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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_road_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_road_racing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_road_racing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early road racing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_road_racing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_course_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_course_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Race course evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_course_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Post-war era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racing_hazards_and_safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racing_hazards_and_safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Racing hazards and safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racing_hazards_and_safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Safety improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_road_racing_on_public_roads" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_road_racing_on_public_roads"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Modern road racing on public roads</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_road_racing_on_public_roads-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Road_racing_proliferation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Road_racing_proliferation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Road racing proliferation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Road_racing_proliferation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Road_racing_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Road racing (disambiguation)">Road racing (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Riverside_Raceway.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Riverside_Raceway.JPG/220px-Riverside_Raceway.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Riverside_Raceway.JPG/330px-Riverside_Raceway.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/55/Riverside_Raceway.JPG 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="510" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Riverside_International_Raceway" title="Riverside International Raceway">Riverside International Raceway</a> was an example of a road course</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Road racing</b> is a <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> term to describe <a href="/wiki/Motorsport" title="Motorsport">motorsport</a> <a href="/wiki/Racing" title="Racing">racing</a> held on a paved <a href="/wiki/Road_surface" title="Road surface">road surface</a>. The races can be held either on a <a href="/wiki/Race_track" title="Race track">closed circuit</a> or on a <a href="/wiki/Street_circuit" title="Street circuit">street circuit</a> utilizing temporarily closed public <a href="/wiki/Road" title="Road">roads</a>. The objective is to complete a predetermined number of circuit laps in the least amount of time, or to accumulate the most circuit laps within a predetermined time period. Originally, road races were held almost entirely on public roads. However, public safety concerns eventually led to most races being held on purpose-built racing circuits. </p><p>Road racing's origins were centered in Western Europe and Great Britain as motor vehicles became more common in the early 20th century. After the Second World War, automobile road races were organized into a series called the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> world championship sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_l%27Automobile" title="Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile">Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile</a> (FIA), while motorcycle road races were organized into the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motorcycle_racing" title="Grand Prix motorcycle racing">Grand Prix motorcycle racing</a> series and sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_Internationale_de_Motocyclisme" title="Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme">Fédération Internationale de Motocyclisme</a> (FIM).<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success and popularity of road racing has seen the sport spread across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other variations of road racing include; <a href="/wiki/Open-wheel_racing" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-wheel racing">open-wheel racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_car_racing" title="Sports car racing">sports car racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Touring_car_racing" title="Touring car racing">touring car racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">stock car racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Superbike_racing" title="Superbike racing">superbike racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Truck_racing" title="Truck racing">truck racing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kart_racing" title="Kart racing">kart racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endurance_racing_(motorsport)" title="Endurance racing (motorsport)">endurance racing</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_road_racing">History of road racing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of road racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_auto_racing" title="History of auto racing">History of auto racing</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_road_racing">Early road racing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early road racing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1906_French_Grand_Prix_Szisz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1906_French_Grand_Prix_Szisz.jpg/225px-1906_French_Grand_Prix_Szisz.