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Dit is echter niet verplicht." class=""><span>Account aanmaken</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Geluidsdruk" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Aanmelden</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opties" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlijke hulpmiddelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Gebruikersmenu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_nl.wikipedia.org&uselang=nl"><span>Doneren</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:GebruikerAanmaken&returnto=Geluidsdruk" title="Registreer u vooral en meld u aan. Dit is echter niet verplicht."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Account aanmaken</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speciaal:Aanmelden&returnto=Geluidsdruk" title="U wordt van harte uitgenodigd om aan te melden, maar dit is niet verplicht [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Aanmelden</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pagina's voor uitgelogde redacteuren <a href="/wiki/Help:Inleiding" aria-label="Meer leren over bewerken"><span>meer lezen</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnBijdragen" title="Bijdragen IP-adres [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Wiskundige_formulering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wiskundige_formulering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Wiskundige formulering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wiskundige_formulering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geluidsniveau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geluidsniveau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geluidsniveau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geluidsniveau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Menselijk_gehoor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Menselijk_gehoor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Menselijk gehoor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Menselijk_gehoor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zie_ook" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zie_ook"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Zie ook</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zie_ook-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Geluidsdruk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 33 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%BA%D8%B7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%AA" title="ضغط الصوت – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ضغط الصوت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schoidruck" title="Schoidruck – Beiers" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Schoidruck" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Beiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Звуково налягане – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Звуково налягане" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AA" title="শব্দচাপ – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="শব্দচাপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressi%C3%B3_sonora" title="Pressió sonora – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pressió sonora" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akustick%C3%BD_tlak" title="Akustický tlak – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Akustický tlak" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydtryk" title="Lydtryk – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lydtryk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schalldruck" title="Schalldruck – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schalldruck" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound_pressure" title="Sound pressure – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Sound pressure" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n_sonora" title="Presión sonora – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Presión sonora" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helir%C3%B5hk" title="Helirõhk – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Helirõhk" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="فشار صدا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فشار صدا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%84%C3%A4nenpaine" title="Äänenpaine – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Äänenpaine" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pression_acoustique" title="Pression acoustique – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pression acoustique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presi%C3%B3n_sonora" title="Presión sonora – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Presión sonora" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvu%C4%8Dni_tlak" title="Zvučni tlak – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zvučni tlak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%81%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%B3%D5%B6%D5%B7%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Ձայնի ճնշում – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ձայնի ճնշում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tekanan_bunyi" title="Tekanan bunyi – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tekanan bunyi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPL" title="SPL – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="SPL" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pressione_acustica" title="Pressione acustica – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pressione acustica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E5%9C%A7" title="音圧 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音圧" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%EC%95%95" title="음압 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음압" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pression_son%C3%B2ra" title="Pression sonòra – Lombardisch" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Pression sonòra" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombardisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lydtrykk" title="Lydtrykk – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lydtrykk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ci%C5%9Bnienie_akustyczne" title="Ciśnienie akustyczne – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ciśnienie akustyczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Press%C3%A3o_sonora" title="Pressão sonora – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pressão sonora" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Звуковое давление – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Звуковое давление" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvo%C4%8Dni_tlak" title="Zvočni tlak – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zvočni tlak" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljudniv%C3%A5" title="Ljudnivå – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ljudnivå" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA" title="Звуковий тиск – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Звуковий тиск" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81p_su%E1%BA%A5t_%C3%A2m_thanh" title="Áp suất âm thanh – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Áp suất âm thanh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A3%B0%E5%8E%8B" title="声压 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="声压" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E5%A3%93" title="聲壓 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聲壓" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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lang="nl" dir="ltr"><p><b>Geluidsdruk</b> is een snelle lokale drukvariatie in lucht of een ander medium rondom de heersende statische druk. Een lokale geluidsdruk wordt veroorzaakt door een lopende of staande <a href="/wiki/Geluidsgolf" title="Geluidsgolf">geluidsgolf</a>. In lucht is de statische druk gelijk aan de <a href="/wiki/Atmosferische_druk" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosferische druk">atmosferische druk</a>. In lucht kan de geluidsdruk gemeten worden met een <a href="/wiki/Microfoon" title="Microfoon">microfoon</a> bevestigd op een meetinstrument, een <a href="/wiki/Geluidsmeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Geluidsmeter">geluidsmeter</a>. In water kan de geluidsdruk gemeten worden met een <a href="/wiki/Hydrofoon" title="Hydrofoon">hydrofoon</a> en bijbehorende elektronica. </p><p>Een sterker geluid heeft een grotere maximale momentane druk dan een zwakker geluid. De <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> van de drukwisselingen rond de evenwichtsdruk is dan groter. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Sound_pressure_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sound_pressure_diagram.svg/250px-Sound_pressure_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sound_pressure_diagram.svg/375px-Sound_pressure_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Sound_pressure_diagram.svg/500px-Sound_pressure_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="433" /></a><figcaption>Diagram van de geluidsdruk:<br />1. stilte;<br />2. hoorbaar geluid;<br />3. atmosferische druk;<br />4. momentane geluidsdruk</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wiskundige_formulering">Wiskundige formulering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluidsdruk&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Wiskundige formulering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluidsdruk&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Wiskundige formulering"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een geluidsgolf in een medium veroorzaakt een afwijking van de lokale heersende druk. De afwijking is daarbij dynamisch, ze is niet constant, maar varieert in de tijd, terwijl de heersende druk statisch is, of zeer langzaam varieert door variaties van de atmosferische druk. De momentane geluidsdruk, aangegeven met <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/81eac1e205430d1f40810df36a0edffdc367af36" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:1.259ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p}"></span>, met als meeteenheid de <a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Système International">SI</a> eenheid <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(eenheid)" title="Pascal (eenheid)">pascal</a> (Pa), is het verschil tussen de actuele luchtdruk <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {totaal} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {totaal} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e112cb75c05750a7edf6bd73491aaf13ee80132c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.694ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {totaal} }}"></span> en de statische druk <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b98a085297127a9bd49e59af8a05626973335710" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.99ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}"></span>. In formule: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=p_{\mathrm {totaal} }-p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <mo>−</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=p_{\mathrm {totaal} }-p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/cccb08281d8bc4c51dfc838c7872479d239aaf2c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:19.702ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=p_{\mathrm {totaal} }-p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>met daarin: </p> <ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {totaal} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">o</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {totaal} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e112cb75c05750a7edf6bd73491aaf13ee80132c" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:5.694ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {totaal} }}"></span> de totale druk in Pa;</li> <li><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">i</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">c</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">h</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b98a085297127a9bd49e59af8a05626973335710" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:6.99ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{\mathrm {statisch} }}"></span> de statische druk in Pa.