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lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr" > <div id="videoWrapperContainer" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div id="videoWrapper" class="hidden headerPosition constrainedHeight hasStudyPane showStudy hasSecondaryNav showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr" lang="en" data-lang="E" dir="ltr"> <div class="topShadow"></div> <div class="videoNoticeContainer"> <p class="noticeText noMarkerNotice">No video available for this selection.</p> <p class="noticeText videoErrorNotice">Sorry, there was an error loading the video.</p> </div> <div id="playerShared" class="uninitialized"></div> </div> </div> <div id="study" class="clearfix activePane jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr"> <div id="studyWrapper"> <div class="navigationTabsContainer"> <ul class="navigationTabs"> <li class="active tabItem discover" data-related-content="studyDiscover" aria-label="discover"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> <li class="tabItem parallel" data-related-content="studyParallel" aria-label="parallel"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> <li class="tabItem marginal" data-related-content="studyMarginals" aria-label="marginal"> <span class="icon"></span> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="navigationContents"> <div id="studyDiscover" class="studyPane active tabContent"> <div class="section"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui"><strong>Overview of Romans</strong></span></h3><div class="summaryOverview"><ul class="content"><li class='scalableui'><div class="overview chapterOnly"> <ul class="outline"><li class="L1 collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><p class="se title"><span class="itemLabel"><strong>B.</strong> </span><strong>RIGHTEOUSNESS COMES BY GOD’S UNDESERVED KINDNESS THROUGH FAITH IN JESUS CHRIST (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=5:390-65:0"><strong>1:16–11:36</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><span class="icon"></span></div><ul><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>1. Faith essential for salvation (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=5:390-6:0"><strong>1:16, 17</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">“The righteous one will live by reason of faith” (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=5:390-6:0">1:16, 17</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>2. God’s wrath against all ungodliness and unrighteousness (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=6:0-9:0"><strong>1:18-32</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Humans inexcusable for not glorifying God, the Creator (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=6:0-7:0">1:18-23</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God gave ungodly people up to uncleanness (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=7:0-8:0">1:24-27</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The consequences of not acknowledging God (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/1#h=8:0-9:0">1:28-32</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>3. God’s judgment on Jews and Greeks (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=9:0-12:0"><strong>2:1-16</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Warning against judging others; God will judge all impartially (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=9:0-11:0">2:1-11</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Those having law but who are disobedient will be judged by law (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=11:0-11:245">2:12, 13</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">People of the nations have a law within themselves, their conscience (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=11:245-12:0">2:14-16</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>4. The Jews and the Law (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=12:0-16:0"><strong>2:17–3:8</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The one professing to follow the Law yet breaking it dishonors God (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=12:0-13:0">2:17-24</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Real circumcision is on the inside; the real Jew has a circumcised heart (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/2#h=13:0-14:0">2:25-29</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The Jews were entrusted with God’s sacred pronouncements (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=14:0-14:191">3:1, 2</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">“Let God be found true, even if every man be found a liar” (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=14:191-16:0">3:3-8</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>5. God’s righteousness revealed apart from law (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=16:0-20:0"><strong>3:9-31</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">All mankind, both Jews and Gentiles, are under sin (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=16:0-17:0">3:9-18</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">No one will be declared righteous by works of law (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=17:0-18:0">3:19, 20</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Humans of all sorts who exercise faith in Christ declared righteous as a free gift (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=18:0-19:221">3:21-28</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God is not the God of the Jews only but also of people of the nations (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/3#h=19:221-20:0">3:29-31</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>6. Abraham declared righteous through faith before the Law was given (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4#h=20:0-25:0"><strong>4:1-25</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Abraham’s faith counted to him as righteousness while he was yet uncircumcised (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4#h=20:0-22:0">4:1-12</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Abraham received the promise through righteousness by faith (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4#h=22:0-23:0">4:13-15</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The promise is sure to all who adhere to the faith of Abraham (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4#h=23:0-25:0">4:16-25</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>7. Reconciliation to God; death through Adam, life through Christ (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=25:0-30:0"><strong>5:1-21</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Being declared righteous by faith leads to peace with God, joy, and hope (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=25:0-26:0">5:1-5</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">From being sinners and enemies to being reconciled to