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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American modern dancer and choreographer (1902/1905–1966)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Helen Tamiris</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Helen_Tamiris_in_Adelante.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Helen_Tamiris_in_Adelante.jpg/220px-Helen_Tamiris_in_Adelante.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Helen_Tamiris_in_Adelante.jpg/330px-Helen_Tamiris_in_Adelante.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Helen_Tamiris_in_Adelante.jpg/440px-Helen_Tamiris_in_Adelante.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2046" data-file-height="1652" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Tamiris in a publicity photo for <i>Adelante</i>, ca. 1939</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Helen Becker</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1902-04-23</span>)</span>April 23, 1902<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 4, 1966<span style="display:none">(1966-08-04)</span> (aged 64)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Manhattan</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Choreographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Choreographer">Choreographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dancer" class="mw-redirect" title="Dancer">dancer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">Modern dance</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nagrin" title="Daniel Nagrin">Daniel Nagrin</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1946⁠–⁠1964)<wbr /></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Helen Tamiris</b> (born <b>Helen Becker</b>; April 23, 1902 – August 4, 1966)<sup id="cite_ref-birthdate_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-birthdate-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was an American choreographer, modern dancer, and teacher.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamiris began her studies in modern dance at the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street_Settlement" title="Henry Street Settlement">Henry Street Settlement</a> as a child, and began her career in the field of ballet. Tamiris refocused to modern dance, making her solo debut in 1928, with a focus on social activism. Tamiris was a leader in the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a> and its sister projects, arguing for modern dance as an art form, and choreographing multiple productions. In her later career, Tamiris choreographed on Broadway, winning a Tony Award in 1949 for her choreography in <i>Touch and Go</i>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamiris was born Helen Becker in New York City on April 23, 1902, to Isor and Rose (Simonov) Becker. Her parents and brothers <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Becker" title="Maurice Becker">Maurice</a> and Charles Becker immigrated from <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Russia a decade earlier, fleeing <a href="/wiki/Pogroms_in_the_Russian_Empire" title="Pogroms in the Russian Empire">pogroms</a>. The family settled on the <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>, where many other Russian Jewish immigrants lived at that time. Two more children Samuel and Peter, in addition to Helen, were born in New York City. Becker's siblings were similarly artistic. Her oldest brother Maurice became a well-known artist and illustrator; and brothers Samuel and Peter took up sculpting and art collecting, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rose died when Helen was three, leaving the family in the care of Isor.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a child, Becker was constantly in motion, and her father enrolled her in dance classes at the <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street_Settlement" title="Henry Street Settlement">Henry Street Settlement</a> at the age of eight. The Henry Street Settlement's dance program taught "interpretive dancing," an early form of <a href="/wiki/Modern_dance" title="Modern dance">modern dance</a> taking inspiration from <a href="/wiki/Dalcroze_eurhythmics" title="Dalcroze eurhythmics">Dalcroze eurhythmics</a> and the work of <a href="/wiki/Isadora_Duncan" title="Isadora Duncan">Isadora Duncan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The early education with the creative freedom of interpretive dance would inform her work as a choreographer for many years. </p><p>Becker attended New York City public schools, graduating from Eastern District High School in 1918, and later studying <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> and labor statistics at the <a href="/wiki/Rand_School_of_Social_Science" title="Rand School of Social Science">Rand School</a> from 1918 to 1920. Her focus on labor statistics preceded her later works in union organizing, a key element of her legacy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ballet_training_and_early_career">Ballet training and early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ballet training and early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Becker auditioned for the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera" title="Metropolitan Opera">Metropolitan Opera Ballet</a> at age 15, and was accepted, despite her lack of ballet and <a href="/wiki/Pointe_technique" title="Pointe technique">pointe</a> experience. She trained with the Met for one season, then performed in the <a href="/wiki/Corps_de_ballet" title="Corps de ballet">corps de ballet</a> for four seasons. Before her final season, she joined the Bracale Opera Company as a soloist on a tour of South America in the summer of 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon her return from South America, Becker performed with the Met for another season, while studying with Russian ballet choreographer <a href="/wiki/Michel_Fokine" title="Michel Fokine">Michel Fokine</a>. She then danced in a Broadway production of <i>Casanova</i> for which Fokine choreographed the prologue. Dissatisfied with ballet, Becker studied at the Isadora Duncan School, but left after three months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her autobiography cited the reasons for leaving as "I don't want to be a Duncan dancer - or a ballet dancer - I want to be myself - But what was myself?