ibm-power-ppc64el-with-petitboot/">ppc64el netboot install</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/how-to-start-a-live-server-installation-on-ibm-power-ppc64el-with-a-virtual-cd-rom-and-petitboot/">Virtual CD-ROM and Petitboot install on ppc64el</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/interactive-live-server-installation-on-ibm-z-vm-s390x/">s390x install via z/VM</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/non-interactive-ibm-z-vm-autoinstall-s390x/">Non-interactive IBM z/VM autoinstall (s390x)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/interactive-live-server-installation-on-ibm-z-lpar-s390x/">s390x install via LPAR</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/installation/non-interactive-ibm-z-lpar-autoinstall-s390x/">Non-interactive IBM Z LPAR autoinstall (s390x)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/">Virtualisation</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-4" name="toctree-checkbox-4" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-4"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Virtualisation</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/qemu/">QEMU</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/qemu-vms-up-to-1024-vcpus/">QEMU VMs with up to 1024 vCPUs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/arm64-vms-on-qemu/">ARM64 VMs on QEMU</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/multipass/">Multipass</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/cloud-image-vms-with-uvtool/">UVtool</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/libvirt/">Libvirt and virsh</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/virtual-machine-manager/">virt-manager</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/enable-nested-virtualisation/">Nested virtualization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/virtualisation/ubuntu-on-hyper-v/">Ubuntu on Hyper-V</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/containers/">Containers</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-5" name="toctree-checkbox-5" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-5"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Containers</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/containers/lxd-containers/">LXD</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/containers/docker-for-system-admins/">Docker for sysadmins</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/containers/run-rocks-on-your-server/">How to run rocks on your server</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/">Networking</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-6" name="toctree-checkbox-6" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-6"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Networking</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/install-nfs/">Network File System (NFS)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/ftp/">File Transfer Protocol (FTP)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/install-dns/">Domain Name Service (DNS)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/install-dnssec/">DNS Security Extensions (DNSSEC)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/dnssec-troubleshooting/">DNSSEC Troubleshooting</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/dpdk-with-open-vswitch/">Use Open vSwitch with DPDK</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/install-isc-kea/">Install isc-kea</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/install-isc-dhcp-server/">Install isc-dhcp-server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/timedatectl-and-timesyncd/">Synchronise time</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/serve-ntp-with-chrony/">Serve the NTP</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/networking/cups-print-server/">Set up a CUPS print server</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/">Samba</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-7" name="toctree-checkbox-7" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-7"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Samba</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/provision-samba-ad-controller/">Samba AD Domain Controller</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/member-server-in-an-ad-domain/">Join Active Directory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/file-server/">Set up a file server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/print-server/">Set up a print server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/share-access-controls/">Share access controls</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/apparmor-profile/">Create AppArmor profile</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/mount-cifs-shares-permanently/">Mount CIFS shares permanently</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/nt4-domain-controller-legacy/">NT4 domain controller</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/samba/openldap-backend-legacy/">OpenLDAP backend</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/active-directory/">Active Directory integration</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-8" name="toctree-checkbox-8" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-8"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Active Directory integration</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/active-directory/join-a-domain-with-winbind-preparation/">Prepare to join a domain</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/active-directory/join-a-simple-domain-with-the-rid-backend/">Join a simple domain with the rid backend</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/active-directory/join-a-forest-with-the-rid-backend/">Join a forest with the rid backend</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/active-directory/join-a-forest-with-the-autorid-backend/">Join a forest with the autorid backend</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/kerberos/">Kerberos</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-9" name="toctree-checkbox-9" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-9"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Kerberos</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/kerberos/install-a-kerberos-server/">Install a Kerberos server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/kerberos/configure-service-principals/">Configure service principals</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/kerberos/kerberos-encryption-types/">Kerberos encryption types</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/kerberos/set-up-secondary-kdc/">Set up secondary KDC</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/kerberos/basic-workstation-authentication/">Basic workstation authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/kerberos/kerberos-with-openldap-backend/">Kerberos with OpenLDAP backend</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/sssd/">Network user