</li></ul> <p>Omdat de geluidsdruk meestal zeer klein is, gebruikt men als geschiktere eenheid de μPa. </p><p>De momentane geluidsdruk varieert met de tijd en is gemiddeld over een niet te kleine periode gelijk aan 0. Wel is de amplitude van het ene geluid anders dan van een ander geluid, en daarmee ook de sterkte waarmee het geluid ervaren wordt. Een geschikte maat voor deze sterkte is de effectieve waarde van de geluidsdruk. Als <i>p(t)</i> de tijdsafhankelijke geluidsdruk is, is de effectieve waarde van de geluidsdruk <i>p<sub>rms</sub></i> gedefinieerd als: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p_{rms}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}p^{2}(t)dt}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>r</mi> <mi>m</mi> <mi>s</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mn>1</mn> <mi>T</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <msubsup> <mo>∫</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msubsup> <msup> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>t</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mi>d</mi> <mi>t</mi> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p_{rms}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}p^{2}(t)dt}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/14cf9639e36d818eb2624878f1c0c8fabcc9fb6a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.005ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:23.897ex; height:7.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p_{rms}={\sqrt {{\frac {1}{T}}\int _{0}^{T}p^{2}(t)dt}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>met: </p> <ul><li><i>T</i>: de meetperiode</li> <li><i>t</i>: de tijd</li></ul> <p>De effectieve waarde wordt ook wel de RMS-waarde genoemd. RMS staat voor "root mean square", de <a href="/wiki/Wortel_(wiskunde)" title="Wortel (wiskunde)">wortel</a> uit het <a href="/wiki/Gemiddelde" title="Gemiddelde">gemiddelde</a> van het <a href="/wiki/Kwadraat" title="Kwadraat">kwadraat</a>. Vaker wordt echter de term "equivalente waarde" gebruikt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geluidsniveau">Geluidsniveau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluidsdruk&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Geluidsniveau" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluidsdruk&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Geluidsniveau"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Geluidsdruk varieert in de praktijk zeer sterk. De laagste waarde die nog hoorbaar is ligt rond de 10<sup>−5</sup> Pa voor iemand met een zeer goed gehoor. De geluidsdruk van een explosie kan oplopen tot 10<sup>4</sup> Pa. Daarom wordt de geluidsdruk veelal omgerekend naar een logaritmische waarde, het <a href="/wiki/Geluidsniveau" title="Geluidsniveau">geluidsniveau</a> of geluidsdrukniveau, internationaal aangegeven met SPL (Sound Pressure Level) in dB. </p><p>De SPL wordt bepaald via: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle SPL=10\log _{10}\left({\frac {{p_{\mathrm {rms} }}^{2}}{{p_{0}}^{2}}}\right)=20\log _{10}\left({\frac {p_{\mathrm {rms} }}{p_{0}}}\right)~\mathrm {dB(SPL)} }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>S</mi> <mi>P</mi> <mi>L</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>10</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <msup> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>20</mn> <msub> <mi>log</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>10</mn> </mrow> </msub> <mo>⁡</mo> <mrow> <mo>(</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">s</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>0</mn> </mrow> </msub> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>)</mo> </mrow> <mtext> </mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">B</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi mathvariant="normal">S</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">P</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">L</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle SPL=10\log _{10}\left({\frac {{p_{\mathrm {rms} }}^{2}}{{p_{0}}^{2}}}\right)=20\log _{10}\left({\frac {p_{\mathrm {rms} }}{p_{0}}}\right)~\mathrm {dB(SPL)} }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/9e07679b1061adf8f10fcff230590ea784b7b7c5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:53.496ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle SPL=10\log _{10}\left({\frac {{p_{\mathrm {rms} }}^{2}}{{p_{0}}^{2}}}\right)=20\log _{10}\left({\frac {p_{\mathrm {rms} }}{p_{0}}}\right)~\mathrm {dB(SPL)} }"></span></dd></dl> <p>met: </p> <ul><li><i>p</i><sub>0</sub> de referentiedruk in Pa.</li></ul> <p>In lucht is de referentiedruk internationaal vastgesteld op 2 × 10<sup>−5</sup>Pa. Dit is de <a href="/wiki/Gehoordrempel" title="Gehoordrempel">gehoordrempel</a> van een gemiddeld persoon bij een <a href="/wiki/Frequentie" title="Frequentie">frequentie</a> van 1000 <a href="/wiki/Hertz_(eenheid)" title="Hertz (eenheid)">Hz</a>. </p><p>De equivalente waarde van het geluidsniveau wordt aangeduid met L<sub>eq</sub>. Deze equivalente waarde wordt vaak gebruikt voor geluidnormering, zoals het geluidsniveau dat een werknemer tijdens een werkdag kan ervaren. In dat geval bedraagt de periode T waarover gemiddeld wordt 8 uur. Ook in de woonomgeving wordt de equivalente waarde gebruikt, bijvoorbeeld bepaald over het gehele etmaal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Menselijk_gehoor">Menselijk gehoor</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluidsdruk&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Menselijk gehoor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluidsdruk&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Menselijk gehoor"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het menselijk <a href="/wiki/Gehoor" title="Gehoor">gehoor</a> kan geluiden waarnemen met een geluidsdruk vanaf ca. 20 μPa (= 0,00002 Pa). Deze grens is indicatief en varieert per persoon, met de <a href="/wiki/Frequentie" title="Frequentie">frequentie</a> van het geluid, en met de leeftijd. Deze ondergrens noemt men de <a href="/wiki/Gehoordrempel" title="Gehoordrempel">gehoordrempel</a>. Als deze gehoordrempel is verhoogd kan er sprake zijn van <a href="/wiki/Gehoorschade" title="Gehoorschade">gehoorschade</a>. </p><p>Gehoorschade bij kortstondige blootstelling ontstaat vanaf een geluidsdruk van circa 20 Pa. De <a href="/wiki/Pijngrens_(geluid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pijngrens (geluid)">pijngrens</a>, het niveau waarboven geluid als pijnlijk wordt ervaren, varieert sterk per persoon: getallen tussen de 20 Pa en 200 Pa worden genoemd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zie_ook">Zie ook</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluidsdruk&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Zie ook" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geluidsdruk&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Zie ook"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geluidsniveau" title="Geluidsniveau">Geluidsniveau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximale_geluidsdruk" title="Maximale geluidsdruk">Maximale geluidsdruk</a></li></ul> <style 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