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1906_French_Grand_Prix_Szisz.jpg/338px-1906_French_Grand_Prix_Szisz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1906_French_Grand_Prix_Szisz.jpg/450px-1906_French_Grand_Prix_Szisz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="366" /></a><figcaption>Automobiles competing in the 1906 French Grand Prix</figcaption></figure> <p>The first organized automobile race was held on July 22, 1894, from <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rouen" title="Rouen">Rouen</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8W_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8W-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_of_Automobile_Racing_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_of_Automobile_Racing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first held in the United States was a 54-mile competition from <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> to <a href="/wiki/Evanston,_Illinois" title="Evanston, Illinois">Evanston</a>, Illinois and return, held on November 27, 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1905, the <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bennett_Cup_(auto_racing)" title="Gordon Bennett Cup (auto racing)">Gordon Bennett Cup</a>, organized by the <a href="/wiki/Automobile_Club_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile Club de France">Automobile Club de France</a>, was considered the most important race in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dawn_of_Automobile_Racing_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dawn_of_Automobile_Racing-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-James_Gordon_Bennett_Cup_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Gordon_Bennett_Cup-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904, the <i>Association Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus</i> was formed by several European automobile clubs.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1904 the FIM created the international cup for motorcycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Motorcycle_Racing_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorcycle_Racing-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_history_about_motorcycle_racing_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_history_about_motorcycle_racing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first international motorcycle road race took place in 1905 at <a href="/wiki/Dourdan" title="Dourdan">Dourdan</a>, France.<sup id="cite_ref-Motorcycle_Racing_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motorcycle_Racing-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-The_history_about_motorcycle_racing_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_history_about_motorcycle_racing-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After disagreeing with Bennett Cup organizers over regulations limiting the number of entrants, the French automobile manufacturers responded in 1906 by organizing the first <a href="/wiki/1906_French_Grand_Prix" title="1906 French Grand Prix">French Grand Prix</a> race held at Le Mans.<sup id="cite_ref-James_Gordon_Bennett_Cup_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-James_Gordon_Bennett_Cup-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1910s, the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_National_Road_Races" class="mw-redirect" title="Elgin National Road Races">Elgin National Road Races</a> held on public roads around <a href="/wiki/Elgin,_Illinois" title="Elgin, Illinois">Elgin, Illinois</a> attracted competitors from around the country and drew large crowds of spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-Elgin_Road_Races_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elgin_Road_Races-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Elgin_Road_Race_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elgin_Road_Race-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Le_Mans" title="24 Hours of Le Mans">24 Hours of Le Mans</a> endurance race was held in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Automobile Racing Club of America was founded in 1933 and became the <a href="/wiki/Sports_Car_Club_of_America" title="Sports Car Club of America">Sports Car Club of America</a> in 1944. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_course_evolution">Race course evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Race course evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix motor racing</a></div> <p>The great majority of road races were run over a lengthy circuit of closed public roads, not purpose-built racing circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Sprint_Events_of_the_1920s_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sprint_Events_of_the_1920s-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was true of the Le Mans circuit of the 1906 French Grand Prix, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Targa_Florio" title="Targa Florio">Targa Florio</a> (run on 93 miles (150 km) of Sicilian roads), the 75 miles (121 km) German <a href="/wiki/Kaiserpreis" title="Kaiserpreis">Kaiserpreis</a> circuit in the <a href="/wiki/Taunus" title="Taunus">Taunus</a> mountains, the 48 miles (77 km) French circuit at Dieppe, used for the <a href="/wiki/1907_French_Grand_Prix" title="1907 French Grand Prix">1907 Grand Prix</a> and, the <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT" title="Isle of Man TT">Isle of Man TT</a> motorcycle road circuit first used in 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_Isle_of_Man_TT_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Isle_of_Man_TT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The exceptions were the steeply banked egg-shaped near oval circuit of <a href="/wiki/Brooklands" title="Brooklands">Brooklands</a> in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>, completed in 1906, the <a href="/wiki/Indianapolis_Motor_Speedway" title="Indianapolis Motor Speedway">Indianapolis Motor Speedway</a>, and the oval, banked speedways constructed in Europe at <a href="/wiki/Autodromo_Nazionale_Monza" class="mw-redirect" title="Autodromo Nazionale Monza">Monza</a> in 1922 and at <a href="/wiki/Autodrome_de_Linas-Montlh%C3%A9ry" title="Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry">Montlhéry</a> in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Road racing on public roads was banned in Great Britain in 1925 when a spectator was injured at the <a href="/wiki/Kop_Hill_Climb" title="Kop Hill Climb">Kop Hill Climb</a> event. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Automobile_Club" title="Royal Automobile Club">Royal Automobile Club</a> (R.A.C.) and the <a href="/wiki/Auto-Cycle_Union" title="Auto-Cycle Union">Auto-Cycle Union</a> (A.C.U.) stopped issuing permits for races on public roads, a policy that has not changed to this day.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Sprint_Events_of_the_1920s_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Sprint_Events_of_the_1920s-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Donington_Park" title="Donington Park">Donington Park</a> was the first permanent park circuit in the United Kingdom and held its first motorcycle race in 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As automobile and motorcycle technology improved, racers began to achieve higher speeds that caused an increasing number of accidents on roads not designed for motorized vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-A_Short_History_of_Endurance_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Short_History_of_Endurance-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public safety concerns ultimately caused the number of road racing events on public roads in Europe to decrease over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Short_History_of_Endurance_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Short_History_of_Endurance-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notable exceptions are the <a href="/wiki/Mille_Miglia" title="Mille Miglia">Mille Miglia</a> which was allowed to continue until 1957 and, the <a href="/wiki/Pau_Grand_Prix" title="Pau Grand Prix">Pau Grand Prix</a> which has been held on the city streets of Pau, France since 1933.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the First World War, automobile and motorcycle road racing competitions in Europe and in North America went in different directions.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automobile and motorcycle racing in the United States was typically <a href="/wiki/Oval_track_racing" title="Oval track racing">oval track racing</a> on paved tracks such as the Indianapolis Motor Speedway and the <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee_Mile" title="Milwaukee Mile">Milwaukee Mile</a> track, or on <a href="/wiki/Track_racing" title="Track racing">dirt tracks</a> using widely available horse racing circuits.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Automobile dirt track racing would develop into <a href="/wiki/Stock_car_racing" title="Stock car racing">stock car racing</a>. American racing also branched out into <a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">drag racing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nordschleife_Fuchsroehre_800x453.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nordschleife_Fuchsroehre_800x453.jpg/220px-Nordschleife_Fuchsroehre_800x453.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nordschleife_Fuchsroehre_800x453.jpg/330px-Nordschleife_Fuchsroehre_800x453.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Nordschleife_Fuchsroehre_800x453.jpg/440px-Nordschleife_Fuchsroehre_800x453.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>A section of the Nurburgring</figcaption></figure> <p>Road racing traditions in Europe, South America, Great Britain and the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="British Commonwealth">British Commonwealth</a> nations grew around races held on paved, public roads such as the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_de_la_Sarthe" title="Circuit de la Sarthe">Circuit de la Sarthe</a> circuit near the town of <a href="/wiki/Le_Mans" title="Le Mans">Le Mans</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_de_Spa-Francorchamps" title="Circuit de Spa-Francorchamps">Spa-Francorchamps</a> Circuit in Belgium and the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Panorama_Circuit" title="Mount Panorama Circuit">Mount Panorama Circuit</a> in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Certain European race circuits were situated in mountainous regions where the topography meant that the roads featured numerous curves and elevation changes, allowing the creation of sinuous and undulating race courses such as the <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCrburgring" title="Nürburgring">Nürburgring</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Eifel" title="Eifel">Eifel</a> mountains of Germany and the <a href="/wiki/Circuit_de_Charade" title="Circuit de Charade">Circuit de Charade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cha%C3%AEne_des_Puys" title="Chaîne des Puys">Chaîne des Puys</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Massif_Central" title="Massif Central">Massif Central</a> of France.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Volcanic_Rush_of_Clermont_Ferrand_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Volcanic_Rush_of_Clermont_Ferrand-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These circuits presented such a challenge that they were both feared and respected by racers. The 20.8 km (12.9 mi) long Nurburgring with more than 300 metres (1,000 feet) of elevation change from its lowest to highest points, was nicknamed "The Green Hell" by <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Stewart" title="Jackie Stewart">Jackie Stewart</a>, due to its challenging nature.