authentication with SSSD</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-10" name="toctree-checkbox-10" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-10"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Network user authentication with SSSD</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/sssd/with-active-directory/">SSSD with Active Directory</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/sssd/with-ldap/">SSSD with LDAP</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/sssd/with-ldap-and-kerberos/">SSSD with LDAP and Kerberos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/sssd/troubleshooting/">Troubleshooting SSSD</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/openldap/">OpenLDAP</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-11" name="toctree-checkbox-11" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-11"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of OpenLDAP</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/openldap/install-openldap/">Install LDAP</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/openldap/access-control/">Set up access control</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/openldap/replication/">Replication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/openldap/users-and-groups/">LDAP users and groups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/openldap/ldap-and-tls/">LDAP and TLS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/openldap/backup-and-restore/">Backup and restore</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/databases/">Databases</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-12" name="toctree-checkbox-12" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-12"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Databases</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/databases/install-mysql/">MySQL</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/databases/install-postgresql/">PostgreSQL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/mail-services/">Mail services</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-13" name="toctree-checkbox-13" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-13"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Mail services</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/mail-services/install-postfix/">Install Postfix</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/mail-services/install-dovecot/">Install Dovecot</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/mail-services/install-exim4/">Install Exim4</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/backups/">Backups and version control</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-14" name="toctree-checkbox-14" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-14"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Backups and version control</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/backups/install-bacula/">Install Bacula</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/backups/install-rsnapshot/">Install rsnapshot</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/backups/back-up-using-shell-scripts/">Backup with shell scripts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/backups/install-etckeeper/">etckeeper</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/backups/install-gitolite/">Install gitolite</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/">Web services</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-15" name="toctree-checkbox-15" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-15"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Web services</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/install-a-squid-server/">Install a Squid server</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/install-apache2/">Install Apache2</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/configure-apache2-settings/">Apache2 settings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/use-apache2-modules/">Apache2 modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/install-nginx/">Install nginx</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/configure-nginx/">nginx settings</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/use-nginx-modules/">nginx modules</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/install-php/">Install PHP</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/web-services/install-ruby-on-rails/">Install Ruby on Rails</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/storage/">Storage</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-16" name="toctree-checkbox-16" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-16"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Storage</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/storage/manage-logical-volumes/">Manage logical volumes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/graphics/">Graphics</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-17" name="toctree-checkbox-17" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-17"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Graphics</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/graphics/install-nvidia-drivers/">Install NVIDIA drivers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/graphics/gpu-virtualization-with-qemu-kvm/">vGPU with QEMU/KVM</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/software/">Managing software</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-18" name="toctree-checkbox-18" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-18"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Managing software</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/software/package-management/">Package management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/software/automatic-updates/">Automatic updates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/software/upgrade-your-release/">Upgrade your release</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/software/report-a-bug/">Reporting bugs</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/software/kernel-crash-dump/">Kernel crash dump</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/">Security</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-19" name="toctree-checkbox-19" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-19"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Security</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/openssh-server/">OpenSSH</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/install-openvpn/">OpenVPN</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/install-a-root-ca-certificate-in-the-trust-store/">CA trust store</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/firewalls/">Firewall</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/apparmor/">AppArmor</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/smart-card-authentication/">Smart card authentication</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/smart-card-authentication-with-ssh/">Smart