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamiris198920_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamiris198920-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With her independence in mind, Becker worked in commercial dance, including at nightclubs and the Music Box Review on Broadway. She took on the stage name of "Tamiris," from a line in a Persian poem: "Thou art Tamiris, the ruthless queen who banishes all obstacles."<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1927, Tamiris made her premiere as a solo modern dancer, accompanied by composer <a href="/wiki/Louis_Horst" title="Louis Horst">Louis Horst</a>. A second solo performance in January 1928 included a <a href="/wiki/Manifesto" title="Manifesto">manifesto</a> in its program, detailing Tamiris' desires to keep her works contemporary, sincere, and uniquely American. This manifesto was possibly in reaction to the works of Tamiris' contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angna_Enters" title="Angna Enters">Angna Enters</a>; they had performed at the same venue weeks after Tamiris' debut, and Tamiris was in disagreement with some of their principles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamiris198939,_56_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamiris198939,_56-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second performance included two short pieces set to <a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">spirituals</a>, the first of a series that would define her career.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamiris traveled to Europe in 1928, performing in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, and furthering her distinct style.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Great_Depression_and_Federal_Dance_Project">Great Depression and Federal Dance Project</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Great Depression and Federal Dance Project"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Salut-au-Monde-Helen-Tamiris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Salut-au-Monde-Helen-Tamiris.jpg/260px-Salut-au-Monde-Helen-Tamiris.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="412" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Salut-au-Monde-Helen-Tamiris.jpg/390px-Salut-au-Monde-Helen-Tamiris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Salut-au-Monde-Helen-Tamiris.jpg/520px-Salut-au-Monde-Helen-Tamiris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="1495" /></a><figcaption><i>Salut au Monde</i> (1936) was an original dance drama by Helen Tamiris for the Federal Dance Theatre, a division of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a></figcaption></figure><p>In the early 1930s, Tamiris collaborated with <a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doris_Humphrey" title="Doris Humphrey">Doris Humphrey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Weidman" title="Charles Weidman">Charles Weidman</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a> to form the Dance Repertory Theatre. The company was financially successful, but dissolved in 1932. Many of its members went on to form the <a href="/wiki/Bennington_College" title="Bennington College">Bennington College</a> School of Dance, but Tamiris remained independent of this group. A 2000 analysis by dance scholar Julia Foulkes argues that Tamiris' exclusion from the Bennington College program was due to either <a href="/wiki/Antisemitism" title="Antisemitism">antisemitism</a> or backlash against Tamiris' involvement with leftist politics.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> and the programs created to mitigate it, including the <a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">Works Progress Administration</a>, had a large impact on Tamiris' work. Tamiris' advocacy led to the expansion of the Federal Dance Project under the WPA, and she later became the director of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Theatre_Project" title="Federal Theatre Project">Federal Theatre Project</a>. </p><p>While working with the FDP, Tamiris simultaneously acknowledged that it was not a full solution to the issue of unemployed dancers. Tamiris wanted dancers to be understood as laborers, due to the significant physical demands of their work, and believed that the difficulties faced by dancers in the workplace were relevant to contemporaneous labor movements.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Helen_Tamiris,_scene_from_How_Long,_Brethren%3F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helen_Tamiris%2C_scene_from_How_Long%2C_Brethren%3F.jpg/250px-Helen_Tamiris%2C_scene_from_How_Long%2C_Brethren%3F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helen_Tamiris%2C_scene_from_How_Long%2C_Brethren%3F.jpg/330px-Helen_Tamiris%2C_scene_from_How_Long%2C_Brethren%3F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Helen_Tamiris%2C_scene_from_How_Long%2C_Brethren%3F.jpg/500px-Helen_Tamiris%2C_scene_from_How_Long%2C_Brethren%3F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8044" data-file-height="5650" /></a><figcaption>The company of <i>How Long, Brethren?