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sinuous track layout of the Charade circuit caused some drivers like Jochen Rindt in the <a href="/wiki/1969_French_Grand_Prix" title="1969 French Grand Prix">1969 French Grand Prix</a> to complain of <a href="/wiki/Motion_sickness" title="Motion sickness">motion sickness</a>, and wear open face helmets just in case.<sup id="cite_ref-The_Volcanic_Rush_of_Clermont_Ferrand_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_Volcanic_Rush_of_Clermont_Ferrand-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_era">Post-war era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-war era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Formula_One" title="History of Formula One">History of Formula One</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vlak_na_de_start,_Brabham,_Moss,_Surtees,_Taylor,_Hermann,_Bestanddeelnr_912-5054.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vlak_na_de_start%2C_Brabham%2C_Moss%2C_Surtees%2C_Taylor%2C_Hermann%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-5054.jpg/220px-Vlak_na_de_start%2C_Brabham%2C_Moss%2C_Surtees%2C_Taylor%2C_Hermann%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-5054.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vlak_na_de_start%2C_Brabham%2C_Moss%2C_Surtees%2C_Taylor%2C_Hermann%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-5054.jpg/330px-Vlak_na_de_start%2C_Brabham%2C_Moss%2C_Surtees%2C_Taylor%2C_Hermann%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-5054.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vlak_na_de_start%2C_Brabham%2C_Moss%2C_Surtees%2C_Taylor%2C_Hermann%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-5054.jpg/440px-Vlak_na_de_start%2C_Brabham%2C_Moss%2C_Surtees%2C_Taylor%2C_Hermann%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-5054.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3675" data-file-height="2442" /></a><figcaption>Formula One road racing action during the <a href="/wiki/1961_Dutch_Grand_Prix" title="1961 Dutch Grand Prix">1961 Dutch Grand Prix</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1949 the FIM introduced the Grand Prix motorcycle racing world championship with the <a href="/wiki/1949_Isle_of_Man_TT" title="1949 Isle of Man TT">1949 Isle of Man TT</a> being the inaugural event.<sup id="cite_ref-History_of_the_Isle_of_Man_TT_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History_of_the_Isle_of_Man_TT-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the exception of the Monza circuit, all the Grand Prix races were held on <a href="/wiki/Street_circuit" title="Street circuit">street circuits</a>. The Association Internationale des Automobiles Clubs Reconnus was renamed the Fédération Internationale de l’Automobile in 1946 and, plans were developed for a road racing world championship. In <a href="/wiki/1950_Formula_One_season" title="1950 Formula One season">1950</a>, the FIA created the Formula One world championship, a competition of seven rounds that included the Indianapolis 500.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FIA_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FIA-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Formula I manufacturers' championship was begun in 1955. </p><p>The success of American racers such as <a href="/wiki/Phil_Hill" title="Phil Hill">Phil Hill</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dan_Gurney" title="Dan Gurney">Dan Gurney</a> in Formula One in the late 1950s sparked to a renewal of interest in road racing in the United States and, led to the construction of new road racing circuits such as <a href="/wiki/Riverside_International_Raceway" title="Riverside International Raceway">Riverside International Raceway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Road_America" title="Road America">Road America</a> and <a href="/wiki/WeatherTech_Raceway_Laguna_Seca" class="mw-redirect" title="WeatherTech Raceway Laguna Seca">Laguna Seca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1964 <a href="/wiki/United_States_motorcycle_Grand_Prix" title="United States motorcycle Grand Prix">United States motorcycle Grand Prix</a> was held at the <a href="/wiki/Daytona_International_Speedway" title="Daytona International Speedway">Daytona International Speedway</a> and led to increased international prominence for the <a href="/wiki/Daytona_200" title="Daytona 200">Daytona 200</a> road race which peaked in 1974 with the victory by 15-time world champion <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Agostini" title="Giacomo Agostini">Giacomo Agostini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grand_Prix_Motorcycle_Racers:_The_American_Heroes-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Racing_hazards_and_safety">Racing hazards and safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Racing hazards and safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dangers associated with the increasing speeds at road races were highlighted by the <a href="/wiki/1955_Le_Mans_disaster" title="1955 Le Mans disaster">1955 Le Mans disaster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Auto_Racing's_Deadliest_Day_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Auto_Racing's_Deadliest_Day-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With spectators seated near the edges of the circuit, two race cars came into contact causing one of the vehicles to crash into the embankment, where it exploded in a ball of flames and then plowed through the crowd of spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Auto_Racing's_Deadliest_Day_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Auto_Racing's_Deadliest_Day-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the