card SSH</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/user-management/">User management</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/security/console-security/">Console security</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/">WireGuard VPN</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-20" name="toctree-checkbox-20" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-20"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of WireGuard VPN</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/peer-to-site/">Peer-to-site</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/peer-to-site-on-router/">Peer-to-site (on router)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/on-an-internal-system/">Peer-to-site (inside device)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/site-to-site/">Site-to-site</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/vpn-as-the-default-gateway/">Default gateway</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/common-tasks/">Common tasks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/security-tips/">Security tips</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/wireguard-vpn/troubleshooting/">Troubleshooting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/high-availability/">High availability</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-21" name="toctree-checkbox-21" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-21"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of High availability</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/high-availability/install-drbd/">Distributed Replicated Block Device (DRBD)</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/observability/">Observability</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-22" name="toctree-checkbox-22" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-22"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Observability</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/observability/set-up-your-lma-stack/">Set up your LMA stack</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/observability/install-logwatch/">Install Logwatch</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/observability/install-munin/">Install Munin</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/observability/install-nagios/">Install Nagios Core 3</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="how-to/observability/use-nagios-with-munin/">Use Nagios with Munin</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/">Reference</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-23" name="toctree-checkbox-23" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-23"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Reference</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/installation/">Server installation</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-24" name="toctree-checkbox-24" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-24"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Server installation</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/installation/system-requirements/">System requirements</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/clouds/">Clouds</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-25" name="toctree-checkbox-25" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-25"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Clouds</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/clouds/find-cloud-images/">Cloud images</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/high-availability/">High availability</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-26" name="toctree-checkbox-26" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-26"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of High availability</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/high-availability/migrate-from-crmsh-to-pcs/">Migrate from crmsh to pcs</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/backups/">Backups and version control</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-27" name="toctree-checkbox-27" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-27"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Backups and version control</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/backups/archive-rotation-shell-script/">Archive rotation shell script</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/debugging/">Debugging</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-28" name="toctree-checkbox-28" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-28"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Debugging</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/debugging/about-debuginfod/">About debuginfod</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/debugging/debug-symbol-packages/">Debug symbol packages</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/other-tools/">Other tools</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-29" name="toctree-checkbox-29" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-29"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Other tools</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/other-tools/byobu/">Byobu</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/other-tools/pam-motd/">pam_motd</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="reference/glossary/">Glossary</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/">Explanation</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-30" name="toctree-checkbox-30" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-30"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Explanation</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/introduction-to/">Introduction to…</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-31" name="toctree-checkbox-31" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-31"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Introduction to…</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/virtualisation/">Virtualization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/networking/">Networking</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/samba/">Samba</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/AD-integration/">Active Directory integration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/multipath/">Device mapper multipathing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/kerberos/">Kerberos</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/sssd/">SSSD</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/openldap/">OpenLDAP</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/security/">Security</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/crypto-libraries/">Cryptographic libraries</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/wireguard-vpn/">WireGuard VPN</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/mail-services/">Mail servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/web-servers/">Web servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/backups/">Backups</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/databases/">Databases</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/high-availability/">High Availability</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/ebpf/">eBPF</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/intro-to/cloud-init/">Cloud-init</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/virtualisation/">Virtualisation and containers</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-32" name="toctree-checkbox-32" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-32"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Virtualisation and containers</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/virtualisation/vm-tools-in-the-ubuntu-space/">VM tools overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/virtualisation/qemu-microvm/">QEMU microvm</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/virtualisation/upgrading-the-machine-type-of-your-vm/">Upgrade VM machine type</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/virtualisation/about-openstack/">About OpenStack</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/virtualisation/container-tools-in-the-ubuntu-space/">Container tools overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/virtualisation/about-rock-images/">About rock images</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/networking/">Networking</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-33" name="toctree-checkbox-33" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-33"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Networking</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/networking/networking-key-concepts/">Networking key concepts</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/networking/configuring-networks/">Configuring networks</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/networking/about-netplan/">About Netplan</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/networking/about-dhcp/">About DHCP</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/networking/about-time-synchronisation/">Time synchronisation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/networking/about-dpdk/">The DPDK library</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/active-directory/">Active Directory integration</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-34" name="toctree-checkbox-34" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-34"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Active Directory integration</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/active-directory/choosing-an-integration-method/">Choosing an integration method</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/active-directory/security-identifiers-sids/">Security identifiers (SIDs)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/active-directory/identity-mapping-idmap-backends/">Identity Mapping (idmap) backends</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/active-directory/the-rid-idmap-backend/">The rid idmap backend</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/active-directory/the-autorid-idmap-backend/">The autorid idmap backend</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/security/">Security</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-35" name="toctree-checkbox-35" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-35"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Security</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/security/security_suggestions/">Security suggestions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/security/openvpn-client-implementations/">OpenVPN clients</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/security/certificates/">Certificates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/dnssec/dnssec/">DNSSEC</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/cryptography/">Cryptography</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-36" name="toctree-checkbox-36" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-36"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Cryptography</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/crypto/openssl/">OpenSSL</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/crypto/gnutls/">GnuTLS</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/crypto/network-security-services-nss/">Network Security Services (NSS)</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/crypto/java-cryptography-configuration/">Java cryptography configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/crypto/bind-9-dnssec-cryptography-selection/">BIND 9 DNSSEC cryptography selection</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/crypto/openssh-crypto-configuration/">OpenSSH crypto configuration</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/crypto/troubleshooting-tls-ssl/">Troubleshooting TLS/SSL</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/installation/">Server installation</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-37" name="toctree-checkbox-37" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-37"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Server installation</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/installation/choosing-between-the-arm64-and-arm64-largemem-installer-options/">Choosing between the arm64 and arm64+largemem installer options</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/storage/">Storage</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-38" name="toctree-checkbox-38" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-38"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Storage</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/storage/about-lvm/">About LVM</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/storage/iscsi-initiator-or-client/">iSCSI</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/software/">Managing software</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-39" name="toctree-checkbox-39" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-39"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Managing software</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/software/about-apt-upgrade-and-phased-updates/">About apt upgrade and phased updates</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/software/third-party-repository-usage/">Third party repository usage</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/software/changing-package-files/">Changing package files</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/software/advance-testing-of-updates-in-best-practice-server-deployments/">Advance testing of updates in best practice server deployments</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/software/config-managers/">Configuration managers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/web-services/">Web