CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Printing - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4b7727b5-d7f0-4fa9-9e32-00fbbdf449bb","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Printing","wgTitle":"Printing","wgCurRevisionId":1281680838,"wgRevisionId":1281680838,"wgArticleId":44723,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","CS1 German-language sources (de)","CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)","CS1: unfit URL","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use mdy dates from April 2012","Articles containing Korean-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing French-language text","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference","Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia","Printing","Documents","Textual scholarship","History of printing"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Printing","wgRelevantArticleId":44723,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q11034","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.tablesorter.styles":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.tmh.player","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.tablesorter","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cjquery.tablesorter.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Collage_of_printing.png/1200px-Collage_of_printing.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Collage_of_printing.png/960px-Collage_of_printing.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="640"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Printing - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="auth.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Printing rootpage-Printing skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Printing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Printing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Printing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Printing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Woodblock_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Woodblock_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Woodblock printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Woodblock_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>In East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>In the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>In Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Movable-type_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Movable-type_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Movable-type printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Movable-type_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_printing_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_printing_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>The printing press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_printing_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rotary_printing_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rotary_printing_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Rotary printing press</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rotary_printing_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Printing_capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Printing_capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Printing capacity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Printing_capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conventional_printing_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conventional_printing_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Conventional printing technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Conventional_printing_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Conventional printing technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Conventional_printing_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crop_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crop_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Crop marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crop_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Letterpress" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Letterpress"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Letterpress</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Letterpress-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Offset" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Offset"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Offset</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Offset-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gravure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gravure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Gravure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gravure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flexography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flexography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Flexography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flexography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_printing_techniques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_printing_techniques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Other printing techniques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_printing_techniques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_of_German_movable_type_printing_press" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_of_German_movable_type_printing_press"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact of German movable type printing press</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact_of_German_movable_type_printing_press-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Impact of German movable type printing press subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Impact_of_German_movable_type_printing_press-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quantitative_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quantitative_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Quantitative aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quantitative_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Religious impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Social impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Educational_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Educational_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Educational impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Educational_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_language_of_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_language_of_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.1</span> <span>The language of scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_language_of_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-University_libraries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#University_libraries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.2</span> <span>University libraries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-University_libraries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Curriculum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Curriculum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4.3</span> <span>Curriculum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Curriculum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison_of_printing_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison_of_printing_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Comparison of printing methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison_of_printing_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Digital printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_printing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_printing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>3D printing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_printing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Major sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_printers_manuals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_printers_manuals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Early printers manuals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_printers_manuals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Printing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 117 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-117" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">117 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drukkerswese" title="Drukkerswese – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Drukkerswese" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchdruck" title="Buchdruck – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Buchdruck" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%A9" title="طباعة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طباعة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresi%C3%B3n" title="Impresión – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Impresión" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%BA%D5%A1%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տպագրութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տպագրութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresi%C3%B3n" title="Impresión – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Impresión" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuatia%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD_apo" title="Kuatiañe'ẽ apo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuatiañe'ẽ apo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99tb%C9%99%C9%99" title="Mətbəə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Mətbəə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A3" title="মুদ্রণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মুদ্রণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cn-soat" title="Ìn-soat – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Ìn-soat" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D2%AB%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Китап баҫыу – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Китап баҫыу" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Друк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Друк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Друк – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Друк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprenta" title="Imprenta – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Imprenta" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Печатарство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Печатарство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druck" title="Druck – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Druck" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tamparstvo" title="Štamparstvo – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Štamparstvo" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moulla%C3%B1" title="Moullañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Moullañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Хэблэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хэблэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressi%C3%B3" title="Impressió – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Impressió" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisk" title="Tisk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tisk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsikisa" title="Kutsikisa – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Kutsikisa" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argraffu" title="Argraffu – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Argraffu" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bogtryk" title="Bogtryk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bogtryk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchdruck" title="Buchdruck – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Buchdruck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%BCkikunst" title="Trükikunst – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Trükikunst" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%85%CF%80%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Τυπογραφία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τυπογραφία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresi%C3%B3n" title="Impresión – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Impresión" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presarto" title="Presarto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Presarto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inprimatze" title="Inprimatze – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Inprimatze" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="چاپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چاپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chhaapna" title="Chhaapna – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chhaapna" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprimerie" title="Imprimerie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Imprimerie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekdrukkeunst" title="Boekdrukkeunst – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Boekdrukkeunst" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B3d%C3%B3ireacht" title="Clódóireacht – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Clódóireacht" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cl%C3%B2-bhualadh" title="Clò-bhualadh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Clò-bhualadh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impresi%C3%B3n" title="Impresión – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Impresión" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="印刷" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B8%EC%87%84" title="인쇄 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="인쇄" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing" title="Printing – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Printing" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%BA%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Գրատպություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրատպություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="मुद्रण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मुद्रण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiskarstvo" title="Tiskarstvo – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tiskarstvo" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprim-arto" title="Imprim-arto – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imprim-arto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percetakan" title="Percetakan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Percetakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%8B%D1%85%D1%83%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%BA%C3%A6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Мыхуыркæнынад – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мыхуыркæнынад" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentun" title="Prentun – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Prentun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa" title="Stampa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Stampa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A1" title="דפוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דפוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ta%C9%A3%CA%8A%CA%8A_t%CA%8Am%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Taɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Taɣʊʊ tʊmɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3" title="ಮುದ್ರಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುದ್ರಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%93%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ბეჭდვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეჭდვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%83_%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Кітап басу ісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кітап басу ісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uchapaji" title="Uchapaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uchapaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8s_%C3%A9krit" title="Près ékrit – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Près ékrit" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impressio" title="Impressio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Impressio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iespie%C5%A1ana" title="Iespiešana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Iespiešana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spauda" title="Spauda – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spauda" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa" title="Stampa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Stampa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookdr%C3%B6kk%C3%B3ns" title="Bookdrökkóns – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bookdrökkóns" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyomtat%C3%A1s_(nyomd%C3%A1szat)" title="Nyomtatás (nyomdászat) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nyomtatás (nyomdászat)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5" title="Печатење – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Печатење" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%BF" title="അച്ചടി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അച്ചടി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A3" title="मुद्रण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मुद्रण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencetakan" title="Pencetakan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencetakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AD%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%81%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ပုံနှိပ်ခြင်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပုံနှိပ်ခြင်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boekdrukkunst" title="Boekdrukkunst – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Boekdrukkunst" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookdrukkunst" title="Bookdrukkunst – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Bookdrukkunst" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ध्वायेज्या – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ध्वायेज्या" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="印刷" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Книгашна зорба тохар – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Книгашна зорба тохар" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trykking" title="Trykking – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trykking" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trykking" title="Trykking – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Trykking" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impression" title="Impression – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Impression" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitob_bosish" title="Kitob bosish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kitob bosish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88" title="ਛਪਾਈ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛਪਾਈ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="چھپائی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چھپائی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE" title="چاپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printin" title="Printin – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Printin" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stampa" title="Stampa – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stampa" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bookdruck" title="Bookdruck – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bookdruck" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Druk" title="Druk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Druk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Impress%C3%A3o" title="Impressão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Impressão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matbaac%C4%B1l%C4%B1q" title="Matbaacılıq – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Matbaacılıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tip%C4%83rire" title="Tipărire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tipărire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liwru_ch%27ipachina" title="Liwru ch'ipachina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Liwru ch'ipachina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Друкарство – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Друкарство" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Печатание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Печатание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prentin" title="Prentin – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Prentin" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shtypi" title="Shtypi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shtypi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB%E0%B6%BA" title="මුද්‍රණය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මුද්‍රණය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printing" title="Printing – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Printing" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="ڇپائي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇپائي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kn%C3%ADhtla%C4%8D" title="Kníhtlač – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Kníhtlač" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tisk" title="Tisk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tisk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%BE%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="چاپکردن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="چاپکردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Штампарство – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Штампарство" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0tamparstvo" title="Štamparstvo – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Štamparstvo" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painaminen" title="Painaminen – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Painaminen" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryckteknik" title="Tryckteknik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tryckteknik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paglilimbag" title="Paglilimbag – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Paglilimbag" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="அச்சிடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அச்சிடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Матбагачылык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Матбагачылык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%A3" title="ముద్రణ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ముద్రణ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%8C" title="การพิมพ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การพิมพ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matbaac%C4%B1l%C4%B1k" title="Matbaacılık – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Matbaacılık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Друкарство – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Друкарство" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA" title="طباعت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="طباعت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaenq" title="Yaenq – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Yaenq" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/In_%E1%BA%A5n" title="In ấn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="In ấn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imprimreye" title="Imprimreye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Imprimreye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pagpapatik" title="Pagpapatik – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pagpapatik" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="印刷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99" title="דרוקעריי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="דרוקעריי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="印刷" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%88%B7" title="印刷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="印刷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangaronghoman" title="Pangaronghoman – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Pangaronghoman" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11034#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Printing" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Printing" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Printing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Printing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Printing" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Printing" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&oldid=1281680838" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Printing&id=1281680838&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrinting"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPrinting"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Printing&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Printing" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Printing" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11034" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process for reproducing text and images</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collage_of_printing.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Collage_of_printing.png/330px-Collage_of_printing.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Collage_of_printing.png/500px-Collage_of_printing.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Collage_of_printing.png/960px-Collage_of_printing.png 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>From top to bottom, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seal</a> of a scene, block used for <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a>, <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithograph</a> press, <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset</a> press used for modern lithographic printing, <a href="/wiki/Linotype_machine" title="Linotype machine">linotype machine</a> for <a href="/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">hot metal typesetting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">digital printer</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printer</a> in action.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg/250px-Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg/330px-Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg/500px-Chodowiecki_Basedow_Tafel_21_c_Z.