driver of the race car, 83 spectators were killed and 120 were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Auto_Racing's_Deadliest_Day_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Auto_Racing's_Deadliest_Day-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Auto racing was temporarily banned in several countries after the Le Mans disaster until safety was improved for spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Auto_Racing's_Deadliest_Day_34-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Auto_Racing's_Deadliest_Day-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Switzerland would not allow circuit racing until the <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich_ePrix" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich ePrix">Zürich ePrix</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Formula One championship experienced its worst tragedy during the <a href="/wiki/1961_Italian_Grand_Prix" title="1961 Italian Grand Prix">1961 Italian Grand Prix</a> at Monza, when driver <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_von_Trips" title="Wolfgang von Trips">Wolfgang von Trips</a> lost control of his <a href="/wiki/Scuderia_Ferrari" title="Scuderia Ferrari">Ferrari</a> and crashed into a stand full of spectators, killing 15 and himself.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1970, <a href="/wiki/Jochen_Rindt" title="Jochen Rindt">Jochen Rindt</a> won the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_World_Drivers%27_Champions" title="List of Formula One World Drivers' Champions">Formula One drivers' championship</a> posthumously, the only man to do so, underlining the continuing risks associated with road racing.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tragedies highlighted the need for improved safety standards for both drivers and spectators; safety would continue to be an issue throughout the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When motorcycle racer <a href="/wiki/Gilberto_Parlotti" title="Gilberto Parlotti">Gilberto Parlotti</a> was killed while competing in the <a href="/wiki/1972_Isle_of_Man_TT" title="1972 Isle of Man TT">1972 Isle of Man TT</a>, it sparked a rider's boycott of the event led by multi-time world champion, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Agostini" title="Giacomo Agostini">Giacomo Agostini</a>, a close friend of Parlotti.<sup id="cite_ref-Motocourse:_50_Years_Of_Moto_Grand_Prix_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motocourse:_50_Years_Of_Moto_Grand_Prix-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once the most prestigious race of the year, the event was increasingly boycotted by the top riders, and in 1976, the Isle of Man TT finally succumbed to pressure for increased safety in racing events and had its world championship status revoked by the FIM.<sup id="cite_ref-Motocourse:_50_Years_Of_Moto_Grand_Prix_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motocourse:_50_Years_Of_Moto_Grand_Prix-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TemporadaRiccione_1969WP.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TemporadaRiccione_1969WP.JPG/375px-TemporadaRiccione_1969WP.JPG" decoding="async" width="375" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TemporadaRiccione_1969WP.JPG/563px-TemporadaRiccione_1969WP.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/TemporadaRiccione_1969WP.JPG/750px-TemporadaRiccione_1969WP.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1240" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Motorcyclists compete in a 1969 road race held on the <a href="/wiki/Riccione" title="Riccione">Riccione</a> street circuit in Italy. Notice the rudimentary safety barrier of hay bales placed among trees and telephone poles lining the circuit.</figcaption></figure> <p>Another motorcycle racing incident occurred at Monza during the 1973 <a href="/wiki/Italian_motorcycle_Grand_Prix" title="Italian motorcycle Grand Prix">Italian motorcycle Grand Prix</a> when a racing accident claimed the lives of world champion <a href="/wiki/Jarno_Saarinen" title="Jarno Saarinen">Jarno Saarinen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renzo_Pasolini" title="Renzo Pasolini">Renzo Pasolini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-The_darkest_day_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_darkest_day-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the von Trips accident in 1961, the Monza Circuit had been lined with steel barriers as a result of demands by automobile racers. Most auto racers believed steel barriers would improve safety for auto racers and spectators, but they had the opposite effect for motorcyclists and proved fatal for Saarinen and Pasolini.<sup id="cite_ref-The_darkest_day_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_darkest_day-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MonzaNet1972_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MonzaNet1972-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dangers of street circuits was further exposed at the <a href="/wiki/1975_Spanish_Grand_Prix" title="1975 Spanish Grand Prix">1975 Spanish Grand Prix</a> held on the twisty, tree-lined <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_circuit" title="Montjuïc circuit">Montjuich circuit</a> in Barcelona.<sup id="cite_ref-Protests_in_the_Park_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protests_in_the_Park-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The racing drivers found that the circuit's safety barriers had been shoddily installed and threatened to strike if the barriers were not brought up to standard.<sup id="cite_ref-Protests_in_the_Park_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protests_in_the_Park-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under pressure from race organizers, the race was started only to be stopped after 29 laps when the car of <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Stommelen" title="Rolf Stommelen">Rolf Stommelen</a> plowed into the crowd, killing four spectators.