services</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-40" name="toctree-checkbox-40" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-40"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Web services</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/web-services/about-web-servers/">About web servers</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/web-services/about-squid-proxy-servers/">About Squid proxy servers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/performance/">Performance</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-41" name="toctree-checkbox-41" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-41"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Performance</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/performance/perf-pgo/">Profile-Guided Optimization</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/performance/perf-tune-hwloc/">hwloc</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/performance/perf-tune-cpupower/">cpupower</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/performance/perf-tune-tuned/">TuneD</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/high-availability/">High availability</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-42" name="toctree-checkbox-42" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-42"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of High availability</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/high-availability/pacemaker-resource-agents/">Pacemaker resource agents</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/high-availability/pacemaker-fence-agents/">Pacemaker fence agents</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toctree-l2 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/multipath/">Multipath</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-43" name="toctree-checkbox-43" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-43"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Multipath</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/multipath/configuring-multipath/">Configuration options and overview</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/multipath/multipath-configuration-examples/">Configuration examples</a></li> <li class="toctree-l3"><a class="reference internal" href="explanation/multipath/common-multipath-tasks-and-procedures/">Common tasks and procedures</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <ul> <li class="toctree-l1 has-children"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/">Contributing</a><input class="toctree-checkbox" id="toctree-checkbox-44" name="toctree-checkbox-44" role="switch" type="checkbox"/><label for="toctree-checkbox-44"><div class="visually-hidden">Toggle navigation of Contributing</div><i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-arrow-right"></use></svg></i></label><ul> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/">Contribute to this documentation</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/contrib-types/">Types of contributions</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/gh-issues/">Find issues to work on</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/build-locally/">Build the documentation locally</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/writing-guidance/">Guidance for writing</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/submit-contribution/">Submitting your work</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/get-help/">Getting help</a></li> <li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="contributing/contributors/">Our contributors</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </aside> <div class="main"> <div class="content"> <div class="article-container"> <a href="#" class="back-to-top muted-link"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M13 20h-2V8l-5.5 5.5-1.42-1.42L12 4.16l7.92 7.92-1.42 1.42L13 8v12z"></path> </svg> <span>Back to top</span> </a> <div class="content-icon-container"> <div class="view-this-page"> <a class="muted-link" href="_sources/index.rst.txt" title="View this page"> <svg><use href="#svg-eye"></use></svg> <span class="visually-hidden">View this page</span> </a> </div> <div class="theme-toggle-container theme-toggle-content"> <button class="theme-toggle"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle Light / Dark / Auto color theme</div> <svg class="theme-icon-when-auto-light"><use href="#svg-sun-with-moon"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-auto-dark"><use href="#svg-moon-with-sun"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-dark"><use href="#svg-moon"></use></svg> <svg class="theme-icon-when-light"><use href="#svg-sun"></use></svg> </button> </div> <label class="toc-overlay-icon toc-content-icon" for="__toc"> <div class="visually-hidden">Toggle table of contents sidebar</div> <i class="icon"><svg><use href="#svg-toc"></use></svg></i> </label> </div> <article role="main" id="furo-main-content"> <section id="ubuntu-server-documentation"> <h1>Ubuntu Server documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#ubuntu-server-documentation" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h1> <p><strong>Ubuntu Server</strong> is a version of the Ubuntu operating system designed and engineered as a backbone for the internet.</p> <p>Ubuntu Server brings economic and technical scalability to your datacenter, public or private. Whether you want to deploy an OpenStack cloud, a Kubernetes cluster or a 50,000-node render farm, Ubuntu Server delivers the best value scale-out performance available.</p> <section id="in-this-documentation"> <h2>In this documentation<a class="headerlink" href="#in-this-documentation" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2> </section> <div class="sd-container-fluid sd-sphinx-override sd-m-0 docutils"> <div class="sd-row sd-row-cols-1 sd-row-cols-xs-1 sd-row-cols-sm-1 sd-row-cols-md-2 sd-row-cols-lg-2 sd-g-3 sd-g-xs-3 sd-g-sm-3 sd-g-md-3 sd-g-lg-3 docutils"> <div class="sd-col sd-d-flex-row docutils"> <div class="sd-card sd-sphinx-override sd-w-100 sd-shadow-sm docutils"> <div class="sd-card-body docutils"> <div class="sd-card-title sd-font-weight-bold docutils"> <a class="reference internal" href="tutorial/#tutorial"><span class="std std-ref">Tutorial</span></a></div> <p class="sd-card-text">Get started - a hands-on introduction to Ubuntu Server for new users</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sd-col sd-d-flex-row docutils"> <div class="sd-card sd-sphinx-override sd-w-100 sd-shadow-sm docutils"> <div class="sd-card-body docutils"> <div class="sd-card-title sd-font-weight-bold docutils"> <a class="reference internal" href="how-to/#how-to"><span class="std std-ref">How-to guides</span></a></div> <p class="sd-card-text">Step-by-step guides covering key operations and common tasks</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sd-col sd-d-flex-row docutils"> <div class="sd-card sd-sphinx-override sd-w-100 sd-shadow-sm docutils"> <div