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="955" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Techniques</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="infobox" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">200</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1040</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio (printmaking)</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1430</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1440</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">Etching</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1515</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Mezzotint" title="Mezzotint">Mezzotint</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1642</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">Relief printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1690</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Aquatint" title="Aquatint">Aquatint</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1772</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">Lithography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1796</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Chromolithography" title="Chromolithography">Chromolithography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1837</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">Rotary press</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1843</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Hectograph" title="Hectograph">Hectograph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1860</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">Offset printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1875</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Hot_metal_typesetting" title="Hot metal typesetting">Hot metal typesetting</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1884</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Mimeograph" title="Mimeograph">Mimeograph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1885</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Daisy_wheel_printing" title="Daisy wheel printing">Daisy wheel printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1889</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Photostat_machine" title="Photostat machine">Photostat and rectigraph</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1907</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screen printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1911</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Spirit_duplicator" title="Spirit duplicator">Spirit duplicator</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1923</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printing" title="Dot matrix printing">Dot matrix printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1925</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">Xerography</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1938</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Spark_printing" title="Spark printing">Spark printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1940</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Phototypesetting" title="Phototypesetting">Phototypesetting</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1949</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printing" title="Inkjet printing">Inkjet printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1950</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Dye-sublimation_printing" title="Dye-sublimation printing">Dye-sublimation</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1957</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">Laser printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1969</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">Thermal printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;"><span title="circa">c.</span><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1972</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">Solid ink printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1972</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Thermal-transfer_printing" title="Thermal-transfer printing">Thermal-transfer printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1981</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;padding-right:01:"><a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">Digital printing</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:right;white-space:nowrap;">1991</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_printing" title="Template:History of printing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_printing" title="Template talk:History of printing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_printing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of printing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: #ddf;"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Management</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Key concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_activation" title="Marketing activation">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_licensing" title="Brand licensing">Brand licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-creation" title="Co-creation">Co-creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_communications" title="Marketing communications">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_behaviour" title="Consumer behaviour">Consumer behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_culture" title="Consumer culture">Consumer culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (economics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_effectiveness" title="Marketing effectiveness">Effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_ethics" title="Marketing ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_mix" title="Marketing mix">MiX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_segmentation" title="Market segmentation">Segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannibalization_(marketing)" title="Cannibalization (marketing)">Cannibalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Account-based_marketing" title="Account-based marketing">Account-based marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_marketing" title="Social marketing">Social marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influencer_marketing" title="Influencer marketing">Influencer marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attribution_(marketing)" title="Attribution (marketing)">Attribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annoyance_factor" title="Annoyance factor">Annoyance factor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_integration" title="Horizontal integration">Horizontal integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_integration" title="Vertical integration">Vertical integration</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Promotional content</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambush_marketing" title="Ambush marketing">Ambush marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_anniversary" title="Corporate anniversary">Corporate anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">Direct marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franchising" title="Franchising">Franchising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobile marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_on_hold" title="Music on hold">On-hold messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_selling" title="Personal selling">Personal selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_(marketing)" title="Premium (marketing)">Premiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_(marketing)" title="Prize (marketing)">Prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Sales promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_spot" title="Underwriting spot">Underwriting spot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Promotional media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral targeting">Behavioral targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_ambassador" title="Brand ambassador">Brand ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Display advertising">Display advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_marketing" title="Drip marketing">Drip marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-game_advertising" title="In-game advertising">In-game advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">Mobile advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">Native advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Online advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-home_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-home advertising">Out-of-home advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">Point of sale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_representative" title="Promotional representative">Promotional representative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">Web banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word-of-mouth</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eef; text-align: center;;color: var(--color-base)">Research</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Market_research" title="Market research">Market research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_research" title="Marketing research">Marketing research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_shopping" title="Mystery shopping">Mystery shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_research" class="mw-redirect" title="Consumer research">Consumer research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marketing" title="Template:Marketing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marketing" title="Template talk:Marketing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marketing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marketing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Printing</b> is a process for mass reproducing text and <a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">images</a> using a master form or template. The earliest non-paper products involving printing include <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_seal" title="Cylinder seal">cylinder seals</a> and objects such as the <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cylinders_of_Nabonidus" title="Cylinders of Nabonidus">Cylinders of Nabonidus</a>. The earliest known form of printing evolved from <a href="/wiki/Ink_rubbing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ink rubbing">ink rubbings</a> made on paper or cloth from texts on stone tablets, used during the sixth century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien19858_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien19858-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Printing by pressing an inked image onto paper (using <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a>) appeared later that century.<sup id="cite_ref-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later developments in printing technology include the <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> around 1040<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Great_Chinese_Inventions_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great_Chinese_Inventions-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> invented by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> in the 15th century. The technology of printing played a key role in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a> and laid the material basis for the modern knowledge-based economy and the spread of learning to the masses.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Woodblock_printing">Woodblock printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Woodblock printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">Woodblock printing</a> is a technique for printing text, images or patterns that was used widely throughout East Asia. It originated in China in antiquity as a method of printing on <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a> and later on paper.<sup id="cite_ref-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_East_Asia">In East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jingangjing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/220px-Jingangjing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/330px-Jingangjing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Jingangjing.jpg/440px-Jingangjing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4917" data-file-height="3438" /></a><figcaption>The intricate frontispiece of the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a> from <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> China, AD 868 (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>), discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Mogao_Caves#The_Library_Cave" title="Mogao Caves">Library Cave of Mogao Caves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>, but probably printed in <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing_in_East_Asia" title="History of printing in East Asia">History of printing in East Asia</a></div> <p>The earliest examples of ink-squeeze rubbings and potential stone printing blocks appear in the mid-sixth century in China. A type of printing called mechanical <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a> on paper started during the 7th century in the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien19858_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien19858-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subsequently spread throughout East Asia. <a href="/wiki/Nara_period" title="Nara period">Nara Japan</a> printed the <a href="/wiki/Hyakumant%C5%8D_Darani" title="Hyakumantō Darani">Hyakumantō Darani</a> en masse around 770, and distributed them to temples throughout Japan. In <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a>, an example of woodblock printing from the eighth century was discovered in 1966. A copy of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> Dharani Sutra called the <a href="/wiki/Pure_Light_Dharani_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure Light Dharani Sutra">Pure Light Dharani Sutra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">무구정광대다라니경</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>: <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">無垢淨光大陀羅尼經</span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Revised_Romanization_of_Korean" title="Revised Romanization of Korean">RR</a>: <span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">Mugu jeonggwang dae darani-gyeong</i></span>), discovered in <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a>, in a <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> dynasty pagoda that was repaired in 751,<sup id="cite_ref-Tsien_1985_149,150_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsien_1985_149,150-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was undated but must have been created sometime before the reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Seokgatap" title="Seokgatap">Shakyamuni Pagoda</a> of <a href="/wiki/Bulguk_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulguk Temple">Bulguk Temple</a>, Kyongju Province in 751.<sup id="cite_ref-Pratt_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pratt-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The document is estimated to have been created no later than 704.<sup id="cite_ref-Tsien_1985_149,150_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tsien_1985_149,150-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the ninth century, printing on paper had taken off, and the first completely surviving printed book is the <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Sutra" title="Diamond Sutra">Diamond Sutra</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>) of 868, uncovered from <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang" title="Dunhuang">Dunhuang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the tenth century, 400,000 copies of some sutras and pictures were printed, and the Confucian classics were in print. A skilled printer could print up to 2,000 double-page sheets per day.<sup id="cite_ref-Needham_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Needham-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Printing spread early to <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> and Japan, which also used Chinese <a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">logograms</a>, but the technique was also used in <a href="/wiki/Turpan" title="Turpan">Turpan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> using a number of other scripts. This technique then spread to Persia and Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-Carter_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carter-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This technique was transmitted to Europe by around 1400 and was used on paper for <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">old master prints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Middle_East">In the Middle East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Block printing, called <i><a href="/wiki/Tarsh" title="Tarsh">tarsh</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>, developed in <a href="/wiki/History_of_Arab_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Arab Egypt">Arabic Egypt</a> during the ninth and tenth centuries, mostly for prayers and <a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">amulets</a>. There is some evidence to suggest that these print blocks were made from non-wood materials, possibly <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, lead, or clay. The techniques employed are uncertain. Block printing later went out of use during the <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Renaissance" title="Timurid Renaissance">Timurid Renaissance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The printing technique in Egypt was embraced by reproducing texts on paper strips and supplying them in different copies to meet the demand.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bloom8_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloom8-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Europe">In Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Christopher_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saint_Christopher_001.jpg/200px-Saint_Christopher_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saint_Christopher_001.jpg/300px-Saint_Christopher_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Saint_Christopher_001.jpg/400px-Saint_Christopher_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1067" data-file-height="1454" /></a><figcaption>The earliest known <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a>, 1423, <a href="/wiki/Buxheim" title="Buxheim">Buxheim</a>, with hand-colouring</figcaption></figure> <p>Block printing first came to Europe as a method for printing on cloth, where it was common by 1300. Images printed on cloth for religious purposes could be quite large and elaborate. When paper became relatively easily available, around 1400, the technique transferred very quickly to small <a href="/wiki/Woodcut" title="Woodcut">woodcut</a> religious images and <a href="/wiki/Playing_card" title="Playing card">playing cards</a> printed on paper. These <a href="/wiki/Old_master_print" title="Old master print">prints</a> were produced in very large numbers from about 1425 onward. </p><p>Around the mid-fifteenth-century, <i>block-books</i>, woodcut books with both text and images, usually carved in the same block, emerged as a cheaper alternative to manuscripts and books printed with <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a>. These were all short, heavily illustrated works, the bestsellers of the day, repeated in many different block-book versions: the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Ars_moriendi" title="Ars moriendi">Ars moriendi</a></i></span> and the <a href="/wiki/Biblia_pauperum" title="Biblia pauperum">Biblia pauperum</a> were the most common. There is still some controversy among scholars as to whether their introduction preceded or, in the majority view, followed the introduction of movable type, with the estimated range of dates being between about 1440 and 1460.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Movable-type_printing">Movable-type printing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Movable-type printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E4%BA%94%E8%B4%AF%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%B7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%E4%BA%94%E8%B4%AF%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%B7.jpg/200px-%E4%BA%94%E8%B4%AF%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%B7.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%E4%BA%94%E8%B4%AF%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%B7.jpg/300px-%E4%BA%94%E8%B4%AF%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%B7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/%E4%BA%94%E8%B4%AF%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%B7.jpg/400px-%E4%BA%94%E8%B4%AF%E5%AE%9D%E5%8D%B7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="589" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Copperplate of 1215–1216 5000 <a href="/wiki/Cash_(currency)" title="Cash (currency)">cash</a> paper money with ten bronze movable types</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/250px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/330px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg/500px-Korean_book-Jikji-Selected_Teachings_of_Buddhist_Sages_and_Seon_Masters-1377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Jikji" title="Jikji">Jikji</a></i>, "Selected Teachings of Buddhist Sages and Son Masters" from Korea, the earliest known book printed with movable metal type, 1377. <span title="French-language text"><span lang="fr" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_Nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque Nationale de France">Bibliothèque Nationale de France</a></span></span>, Paris</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">Movable type</a></div> <p>Movable type is the system of printing and typography using movable pieces of metal type, made by casting from <a href="/wiki/Matrix_(printing)" title="Matrix (printing)">matrices</a> struck by <a href="/wiki/Punchcutting" title="Punchcutting">letterpunches</a>. Movable type allowed for much more flexible processes than hand copying or block printing. </p><p>Around 1040, the first known movable type system was created in China by <a href="/wiki/Bi_Sheng" title="Bi Sheng">Bi Sheng</a> out of <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Great_Chinese_Inventions_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Great_Chinese_Inventions-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bi Sheng used clay type, which broke easily, but <a href="/wiki/Wang_Zhen_(official)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wang Zhen (official)">Wang Zhen</a> by 1298 had carved a more durable type from wood. He also developed a complex system of revolving tables and number-association with written Chinese characters that made typesetting and printing more efficient. Still, the main method in use there remained woodblock printing (xylography), which "proved to be cheaper and more efficient for printing Chinese, with its thousands of characters".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Copper movable type printing originated in China at the beginning of the 12th century. It was used in large-scale printing of <a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">paper money</a> issued by the Northern Song dynasty. Movable type spread to Korea during the <a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a> dynasty. </p><p>Around 1230, Koreans invented a metal type movable printing using bronze. The <i><a href="/wiki/Jikji" title="Jikji">Jikji</a></i>, published in 1377, is the earliest known metal printed book. Type-casting was used, adapted from the method of casting coins. The character was cut in beech wood, which was then pressed into a soft clay to form a mould, and bronze poured into the mould, and finally the type was polished.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Eastern metal movable type was spread to Europe between the late 14th and early 15th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Korean form of metal movable type was described by the French scholar Henri-Jean Martin as "extremely similar to Gutenberg's".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Authoritative historians <a href="/wiki/Frances_Gies_and_Joseph_Gies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Gies and Joseph Gies">Frances Gies and Joseph Gies</a> claimed that "The Asian priority of invention movable type is now firmly established, and that Chinese-Korean technique, or a report of it traveled westward is almost certain."<sup id="cite_ref-Frances&Joseph_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frances&Joseph-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Metal_movable_type.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metal_movable_type.jpg/250px-Metal_movable_type.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metal_movable_type.jpg/330px-Metal_movable_type.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Metal_movable_type.jpg/500px-Metal_movable_type.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1520" /></a><figcaption>A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_printing_press">The printing press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The printing press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">Printing press</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_uitvinding_van_de_boekdrukkunst,_anoniem,_Museum_Plantin-Moretus,_PK_OPB_0186_005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/De_uitvinding_van_de_boekdrukkunst%2C_anoniem%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK_OPB_0186_005.jpg/500px-De_uitvinding_van_de_boekdrukkunst%2C_anoniem%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK_OPB_0186_005.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/De_uitvinding_van_de_boekdrukkunst%2C_anoniem%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK_OPB_0186_005.jpg/960px-De_uitvinding_van_de_boekdrukkunst%2C_anoniem%2C_Museum_Plantin-Moretus%2C_PK_OPB_0186_005.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="7016" data-file-height="5100" /></a><figcaption>The invention of printing, anonymous, design by <a href="/wiki/Stradanus" title="Stradanus">Stradanus</a>, collection <a href="/wiki/Plantin-Moretus_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantin-Moretus Museum">Plantin-Moretus Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around 1450, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> introduced the first movable type printing system in Europe. He advanced innovations in casting type based on a matrix and <a href="/wiki/Hand_mould" title="Hand mould">hand mould</a>, adaptations to the screw-press, the use of an oil-based ink, and the creation of a softer and more absorbent paper.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antimony" title="Antimony">antimony</a>, copper and bismuth – the same components still used today.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johannes Gutenberg started work on his <a href="/wiki/Printing_press" title="Printing press">printing press</a> around 1436, in partnership with Andreas Dritzehen – whom he had previously instructed in gem-cutting – and Andreas Heilmann, the owner of a paper mill.