</i> (1937)</figcaption></figure><p> Much of Tamiris' known work deals with social issues like racism and war. She is best known for her suite of dances, <i>Negro Spirituals,</i> created between 1928 and 1942. Eight pieces of this suite were performed at the <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> in April 1939, in a program shared with <a href="/wiki/Hanya_Holm" title="Hanya Holm">Hanya Holm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contemporaneous piece, <i>How Long Brethren?</i> (1937), was danced to <a href="/wiki/Protest_songs_in_the_United_States" title="Protest songs in the United States">protest songs</a>, and won <i>Dance Magazine</i>'s first award for group choreography.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adelante_Helen_Tamiris_Poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Adelante_Helen_Tamiris_Poster.jpg/220px-Adelante_Helen_Tamiris_Poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Adelante_Helen_Tamiris_Poster.jpg/330px-Adelante_Helen_Tamiris_Poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Adelante_Helen_Tamiris_Poster.jpg/440px-Adelante_Helen_Tamiris_Poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2790" data-file-height="4375" /></a><figcaption><i>Adelante</i> (1939) was Tamiris' final work for the Federal Theatre Project</figcaption></figure><p>Tamiris choreographed and danced in <i>Trojan Incident</i> (1938), a contemporary interpretation of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Trojan_Women" title="The Trojan Women">The Trojan Women</a></i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Hallie_Flanagan" title="Hallie Flanagan">Hallie Flanagan</a>. <i>Trojan Incident</i> played 26 performances at the <a href="/wiki/St._James_Theatre" title="St. James Theatre">St. James Theatre</a>, a short run that nonetheless drew intense attention from Broadway producers, who feared that its low ticket prices were undercutting their commercial works. More consequentially, <i>Trojan Incident</i> was referenced as part of the backlash against the Federal Theatre Project, which eventually led to its shutdown.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The final example of Tamiris' work for the Federal Theatre Project before its closure is <i>Adelante</i> (1939), a critique of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Musical_theatre_career">Musical theatre career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Musical theatre career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_and_Berlin_and_Tamiris_NYWTS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_and_Berlin_and_Tamiris_NYWTS.jpg/220px-Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_and_Berlin_and_Tamiris_NYWTS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_and_Berlin_and_Tamiris_NYWTS.jpg/330px-Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_and_Berlin_and_Tamiris_NYWTS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_and_Berlin_and_Tamiris_NYWTS.jpg/440px-Rodgers_and_Hammerstein_and_Berlin_and_Tamiris_NYWTS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="2129" /></a><figcaption>Tamiris, upper right, watching auditions at the <a href="/wiki/St._James_Theatre" title="St. James Theatre">St. James Theatre</a> in 1948</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern dancer and choreographer <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Nagrin" title="Daniel Nagrin">Daniel Nagrin</a> saw Tamiris' works as early as 1936, and joined her company in 1941. They married in September 1946, and continued to collaborate professionally.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamiris choreographed for <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical theatre</a> in the 1940s and mid-1950s, insisting on <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">racial integration</a> in her casts. This, along with her earlier union organizing and antiwar activism, prompted an FBI investigation and <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">accusations of Communism</a>. Tamiris was listed in <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Channels" title="Red Channels">Red Channels</a></i> in 1950, and despite an internal FBI review in 1955 denying her affiliation with the Communist Party, her legacy was likely affected greatly by the blacklisting.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamiris won a <a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Choreography" title="Tony Award for Best Choreography">Tony Award for Best Choreography</a> in <i>Touch and Go</i> (1949). Her other musical theatre choreography includes <i><a href="/wiki/Annie_Get_Your_Gun_(musical)" title="Annie Get Your Gun (musical)">Annie Get Your Gun</a></i> (1946), <i><a href="/wiki/Up_in_Central_Park" title="Up in Central Park">Up in Central Park</a></i> (1947), <i><a href="/wiki/Flahooley" title="Flahooley">Flahooley</a></i> (1951), <i><a href="/wiki/Carnival_in_Flanders_(musical)" title="Carnival in Flanders (musical)">Carnival in Flanders</a></i> (1953), <i><a href="/wiki/Fanny_(musical)" title="Fanny (musical)">Fanny</a></i> (1954), and <i><a href="/wiki/Plain_and_Fancy" title="Plain and Fancy">Plain and Fancy</a></i> (1955).