God (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=26:0-27:0">5:6-11</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Through Adam’s sin, death has spread to all and rules as king (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=27:0-28:0">5:12-14</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God’s free gift through Christ results in a declaration of righteousness (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=28:0-29:0">5:15-17</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Rule by sin replaced with rule by undeserved kindness (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/5#h=29:0-30:0">5:18-21</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>8. A new life through baptism into Christ (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/6#h=30:0-35:0"><strong>6:1-23</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Those baptized into Christ are baptized into his death with hope of a resurrection like his (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/6#h=30:0-32:0">6:1-11</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Do not let sin rule in your bodies (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/6#h=32:0-33:0">6:12-14</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">From slaves of sin to slaves of God (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/6#h=33:0-35:0">6:15-23</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>9. The purpose of the Law fulfilled; sin’s death-dealing power in all humans revealed (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/7#h=35:0-40:0"><strong>7:1-25</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Release from the Law illustrated (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/7#h=35:0-37:0">7:1-6</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Sin made known by the Law (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/7#h=37:0-38:0">7:7-12</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The struggle with sin (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/7#h=38:0-40:0">7:13-25</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>10. The righteous standing of those in union with Christ (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=40:0-48:0"><strong>8:1-39</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Living in harmony with the spirit pleases God and brings life and peace (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=40:0-42:0">8:1-11</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God’s spirit bears witness of adoption as sons (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=42:0-43:0">8:12-17</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The revealing of God’s sons eagerly awaited by human creation (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=43:0-43:509">8:18-21</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Creation now groaning in pain (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=43:509-44:0">8:22-25</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The spirit pleads with God for the holy ones (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=44:0-45:0">8:26, 27</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God makes his works cooperate for those who love him (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=45:0-46:0">8:28-30</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">“If God is for us, who will be against us?” (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=46:0-47:0">8:31-34</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Nothing can separate righteous ones from God’s love (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/8#h=47:0-48:0">8:35-39</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>11. God’s sovereign will and natural Israel (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=48:0-54:0"><strong>9:1-33</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Paul expresses grief over his relatives, the Israelites (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=48:0-49:0">9:1-5</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Abraham’s true offspring (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=49:0-50:0">9:6-13</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">God’s choosing not dependent on desire or effort of humans (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=50:0-51:0">9:14-18</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Unwise to find fault with the choice made by God, the Potter (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=51:0-52:0">9:19-26</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Only a remnant of natural Israel will be saved (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=52:0-53:0">9:27-29</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Israel stumbled by not showing faith (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/9#h=53:0-54:0">9:30-33</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>12. How to attain a righteous standing before God (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=54:0-58:0"><strong>10:1-21</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Christ is the end of the Law (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=54:0-55:0">10:1-4</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Righteousness results from faith; public declaration for salvation (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=55:0-56:0">10:5-10</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Both Jews and Greeks need to call on the name of Jehovah to be saved (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=56:0-56:287">10:11-13</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Preachers sent out so that others can hear, believe, and call on Jehovah (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=56:287-57:0">10:14, 15</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Fleshly Israel’s lack of response was due to lack of faith, not lack of opportunity (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/10#h=57:0-58:0">10:16-21</a>)</p></li></ul></li><li class="L2"><p class="s5"><strong>13. The salvation of all Israel illustrated by an olive tree (</strong><a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=58:0-65:0"><strong>11:1-36</strong></a><strong>)</strong></p><ul><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Rejection of natural Israel not total (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=58:0-62:0">11:1-16</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">Because of lack of faith on their part, some of Israel’s natural branches were broken off and “wild” non-Israelite ones were grafted in (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=62:0-63:0">11:17-24</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">The sacred secret reveals how all spiritual Israel will be saved (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=63:0-64:0">11:25-32</a>)</p></li><li class="L3"><p class="s6">“O the depth of God’s riches and wisdom and knowledge!” (<a class="outlineItem noTooltips" href="/en/wol/b/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/11#h=64:0-65:0">11:33-36</a>)</p></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div> </li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-1" data-section-citation="045004001045004001"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:1</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p4" data-pid="4" class="s5"><strong>what will we say was gained by Abraham, our forefather:</strong> Some manuscripts read “what will we say about Abraham, our forefather.” But the current main text reading has stronger manuscript support.