<sup id="cite_ref-meggs58-69_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meggs58-69-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Compared to <a href="/wiki/Woodblock_printing" title="Woodblock printing">woodblock printing</a>, movable type page setting and printing using a press was faster and more durable. Also, the metal type pieces were sturdier and the lettering more uniform, leading to <a href="/wiki/Typography" title="Typography">typography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Font" title="Font">fonts</a>. The high quality and relatively low price of the <a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_Bible" title="Gutenberg Bible">Gutenberg Bible</a> (1455) established the superiority of movable type for Western languages. The printing press rapidly spread across Europe, leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Spread_of_the_printing_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Spread of the printing press">all around the world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mikl%C3%B3s_Andor_in_the_page-setting_room_of_Athenaeum_Printing_House_-_cca._1920_(1).tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mikl%C3%B3s_Andor_in_the_page-setting_room_of_Athenaeum_Printing_House_-_cca._1920_%281%29.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Andor_in_the_page-setting_room_of_Athenaeum_Printing_House_-_cca._1920_%281%29.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mikl%C3%B3s_Andor_in_the_page-setting_room_of_Athenaeum_Printing_House_-_cca._1920_%281%29.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Andor_in_the_page-setting_room_of_Athenaeum_Printing_House_-_cca._1920_%281%29.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Mikl%C3%B3s_Andor_in_the_page-setting_room_of_Athenaeum_Printing_House_-_cca._1920_%281%29.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Mikl%C3%B3s_Andor_in_the_page-setting_room_of_Athenaeum_Printing_House_-_cca._1920_%281%29.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4056" data-file-height="2771" /></a><figcaption>Page-setting room – <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Time_Life" title="Time Life">Time Life</a> magazine called Gutenberg's innovations in movable type printing the most important invention of the second millennium.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rotary_printing_press">Rotary printing press</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rotary printing press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotary_printing_press" title="Rotary printing press">Rotary printing press</a></div> <p>The steam-powered rotary printing press, invented in 1843 in the United States by <a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Hoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard M. Hoe">Richard M. Hoe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-meggs147_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-meggs147-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ultimately allowed millions of copies of a page in a single day. Mass production of printed works flourished after the transition to rolled paper, as continuous feed allowed the presses to run at a much faster pace. Hoe's original design operated at up to 2,000 revolutions per hour where each revolution deposited 4 page images, giving the press a throughput of 8,000 pages per hour.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1891, The <a href="/wiki/New_York_World" title="New York World">New York World</a> and Philadelphia Item were operating presses producing either 90,000 4-page sheets per hour or 48,000 8-page sheets.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rotary printing press uses impressions curved around a cylinder to print on long continuous rolls of paper or other substrates. Rotary drum printing was later significantly improved by <a href="/wiki/William_Bullock_(inventor)" title="William Bullock (inventor)">William Bullock</a>. There are multiple types of rotary printing press technologies that are still used today: sheetfed <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotogravure" title="Rotogravure">rotogravure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Flexography" title="Flexography">flexographic</a> printing.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Printing_capacity">Printing capacity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Printing capacity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The table lists the maximum number of pages which various press designs could print <i>per hour</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th colspan="2">Hand-operated presses </th> <th colspan="4">Steam-powered presses </th></tr> <tr> <th width="10%"> </th> <th width="10%">Gutenberg-style <br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1600</span> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stanhope,_3rd_Earl_Stanhope" title="Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Stanhope">Stanhope</a> press <br /><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1800</span> </th> <th width="10%"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Koenig" title="Friedrich Koenig">Koenig</a> press <br />1812 </th> <th width="10%">Koenig press <br />1813 </th> <th width="10%">Koenig press <br />1814 </th> <th width="10%">Koenig press <br />1818 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Impressions per hour </td> <td>200<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>480<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196780_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196780-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>800<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196783_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196783-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>1,100<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196787_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196787-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,000<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196788_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196788-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>2,400<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196788_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196788-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conventional_printing_technology">Conventional printing technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Conventional printing technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All printing process are concerned with two kinds of areas on the final output: </p> <ol><li>Image area (printing areas)</li> <li>Non-image area (non-printing areas)</li></ol> <p>After the information has been prepared for production (the <a href="/wiki/Prepress" title="Prepress">prepress</a> step), each printing process has definitive means of separating the image from the non-image areas. </p><p>Conventional printing has four types of process: </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Planographic_printing" title="Planographic printing">Planographics</a>, in which the printing and non-printing areas are on the same plane surface and the difference between them is maintained chemically or by physical properties, the examples are: <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset</a> <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">lithography</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collotype" title="Collotype">collotype</a>, and screenless printing.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">Relief</a>, in which the printing areas are on a plane surface and the non printing areas are below the surface, examples: flexography and letterpress.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio</a>, in which the non-printing areas are on a plane surface and the printing area are etched or engraved below the surface, examples: steel die engraving, <a href="/wiki/Gravure" class="mw-redirect" title="Gravure">gravure</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etching" title="Etching">etching</a>, <a href="/wiki/Collagraphy" title="Collagraphy">collagraph</a>.</li> <li>Porous or <a href="/wiki/Stencil_printing" title="Stencil printing">Stencil</a>, in which the printing areas are on fine mesh screens through which ink can penetrate, and the non-printing areas are a stencil over the screen to block the flow of ink in those areas, examples: <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">screen printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stencil_duplicator" class="mw-redirect" title="Stencil duplicator">stencil duplicator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risograph" title="Risograph">risograph</a>.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crop_marks">Crop marks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Crop marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To print an image without a blank area around the image, the non-printing areas must be trimmed after printing. Crop marks can be used to show the printer where the printing area ends, and the non-printing area begins.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The part of the image which is trimmed off is called <a href="/wiki/Bleed_(printing)" title="Bleed (printing)">bleed</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Letterpress">Letterpress</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Letterpress"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commercial._Le_Samedi_BAnQ_P48S1P03551.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Commercial._Le_Samedi_BAnQ_P48S1P03551.jpg/250px-Commercial._Le_Samedi_BAnQ_P48S1P03551.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Commercial._Le_Samedi_BAnQ_P48S1P03551.jpg/330px-Commercial._Le_Samedi_BAnQ_P48S1P03551.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Commercial._Le_Samedi_BAnQ_P48S1P03551.jpg/500px-Commercial._Le_Samedi_BAnQ_P48S1P03551.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="621" /></a><figcaption>Miehle press printing Le Samedi journal. <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, 1939.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress printing</a></div> <p>Letterpress printing is a technique of <a href="/wiki/Relief_printing" title="Relief printing">relief printing</a>. A worker composes and locks <a href="/wiki/Movable_type" title="Movable type">movable type</a> into the bed of a press, <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">inks</a> it, and presses paper against it to transfer the ink from the type which creates an impression on the paper. There is different paper for different works the quality of paper shows different ink to use. </p><p>Letterpress printing was the normal form of printing text from its invention by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gutenberg" title="Johannes Gutenberg">Johannes Gutenberg</a> in the mid-15th century and <a href="/wiki/Global_spread_of_the_printing_press" title="Global spread of the printing press">remained in wide use for books and other uses</a> until the second half of the 20th century, when <a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">offset printing</a> was developed. More recently, letterpress printing has seen a revival in an artisanal form. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Offset">Offset</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Offset"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Offset_press" class="mw-redirect" title="Offset press">Offset press</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm/220px--The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="17" data-mwtitle="The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="3840" data-height="2160" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b3/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm/The_910_ton_printing_presses_at_the_Las_Vegas_Review-Journal_were_the_largest_in_the_world_when_installed_in_2000.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>The 910-ton printing presses at the <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal" title="Las Vegas Review-Journal">Las Vegas Review-Journal</a> were the largest in the world when installed in 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>Offset printing is a widely used modern printing process. This technology is best described as when a positive (right-reading) image on a printing plate is inked and transferred (or "offset") from the plate to a rubber blanket. The blanket image becomes a mirror image of the plate image. An offset transfer moves the image to a printing substrate (typically paper), making the image right-reading again. Offset printing uses a lithographic process which is based on the repulsion of oil and water. The offset process employs a flat (planographic) image carrier (plate) which is mounted on a press cylinder. The image to be printed obtains <a href="/wiki/Ink" title="Ink">ink</a> from ink rollers, while the non-printing area attracts an (acidic) film of water, keeping the non-image areas ink-free. Most offset presses use three cylinders: Plate, blanket, impression. Currently, most books and newspapers are printed using offset lithography. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gravure">Gravure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gravure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rotogravure" title="Rotogravure">Rotogravure</a></div> <p>Gravure printing is an <a href="/wiki/Intaglio_printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Intaglio printing">intaglio printing</a> technique, where the image being printed is made up of small depressions in the surface of the printing plate. The cells are filled with ink, and the excess is scraped off the surface with a doctor blade. Then a rubber-covered roller presses paper onto the surface of the plate and into contact with the ink in the cells. The printing cylinders are usually made from copper plated steel, which is subsequently chromed, and may be produced by diamond engraving; etching, or <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> ablation. </p><p>Gravure printing is known for its ability to produce high-quality, high-resolution images with accurate color reproduction and using viscosity control equipment during production. Ink evaporation control affects the change in the color of the printed image. </p><p>Gravure printing is used for long, high-quality print runs such as magazines, mail-order catalogues, packaging and printing onto fabric and wallpaper. It is also used for printing postage stamps and decorative plastic laminates, such as kitchen worktops. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flexography">Flexography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flexography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Flexography" title="Flexography">Flexography</a> is a type of relief printing. The relief plates are typically made from <a href="/wiki/Photopolymer" title="Photopolymer">photopolymers</a>. The process is used for flexible packaging, corrugated board, labels, newspapers and more. In this market it competes with gravure printing by holding 80% of the market in US, 50% in Europe but only 20% in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-IzdebskaThomas2015_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IzdebskaThomas2015-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_printing_techniques">Other printing techniques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other printing techniques"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The other significant printing techniques include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dye-sublimation_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dye-sublimation printer">Dye-sublimation printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet">Inkjet</a>, used typically to print a small number of books or packaging, and also to print a variety of materials: from high quality papers simulating offset printing, to floor tiles. Inkjet is also used to apply mailing addresses to direct mail pieces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">Laser printing</a> (toner printing) mainly used in offices and for transactional printing (bills, bank documents). Laser printing is commonly used by direct mail companies to create variable data letters or coupons.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad_printing" title="Pad printing">Pad printing</a>, popular for its ability to print on complex three-dimensional surfaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_print" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief print">Relief print</a>, mainly used for <a href="/wiki/Mail-order_catalog" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail-order catalog">catalogues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">Screen printing</a> for a variety of applications ranging from T-shirts to floor tiles, and on uneven surfaces</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intaglio_(printmaking)" title="Intaglio (printmaking)">Intaglio</a>, used mainly for high value documents such as currencies.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_printing" title="Thermal printing">Thermal printing</a>, popular in the 1990s for fax printing. Used today for printing labels such as airline baggage tags and individual price labels in supermarket deli counters.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_of_German_movable_type_printing_press">Impact of German movable type printing press</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Impact of German movable type printing press"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="printing_revolution"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quantitative_aspects">Quantitative aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Quantitative aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/220px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/330px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png/440px-European_Output_of_Printed_Books_ca._1450%E2%80%931800.png 2x" data-file-width="1121" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>European output of books printed by movable type from ca. 1450 to 1800<sup id="cite_ref-Buringh_&_van_Zanden_2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buringh_&_van_Zanden_2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">History of printing</a></div> <p>It is estimated that following the innovation of Gutenberg's printing press, the European book output rose from a few million to around one billion copies within a span of less than four centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-Buringh_&_van_Zanden_2009_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Buringh_&_van_Zanden_2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_impact">Religious impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Religious impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hartlib" title="Samuel Hartlib">Samuel Hartlib</a>, who was exiled in <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a> and enthusiastic about social and cultural reforms, wrote in 1641 that "the art of printing will so spread knowledge that the common people, knowing their own rights and liberties, will not be governed by way of oppression".<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs-Burke_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-Burke-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PrintMus_038.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PrintMus_038.jpg/220px-PrintMus_038.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PrintMus_038.jpg/330px-PrintMus_038.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/PrintMus_038.jpg/440px-PrintMus_038.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the Gutenberg press at the <a href="/wiki/International_Printing_Museum" title="International Printing Museum">International Printing Museum</a> in Carson, California</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Muslim world, printing, especially in Arabic scripts, was strongly opposed throughout the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, partially due to the high artistic renown of the art of traditional calligraphy. However, printing in <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a> or <a href="/wiki/Armenian_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian script">Armenian script</a> was often permitted. Thus, the first movable type printing in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> was in Hebrew in 1493, after which both religious and non-religious texts were able to be printed in Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to an imperial ambassador to <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> in the middle of the sixteenth century, it was a sin for the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>, particularly Turkish Muslims, to print religious books. In 1515, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Selim_I" title="Selim I">Selim I</a> issued a decree under which the practice of printing would be punishable by death. At the end of the sixteenth century, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Murad_III" title="Murad III">Murad III</a> permitted the sale of non-religious printed books in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> characters, yet the majority were imported from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Muteferrika" title="Ibrahim Muteferrika">Ibrahim Muteferrika</a> established the first press for printing in Arabic in the Ottoman Empire, against opposition from the calligraphers and parts of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulama</a>. It operated until 1742, producing altogether seventeen works, all of which were concerned with non-religious, utilitarian matters. Printing did not become common in the Islamic world until the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hebrew language printers were banned from printing <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> in some Germanic states; as a result, Hebrew printing flourished in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, beginning in 1470 in Rome, then spreading to other cities including Bari, Pisa, Livorno, and Mantua. Local rulers had the authority to grant or revoke licenses to publish Hebrew books,<sup id="cite_ref-nyt2009_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt2009-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and many of those printed during this period carry the words 'con licenza de superiori' (indicating their printing having been officially licensed) on their title pages. </p><p>It was thought that the introduction of printing 'would strengthen religion and enhance the power of monarchs.'<sup id="cite_ref-Meyrowitz41_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyrowitz41-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of books were of a religious nature, with the church and crown regulating the content. The consequences of printing 'wrong' material were extreme. Meyrowitz<sup id="cite_ref-Meyrowitz41_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Meyrowitz41-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> used the example of <a href="/wiki/William_Carter_(martyr)" title="William Carter (martyr)">William Carter</a> who in 1584 printed a pro-Catholic pamphlet in Protestant-dominated England. The consequence of his action was <a href="/wiki/Hanging" title="Hanging">hanging</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_impact">Social impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Social impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Print gave a broader range of readers access to knowledge and enabled later generations to build directly on the intellectual achievements of earlier ones without the changes arising within verbal traditions. Print, according to <a href="/wiki/John_Dalberg-Acton,_1st_Baron_Acton" title="John Dalberg-Acton, 1st Baron Acton">Acton</a> in his 1895 lecture <i>On the Study of History</i>, gave "assurance that the work of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> would last, that what was written would be accessible to all, that such an occultation of knowledge and ideas as had depressed the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> would never recur, that not an idea would be lost".<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs-Burke_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs-Burke-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Press1520.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Press1520.png/250px-Press1520.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Press1520.png/330px-Press1520.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Press1520.png/500px-Press1520.png 2x" data-file-width="3764" data-file-height="5459" /></a><figcaption>Bookprinting in the 16th century</figcaption></figure> <p>Print was instrumental in changing the social nature of reading. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Eisenstein" title="Elizabeth Eisenstein">Elizabeth Eisenstein</a> identifies two long-term effects of the invention of printing. She claims that print created a sustained and uniform reference for knowledge and allowed comparisons of incompatible views.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Asa_Briggs" title="Asa Briggs">Asa Briggs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)" title="Peter Burke (historian)">Peter Burke</a> identify five kinds of reading that developed in relation to the introduction of print: </p> <ol><li>Critical reading: Because texts finally became accessible to the general population, critical reading emerged as people were able to form their own opinions on texts.</li> <li>Dangerous reading: Reading was seen as a dangerous pursuit because it was considered rebellious and unsociable, especially in the case of women, because reading could stir up dangerous emotions such as love, and if women could read, they could read love notes.</li> <li>Creative reading: Printing allowed people to read texts and interpret them creatively, often in very different ways than the author intended.</li> <li>Extensive reading: Once print made a wide range of texts available, earlier habits of intensive reading of texts from start to finish began to change, and people began reading selected excerpts, allowing much more extensive reading on a wider range of topics.</li> <li>Private reading: Reading was linked to the rise of individualism because, before print, reading was often a group event in which one person would read to a group. With print, both literacy and the availability of texts increased, and solitary reading became the norm.</li></ol> <p>The invention of printing also changed the occupational structure of European cities. <a href="/wiki/Printer_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Printer (publisher)">Printers</a> emerged as a new group of artisans for whom literacy was essential, while the much more labour-intensive occupation of the <a href="/wiki/Scribe" title="Scribe">scribe</a> naturally declined. Proof-correcting arose as a new occupation, while a rise in the numbers of <a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">booksellers</a> and librarians naturally followed the explosion in the numbers of books. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Educational_impact">Educational impact</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Educational impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gutenberg's printing press had profound impacts on universities as well. Universities were influenced in their "language of scholarship, libraries, curriculum, [and] pedagogy"<sup id="cite_ref-Modie-2014_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modie-2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_language_of_scholarship">The language of scholarship</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: The language of scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the invention of the printing press, most written material was in Latin. However, after the invention of printing the number of books printed expanded as well as the vernacular. Latin was not replaced completely, but remained an international language until the eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Modie-2014_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modie-2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="University_libraries">University libraries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: University libraries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At this time, universities began establishing accompanying libraries. "Cambridge made the chaplain responsible for the library in the fifteenth century but this position was abolished in 1570 and in 1577 Cambridge established the new office of university librarian. Although, the University of Leuven did not see a need for a university library based on the idea that professor were the library. Libraries also began receiving so many books from gifts and purchases that they began to run out of room. However, the issue was solved in 1589 by a man named Merton who decided books should be stored on horizontal shelves rather than <a href="/wiki/Lectern" title="Lectern">lecterns</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Modie-2014_56-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modie-2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Curriculum">Curriculum</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Curriculum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The printed press changed university libraries in many ways. Professors were finally able to compare the opinions of different authors rather than being forced to look at only one or two specific authors. Textbooks themselves were also being printed in different levels of difficulty, rather than just one introductory text being made available.<sup id="cite_ref-Modie-2014_56-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Modie-2014-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparison_of_printing_methods">Comparison of printing methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Comparison of printing methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>Comparison of printing methods<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan130-144_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan130-144-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Printing process </th> <th>Transfer method </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">Pressure</a> applied </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Drop size</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_viscosity" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic viscosity">Dynamic viscosity</a> </th> <th>Ink thickness on substrate </th> <th class="unsortable">Notes </th> <th>Cost-effective run length </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Offset_printing" title="Offset printing">Offset printing</a> </td> <td>rollers </td> <td>1 MPa </td> <td> </td> <td>40–100 Pa·s </td> <td>0.5–1.5 μm </td> <td>high print quality </td> <td>> 5,000 (<a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">A3 trim size</a>, sheet-fed)<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan976-979-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>> 30,000 (<a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">A3 trim size</a>, web-fed)<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan976-979-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotogravure" title="Rotogravure">Rotogravure</a> </td> <td>rollers </td> <td>3 MPa </td> <td> </td> <td>50–200 mPa·s </td> <td>0.8–8 μm </td> <td>thick ink layers possible, <br />excellent image reproduction, <br />edges of letters and lines are jagged<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan48-52_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan48-52-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>> 500,000<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan48-52_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan48-52-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flexography" title="Flexography">Flexography</a> </td> <td>rollers </td> <td>0.3 MPa </td> <td> </td> <td>50–500 mPa·s </td> <td>0.8–2.5 μm </td> <td>high quality (now HD) </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Letterpress_printing" title="Letterpress printing">Letterpress printing</a> </td> <td>platen </td> <td>10 MPa </td> <td> </td> <td>50–150 Pa·s </td> <td>0.5–1.5 μm </td> <td>slow drying </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Screen-printing" class="mw-redirect" title="Screen-printing">Screen-printing</a> </td> <td>pressing ink through holes in screen </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>1000–10,000 mPa·s<sup id="cite_ref-Zeng-2019_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeng-2019-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>< 12 μm </td> <td>versatile method, <br />low quality </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrophotography" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophotography">Electrophotography</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrostatics" title="Electrostatics">electrostatics</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>5–10 μm </td> <td>thick ink </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Liquid electrophotography </td> <td>image formation by Electrostatics and transfer while fixing </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>High PQ, excellent image reproduction, wide range of media, very thin image </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">Inkjet printer</a> </td> <td>thermal </td> <td> </td> <td>5–30 picolitres (pl) </td> <td>1–5 mPa·s<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>< 0.5 μm </td> <td>special paper required to reduce bleeding </td> <td>< 350 (<a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">A3 trim size</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan976-979-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">Inkjet printer</a> </td> <td>piezoelectric </td> <td> </td> <td>4–30 pl </td> <td>5–20 mPa s </td> <td>< 0.5 μm </td> <td>special paper required to reduce bleeding </td> <td>< 350 (<a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">A3 trim size</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan976-979-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet printer">Inkjet printer</a> </td> <td>continuous </td> <td> </td> <td>5–100 pl </td> <td>1–5 mPa·s </td> <td>< 0.5 μm </td> <td>special paper required to reduce bleeding </td> <td>< 350 (<a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">A3 trim size</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kipphan976-979-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Transfer-print" class="mw-redirect" title="Transfer-print">Transfer-print</a> </td> <td>thermal transfer film or water release decal </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>mass-production method of applying an image to a curved or uneven surface </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aerosol-jet printer </td> <td>Aerosolized inks carried by gas </td> <td> </td> <td>2–5 microns in diameter </td> <td>1–1000 mPa s </td> <td>< 1 μm </td> <td>Good printing resolution, <br />High quality<sup id="cite_ref-Zeng-2019_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zeng-2019-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Digital_Printer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Digital printer from Design Print Shop" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Digital_Printer.jpg/250px-Digital_Printer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Digital_Printer.jpg/330px-Digital_Printer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Digital_Printer.jpg/500px-Digital_Printer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Digital printers can now not just print leaflets and documents, but also scan, fax, copy and make booklets plus more.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_printing">Digital printing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Digital printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">Digital printing</a></div> <p>By 2005, digital printing accounted for approximately 9% of the 45 trillion pages printed annually around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-vj_ipg2-0_keynote_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vj_ipg2-0_keynote-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Printing at home, an office, or an engineering environment is subdivided into: </p> <ul><li>small format (up to ledger size paper sheets), as used in business offices and libraries</li> <li>wide format (up to 3' or 914mm wide rolls of paper), as used in drafting and design establishments.</li></ul> <p>Some of the more common printing technologies are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blueprint" title="Blueprint">blueprint</a> – and related chemical technologies</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_wheel" class="mw-redirect" title="Daisy wheel">daisy wheel</a> – where pre-formed characters are applied individually</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dot_matrix_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dot matrix printer">dot-matrix</a> – which produces arbitrary patterns of dots with an array of printing studs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Line_printer" title="Line printer">line printing</a> – where formed characters are applied to the paper by lines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal printer">heat transfer</a> – such as early fax machines or modern receipt printers that apply heat to special paper, which turns black to form the printed image</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet" class="mw-redirect" title="Inkjet">inkjet</a> – including bubble-jet, where ink is sprayed onto the paper to create the desired image</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrophotography" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophotography">electrophotography</a> – where <a href="/wiki/Toner_(printing)" title="Toner (printing)">toner</a> is attracted to a charged image and then developed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_printing" title="Laser printing">laser</a> – a type of <a href="/wiki/Xerography" title="Xerography">xerography</a> where the charged image is written pixel by pixel using a laser</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_ink" title="Solid ink">solid ink</a> printer – where <a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">solid</a> sticks of ink are melted to make liquid ink or toner</li></ul> <p>Vendors typically stress the total cost to operate the equipment, involving complex calculations that include all cost factors involved in the operation as well as the capital equipment costs, amortization, etc. For the most part, toner systems are more economical than inkjet in the long run, even though inkjets are less expensive in the initial purchase price. </p><p>Professional <a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">digital printing</a> (using <a href="/wiki/Toner_(printing)" title="Toner (printing)">toner</a>) primarily uses an electrical charge to transfer toner or liquid ink to the substrate onto which it is printed. Digital print quality has steadily improved from early color and black and white copiers to sophisticated colour digital presses such as the Xerox iGen3, the Kodak Nexpress, the HP <a href="/wiki/Indigo_Digital_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigo Digital Press">Indigo Digital Press</a> series, and the InfoPrint 5000. The iGen3 and Nexpress use toner particles and the Indigo uses liquid ink. The InfoPrint 5000 is a full-color, continuous forms inkjet drop-on-demand printing system. All handle variable data, and rival offset in quality. Digital offset presses are also called direct imaging presses, although these presses can receive computer files and automatically turn them into print-ready plates, they cannot insert variable data. </p><p>Small press and fanzines generally use <a href="/wiki/Digital_printing" title="Digital printing">digital printing</a>. Prior to the introduction of cheap photocopying, the use of machines such as the <a href="/wiki/Spirit_duplicator" title="Spirit duplicator">spirit duplicator</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hectograph" title="Hectograph">hectograph</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mimeograph" title="Mimeograph">mimeograph</a> was common. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kiosk_self_service_payment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kiosk_self_service_payment.jpg/250px-Kiosk_self_service_payment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kiosk_self_service_payment.jpg/330px-Kiosk_self_service_payment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kiosk_self_service_payment.jpg/500px-Kiosk_self_service_payment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a><figcaption>Printing payment self service kiosk</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="3D_printing">3D printing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 3D printing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a> is a form of manufacturing technology where physical objects are created from <a href="/wiki/3D_modeling" title="3D modeling">three-dimensional digital models</a> using 3D printers. The objects are created by laying down or building up many thin layers of material in succession. The technique is also known as additive manufacturing, rapid prototyping, or fabricating.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s, 3D printing techniques were considered suitable only for the production of functional or aesthetic prototypes, and a more appropriate term for it at the time was <a href="/wiki/Rapid_prototyping" title="Rapid prototyping">rapid prototyping</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2019<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the precision, repeatability, and material range of 3D printing have increased to the point that some 3D printing processes are considered viable as an industrial-production technology, whereby the term <i>additive manufacturing</i> can be used synonymously with <i>3D printing</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the key advantages of 3D printing<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zelinski_2017-08-04_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zelinski_2017-08-04-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the ability to produce very complex shapes or geometries that would be otherwise infeasible to construct by hand, including hollow parts or parts with internal <a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">truss</a> structures to reduce weight. <a href="/wiki/Fused_filament_fabrication#Fused_deposition_modeling" title="Fused filament fabrication">Fused deposition modeling</a> (FDM), which uses a continuous filament of a <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> material, is the most common 3D printing process in use as of 2020<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">An early method of reproduction that has been traced to the second century is <a href="/wiki/Pouncing" title="Pouncing">the practice</a> of using needles pushed through a stencil onto the target paper, fabric or plaster, to provide guidelines for subsequent artwork:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985146_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985146-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this cannot reasonably be described as printing.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien19858-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien19858_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien19858_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETsien1985146-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETsien1985146_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, p. 146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suarez_&_Woudhuysen_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSuarezWoudhuysen2013" class="citation book cs1">Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R., eds. (2013). <i>The Book: A Global History</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sbacAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA574">574–576</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780191668746" title="Special:BookSources/9780191668746"><bdi>9780191668746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book%3A+A+Global+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=574-576&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780191668746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNeedhamTsien2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a>; <a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien, Tsuen-hsuin</a>, eds. (2001) [1985]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lx-9mS6Aa4wC"><i>Science and civilisation in China: Paper and printing</i></a>. Vol. V:1 (Reprint ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 159, <span class="nowrap">201–</span>205. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-08690-5"><bdi>978-0-521-08690-5</bdi></a>. <q>At the present time, the only known authoritative account of the invention of movable type by a commoner named Pi Sheng (c. 990–1051) is the contemporary record of Shen Kua (1031–[1095]) [...] Although the process went into eclipse after its inception, it was a complete invention and fully four hundred years ahead of Gutenberg.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Science+and+civilisation+in+China%3A+Paper+and+printing&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=159%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E205&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-08690-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLx-9mS6Aa4wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Great_Chinese_Inventions-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Great_Chinese_Inventions_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Great_Chinese_Inventions_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101203213025/http://www.minnesota-china.com/education/emSciTech/inventions.htm">"Great Chinese Inventions"</a>. Minnesota-china.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minnesota-china.com/Education/emSciTech/inventions.htm">the original</a> on December 3, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 29,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Great+Chinese+Inventions&rft.pub=Minnesota-china.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.minnesota-china.com%2FEducation%2FemSciTech%2Finventions.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, Fran. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&q=gutenberg+printing+press">Johannes Gutenberg: Inventor of the Printing Press</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230406001322/https://books.google.com/books?id=RQpDvuRgF9oC&q=gutenberg+printing+press">Archived</a> April 6, 2023, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idp.bl.uk/4DCGI/education/silk_road/pages/dun262a.html">"Cat 262: Printed dated copy of the <i>Diamond Sutra</i>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Dunhuang_Project" title="International Dunhuang Project">idp.bl.uk</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208072014/http://idp.bl.uk/4DCGI/education/silk_road/pages/dun262a.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 8,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=idp.bl.uk&rft.atitle=Cat+262%3A+Printed+dated+copy+of+the+Diamond+Sutra&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fidp.bl.uk%2F4DCGI%2Feducation%2Fsilk_road%2Fpages%2Fdun262a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tsien_1985_149,150-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tsien_1985_149,150_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tsien_1985_149,150_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, pp. 149, 150</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pratt-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Pratt_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPratt2007" class="citation book cs1">Pratt, Keith (August 15, 2007). <i>Everlasting Flower: A History of Korea</i>. Reaktion Books. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1861893352" title="Special:BookSources/978-1861893352"><bdi>978-1861893352</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Everlasting+Flower%3A+A+History+of+Korea&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2007-08-15&rft.isbn=978-1861893352&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?PK=0000593746&danrak_no=&clss_cd=&top_menu_cd=0000000808">Early Printing in Korea. Korea Cultural Center</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208232218/http://eng.buddhapia.com/_Service/_ContentView/ETC_CONTENT_2.ASP?PK=0000593746&danrak_no=&clss_cd=&top_menu_cd=0000000808">Archived</a> 2009-02-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-6-china-blockbook.htm">Gutenberg and the Koreans: Asian Woodblock Books. Rightreading.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-9-korea.htm">Gutenberg and the Koreans: Cast-Type Printing in Korea's Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392). Rightreading.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://countrystudies.us/north-korea/7.htm">North Korea – Silla. Country Studies</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110093610/http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/diamondsutra.html">"Oneline Gallery: Sacred Texts"</a>. British Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/sacredtexts/diamondsutra.html">the original</a> on November 10, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oneline+Gallery%3A+Sacred+Texts&rft.pub=British+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bl.uk%2Fonlinegallery%2Fsacredtexts%2Fdiamondsutra.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needham-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Needham_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsuen-HsuinNeedham1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-Hsuin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsien Tsuen-Hsuin">Tsuen-Hsuin, Tsien</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Needham" title="Joseph Needham">Needham, Joseph</a> (1985). <i>Paper and Printing</i>. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. pp. 158, 201.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Printing&rft.series=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pages=158%2C+201&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Tsuen-Hsuin&rft.aufirst=Tsien&rft.au=Needham%2C+Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carter-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Carter_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Franklin_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Franklin Carter">Thomas Franklin Carter</a>, <i>The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward</i>, The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–78</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMayor1980" class="citation book cs1">Mayor, A Hyatt (1980). <i>Prints and People</i>. Vol. <span class="nowrap">5–</span>18. Princeton: Metropolitan Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00326-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00326-9"><bdi>978-0-691-00326-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prints+and+People&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Metropolitan+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00326-9&rft.aulast=Mayor&rft.aufirst=A+Hyatt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard W. Bulliet (1987), "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ghazali.org/articles/jaos107-3-1987-rwb.pdf">Medieval Arabic Tarsh: A Forgotten Chapter in the History of Printing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170921204857/http://www.ghazali.org/articles/jaos107-3-1987-rwb.pdf">Archived</a> September 21, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> <b>107</b> (3), pp. 427–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Geoffrey Roper, Muslim Printing Before Gutenberg and the references cited therein.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloom8-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloom8_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBloom2001" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan (2001). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paperbeforeprint00bloo"><i>Paper Before Print: The History and Impact of Paper in the Islamic World</i></a></span>. New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paperbeforeprint00bloo/page/n23">8</a>–10, <span class="nowrap">42–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-08955-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-08955-4"><bdi>0-300-08955-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+Before+Print%3A+The+History+and+Impact+of+Paper+in+the+Islamic+World&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=8-10%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E42-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-300-08955-4&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaperbeforeprint00bloo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShestack1967" class="citation book cs1">Shestack, Alan (1967). <i>Master E S, five hundredth anniversary exhibition, September fifth through October third, Philadelphia Museum of Art</i>. Philadelphia Museum of Art. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1976512">1976512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Master+E+S%2C+five+hundredth+anniversary+exhibition%2C+September+fifth+through+October+third%2C+Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art&rft.pub=Philadelphia+Museum+of+Art&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1976512&rft.aulast=Shestack&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beckwith, Christopher I., <i>Empires of the Silk Road: A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present</i>, Princeton University Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15034-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-15034-5">978-0-691-15034-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTsien1985">Tsien 1985</a>, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolenz,_Peter_von.1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polenz, Peter von. (1991). <i>Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit</i> (in German). New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Sprachgeschichte+vom+Sp%C3%A4tmittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart%3A+I.+Einf%C3%BChrung%2C+Grundbegriffe%2C+Deutsch+in+der+fr%C3%BChb%C3%BCrgerlichen+Zeit.&rft.pub=New+York%2FBerlin%3A+Gruyter%2C+Walter+de+GmbH&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Polenz%2C+Peter+von.