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life_and_legacy">Later life and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tamiris and Nagrin separated personally and professionally in 1964. Tamiris was diagnosed with cancer shortly after their separation, and retreated from public view.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamiris died on August 5, 1966, at the age of 64.<sup id="cite_ref-nytobit_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytobit-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamiris was not interested in developing a codified <a href="/wiki/Dance_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance technique">technique</a> of her own, unlike her contemporaries. Tamiris' collaborative attitude towards choreography, encouraging her dancers to utilize their "inner action," and her focus on content over form, is argued by contemporary scholars to constitute a distinct style.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETish1994332_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETish1994332-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201952_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201952-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the magnitude of her works, Tamiris' legacy is less known than that of her peers. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">Washington Post</a> dance critic <a href="/wiki/Alan_M._Kriegsman" title="Alan M. Kriegsman">Alan M. Kriegsman</a> described her as "the great unsung pioneer of American dance."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamiris' longtime partner Daniel Nagrin attributed Tamiris' lesser-known legacy to her intense social, political, and artistic passion, which he argued frightened her peers; and to Tamiris' use of jazz in her early works, when its legitimacy may have still been in question.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Contrastingly, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">New York Times</a> critic <a href="/wiki/Jack_Anderson_(dance_critic)" title="Jack Anderson (dance critic)">Jack Anderson</a> argued that Tamiris' legacy was marred by personal rivalries among her peers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1988 essay, dance historian <a href="/wiki/Susan_Manning" title="Susan Manning">Susan Manning</a> criticized Tamiris for using white dancers to convey Black experience, calling it "metaphorical blackface".<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tamiris drafted an <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">autobiography</a>, but did not finish it before her death. A revised version of the draft, annotated by Nagrin, was published by the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Dance_History_Scholars" title="Society of Dance History Scholars">Society of Dance History Scholars</a> in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamiris1989_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamiris1989-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The revised draft covers Tamiris' childhood and early career, ending before her 1928 trip to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamiris198945_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETamiris198945-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Women in dance</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTamiris1989" class="citation journal cs1">Tamiris, Helen (1989) [drafted 1939]. Nagrin, Daniel (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gp63AAAAIAAJ">"Tamiris in Her Own Voice: Draft of an Autobiography"</a>. <i>Studies in Dance History</i>. <b>1</b> (1). Pennington, NJ: Society of Dance History Scholars: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>64. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-7592">1043-7592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Dance+History&rft.atitle=Tamiris+in+Her+Own+Voice%3A+Draft+of+an+Autobiography&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=1043-7592&rft.aulast=Tamiris&rft.aufirst=Helen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dgp63AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-birthdate-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-birthdate_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The date of Tamiris' birth is contested. Multiple sources cite 1905 as the date of her birth.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tamiris' autobiography cites her date of birth as April 23, 1902, and her 1966 obituary lists her age as 64.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References_2">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Helen-Tamiris">"Helen Tamiris | American dancer and choreographer"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i>. April 20, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helen+Tamiris+%7C+American+dancer+and+choreographer&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2023-04-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHelen-Tamiris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n97873702.html">"Tamiris, Helen, 1905-1966"</a>. <i>LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LC+Linked+Data+Service%3A+Authorities+and+Vocabularies&rft.atitle=Tamiris%2C+Helen%2C+1905-1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fid.loc.gov%2Fauthorities%2Fnames%2Fn97873702.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamiris1989">Tamiris 1989</a>, p. 4: "I was born on Madison St. in Manhattan ... it is corroborated by a copy of a birth certificate that I saw for the first time only last week ... on April 23, 1902 of Russian Jewish immigrants."