class="sd-card-body docutils"> <div class="sd-card-title sd-font-weight-bold docutils"> <a class="reference internal" href="explanation/#explanation"><span class="std std-ref">Explanation</span></a></div> <p class="sd-card-text">Concepts - <a class="reference internal" href="explanation/introduction-to/#explanation-introduction-to"><span class="std std-ref">Overviews of key topics</span></a>, as well as more in-depth discussion and clarification</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sd-col sd-d-flex-row docutils"> <div class="sd-card sd-sphinx-override sd-w-100 sd-shadow-sm docutils"> <div class="sd-card-body docutils"> <div class="sd-card-title sd-font-weight-bold docutils"> <a class="reference internal" href="reference/#reference"><span class="std std-ref">Reference</span></a></div> <p class="sd-card-text">Technical information - <a class="reference internal" href="reference/installation/system-requirements/#system-requirements"><span class="std std-ref">system requirements</span></a>, package specifications and architecture</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <section id="project-and-community"> <h2>Project and community<a class="headerlink" href="#project-and-community" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2> </section> <p>Ubuntu Server is a member of the Ubuntu family. It’s an open source project that welcomes community projects, contributions, suggestions, fixes and constructive feedback.</p> <p>If you find any errors or have suggestions for improvements, please use the “Give feedback” button at the top of every page. This will take you to GitHub where you can share your comments or let us know about bugs with any page.</p> <ul class="simple"> <li><p>Read our <a class="reference external" href="https://ubuntu.com/community/code-of-conduct">Code of Conduct</a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://ubuntu.com/support/community-support">Get support</a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://discourse.ubuntu.com/c/server/17">Join the Discourse forum</a></p></li> <li><p>Get in touch via the <code class="docutils literal notranslate"><span class="pre">#ubuntu-server</span></code> <a class="reference external" href="https://kiwiirc.com/nextclient/irc.libera.chat/ubuntu-server">IRC channel on Libera</a></p></li> <li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://ubuntu.com/server">Download Ubuntu Server</a></p></li> <li><p>Find out how to <a class="reference internal" href="contributing/#contribute"><span class="std std-ref">contribute to the Server Guide</span></a></p></li> </ul> <p>Thinking about using Ubuntu Server for your next project? <a class="reference external" href="https://ubuntu.com/server/contact-us?product=server">Get in touch!</a></p> <section id="pdf-versions"> <h2>PDF versions<a class="headerlink" href="#pdf-versions" title="Link to this heading">¶</a></h2> </section> <ul class="simple"> <li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://documentation.ubuntu.com/_/downloads/server/en/latest/pdf/">Current PDF</a> (for Ubuntu 20.04 LTS onwards)</p></li> <li><p><a class="reference external" href="https://assets.ubuntu.com/v1/8f8ea0cf-18-04-serverguide.pdf">Ubuntu 18.04 LTS PDF</a></p></li> </ul> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> </div> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> </div> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> </div> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> </div> <div class="toctree-wrapper compound"> </div> </section> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="related-pages"> </div> <div class="bottom-of-page"> <div class="left-details"> <div class="copyright"> Copyright © 2025, Canonical Group Ltd </div> <div class="last-updated"> Last updated on Mar 24, 2025</div> <div class="show-source"> <a class="muted-link" href="_sources/index.rst.txt" rel="nofollow">Show source</a> </div> </div> <div> <a class="display-contributors">Thanks to our contributor!</a> <div id="overlay"></div> <ul class="all-contributors"> <li> <a href="https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-server-documentation/commit/5a1b4bcd20afcb5540473f59790199ac809f8242" class="contributor">Sally</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="right-details"> <div class="ask-discourse"> <a class="muted-link" href="https://discourse.ubuntu.com/c/server/17">Ask a question on Discourse</a> </div> <div class="ask-mattermost"> <a class="muted-link" href="https://chat.canonical.com/canonical/channels/server">Ask a question on Mattermost</a> </div> <div class="ask-IRC"> <a class="muted-link" href="https://kiwiirc.com/nextclient/irc.libera.chat/ubuntu-server">Ask a question on IRC</a> </div> <div class="issue-github"> <a class="muted-link" href="https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-server-documentation/issues/new?title=doc%3A+ADD+A+TITLE&body=DESCRIBE+THE+ISSUE%0A%0A---%0ADocument: index.rst">Open a GitHub issue for this page</a> </div> <div class="edit-github"> <a class="muted-link" href="https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-server-documentation/edit/main/index.rst">Edit this page on GitHub</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> <aside class="toc-drawer"> <div class="toc-sticky toc-scroll"> <div class="toc-title-container"> <span class="toc-title"> Contents </span> </div> <div class="toc-tree-container"> <div class="toc-tree"> <ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#">Ubuntu Server documentation</a><ul> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#in-this-documentation">In this documentation</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#project-and-community">Project and community</a></li> <li><a class="reference internal" href="#pdf-versions">PDF versions</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </aside> </div> </div><script src="_static/jquery.js?v=5d32c60e"></script> <script src="_static/_sphinx_javascript_frameworks_compat.js?v=2cd50e6c"></script> <script src="_static/documentation_options.js?v=187304be"></script> <script src="_static/doctools.js?v=9bcbadda"></script> <script src="_static/sphinx_highlight.js?v=dc90522c"></script> <script src="_static/scripts/furo.js?v=5fa4622c"></script> <script src="_static/clipboard.min.js?v=a7894cd8"></script> <script src="_static/copybutton.js?v=f281be69"></script> <script src="_static/js/hoverxref.js"></script> <script src="_static/js/tooltipster.bundle.min.js"></script> <script src="_static/js/micromodal.min.js"></script> <script src="_static/design-tabs.js?v=f930bc37"></script> <script async="async" src="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/mathjax@3/es5/tex-mml-chtml.js"></script> <script src="_static/header-nav.js?v=e117ad08"></script> <script src="_static/footer.js?v=5acea47a"></script> <script src="_static/github_issue_links.js?v=10872a8a"></script> <script src="_static/js/bundle.js?v=4baf66b4"></script> <script> const github_url = "https://github.com/canonical/ubuntu-server-documentation"; </script> </body> </html>