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Christensen2007" class="citation web cs1">Thomas Christensen (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-1-introduction.htm">"Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance?"</a>. Arts of Asia Magazine (to appear). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190811145633/http://www.rightreading.com/printing/gutenberg.asia/gutenberg-asia-1-introduction.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 11, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Did+East+Asian+Printing+Traditions+Influence+the+European+Renaissance%3F&rft.pub=Arts+of+Asia+Magazine+%28to+appear%29&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Thomas+Christensen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rightreading.com%2Fprinting%2Fgutenberg.asia%2Fgutenberg-asia-1-introduction.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJuan_González_de_Mendoza1585" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza" title="Juan González de Mendoza">Juan González de Mendoza</a> (1585). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k75292n/f2.image"><i>Historia de las cosas más notables, ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China</i></a> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+las+cosas+m%C3%A1s+notables%2C+ritos+y+costumbres+del+gran+reyno+de+la+China&rft.date=1585&rft.au=Juan+Gonz%C3%A1lez+de+Mendoza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k75292n%2Ff2.image&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Franklin_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Franklin Carter">Thomas Franklin Carter</a>, <i>The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward</i>, The Ronald Press, NY 2nd ed. 1955, pp. 176–178</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFL._S._Stavrianos1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L._S._Stavrianos" title="L. S. Stavrianos">L. S. Stavrianos</a> (1998) [1970]. <i>A Global History: From Prehistory to the 21st Century</i> (7th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-923897-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-923897-0"><bdi>978-0-13-923897-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+History%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+21st+Century&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+New+Jersey&rft.edition=7th&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-13-923897-0&rft.au=L.+S.+Stavrianos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Briggs, Asa and Burke, Peter (2002) However, more correctly it should be described as the other way around. Gutenberg's form of metal movable type was extremely similar to the Korean Jikji's, which was printed 78 years prior to the Gutenberg Bible. A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frances&Joseph-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Frances&Joseph_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Frances_Gies_and_Joseph_Gies" class="mw-redirect" title="Frances Gies and Joseph Gies">Gies, Frances and Gies, Joseph</a> (1994) <i>Cathedral, Forge, and Waterwheel: Technology and Invention in the Middle Age</i>, New York : HarperCollins, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-016590-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-016590-1">0-06-016590-1</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/S._H._Steinberg" title="S. H. Steinberg">Steinberg, S. H.</a> (1974). <i>Five Hundred Years of Printing</i> (3rd ed.). Harmondsworth, Middlesex: <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020343-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-020343-1"><bdi>978-0-14-020343-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Hundred+Years+of+Printing&rft.place=Harmondsworth%2C+Middlesex&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-14-020343-1&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=S.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved November 27, 2006, from <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Ultimate_Reference_Suite_DVD" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD">Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD</a> – entry "printing"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meggs58-69-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meggs58-69_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPolenz1991" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Polenz, Peter von. (1991). <i>Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart: I. Einführung, Grundbegriffe, Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit</i> (in German). New York/Berlin: Gruyter, Walter de GmbH.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Sprachgeschichte+vom+Sp%C3%A4tmittelalter+bis+zur+Gegenwart%3A+I.+Einf%C3%BChrung%2C+Grundbegriffe%2C+Deutsch+in+der+fr%C3%BChb%C3%BCrgerlichen+Zeit.&rft.pub=New+York%2FBerlin%3A+Gruyter%2C+Walter+de+GmbH&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Polenz&rft.aufirst=Peter+von.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/gutenberg-bible-published">"Gutenberg Bible Published"</a>. <i>education.nationalgeographic.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=education.nationalgeographic.org&rft.atitle=Gutenberg+Bible+Published&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feducation.nationalgeographic.org%2Fresource%2Fgutenberg-bible-published&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 1997, Time–Life magazine picked Gutenberg's invention to be the most important of the second millennium. In 1999, the A&E Network voted Johannes Gutenberg "Man of the Millennium". See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pirate.shu.edu/~gottlitr/mil_site/lista.html">1,000 Years, 1,000 People: Ranking The Men and Women Who Shaped The Millennium</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012221307/http://pirate.shu.edu/~gottlitr/mil_site/lista.html">Archived</a> October 12, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> which was composed by four prominent US journalists in 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-meggs147-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-meggs147_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeggs1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_B._Meggs" title="Philip B. Meggs">Meggs, Philip B.</a> (1998). <i>A History of Graphic Design</i> (Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29198-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-29198-5"><bdi>978-0-471-29198-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Graphic+Design&rft.pages=147&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-471-29198-5&rft.aulast=Meggs&rft.aufirst=Philip+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-March-Hoe">"Richard March Hoe | American inventor and manufacturer"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Richard+March+Hoe+%7C+American+inventor+and+manufacturer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FRichard-March-Hoe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeck1895" class="citation book cs1">Peck, Harry Thurston. (1895). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9YpRAAAAYAAJ"><i>The International Cyclopædia A Compendium of Human Knowledge, Revised with Large Additions · Volume 12</i></a>. Dodd, Mead & Company. p. 168<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 28,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+International+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+A+Compendium+of+Human+Knowledge%2C+Revised+with+Large+Additions+%C2%B7+Volume+12&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Company&rft.date=1895&rft.aulast=Peck&rft.aufirst=Harry+Thurston.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9YpRAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.davuniversity.org/images/files/study-material/JMC%20107%20Design%20and%20Graphics-%20Printing%20Process%20(Gravure%20&%20Screen).pdf">"JMC 107 Design and Graphics- Printing Process (Gravure & Screen)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.davuniversity.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 19,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.davuniversity.org&rft.atitle=JMC+107+Design+and+Graphics-+Printing+Process+%28Gravure+%26+Screen%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.davuniversity.org%2Fimages%2Ffiles%2Fstudy-material%2FJMC%2520107%2520Design%2520and%2520Graphics-%2520Printing%2520Process%2520%28Gravure%2520%26%2520Screen%29.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPollak1972" class="citation journal cs1">Pollak, Michael (1972). "The performance of the wooden printing press". <i>The Library Quarterly</i>. <b>42</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">218–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F620028">10.1086/620028</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4306163">4306163</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144726990">144726990</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Library+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+performance+of+the+wooden+printing+press&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E218-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144726990%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4306163%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F620028&rft.aulast=Pollak&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196780-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196780_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolza1967">Bolza 1967</a>, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196783-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196783_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolza1967">Bolza 1967</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196787-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196787_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolza1967">Bolza 1967</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBolza196788-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196788_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBolza196788_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBolza1967">Bolza 1967</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBob_deLaubenfels2011" class="citation web cs1">Bob deLaubenfels (February 9, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220424170929/https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2011/02/09/what-are-crop-marks-and-why-would-you-want-to-print-them/">"What are crop marks and why would you want to print them?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2011/02/09/what-are-crop-marks-and-why-would-you-want-to-print-them/">the original</a> on April 24, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+are+crop+marks+and+why+would+you+want+to+print+them%3F&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2011-02-09&rft.au=Bob+deLaubenfels&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fmicrosoft-365%2Fblog%2F2011%2F02%2F09%2Fwhat-are-crop-marks-and-why-would-you-want-to-print-them%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IzdebskaThomas2015-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IzdebskaThomas2015_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoanna_IzdebskaSabu_Thomas2015" class="citation book cs1">Joanna Izdebska; Sabu Thomas (September 24, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IjROBQAAQBAJ&pg=PP1"><i>Printing on Polymers: Fundamentals and Applications</i></a>. Elsevier Science. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-323-37500-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-323-37500-9"><bdi>978-0-323-37500-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Printing+on+Polymers%3A+Fundamentals+and+Applications&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2015-09-24&rft.isbn=978-0-323-37500-9&rft.au=Joanna+Izdebska&rft.au=Sabu+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIjROBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Buringh_&_van_Zanden_2009-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Buringh_&_van_Zanden_2009_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Buringh_&_van_Zanden_2009_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Buringh, Eltjo; van Zanden, Jan Luiten: "Charting the 'Rise of the West': Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe, A Long-Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries", <i>The Journal of Economic History</i>, Vol. 69, No. 2 (2009), pp. 409–45 (417, table 2)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs-Burke-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs-Burke_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Briggs-Burke_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ref: Briggs, Asa and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Burke_(historian)" title="Peter Burke (historian)">Burke, Peter</a> (2002) A Social History of the Media: from Gutenberg to the Internet, Polity, Cambridge, pp. 15–23, 61–73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/55269/55269-h/55269-h.htm"><i>A Description of the Famous Kingdome of Macaria</i></a>. London. 1641.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Description+of+the+Famous+Kingdome+of+Macaria&rft.place=London&rft.date=1641&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F55269%2F55269-h%2F55269-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">or soon after; Naim A. Güleryüz, <i>Bizans'tan 20. Yüzyıla – Türk Yahudileri</i>, Gözlem Gazetecilik Basın ve Yayın A.Ş., İstanbul, January 2012, p. 90 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9944-994-54-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-9944-994-54-5">978-9944-994-54-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Watson, William J., "İbrāhīm Müteferriḳa and Turkish Incunabula", <i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_American_Oriental_Society" title="Journal of the American Oriental Society">Journal of the American Oriental Society</a></i>, 1968, volume 88, issue 3, p. 436</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt2009-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt2009_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/books/12hebr.html?_r=1">A Lifetime's Collection of Texts in Hebrew, at Sotheby's</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122144919/https://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/12/books/12hebr.html?_r=1">Archived</a> January 22, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", <a href="/wiki/Edward_Rothstein" title="Edward Rothstein">Edward Rothstein</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a></i>, February 11, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meyrowitz41-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meyrowitz41_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meyrowitz41_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meyrowitz: "Mediating Communication: What Happens?" in "Questioning the Media", p. 41.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eisenstein in Briggs and Burke, 2002: p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Modie-2014-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Modie-2014_56-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modie-2014_56-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modie-2014_56-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Modie-2014_56-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFModie2014" class="citation journal cs1">Modie, G (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rmit-researchmanagement.esploro.exlibrisgroup.com/view/delivery/61RMIT_INST/12247059320001341/13248394600001341">"Gutenberg's Effects on Universities"</a>. <i>History of Education</i>. <b>43</b> (4): 17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0046760X.2014.930186">10.1080/0046760X.2014.930186</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145093891">145093891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education&rft.atitle=Gutenberg%27s+Effects+on+Universities&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0046760X.2014.930186&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145093891%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Modie&rft.aufirst=G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frmit-researchmanagement.esploro.exlibrisgroup.com%2Fview%2Fdelivery%2F61RMIT_INST%2F12247059320001341%2F13248394600001341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kipphan130-144-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kipphan130-144_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKipphan2001" class="citation book cs1">Kipphan, Helmut (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrdqBRgSKasC"><i>Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">130–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67326-2"><bdi>978-3-540-67326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+print+media%3A+technologies+and+production+methods&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E130-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67326-2&rft.aulast=Kipphan&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrdqBRgSKasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kipphan976-979-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan976-979_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKipphan2001" class="citation book cs1">Kipphan, Helmut (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrdqBRgSKasC"><i>Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">976–</span>79. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67326-2"><bdi>978-3-540-67326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+print+media%3A+technologies+and+production+methods&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E976-%3C%2Fspan%3E79&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67326-2&rft.aulast=Kipphan&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrdqBRgSKasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kipphan48-52-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan48-52_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kipphan48-52_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKipphan2001" class="citation book cs1">Kipphan, Helmut (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrdqBRgSKasC"><i>Handbook of print media: technologies and production methods</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">48–</span>52. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67326-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-67326-2"><bdi>978-3-540-67326-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+print+media%3A+technologies+and+production+methods&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-3-540-67326-2&rft.aulast=Kipphan&rft.aufirst=Helmut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrdqBRgSKasC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zeng-2019-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zeng-2019_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zeng-2019_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZengZhang2019" class="citation journal cs1">Zeng, Minxiang; Zhang, Yanliang (October 22, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/ta/c9ta07552f">"Colloidal nanoparticle inks for printing functional devices: emerging trends and future prospects"</a>. <i>Journal of Materials Chemistry A</i>. <b>7</b> (41): <span class="nowrap">23301–</span>23336. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC9TA07552F">10.1039/C9TA07552F</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2050-7496">2050-7496</a>. <a href="/wiki/OSTI_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OSTI (identifier)">OSTI</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1801277">1801277</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203945576">203945576</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412172136/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2019/TA/C9TA07552F">Archived</a> from the original on April 12, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Chemistry+A&rft.atitle=Colloidal+nanoparticle+inks+for+printing+functional+devices%3A+emerging+trends+and+future+prospects&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23301-%3C%2Fspan%3E23336&rft.date=2019-10-22&rft.issn=2050-7496&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A203945576%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2Fbiblio%2F1801277%23id-name%3DOSTI&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC9TA07552F&rft.aulast=Zeng&rft.aufirst=Minxiang&rft.au=Zhang%2C+Yanliang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Farticlelanding%2F2019%2Fta%2Fc9ta07552f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHuKangNgZhu2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hu, Guohua; Kang, Joohoon; Ng, Leonard W. T.; Zhu, Xiaoxi; Howe, Richard C. T.; Jones, Christopher G.; Hersam, Mark C.; <a href="/wiki/Tawfique_Hasan" title="Tawfique Hasan">Hasan, Tawfique</a> (May 8, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/cs/c8cs00084k">"Functional inks and printing of two-dimensional materials"</a>. <i>Chemical Society Reviews</i>. <b>47</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">3265–</span>3300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC8CS00084K">10.1039/C8CS00084K</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-4744">1460-4744</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29667676">29667676</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4937349">4937349</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200413021249/https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2018/cs/c8cs00084k">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 13,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Society+Reviews&rft.atitle=Functional+inks+and+printing+of+two-dimensional+materials&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3265-%3C%2Fspan%3E3300&rft.date=2018-05-08&rft.issn=1460-4744&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4937349%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29667676&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC8CS00084K&rft.aulast=Hu&rft.aufirst=Guohua&rft.au=Kang%2C+Joohoon&rft.au=Ng%2C+Leonard+W.+T.&rft.au=Zhu%2C+Xiaoxi&rft.au=Howe%2C+Richard+C.+T.&rft.au=Jones%2C+Christopher+G.&rft.au=Hersam%2C+Mark+C.&rft.au=Hasan%2C+Tawfique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.rsc.org%2Fen%2Fcontent%2Farticlelanding%2F2018%2Fcs%2Fc8cs00084k&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPaulsenRennChristensonPlourde2012" class="citation book cs1">Paulsen, Jason A.; Renn, Michael; Christenson, Kurt; Plourde, Richard (October 2012). "Printing conformal electronics on 3D structures with Aerosol Jet technology". <i>2012 Future of Instrumentation International Workshop (FIIW) Proceedings</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FFIIW.2012.6378343">10.1109/FIIW.2012.6378343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-2482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-2482-3"><bdi>978-1-4673-2482-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21924851">21924851</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Printing+conformal+electronics+on+3D+structures+with+Aerosol+Jet+technology&rft.btitle=2012+Future+of+Instrumentation+International+Workshop+%28FIIW%29+Proceedings&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2012-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21924851%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FFIIW.2012.6378343&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-2482-3&rft.aulast=Paulsen&rft.aufirst=Jason+A.&rft.au=Renn%2C+Michael&rft.au=Christenson%2C+Kurt&rft.au=Plourde%2C+Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vj_ipg2-0_keynote-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-vj_ipg2-0_keynote_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://h20325.www2.hp.com/blogs/scaglia/archive/2007/08/30/4314.html">When 2% Leads to a Major Industry Shift</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080216032849/http://h20325.www2.hp.com/blogs/scaglia/archive/2007/08/30/4314.html">Archived</a> February 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" Patrick Scaglia, August 30, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/rapid-prototyping">"Rapid Prototyping - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"</a>. <i>www.sciencedirect.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221026163558/https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/materials-science/rapid-prototyping">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sciencedirect.com&rft.atitle=Rapid+Prototyping+-+an+overview+%7C+ScienceDirect+Topics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Ftopics%2Fmaterials-science%2Frapid-prototyping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tmg-muenchen.de/training-course/11/Additive-Manufacturing?flang=en">"Learning Course: Additive Manufacturing – Additive Fertigung"</a>. <i>tmg-muenchen.de</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tmg-muenchen.de&rft.atitle=Learning+Course%3A+Additive+Manufacturing+%E2%80%93+Additive+Fertigung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tmg-muenchen.de%2Ftraining-course%2F11%2FAdditive-Manufacturing%3Fflang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191220194129/https://upstatebusinessjournal.com/3-d-printing-steps-into-the-spotlight/">"3-D Printing Steps into the Spotlight"</a>. <i>Upstate Business Journal</i>. April 11, 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://upstatebusinessjournal.com/3-d-printing-steps-into-the-spotlight/">the original</a> on December 20, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 20,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Upstate+Business+Journal&rft.atitle=3-D+Printing+Steps+into+the+Spotlight&rft.date=2013-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fupstatebusinessjournal.com%2F3-d-printing-steps-into-the-spotlight%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLamDingChengZhou2019" class="citation journal cs1">Lam, Hugo K.S.; Ding, Li; Cheng, T.C.E.; Zhou, Honggeng (January 1, 2019). "The impact of 3D printing implementation on stock returns: A contingent dynamic capabilities perspective". <i>International Journal of Operations & Production Management</i>. <b>39</b> (6/7/8): <span class="nowrap">935–</span>961. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1108%2FIJOPM-01-2019-0075">10.1108/IJOPM-01-2019-0075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0144-3577">0144-3577</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211386031">211386031</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Operations+%26+Production+Management&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+3D+printing+implementation+on+stock+returns%3A+A+contingent+dynamic+capabilities+perspective&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=6%2F7%2F8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E935-%3C%2Fspan%3E961&rft.date=2019-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211386031%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0144-3577&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1108%2FIJOPM-01-2019-0075&rft.aulast=Lam&rft.aufirst=Hugo+K.S.&rft.au=Ding%2C+Li&rft.au=Cheng%2C+T.C.E.&rft.au=Zhou%2C+Honggeng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200724194125/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvabM3KXNsUC&pg=PA80#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Ariadne"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>. Vol. 64, no. 917. October 3, 1974. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0262-4079">0262-4079</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvabM3KXNsUC&pg=PA80">the original</a> on July 24, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Ariadne&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=917&rft.pages=80&rft.date=1974-10-03&rft.issn=0262-4079&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvabM3KXNsUC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEllam2019" class="citation web cs1">Ellam, Richard (February 26, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/letter/mg23230991-100-1-editors-pick-3d-printing-you-read-it-here-first/">"3D printing: you read it here first"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=3D+printing%3A+you+read+it+here+first&rft.date=2019-02-26&rft.aulast=Ellam&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Fletter%2Fmg23230991-100-1-editors-pick-3d-printing-you-read-it-here-first%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220820155725/https://explainedideas.com/3d-printing/">"3D Printing: All You Need To Know"</a>. <i>explainedideas.com</i>. Archived from the original on August 20, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=explainedideas.com&rft.atitle=3D+Printing%3A+All+You+Need+To+Know&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplainedideas.com%2F3d-printing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zelinski_2017-08-04-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Zelinski_2017-08-04_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZelinski2017" class="citation cs2">Zelinski, Peter (August 4, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.additivemanufacturing.media/columns/additive-manufacturing-and-3d-printing-are-two-different-things">"Additive manufacturing and 3D printing are two different things"</a>, <i>Additive Manufacturing</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Additive+Manufacturing&rft.atitle=Additive+manufacturing+and+3D+printing+are+two+different+things&rft.date=2017-08-04&rft.aulast=Zelinski&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.additivemanufacturing.media%2Fcolumns%2Fadditive-manufacturing-and-3d-printing-are-two-different-things&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/69669.html">"ISO/ASTM 52900:2015 – Additive manufacturing – General principles – Terminology"</a>. <i>iso.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 15,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iso.org&rft.atitle=ISO%2FASTM+52900%3A2015+%E2%80%93+Additive+manufacturing+%E2%80%93+General+principles+%E2%80%93+Terminology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iso.org%2Fstandard%2F69669.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation patent"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.j-platpat.inpit.go.jp/c1800/PU/JP-S56-144478/1D0ADD2064383A29D55152F0210F025DEFC37B25B70242A69D2F88F6F3A29A10/11/en">JP-S56-144478</a>, "JP Patent: S56-144478 - 3D figure production device", issued November 10, 1981</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Apatent&rft.number=JP-S56-144478&rft.cc=&rft.title=JP+Patent%3A+S56-144478+-+3D+figure+production+device&rft.date=10 November 1981"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_sources">Major sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Major sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBolza1967" class="citation journal cs1">Bolza, Hans (1967). "Friedrich Koenig und die Erfindung der Druckmaschine". <i>Technikgeschichte</i>. <b>34</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">79–</span>89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technikgeschichte&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Koenig+und+die+Erfindung+der+Druckmaschine&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E79-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Bolza&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTsien1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien, Tsuen-Hsuin</a> (1985). <i>Paper and Printing</i>. Needham, Joseph <i>Science and Civilization in China</i>. Vol. 5 part 1. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-08690-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-08690-6"><bdi>0-521-08690-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paper+and+Printing&rft.series=Needham%2C+Joseph+%27%27Science+and+Civilization+in+China%27%27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-521-08690-6&rft.aulast=Tsien&rft.aufirst=Tsuen-Hsuin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span>; also published in Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd., 1986.</li></ul> </div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barker, Nicholas. (1978). "Invention of Printing." <i>U.S. Library of Congress Quarterly Journal</i> 35 (March): 64–76.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEdwards2015" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, Eiluned (December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/books/eiluned-edwards-block-printing-review"><i>Block Printed Textiles of India</i></a>. Niyogi Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-93-85285-03-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-93-85285-03-5"><bdi>978-93-85285-03-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Block+Printed+Textiles+of+India&rft.pub=Niyogi+Books&rft.date=2015-12&rft.isbn=978-93-85285-03-5&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=Eiluned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fbooks%2Feiluned-edwards-block-printing-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_L._Eisenstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth L. Eisenstein">Elizabeth L. Eisenstein</a>, <i>The Printing Press as an Agent of Change</i>, Cambridge University Press, September 1980, Paperback, 832 p. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-29955-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-29955-1">0-521-29955-1</a></li> <li>Egan, Grace, and Colin Johnston. “‘Serving the Turn’: Collaboration and Proof in Illegal Hand-Press Period Books.” <i>Ilha do Desterro</i> 71.2 (2018): 129–152.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGaskell1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Gaskell" title="Philip Gaskell">Gaskell, Philip</a> (1995). <i>A New Introduction to Bibliography</i>. Winchester and Newcastle: St Paul's Bibliographies and Oak Knoll Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Introduction+to+Bibliography&rft.place=Winchester+and+Newcastle&rft.pub=St+Paul%27s+Bibliographies+and+Oak+Knoll+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Gaskell&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gehbald, Agnes. (2024). "Punch-Cutting in Colonial Peru: Printers' Type, Liberal Reform and the Freedom of the Press." <i>Book History</i> 27 (Fall, 2024): 283-308.</li> <li>Hargrave, J. (2013). Disruptive Technological History: Papermaking to Digital Printing. <i>Journal of Scholarly Publishing</i>, 44(3). 221–227.</li> <li>Lafontaine, Gerard S. (1958). <i>Dictionary of Terms Used in the Paper, Printing, and Allied Industries</i>. Toronto: H. Smith Paper Mills. 110 p.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">Marshall McLuhan</a>, <i>The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Making of Typographic Man</i> (1962) Univ. of Toronto Press (1st ed.); reissued by Routledge & Kegan Paul <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7100-1818-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7100-1818-5">0-7100-1818-5</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNesbitt1957" class="citation book cs1">Nesbitt, Alexander (1957). <i>The History and Technique of Lettering</i>. Dover Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+and+Technique+of+Lettering&rft.pub=Dover+Books&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Nesbitt&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSaundersMiles2006" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, Gill; Miles, Rosie (May 1, 2006). <i>Prints Now: Directions and Definitions</i>. Victoria and Albert Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85177-480-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85177-480-7"><bdi>978-1-85177-480-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prints+Now%3A+Directions+and+Definitions&rft.pub=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.date=2006-05-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85177-480-7&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=Gill&rft.au=Miles%2C+Rosie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinberg1996" class="citation book cs1">Steinberg, S.H. (1996). <i>Five Hundred Years of Printing</i>. London and Newcastle: The British Library and Oak Knoll Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Five+Hundred+Years+of+Printing&rft.place=London+and+Newcastle&rft.pub=The+British+Library+and+Oak+Knoll+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Steinberg&rft.aufirst=S.H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tam, Pui-Wing <i>The New Paper Trail</i>, <i>The Wall Street Journal Online</i>, February 13, 2006 p. R8</li> <li>Werner, S. (2018). <i>Studying Early Printed Books, 1450-1800: A Practical Guide</i>. Wiley.</li> <li>Woong-Jin-Wee-In-Jun-Gi No. 11 Jang Young Sil by Baek Sauk Gi. 1987 Woongjin Publishing Co., Ltd. p. 61. <i>On the effects of Gutenberg's printing</i></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_printers_manuals">Early printers manuals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Early printers manuals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The classic manual of early hand-press technology is </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMoxon1962" class="citation book cs1">Moxon, Joseph (1962) [1683–1684]. Herbert, Davies; Carter, Harry (eds.). <i>Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing</i> (reprint ed.). New York: Dover Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanick+Exercises+on+the+Whole+Art+of+Printing&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Moxon&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dd>A somewhat later one, showing 18th century developments is</dd></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStower1965" class="citation book cs1">Stower, Caleb (1965) [1808]. <i>The Printer's Grammar</i> (reprint ed.). London: Gregg Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Printer%27s+Grammar&rft.place=London&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Gregg+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Stower&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Printing&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/printing" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:printing">printing</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/40px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/60px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/120px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Printing" class="extiw" title="q:Printing">Printing</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Printing" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Printing">Printing</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Printing"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Printing">"Printing" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 22 (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Printing&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Printing"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Printing">"Printing" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Printing&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrinting" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p15324coll10/id/94303">Prints & People: A Social History of Printed Pictures</a> – an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art (fully available online as PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ed.ac.uk/literatures-languages-cultures/chb">Centre for the History of the Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.printing.org">Printing Industries of the Americas</a> – trade association for printers and companies in the graphic arts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg-museum.de/29.0.html?&no_cache=1&L=1">The development of book and printing</a>. English website of the Gutenberg-Museum Mainz (Germany)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bpsnet.org.uk">BPSnet British Printing Society</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524122807/http://www.culture.tw/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1964&Itemid=157">Taiwan Culture Portal: Ri Xing Type Foundry – preserving the true character of Chinese type</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/mathison">A collection of printing materials from the 19th Century</a> – Documents printed by R. Mathison Jr., The Job Printer, in Vancouver, B.C. – UBC Library Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://printinghistory.org/">American Printing History Association, NY, Web site</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Books361" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Books" title="Template:Books"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Books" title="Template talk:Books"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Books" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Books"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Books361" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Books</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_cover" title="Book cover">Covers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dust_jacket" title="Dust jacket">dust jackets</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_illustration" title="Book illustration">Illustration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript" title="Illuminated manuscript">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Printing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edition_(book)" title="Edition (book)">edition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_printing" title="History of printing">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incunable" title="Incunable">incunabula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_book" title="Instant book">instant book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited-edition_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Limited-edition book">limited edition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publishing" title="Publishing">Publishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advance_copy" title="Advance copy">advance copy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardcover" title="Hardcover">hardcover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperback" title="Paperback">paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_size" title="Book size">Size</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume (bibliography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(publishing)" title="Collection (publishing)">Collection (publishing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_series" title="Book series">Book series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Consumption</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_award" title="Literary award">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestseller" title="Bestseller">Bestsellers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_books" title="List of best-selling books">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography" title="Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliomania" title="Bibliomania">Bibliomania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tsundoku" title="Tsundoku">tsundoku</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliophilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliophilia">Bibliophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliotherapy" title="Bibliotherapy">Bibliotherapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookmark" title="Bookmark">Bookmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookselling" title="Bookselling">Bookselling</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blurb" title="Blurb">blurbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_town" title="Book town">book towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_bookselling" title="History of bookselling">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Used_book" title="Used book">used</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_censorship" title="Book censorship">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_discussion_club" title="Book discussion club">Clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_collecting" title="Book collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_scanning" title="Book scanning">Digitizing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookworm_(insect)" title="Bookworm (insect)">Bookworm (insect)</a></li> <li>Furniture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bookcase" title="Bookcase">bookcases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookend" title="Bookend">bookends</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_culture" title="Print culture">Print culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">Reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_review" title="Book review">Reviews</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Brazil" title="Books in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_bookbinding" title="Traditional Chinese bookbinding">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_France" title="Books in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Germany" title="Books in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Italy" title="Books in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Was%C5%8Dbon" title="Wasōbon">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_Netherlands" title="Books in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_and_publishing_in_Pakistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Books and publishing in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_Spain" title="Books in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Books in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Books_in_the_United_States" title="Books in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Genres <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fictional_book" class="mw-redirect" title="Fictional book">fictional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_book" title="Miniature book">miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop-up_book" title="Pop-up book">pop-up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textbook" title="Textbook">textbook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li>Formats <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiobook" title="Audiobook">audiobooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folio" title="Folio">Folio</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">Coffee table book</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_banned_books" title="Lists of banned books">Banned books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_burning" title="Book burning">Book burning</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_book-burning_incidents" title="List of book-burning incidents">incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_book_burnings" title="Nazi book burnings">Nazi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_curse" title="Book curse">Book curses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_packaging" title="Book packaging">Book packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_swapping" title="Book swapping">Book swapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_tour" title="Book tour">Book tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Conservation and restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dog_ears" title="Dog ears">Dog ears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_books" title="History of books">History of books</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scroll" title="Scroll">scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Codex" title="Codex">codex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novel" title="Novel">Novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Philobiblon" title="The Philobiblon">The Philobiblon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Day" title="World Book Day">World Book Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Book_Capital" title="World Book Capital">World Book Capital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/20px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/40px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_books" title="Outline of books">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Books" title="Category:Books">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Books" title="Portal:Books">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Paper401" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Paper" title="Template:Paper"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Paper" title="Template talk:Paper"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Paper" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Paper"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Paper401" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_engineering" title="Paper engineering">Paper engineering</a> / <a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_paper" title="History of paper">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talas" title="Battle of Talas">Battle of Talas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missal_of_Silos" title="Missal of Silos">Missal of Silos</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Originators11" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Originators</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cai_Lun" title="Cai Lun">Cai Lun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damjing" title="Damjing">Damjing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_Koops" title="Matthias Koops">Matthias Koops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Gottlob_Keller" title="Friedrich Gottlob Keller">Friedrich Gottlob Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fenerty" title="Charles Fenerty">Charles Fenerty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Francis_Carter" title="Thomas Francis Carter">Thomas Francis Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dard_Hunter" title="Dard Hunter">Dard Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsien_Tsuen-hsuin" title="Tsien Tsuen-hsuin">Tsien Tsuen-hsuin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid-free_paper" title="Acid-free paper">Acid-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air-laid_paper" title="Air-laid paper">Air-laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amate" title="Amate">Amate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bituminous_waterproofing#Roofing_felt" title="Bituminous waterproofing">Asphalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_paper" title="Banana paper">Banana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blotting_paper" title="Blotting paper">Blotting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bond_paper" title="Bond paper">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol_board" title="Bristol board">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_paper" title="Carbon paper">Carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Card_stock" title="Card stock">Cardstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartridge_paper" title="Cartridge paper">Cartridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_paper" title="Construction paper">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contact_paper" title="Contact paper">Contact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_fine_paper#Copy_paper" title="Special fine paper">Copy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carbonless_copy_paper" title="Carbonless copy paper">Carbonless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Correction_paper" title="Correction paper">Correction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_paper" title="Cotton paper">Cotton (rag)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%AApe_paper" title="Crêpe paper">Crêpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_board" title="Display board">Display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B3_paper" title="Dó paper">Dó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_insulation_paper" title="Electrical insulation paper">Electrical insulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filter_paper" title="Filter paper">Filteration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genk%C5%8D_y%C5%8Dshi" title="Genkō yōshi">Genkō yōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glassine" title="Glassine">Glassine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_paper" title="Graph paper">Graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greaseproof_paper" title="Greaseproof paper">Greaseproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemp_paper" title="Hemp paper">Hemp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_paper" title="India paper">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkjet_paper" title="Inkjet paper">Inkjet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingres_paper" title="Ingres paper">Ingres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_paper" title="Korean paper">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butcher_paper" title="Butcher paper">Butcher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laid_paper" title="Laid paper">Laid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lokta_paper" title="Lokta paper">Lokta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_paper" title="Manila paper">Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy_paper" title="Mummy paper">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsprint" title="Newsprint">Newsprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onionskin" title="Onionskin">Onionskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origami_paper" title="Origami paper">Origami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parchment_paper" title="Parchment paper">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_paper" title="Photographic paper">Photographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_rosin_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Red rosin paper">Red rosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rice_paper" title="Rice paper">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolling_paper" title="Rolling paper">Rolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_paper" title="Bible paper">Scritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_paper" title="Security paper">Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed_paper" title="Seed paper">Seed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tar_paper" title="Tar paper">Tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_paper" title="Thermal paper">Thermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tracing_paper" title="Tracing paper">Tracing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_paper" title="Transfer paper">Transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree-free_paper" title="Tree-free