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTish1994" class="citation journal cs1">Tish, Pauline (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1567892">"Remembering Helen Tamiris"</a>. <i>Dance Chronicle</i>. <b>17</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">327–</span>360. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F01472529408569171">10.1080/01472529408569171</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-2526">0147-2526</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1567892">1567892</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Remembering+Helen+Tamiris&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E327-%3C%2Fspan%3E360&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0147-2526&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1567892%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F01472529408569171&rft.aulast=Tish&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1567892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTish2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Tish, Pauline (March 20, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/tamiris-helen">"Helen Tamris (1902–1966)"</a>. <i>Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-11-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helen+Tamris+%281902%E2%80%931966%29&rft.btitle=Jewish+Women%3A+A+Comprehensive+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.date=2009-03-20&rft.aulast=Tish&rft.aufirst=Pauline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjwa.org%2Fencyclopedia%2Farticle%2Ftamiris-helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStabileFavaraStrait" class="citation web cs1">Stabile, Carol A.; Favara, Jeremiah; Strait, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://broadcast41.uoregon.edu/index.php/biography/tamiris-helen">"Tamiris, Helen"</a>. <i>The Broadcast 41: Women and the Anti-Communist Blacklist</i>. University of Oregon<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Broadcast+41%3A+Women+and+the+Anti-Communist+Blacklist&rft.atitle=Tamiris%2C+Helen&rft.aulast=Stabile&rft.aufirst=Carol+A.&rft.au=Favara%2C+Jeremiah&rft.au=Strait%2C+Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbroadcast41.uoregon.edu%2Findex.php%2Fbiography%2Ftamiris-helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFoulkes2000" class="citation journal cs1">Foulkes, Julia L. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23886260">"Angels "Rewolt!": Jewish Women in Modern Dance in the 1930s"</a>. <i>American Jewish History</i>. <b>88</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">233–</span>252. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0164-0178">0164-0178</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23886260">23886260</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Jewish+History&rft.atitle=Angels+%22Rewolt%21%22%3A+Jewish+Women+in+Modern+Dance+in+the+1930s&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E233-%3C%2Fspan%3E252&rft.date=2000&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23886260%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0164-0178&rft.aulast=Foulkes&rft.aufirst=Julia+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23886260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMcPhersonTucker2019" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-script">McPherson, Elizabeth; Tucker, JoAnne (September 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israeldance-diaries.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/dance-today-36.pdf">"An Exploration of the Life and Work of Helen Tamiris (1902-1966)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Dance Today</i> <bdi lang="he">מחול עכשיו</bdi>. No. 36. pp. <span class="nowrap">49–</span>53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1565-1568">1565-1568</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190928172612/https://www.israeldance-diaries.co.il/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/dance-today-36.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2019-09-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dance+Today&rft.atitle=An+Exploration+of+the+Life+and+Work+of+Helen+Tamiris+%281902-1966%29&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2019-09&rft.issn=1565-1568&rft.aulast=McPherson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft.au=Tucker%2C+JoAnne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israeldance-diaries.co.il%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F09%2Fdance-today-36.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcPhersonTucker201950_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcPhersonTucker2019">McPherson & Tucker 2019</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamiris198920-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamiris198920_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamiris1989">Tamiris 1989</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavis2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Davis, Robert (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23238801">"Is Mr. Euripides a Communist? The Federal Theatre Project's 1938 'Trojan Incident'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Comparative Drama</i>. 44/45 (Winter 2010/Spring 2011): 467. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23238801">23238801</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Drama&rft.atitle=Is+Mr.