<sup id="cite_ref-Protests_in_the_Park_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Protests_in_the_Park-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_improvements">Safety improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the late 1970s, the popularity of Grand Prix road racing attracted <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">corporate sponsors</a> and lucrative television contracts which, led to an increased level of professionalism.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Motocourse:_50_Years_Of_Moto_Grand_Prix_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motocourse:_50_Years_Of_Moto_Grand_Prix-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Road racers organized to demand that stricter safety regulations be adopted by sanctioning bodies in relation to race track safety and race organizers requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One_31-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Motocourse:_50_Years_Of_Moto_Grand_Prix_37-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Motocourse:_50_Years_Of_Moto_Grand_Prix-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Race circuits that had originally been public roads were widened and modified to include <a href="/wiki/Chicanes" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicanes">chicanes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Run-off_area" title="Run-off area">run-off areas</a> while, some circuits were shortened to reduce the number of safety personnel required. These changes saw a dramatic decrease in deaths and accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-Safety_Improvements_in_Formula_One_Since_1963_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safety_Improvements_in_Formula_One_Since_1963-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_road_racing_on_public_roads">Modern road racing on public roads</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern road racing on public roads"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 1980s, motorcycle Grand Prix and the Formula One races were held on purpose built race circuits with the exception of the <a href="/wiki/Monaco_Grand_Prix" title="Monaco Grand Prix">Monaco Grand Prix</a> held on the city streets of Monaco. Street circuits such as the <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_circuit" title="Montjuïc circuit">Montjuïc circuit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Opatija_Circuit" title="Opatija Circuit">Opatija Circuit</a> with their numerous unmovable roadside obstacles, such as trees, stone walls, lampposts and buildings, were gradually removed from world championship competition.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One_31-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Brief_History_of_Formula_One-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Safety_Improvements_in_Formula_One_Since_1963_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Safety_Improvements_in_Formula_One_Since_1963-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although events held on closed public roads such as the Isle of Man TT, lost their world championship status due to their considerable safety risk, their popularity continued to flourish leading to a branch of road racing known as <a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing#Traditional_road_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">Traditional Road Racing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional road racing on closed public roads is popular in the United Kingdom, New Zealand and parts of Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Duke_Road_Racing_Rankings" title="Duke Road Racing Rankings">Duke Road Racing Rankings</a> was established in 2002 to establish rider classifications in traditional road racing events such as the <a href="/wiki/North_West_200" title="North West 200">North West 200</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Grand_Prix" title="Ulster Grand Prix">Ulster Grand Prix</a>. </p><p>In Formula One, street circuits have made a comeback with the <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_Grand_Prix_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit">Melbourne Grand Prix Circuit</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baku_City_Circuit" title="Baku City Circuit">Baku City Circuit</a> joining the Circuit de Monaco as part of the world championship. There are no street circuits being used in MotoGP racing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. In North America, racing on public streets takes place at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_of_Long_Beach" title="Grand Prix of Long Beach">Grand Prix of Long Beach</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Firestone_Grand_Prix_of_St._Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg">Firestone Grand Prix of St. Petersburg</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Grand_Prix_(IndyCar)" title="Detroit Grand Prix (IndyCar)">Detroit Grand Prix</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Honda_Indy_Toronto" class="mw-redirect" title="Honda Indy Toronto">Honda Indy Toronto</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Road_racing_proliferation">Road racing proliferation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Road racing proliferation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oreca_and_Peugeot_908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oreca_and_Peugeot_908.jpg/220px-Oreca_and_Peugeot_908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oreca_and_Peugeot_908.jpg/330px-Oreca_and_Peugeot_908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Oreca_and_Peugeot_908.jpg/440px-Oreca_and_Peugeot_908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="1528" /></a><figcaption>Sports cars negotiating curves during the Le Mans 24 Hours</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fina_mundial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fina_mundial.jpg/350px-Fina_mundial.