paper">Tree-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper" title="Wallpaper">Wallpaper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">Washi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasli" title="Wasli">Wasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterproof_paper" title="Waterproof paper">Waterproof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wax_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax paper">Wax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood-free_paper" title="Wood-free paper">Wood-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wove_paper" title="Wove paper">Wove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printing_and_writing_paper" title="Printing and writing paper">Writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuan_paper" title="Xuan paper">Xuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaolinite" title="Kaolinite">China clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_crop" title="Fiber crop">Fiber crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_chemicals" title="Paper chemicals">Paper chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Wood pulp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paper#Types,_thickness_and_weight" title="Paper">Specifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paper_density" title="Paper density">Density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grammage" title="Grammage">Grammage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_size" title="Paper size">Paper sizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_chemistry_of_paper" title="Surface chemistry of paper">Surface chemistry of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Units_of_paper_quantity" title="Units of paper quantity">Units of paper quantity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_strength" title="Wet strength">Wet strength</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacture<br />and process</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleaching_of_wood_pulp" title="Bleaching of wood pulp">Bleaching of wood pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conical_refiner" title="Conical refiner">Conical refiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deinking" title="Deinking">Deinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elemental_chlorine_free" title="Elemental chlorine free">Elemental chlorine free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_paper" title="Environmental impact of paper">Environmental impact of paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking#Manual_papermaking" title="Papermaking">Handmade paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollander_beater" title="Hollander beater">Hollander beater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_process" title="Kraft process">Kraft process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organosolv" title="Organosolv">Organosolv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_machine" title="Paper machine">Paper machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soda_pulping" title="Soda pulping">Soda pulping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulfite_process" title="Sulfite process">Sulfite process</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry" title="Pulp and paper industry">Paper industry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Canada" title="Pulp and paper industry in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Europe" title="Pulp and paper industry in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_India" title="Pulp and paper industry in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Indonesia" title="Pulp and paper industry in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_Japan" title="Pulp and paper industry in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_and_paper_industry_in_the_United_States" title="Pulp and paper industry in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_mill" title="Paper mill">Paper mill</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_paper_mills" title="List of paper mills">List</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lined_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Lined paper">Lined paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_towel" title="Paper towel">Paper towels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier-m%C3%A2ch%C3%A9" title="Papier-mâché">Papier-mâché</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_clothing" title="Paper clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tissue_paper" title="Tissue paper">Tissues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook" title="Notebook">Notebooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watercolor_paper" title="Watercolor paper">Watercolor paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverage_carton" class="mw-redirect" title="Beverage carton">Beverage cartons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Paper" title="Category:Paper">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Paper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Paper">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Book_publishing_process84" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Book-publishing_process" title="Template:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Book-publishing_process" title="Template talk:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Book-publishing_process" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Book-publishing process"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Book_publishing_process84" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Book publishing process</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copy_(publishing)" title="Copy (publishing)">Copy</a> preparation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Submission</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_agent" title="Literary agent">Literary agent</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Publisher%27s_reader" title="Publisher's reader">Publisher's reader</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>Contract negotiation</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">intellectual property</a> rights</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> rates, format, etc.</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Editing" title="Editing">Editing</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Literary_editor" title="Literary editor">Literary editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_editor" title="Commissioning editor">Commissioning editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Developmental_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental editor">Developmental editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Authors' editor">Authors' editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Book_editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Book editor">Book editor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Copy_editing" title="Copy editing">Copy editing</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prepress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_design" title="Book design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_(publishing)" title="Index (publishing)">Indexing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Typesetting" title="Typesetting">Typesetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proofreading" title="Proofreading">Proof-reading</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proofreader%27s_marks" title="List of proofreader's marks">List of proofreader's marks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Book production</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_folding" title="Book folding">Folding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bookbinding" title="Bookbinding">Binding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_trimming" title="Book trimming">Trimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprint_(trade_name)" title="Imprint (trade name)">Imprint</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Desktop_publishing_software268" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Desktop_publishing_software" title="Template:Desktop publishing software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Desktop_publishing_software" title="Template talk:Desktop publishing software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Desktop_publishing_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Desktop publishing software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Desktop_publishing_software268" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Desktop_publishing" title="Desktop publishing">Desktop publishing software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop installed software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_InDesign" title="Adobe InDesign">Adobe InDesign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affinity_Publisher" title="Affinity Publisher">Affinity Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache_OpenOffice" title="Apache OpenOffice">Apache OpenOffice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Online" title="Collabora Online">Collabora Office Draw and Collabora Office Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CorelDRAW" title="CorelDRAW">CorelDRAW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Draw" title="LibreOffice Draw">LibreOffice Draw</a> and <a href="/wiki/LibreOffice_Writer" title="LibreOffice Writer">LibreOffice Writer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LyX" title="LyX">LyX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Publisher" title="Microsoft Publisher">Microsoft Publisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pages_(word_processor)" title="Pages (word processor)">Pages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuarkXPress" title="QuarkXPress">QuarkXPress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribus" title="Scribus">Scribus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Print_Shop" title="The Print Shop">The Print Shop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Online - cloud based software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canva" title="Canva">Canva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collabora_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Collabora Office">Collabora Online Draw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marq_(company)" title="Marq (company)">Marq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_PDF_software" title="List of PDF software">List of PDF software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile publishing">Mobile publishing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_design" title="Web design">Web design</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Desktop_publishing_software" title="Category:Desktop publishing software">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_desktop_publishing_software" title="Comparison of desktop publishing software">Comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_desktop_publishing_software" title="List of desktop publishing software">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Packaging261" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Packaging" title="Template:Packaging"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Packaging" title="Template talk:Packaging"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Packaging"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Packaging261" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_packaging" title="Active packaging">Active packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child-resistant_packaging" title="Child-resistant packaging">Child-resistant packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contract_packager" title="Contract packager">Contract packager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edible_packaging" title="Edible packaging">Edible packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere/modified_humidity_packaging" title="Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging">Modified atmosphere/modified humidity packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpackaging" title="Overpackaging">Overpackaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_delivery" title="Package delivery">Package delivery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_pilferage" title="Package pilferage">Package pilferage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_testing" title="Package testing">Package testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_theft" title="Package theft">Package theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_engineering" title="Packaging engineering">Packaging engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resealable_packaging" title="Resealable packaging">Resealable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuse_of_bottles" title="Reuse of bottles">Reuse of bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf_life" title="Shelf life">Shelf life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-ready_packaging" title="Shelf-ready packaging">Shelf-ready packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelf-stable_food" title="Shelf-stable food">Shelf-stable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_technology" title="Tamper-evident technology">Tamper-evident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamper resistance">Tamper resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrap_rage" title="Wrap rage">Wrap rage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Product<br />packages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_wine_closure" title="Alternative wine closure">Alternative wine closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammunition_box" title="Ammunition box">Ammunition box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banana_box" title="Banana box">Banana box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beer_bottle" title="Beer bottle">Beer bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box_wine" title="Box wine">Box wine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case-ready_meat" title="Case-ready meat">Case-ready meat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffee_bag" title="Coffee bag">Coffee bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmetic_packaging" title="Cosmetic packaging">Cosmetic packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_packaging" title="Currency packaging">Currency packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_food_packaging" title="Disposable food packaging">Disposable food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drink_can" title="Drink can">Drink can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg_carton" title="Egg carton">Egg carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evidence_packaging" title="Evidence packaging">Evidence packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_ration" title="Field ration">Field ration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_sack" title="Flour sack">Flour sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_packaging" title="Food packaging">Food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_container" title="Fuel container">Fuel container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">Gas cylinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_milk_bottle" title="Glass milk bottle">Glass milk bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growler_(jug)" title="Growler (jug)">Growler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juicebox_(container)" class="mw-redirect" title="Juicebox (container)">Juicebox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_plastic_water_bottle" title="Low plastic water bottle">Low plastic water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxury_packaging" title="Luxury packaging">Luxury packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milk_bag" title="Milk bag">Milk bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_packaging" title="Optical disc packaging">Optical disc packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_pail" title="Oyster pail">Oyster pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_popcorn" title="Microwave popcorn">Popcorn bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_packaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical packaging">Pharmaceutical packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza_box" title="Pizza box">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_milk_container" title="Plastic milk container">Plastic milk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purdue_Improved_Crop_Storage_bags" title="Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags">Purdue Improved Crop Storage bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand bag">Sand bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal_packaging" title="Seasonal packaging">Seasonal packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-heating_food_packaging" title="Self-heating food packaging">Self-heating food packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-serve_coffee_container" title="Single-serve coffee container">Single-serve coffee container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_paint" title="Spray paint">Spray paint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste_pump_dispenser" title="Toothpaste pump dispenser">Toothpaste pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">Unit dose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_bottle" title="Water bottle">Water bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_bottle" title="Wine bottle">Wine bottle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Container" title="Container">Containers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerosol_spray_dispenser" title="Aerosol spray dispenser">Aerosol spray dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_bottle" title="Aluminium bottle">Aluminium bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminum_can" title="Aluminum can">Aluminum can</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampoule" title="Ampoule">Ampoule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antistatic_bag" title="Antistatic bag">Antistatic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag-in-box" title="Bag-in-box">Bag-in-box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bag" title="Bag">Bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrel" title="Barrel">Barrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_bag" title="Biodegradable bag">Biodegradable bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boil-in-bag" title="Boil-in-bag">Boil-in-bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle" title="Bottle">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Box" title="Box">Box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulk_box" title="Bulk box">Bulk box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cage" title="Cage">Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_(goods)" title="Case (goods)">Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carboy" title="Carboy">Carboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carton" title="Carton">Carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chub_(container)" title="Chub (container)">Chub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_(container)" title="Clamshell (container)">Clamshell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_box_design" title="Corrugated box design">Corrugated box design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crate" title="Crate">Crate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disposable_cup" title="Disposable cup">Disposable cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_(container)" title="Drum (container)">Drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endcap" title="Endcap">Endcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envelope" title="Envelope">Envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euro_container" title="Euro container">Euro container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_intermediate_bulk_container" title="Flexible intermediate bulk container">Flexible intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flexible_tank" title="Flexible tank">Flexible tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_carton" title="Folding carton">Folding carton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_bottle" title="Glass bottle">Glass bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunny_sack" title="Gunny sack">Gunny sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">Inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insulated_shipping_container" title="Insulated shipping container">Insulated shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_bulk_container" title="Intermediate bulk container">Intermediate bulk container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar" title="Jar">Jar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">Jerrycan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug" title="Jug">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keg" title="Keg">Keg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesh_bag" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesh bag">Mesh bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilayered_packaging" title="Multilayered packaging">Multilayered packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-pack" title="Multi-pack">Multi-pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_(container)" title="Packet (container)">Packet (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padded_envelope" title="Padded envelope">Padded envelope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pail_(container)" title="Pail (container)">Pail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_bag" title="Paper bag">Paper bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_sack" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper sack">Paper sack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retort_pouch" title="Retort pouch">Retort pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvage_drum" title="Salvage drum">Salvage drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sachet" title="Sachet">Sachet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Water_sachet" title="Water sachet">Water sachet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_bag" title="Security bag">Security bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">Shipping container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_tube" title="Shipping tube">Shipping tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skin_pack" title="Skin pack">Skin pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spray_bottle" title="Spray bottle">Spray bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squround" title="Squround">Squround</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stand-up_pouch" title="Stand-up pouch">Stand-up pouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steel_and_tin_cans" title="Steel and tin cans">Steel and tin cans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetra_Brik" title="Tetra Brik">Tetra Brik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_bag" title="Thermal bag">Thermal bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tub_(container)" title="Tub (container)">Tub (container)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tube_(container)" title="Tube (container)">Tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_load" title="Unit load">Unit load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vial" title="Vial">Vial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_box" title="Wooden box">Wooden box</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Materials<br />and<br />components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aluminium_foil" title="Aluminium foil">Aluminium foil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bail_handle" title="Bail handle">Bail handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioplastic" title="Bioplastic">Bioplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_plastic" title="Biodegradable plastic">Biodegradable plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BoPET" title="BoPET">BoPET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bubble_wrap" title="Bubble wrap">Bubble wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bung" class="mw-redirect" title="Bung">Bung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellophane" title="Cellophane">Cellophane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closure_(container)" title="Closure (container)">Closure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coated_paper" title="Coated paper">Coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coextrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Coextrusion">Coextrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_glass" title="Container glass">Container glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cushioning" class="mw-redirect" title="Cushioning">Cushioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desiccant" title="Desiccant">Desiccant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_seam" title="Double seam">Double seam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flip-top" title="Flip-top">Flip-top</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_peanut" title="Foam peanut">Foam peanut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gel_pack" class="mw-redirect" title="Gel pack">Gel pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-melt_adhesive" title="Hot-melt adhesive">Hot-melt adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humidity_indicator_card" title="Humidity indicator card">Humidity indicator card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraft_paper" title="Kraft paper">Kraft paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lid" title="Lid">Lid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_packaging_board" title="Liquid packaging board">Liquid packaging board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_hinge" title="Living hinge">Living hinge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meat_absorbent_pad" title="Meat absorbent pad">Meat absorbent pad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallised_film" title="Metallised film">Metallised film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modified_atmosphere" title="Modified atmosphere">Modified atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molded_pulp" title="Molded pulp">Molded pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonwoven_fabric" title="Nonwoven fabric">Nonwoven fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overwrap" title="Overwrap">Overwrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_scavenger" title="Oxygen scavenger">Oxygen scavenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_handle" title="Package handle">Package handle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_gas" title="Packaging gas">Packaging gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet" title="Pallet">Pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_pallet" title="Paper pallet">Paper pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic-coated_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic-coated paper">Plastic-coated paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Plastic