+Euripides+a+Communist%3F+The+Federal+Theatre+Project%27s+1938+%27Trojan+Incident%27&rft.volume=44%2F45&rft.issue=Winter+2010%2FSpring+2011&rft.pages=467&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23238801%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23238801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytobit-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytobit_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1966/08/05/archives/helen-tamiris-danceris-dead-choreographer-put-a-stress-on-social.html?sq=Helen%2520Tamiris&scp=1&st=cse">"Helen Tamiris, Dancer, is Dead; Choreographer Put a Stress on Social Responsibility"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 5, 1966. p. 24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-08-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Helen+Tamiris%2C+Dancer%2C+is+Dead%3B+Choreographer+Put+a+Stress+on+Social+Responsibility&rft.pages=24&rft.date=1966-08-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1966%2F08%2F05%2Farchives%2Fhelen-tamiris-danceris-dead-choreographer-put-a-stress-on-social.html%3Fsq%3DHelen%252520Tamiris%26scp%3D1%26st%3Dcse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamiris198939,_56-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamiris198939,_56_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamiris1989">Tamiris 1989</a>, pp. 39, 56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBailey1994" class="citation book cs1">Bailey, Brooke (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/remarkableliveso0000bail"><i>The remarkable lives of 100 women artists</i></a></span>. Holbrook, Mass: Bob Adams. pp. <span class="nowrap">176–</span>177. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55850-360-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55850-360-1"><bdi>978-1-55850-360-1</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"Tamiris: A Chronicle of Her Dance Career 1927-1955". <i>Studies in Dance History</i>. <b>1</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">65–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1043-7592">1043-7592</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+Dance+History&rft.atitle=Tamiris%3A+A+Chronicle+of+Her+Dance+Career+1927-1955&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=1043-7592&rft.aulast=Schlundt&rft.aufirst=Christena+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2021" class="citation thesis cs1">Hernandez, Patricia Yvonna (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rio.tamiu.edu/etds/146/"><i>Power Delivered Through Dance: Choreographer Intent in Creating American National Identity 1935-1965</i></a> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Texas_A%26M_International_University" title="Texas A&M International University">Texas A&M International University</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">19–</span>20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Power+Delivered+Through+Dance%3A+Choreographer+Intent+in+Creating+American+National+Identity+1935-1965&rft.inst=Texas+A%26M+International+University&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=Patricia+Yvonna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frio.tamiu.edu%2Fetds%2F146%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://levyarchive.bam.org/Detail/objects/35701">"Festival of the Dance: Helen Tamiris and Hanya Holm"</a>. April 18, 1939<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span> – via <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Academy_of_Music" title="Brooklyn Academy of Music">Brooklyn Academy of Music</a> Hamm Archives.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Festival+of+the+Dance%3A+Helen+Tamiris+and+Hanya+Holm&rft.date=1939-04-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flevyarchive.bam.org%2FDetail%2Fobjects%2F35701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMartin1939" class="citation news cs1">Martin, John (April 21, 1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1939/04/21/archives/federal-theatre-gives-adelante-second-dance-production-of-season.html">"FEDERAL THEATRE GIVES 'ADELANTE'; Second Dance Production of Season, Spanish Theme, Is Work of Helen Tamiris"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-04-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=FEDERAL+THEATRE+GIVES+%27ADELANTE%27%3B+Second+Dance+Production+of+Season%2C+Spanish+Theme%2C+Is+Work+of+Helen+Tamiris&rft.date=1939-04-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1939%2F04%2F21%2Farchives%2Ffederal-theatre-gives-adelante-second-dance-production-of-season.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNagrin2001" class="citation book cs1">Nagrin, Daniel (2001). 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Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4147-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-4147-7"><bdi>978-0-8229-4147-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Helen+Tamiris+and+Her+Teaching+of+Choreography&rft.btitle=Choreography+And+The+Specific+Image&rft.place=Pittsburgh&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-4147-7&rft.aulast=Nagrin&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playbill.com/person/helen-tamiris-vault-0000004551">"Helen Tamiris (Choreographer)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=DANCE&rft.date=1991-05-04&rft.issn=0190-8286&rft.aulast=Kriegsman&rft.aufirst=Alan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flifestyle%2F1991%2F05%2F04%2Fdance%2Fdd17816e-5e5e-4185-ae0c-bb6b7c606451%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoses-Thema2003" class="citation journal cs1">Roses-Thema, Cynthia (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jashm.press.uillinois.edu/12.3/12-3Interview_Roses-Therma114-119.pdf">"Interview with Daniel Nagrin"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal for the Anthropological Study of Human Movement</i>. <b>12</b> (3): 119.