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Fina_mundial.jpg/525px-Fina_mundial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/25/Fina_mundial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption>Karts competing in a road race</figcaption></figure> <p>The popularity of Formula One and motorcycle Grand Prix racing led to the formation of road racing world championships for other types of vehicles. In 1953, the FIA sanctioned a world championship for sports car racing which combined the Le Mans 24 Hours, the Mille Miglia, the <a href="/wiki/12_Hours_of_Sebring" title="12 Hours of Sebring">12 Hours of Sebring</a>, the <a href="/wiki/24_Hours_of_Spa" class="mw-redirect" title="24 Hours of Spa">24 Hours of Spa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/6_Hours_of_N%C3%BCrburgring" title="6 Hours of Nürburgring">1000km of the Nurburgring</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> held its first road race in 1957 at the <a href="/wiki/Watkins_Glen_International" title="Watkins Glen International">Watkins Glen International</a> circuit with <a href="/wiki/Buddy_Baker" title="Buddy Baker">Buddy Baker</a> as the winner.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FIA launched the <a href="/wiki/European_Touring_Car_Championship" title="European Touring Car Championship">European Touring Car Championship</a> in 1963.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FIA created the International Karting Commission (CIK) in 1962 and, in 1964, the first CIK <a href="/wiki/Karting_World_Championship" title="Karting World Championship">Karting World Championship</a> was won by <a href="/wiki/Guido_Sala" title="Guido Sala">Guido Sala</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Karting has become a significant step in the development of road racers including Formula One world champion <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Hamilton" title="Lewis Hamilton">Lewis Hamilton</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_Truck_Racing_Championship" title="European Truck Racing Championship">European Truck Racing Championship</a> was founded in 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Superbike_World_Championship" title="Superbike World Championship">Superbike World Championship</a> for road-going production motorcycles was created in <a href="/wiki/1988_Superbike_World_Championship" title="1988 Superbike World Championship">1988</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As road racing grew in popularity it eventually expanded across the globe with Grand Prix road races having been held on six continents.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Expansion of the Formula One and MotoGP series has resulted in many dedicated tracks being built, like in <a href="/wiki/Losail_International_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Losail International Circuit">Qatar</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepang_International_Circuit" title="Sepang International Circuit">Sepang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Circuit" title="Shanghai International Circuit">Shanghai</a> in <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drag_racing" title="Drag racing">Drag racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_racing" title="Formula racing">Formula racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillclimbing" title="Hillclimbing">Hillclimbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_TT" title="Isle of Man TT">Isle of Man TT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_circuits" title="List of Formula One circuits">List of Formula One circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Grand_Prix_motorcycle_circuits" title="List of Grand Prix motorcycle circuits">List of Grand Prix motorcycle circuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_track_racing" title="Oval track racing">Oval track racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Street_circuit" title="Street circuit">Street circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superkart" title="Superkart">Superkart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motorcycle_racing#Traditional_road_racing" title="Motorcycle racing">Traditional Road Racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Superbike_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Superbike Championship">World Superbike Championship</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Road_racing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Automobile_Racing-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Automobile_Racing_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/automobile-racing">"Automobile Racing"</a>. britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Automobile+Racing&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Fautomobile-racing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://motogp.hondaracingcorporation.com/history/">"The History of Motorcycle Racing"</a>. hondaracingcorporation.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Motorcycle+Racing&rft.pub=hondaracingcorporation.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmotogp.hondaracingcorporation.com%2Fhistory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8W-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8W_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRémi_Paolozzi2003" class="citation web cs1">Rémi Paolozzi (May 28, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forix.autosport.com/8w/bdb.html">"The cradle of motorsport"</a>. <i>Welcome to Who? What? Where? When? Why? on the World Wide Web</i>. Forix, Autosport, 8W.