film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic pallet">Plastic pallet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_wrap" title="Plastic wrap">Plastic wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_tape" title="Pressure-sensitive tape">Pressure-sensitive tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pump_dispenser" title="Pump dispenser">Pump dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap" title="Screw cap">Screw cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screw_cap_(wine)" title="Screw cap (wine)">Screw cap (wine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_detector" title="Shock detector">Shock detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock_and_vibration_data_logger" title="Shock and vibration data logger">Shock and vibration data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_wrap" title="Shrink wrap">Shrink wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slip_sheet" title="Slip sheet">Slip sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_(fastener)" title="Staple (fastener)">Staple (fastener)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping" title="Strapping">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susceptor" title="Susceptor">Susceptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamper-evident_band" title="Tamper-evident band">Tamper-evident band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tear_tape" title="Tear tape">Tear tape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature_data_logger" title="Temperature data logger">Temperature data logger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_temperature_indicator" title="Time temperature indicator">Time temperature indicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinning" title="Tinning">Tinplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velostat" title="Velostat">Velostat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aseptic_processing" title="Aseptic processing">Aseptic processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_fill_seal" title="Blow fill seal">Blow fill seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coating" title="Coating">Coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containerization" title="Containerization">Containerization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converting" class="mw-redirect" title="Converting">Converting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_treatment" title="Corona treatment">Corona treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtain_coating" title="Curtain coating">Curtain coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_forming_(plastics)" title="Die forming (plastics)">Die forming (plastics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_article_surveillance" title="Electronic article surveillance">Electronic article surveillance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">Extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion_coating" title="Extrusion coating">Extrusion coating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_treatment" title="Flame treatment">Flame treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_production" title="Glass production">Glass production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_analysis_and_critical_control_points" title="Hazard analysis and critical control points">Hazard analysis and critical control points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermetic_seal" title="Hermetic seal">Hermetic seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Induction_sealing" title="Induction sealing">Induction sealing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Lamination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laser_cutting" title="Laser cutting">Laser cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">Molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Package_tracking" title="Package tracking">Package tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Product development">Product development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Production_control" title="Production control">Production control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_assurance" title="Quality assurance">Quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roll_slitting" title="Roll slitting">Roll slitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shearing_(manufacturing)" title="Shearing (manufacturing)">Shearing (manufacturing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasonic_welding" title="Ultrasonic welding">Ultrasonic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_packing" title="Vacuum packing">Vacuum packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verification_and_validation" title="Verification and validation">Verification and validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Machinery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_printer" title="Barcode printer">Barcode printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">Barcode reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottling_line" title="Bottling line">Bottling line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">Calender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_seamer" title="Can seamer">Can seamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cap_torque_tester" title="Cap torque tester">Cap torque tester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoning_machine" title="Cartoning machine">Cartoning machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_sealer" title="Case sealer">Case sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_weigher" title="Check weigher">Check weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conveyor_system" title="Conveyor system">Conveyor system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drum_pump" title="Drum pump">Drum pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_core_stretch_wrapper" title="Extended core stretch wrapper">Extended core stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(packaging)" title="Filler (packaging)">Filler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_gun" title="Heat gun">Heat gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_sealer" title="Heat sealer">Heat sealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_robot" title="Industrial robot">Industrial robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding_machine" title="Injection molding machine">Injection molding machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer_applicator" title="Label printer applicator">Label printer applicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineshaft_roller_conveyor" title="Lineshaft roller conveyor">Lineshaft roller conveyor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logistics_automation" title="Logistics automation">Logistics automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Material-handling_equipment" title="Material-handling equipment">Material-handling equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_brake_stretch_wrapper" title="Mechanical brake stretch wrapper">Mechanical brake stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihead_weigher" title="Multihead weigher">Multihead weigher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_stretch_wrapper" title="Orbital stretch wrapper">Orbital stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_machinery" title="Packaging machinery">Packaging machinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallet_inverter" title="Pallet inverter">Pallet inverter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palletizer" title="Palletizer">Palletizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotary_wheel_blow_molding_systems" title="Rotary wheel blow molding systems">Rotary wheel blow molding systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seed-counting_machine" title="Seed-counting machine">Seed-counting machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrink_tunnel" title="Shrink tunnel">Shrink tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staple_gun" title="Staple gun">Staple gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_dispenser" title="Tape dispenser">Tape dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turntable_stretch_wrapper" title="Turntable stretch wrapper">Turntable stretch wrapper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_form_fill_sealing_machine" title="Vertical form fill sealing machine">Vertical form fill sealing machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment,<br />post-use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">Biodegradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can_collecting" title="Can collecting">Can collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_box_reuse" title="Closed-loop box reuse">Closed-loop box reuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_engineering" title="Environmental engineering">Environmental engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glass_recycling" title="Glass recycling">Glass recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_ecology" title="Industrial ecology">Industrial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life-cycle_assessment" title="Life-cycle assessment">Life-cycle assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter" title="Litter">Litter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging_waste" title="Packaging waste">Packaging waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_recycling" title="Paper recycling">Paper recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling" title="PET bottle recycling">PET bottle recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reusable_packaging" title="Reusable packaging">Reusable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_logistics" title="Reverse logistics">Reverse logistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Source_reduction" title="Source reduction">Source reduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_packaging" title="Sustainable packaging">Sustainable packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management" title="Waste management">Waste management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Packaging" title="Category:Packaging">Category: Packaging</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Labeling44" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Labeling" title="Template:Labeling"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Labeling" title="Template talk:Labeling"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Labeling" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Labeling"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Labeling44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Labeling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a> construction</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">Adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_cutting_(web)" title="Die cutting (web)">Die cutting (web)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hologram" class="mw-redirect" title="Hologram">Hologram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-mould_labelling" title="In-mould labelling">In-mould labelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label" title="Label">Label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure-sensitive_adhesive" title="Pressure-sensitive adhesive">Pressure-sensitive adhesive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hologram" title="Security hologram">Security hologram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Release_liner" title="Release liner">Release liner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_printing" title="Security printing">Security printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_tape" title="Security tape">Security label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_label" title="Smart label">Smart label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sticker" title="Sticker">Sticker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Content</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">Barcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_of_origin" title="Country of origin">Country of origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobacco_packaging_warning_messages" title="Tobacco packaging warning messages">Cigarette warning label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecolabel" title="Ecolabel">Ecolabel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_energy_label" title="European Union energy label">EU energy label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_Packaging_and_Labeling_Act" title="Fair Packaging and Labeling Act">Fair Packaging and Labeling Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_food_labeling_regulations" title="List of food labeling regulations">List of food labeling regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_labelling" title="Mandatory labelling">Mandatory labelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nameplate" title="Nameplate">Nameplate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrition_facts_label" title="Nutrition facts label">Nutrition facts label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_tobacco_packaging" title="Plain tobacco packaging">Plain tobacco packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">Radio-frequency identification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_food_information_regulations" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom food information regulations">United Kingdom food information regulations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Product_Code" title="Universal Product Code">UPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warning_label" title="Warning label">Warning label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wine_label" title="Wine label">Wine label</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authentication" title="Authentication">Authentication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture" title="Automatic identification and data capture">Automatic identification and data capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_dispenser" title="Label dispenser">Label dispenser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_printer" title="Label printer">Label printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packaging" title="Packaging">Packaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_trace" title="Track and trace">Track and trace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Marketing62" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Marketing_navigation_bar" title="Template:Marketing navigation bar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Marketing_navigation_bar" title="Template talk:Marketing navigation bar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Marketing_navigation_bar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Marketing navigation bar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Marketing62" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">Marketing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distribution_(business)" class="mw-redirect" title="Distribution (business)">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricing" title="Pricing">Pricing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">Retail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service_(economics)" title="Service (economics)">Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_activation" title="Marketing activation">Activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_licensing" title="Brand licensing">Brand licensing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_management" title="Brand management">Brand management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-creation" title="Co-creation">Co-creation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_identity" title="Corporate identity">Corporate identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominance_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominance (economics)">Dominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_effectiveness" title="Marketing effectiveness">Effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_ethics" title="Marketing ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_management" title="Marketing management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotion_(marketing)" title="Promotion (marketing)">Promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_research" title="Marketing research">Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_segmentation" title="Market segmentation">Segmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marketing_strategy" title="Marketing strategy">Strategy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Account-based_marketing" title="Account-based marketing">Account-based marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_marketing" title="Product marketing">Product marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_marketing" title="Social marketing">Social marketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotional contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">Branding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_anniversary" title="Corporate anniversary">Corporate anniversary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct_marketing" title="Direct marketing">Direct marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty_marketing" title="Loyalty marketing">Loyalty marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Mobile marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_on_hold" title="Music on hold">On-hold messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_selling" title="Personal selling">Personal selling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premium_(marketing)" title="Premium (marketing)">Premiums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prize_(marketing)" title="Prize (marketing)">Prizes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_placement" title="Product placement">Product placement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_propaganda" title="Corporate propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publicity" title="Publicity">Publicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sales_promotion" title="Sales promotion">Sales promotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_in_advertising" title="Sex in advertising">Sex in advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriting_spot" title="Underwriting spot">Underwriting spot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Promotional media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral targeting">Behavioral targeting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_ambassador" title="Brand ambassador">Brand ambassador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Display advertising">Display advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drip_marketing" title="Drip marketing">Drip marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In-game_advertising" title="In-game advertising">In-game advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">Mobile advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_advertising" title="Native advertising">Native advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Online advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Out-of-home_advertising" class="mw-redirect" title="Out-of-home advertising">Out-of-home advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">Point of sale</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Printing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Product_demonstration" title="Product demonstration">Product demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promotional_merchandise" title="Promotional merchandise">Promotional merchandise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Publication" title="Publication">Publication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_merchandising" title="Visual merchandising">Visual merchandising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_banner" title="Web banner">Web banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word-of-mouth_marketing" title="Word-of-mouth marketing">Word-of-mouth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11034#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1071" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11034#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1071" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11034#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008598-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85106751">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564152">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="tisk"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph126649&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536364005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/014026">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing&oldid=1281680838">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing&oldid=1281680838</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Printing" title="Category:Printing">Printing</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Documents" title="Category:Documents">Documents</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Textual_scholarship" title="Category:Textual scholarship">Textual scholarship</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_printing" title="Category:History of printing">History of printing</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Spanish-language_sources_(es)" title="Category:CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)">CS1 Spanish-language sources (es)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1: unfit URL">CS1: unfit URL</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_April_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from April 2012">Use mdy dates from April 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Korean-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Korean-language text">Articles containing Korean-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_August_2022" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2019" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2020" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1911_Encyclopaedia_Britannica_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_New_International_Encyclopedia" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the New International Encyclopedia</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 21 March 2025, at 21:02<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Printing&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Printing</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>117 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-fj7xj","wgBackendResponseTime":232,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.193","walltime":"1.544","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8142,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":276713,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6695,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":300490,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1221.101 1 -total"," 30.01% 366.453 2 Template:Reflist"," 16.49% 201.385 28 Template:Cite_book"," 12.61% 154.033 1 Template:Korean"," 10.16% 124.049 4 Template:Lang"," 10.07% 122.944 1 Template:History_of_printing"," 10.03% 122.490 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 5.95% 72.610 3 Template:Sister_project"," 5.78% 70.572 3 Template:Side_box"," 5.76% 70.298 10 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.688","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21638732,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBloom2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBob_deLaubenfels2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBolza1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdwards2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEllam2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGaskell1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuKangNgZhu2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoanna_IzdebskaSabu_Thomas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuan_González_de_Mendoza1585\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKipphan2001\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFL._S._Stavrianos1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamDingChengZhou2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayor1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeggs1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFModie2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoxon1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeedhamTsien2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNesbitt1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaulsenRennChristensonPlourde2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeck1895\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolenz,_Peter_von.1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPolenz1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPollak1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPratt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaundersMiles2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShestack1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteinberg1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStower1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuarezWoudhuysen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomas_Christensen2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsien1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsuen-HsuinNeedham1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZelinski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZengZhang2019\"] = 1,\n [\"printing_revolution\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Book Publishing Process\"] = 1,\n [\"Books\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 3,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite NIE\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite patent\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 14,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Desktop publishing software\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 2,\n [\"History of printing\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"Korean\"] = 1,\n [\"Labeling\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Marketing\"] = 1,\n [\"Marketing navigation bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Packaging\"] = 1,\n [\"Paper\"] = 1,\n [\"Pn\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 8,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 6,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-fb96cc848-pj7zb","timestamp":"20250403031558","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Printing","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Printing","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11034","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q11034","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-03-17T13:53:55Z","dateModified":"2025-03-21T21:02:38Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/8\/8a\/Collage_of_printing.png","headline":"process for reproducing text and images using a master form or template"}</script> </body> </html>