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Anthropological+Study+of+Human+Movement&rft.atitle=Interview+with+Daniel+Nagrin&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=119&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Roses-Thema&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjashm.press.uillinois.edu%2F12.3%2F12-3Interview_Roses-Therma114-119.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1995" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Jack (August 27, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/27/arts/dance-view-a-champion-of-racial-justice-when-little-prevailed.html">"DANCE VIEW; A Champion of Racial Justice When Little Prevailed"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=DANCE+VIEW%3B+A+Champion+of+Racial+Justice+When+Little+Prevailed&rft.date=1995-08-27&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F08%2F27%2Farts%2Fdance-view-a-champion-of-racial-justice-when-little-prevailed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFShapiro2024" class="citation book cs1">Shapiro, James (2024). <i>The Playbook</i>. Penguin Press. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780593490204" title="Special:BookSources/9780593490204"><bdi>9780593490204</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Playbook&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Penguin+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9780593490204&rft.aulast=Shapiro&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamiris1989-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamiris1989_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamiris1989">Tamiris 1989</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETamiris198945-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETamiris198945_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTamiris1989">Tamiris 1989</a>, p. 45.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSchlundt1972" class="citation book cs1">Schlundt, Christena L. (1972). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/tamirischronicle0000schl"><i>Tamiris: a chronicle of her dance career, 1927-1955</i></a></span>. New York: New York Public Library. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87104-233-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-87104-233-9"><bdi>0-87104-233-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tamiris%3A+a+chronicle+of+her+dance+career%2C+1927-1955&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+Public+Library&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=0-87104-233-9&rft.aulast=Schlundt&rft.aufirst=Christena+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftamirischronicle0000schl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelen+Tamiris" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helen_Tamiris&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:TonyAward_Choreography" title="Template:TonyAward Choreography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:TonyAward_Choreography" title="Template talk:TonyAward Choreography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:TonyAward_Choreography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:TonyAward Choreography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Tony_Award_for_Best_Choreography72" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Award_for_Best_Choreography" title="Tony Award for Best Choreography">Tony Award for Best Choreography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;width:1%">1947–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_Champion" title="Gower Champion">Gower Champion</a> (1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Helen Tamiris</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alton" title="Robert Alton">Robert Alton</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Saddler" title="Donald Saddler">Donald Saddler</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_Champion" title="Gower Champion">Gower Champion</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agnes_de_Mille" title="Agnes de Mille">Agnes de Mille</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joe_Layton" title="Joe Layton">Joe Layton</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_Champion" title="Gower Champion">Gower Champion</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Field" title="Ron Field">Ron Field</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_Champion" title="Gower Champion">Gower Champion</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Layton" title="Joe Layton">Joe Layton</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Field" title="Ron Field">Ron Field</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Saddler" title="Donald Saddler">Donald Saddler</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(theater)" title="Michael Bennett (theater)">Michael Bennett</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(theater)" title="Michael Bennett (theater)">Michael Bennett</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Faison" title="George Faison">George Faison</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(theater)" title="Michael Bennett (theater)">Michael Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Avian" title="Bob Avian">Bob Avian</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gennaro" title="Peter Gennaro">Peter Gennaro</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(theater)" title="Michael Bennett (theater)">Michael Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bob_Avian" title="Bob Avian">Bob