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welcome+to+Who%3F+What%3F+Where%3F+When%3F+Why%3F+on+the+World+Wide+Web&rft.atitle=The+cradle+of+motorsport&rft.date=2003-05-28&rft.au=R%C3%A9mi+Paolozzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforix.autosport.com%2F8w%2Fbdb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawn_of_Automobile_Racing-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_of_Automobile_Racing_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dawn_of_Automobile_Racing_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandprixhistory.org/story.htm">"Dawn of Automobile Racing"</a>. grandprixhistory.org. November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dawn+of+Automobile+Racing&rft.pub=grandprixhistory.org&rft.date=2010-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grandprixhistory.org%2Fstory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/duryea.htm">"America's First Automobile Race, 1895"</a>. eyewitnesstohistory.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=America%27s+First+Automobile+Race%2C+1895&rft.pub=eyewitnesstohistory.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyewitnesstohistory.com%2Fduryea.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-James_Gordon_Bennett_Cup-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-James_Gordon_Bennett_Cup_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-James_Gordon_Bennett_Cup_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.firstsuperspeedway.com/articles/category/68">"James Gordon Bennett Cup"</a>. firstsuperspeedway.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+Gordon+Bennett+Cup&rft.pub=firstsuperspeedway.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstsuperspeedway.com%2Farticles%2Fcategory%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fia.com/organisation">"About FIA"</a>. fia.com. 24 February 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+FIA&rft.pub=fia.com&rft.date=2015-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fia.com%2Forganisation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Motorcycle_Racing-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Motorcycle_Racing_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Motorcycle_Racing_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/sports/motorcycle-racing">"Motorcycle Racing"</a>. britannica.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Motorcycle+Racing&rft.pub=britannica.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fsports%2Fmotorcycle-racing&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_history_about_motorcycle_racing-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_history_about_motorcycle_racing_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_history_about_motorcycle_racing_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rideumba.com/motorcycle-racing/">"The history about motorcycle racing"</a>. rideumba.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+First+French+Grand+Prix&rft.pub=firstsuperspeedway.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstsuperspeedway.com%2Farticles%2Ffirst-french-grand-prix-1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elgin_Road_Races-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elgin_Road_Races_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=55454">"Elgin Road Races"</a>. The Historical Marker Database<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elgin+Road+Races&rft.pub=The+Historical+Marker+Database&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hmdb.org%2Fm.asp%3Fm%3D55454&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elgin_Road_Race-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Elgin_Road_Race_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elginhistory.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Elgin-Road-Race.pdf">"Elgin Road Race"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. elginhistory.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Elgin+Road+Race&rft.pub=elginhistory.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felginhistory.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F04%2FElgin-Road-Race.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.illinois.gov/dnrhistoric/Research/IllinoisHistory/Documents/Apr041.pdf">"The Elgin National Road Race"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. illinois.gov<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Elgin+National+Road+Race&rft.pub=illinois.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.illinois.gov%2Fdnrhistoric%2FResearch%2FIllinoisHistory%2FDocuments%2FApr041.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.silhouet.com/motorsport/lemans.html">"Le Mans History"</a>. silhouet.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 17,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Mans+History&rft.pub=silhouet.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.silhouet.com%2Fmotorsport%2Flemans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Sprint_Events_of_the_1920s-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Sprint_Events_of_the_1920s_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Sprint_Events_of_the_1920s_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/archive/article/april-1955/21/sprint-events-1920s">"The Sprint Events of the 1920s"</a>. motorsportmagazine.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sprint+Events+of+the+1920s&rft.pub=motorsportmagazine.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.motorsportmagazine.com%2Farchive%2Farticle%2Fapril-1955%2F21%2Fsprint-events-1920s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoad+racing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grandprixhistory.org/targaflorio1.htm">"Targa Florio"</a>. grandprixhistory.org. 8 August 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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