Avian</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thommie_Walsh" title="Thommie Walsh">Thommie Walsh</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gower_Champion" title="Gower Champion">Gower Champion</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Bennett_(theater)" title="Michael Bennett (theater)">Michael Bennett</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Peters_(choreographer)" title="Michael Peters (choreographer)">Michael Peters</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thommie_Walsh" title="Thommie Walsh">Thommie Walsh</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Daniels" title="Danny Daniels">Danny Daniels</a> (1984)</li> <li>No Award (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Fosse" title="Bob Fosse">Bob Fosse</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillian_Gregory" title="Gillian Gregory">Gillian Gregory</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Smuin" title="Michael Smuin">Michael Smuin</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholly_Atkins" title="Cholly Atkins">Cholly Atkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_LeTang" title="Henry LeTang">Henry LeTang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Manning" title="Frankie Manning">Frankie Manning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fayard_Nicholas" title="Fayard Nicholas">Fayard Nicholas</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tommy_Tune" title="Tommy Tune">Tommy Tune</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Stroman" title="Susan Stroman">Susan Stroman</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_Cilento" title="Wayne Cilento">Wayne Cilento</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_MacMillan" title="Kenneth MacMillan">Kenneth MacMillan</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Stroman" title="Susan Stroman">Susan Stroman</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savion_Glover" title="Savion Glover">Savion Glover</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Reinking" title="Ann Reinking">Ann Reinking</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garth_Fagan" title="Garth Fagan">Garth Fagan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Bourne" title="Matthew Bourne">Matthew Bourne</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Stroman" title="Susan Stroman">Susan Stroman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #C0C0C0;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Stroman" title="Susan Stroman">Susan Stroman</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rob_Ashford" title="Rob Ashford">Rob Ashford</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twyla_Tharp" title="Twyla Tharp">Twyla Tharp</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Marshall" title="Kathleen Marshall">Kathleen Marshall</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mitchell" title="Jerry Mitchell">Jerry Mitchell</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Marshall" title="Kathleen Marshall">Kathleen Marshall</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_T._Jones" title="Bill T. Jones">Bill T. Jones</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Blankenbuehler" title="Andy Blankenbuehler">Andy Blankenbuehler</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Darling" title="Peter Darling">Peter Darling</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_T._Jones" title="Bill T. Jones">Bill T. Jones</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Marshall" title="Kathleen Marshall">Kathleen Marshall</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Gattelli" title="Christopher Gattelli">Christopher Gattelli</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Mitchell" title="Jerry Mitchell">Jerry Mitchell</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_Carlyle" title="Warren Carlyle">Warren Carlyle</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wheeldon" title="Christopher Wheeldon">Christopher Wheeldon</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Blankenbuehler" title="Andy Blankenbuehler">Andy Blankenbuehler</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Blankenbuehler" title="Andy Blankenbuehler">Andy Blankenbuehler</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Peck" title="Justin Peck">Justin Peck</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Trujillo" title="Sergio Trujillo">Sergio Trujillo</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonya_Tayeh" title="Sonya Tayeh">Sonya Tayeh</a> (2020/21)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wheeldon" title="Christopher Wheeldon">Christopher Wheeldon</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casey_Nicholaw" title="Casey Nicholaw">Casey Nicholaw</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_Peck" title="Justin Peck">Justin Peck</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5703262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1402" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5703262#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1402" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5703262#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1209502275">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97873702">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125619457">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125619457">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/5052085">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/53hkns5p00mfsjh">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span 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