</p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-2" data-section-citation="045004002045004002"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:2</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p72" data-pid="72" class="sx"><span class="ni">cj 85</span></p> <p id="p73" data-pid="73" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-3" data-section-citation="045004003045004003"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:3</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p6" data-pid="6" class="s5"><strong>Jehovah:</strong> In this quote from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/2/0" data-bid="3-1" class="b">Ge 15:6</a>, the divine name, represented by four Hebrew consonants (transliterated <em>YHWH</em>), occurs in the original Hebrew text. (See <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/0">App. C</a>.) Existing Greek manuscripts have the word <em>The·osʹ</em> (God) here, perhaps reflecting the term used at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/3/0" data-bid="4-1" class="b">Ge 15:6</a> in copies of the <em>Septuagint.</em> This usage may explain why most translations use “God” here. However, the original Hebrew text from which this quotation is taken contains the Tetragrammaton, and therefore the divine name is used in the main text. The whole phrase taken from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/4/0" data-bid="5-1" class="b">Ge 15:6</a> is also quoted at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/5/0" data-bid="6-1" class="b">Ga 3:6</a> and <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/6/0" data-bid="7-1" class="b">Jas 2:23</a>.</p> <p id="p7" data-pid="7" class="s5"><strong>counted:</strong> Or “credited.” In <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/7/0" data-bid="8-1" class="b">Romans chapter 4</a>, the Greek word <em>lo·giʹzo·mai</em> is ten times rendered “counted” or “counts” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/8/0" data-bid="9-1" class="b">vss. 3,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/9/0" data-bid="10-1" class="b">4,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/10/0" data-bid="11-1" class="b">5,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/11/0" data-bid="12-1" class="b">6,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/12/0" data-bid="13-1" class="b">9,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/13/0" data-bid="14-1" class="b">10,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/14/0" data-bid="15-1" class="b">11,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/15/0" data-bid="16-1" class="b">22,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/16/0" data-bid="17-1" class="b">23,</a> <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/17/0" data-bid="18-1" class="b">24</a>) and one time rendered “take into account” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/18/0" data-bid="19-1" class="b">vs. 8</a>). This Greek verb was used in ancient times for numerical calculations, such as in accounting. It could refer to calculations entered on either the debit or the credit side. Abraham’s faith combined with works “was counted [credited, or attributed] to him as righteousness.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/19/0" data-bid="20-1" class="b">Ro 4:20-22</a>) This does not mean that he and other faithful men and women of pre-Christian times were free of sin. However, God took into account their faith in his promise and their efforts to follow his commands. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/20/0" data-bid="21-1" class="b">Ge 3:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/20/1" data-bid="21-2" class="b"> Ps 119:2, 3</a>) Thus, God accounted them guiltless, as compared with the rest of mankind, who had no standing with him. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/21/0" data-bid="22-1" class="b">Ps 32:1, 2;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/21/1" data-bid="22-2" class="b"> Eph 2:12</a>) Of course, faithful ones like Abraham recognized their need for redemption from sin and were awaiting God’s due time to provide it. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/22/0" data-bid="23-1" class="b">Ps 49:7-9;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/22/1" data-bid="23-2" class="b"> Heb 9:26</a>) Meanwhile, because of their faith, Jehovah could have dealings with such imperfect humans and bless them without compromising his own perfect standards of justice.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/23/0" data-bid="24-1" class="b">Ps 36:10</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/117" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-118"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 15:6; Ga 3:6; Jas 2:23</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-118" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-118" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p168" data-pid="168" class="se"></p> <p id="p169" data-pid="169" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/182/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 604</a></p> <p id="p170" data-pid="170" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/183/0"><em>“All Scripture,”</em> p. 18</a></p> <p id="p171" data-pid="171" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p57" data-pid="57" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/55/0">it-1 604;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/55/2"> si 18;</a></p> <p id="p58" data-pid="58" class="sx"></p> <p id="p73" data-pid="73" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/71/0">w85 12/1 15;</a><span class="ni"> cj 85;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/71/4"> ad 436</a></p> <p id="p74" data-pid="74" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-4" data-section-citation="045004004045004004"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:4</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p9" data-pid="9" class="s5"><strong>as an undeserved kindness:</strong> Or “as a gift.” A worker is entitled to <strong>his pay.</strong> He does not consider it a gift or a special kindness. By contrast, God’s releasing imperfect humans from condemnation to death and declaring them righteous by faith is a kindness totally undeserved. It is unearned and unmerited and is motivated solely by the generosity of the Giver.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/25/0" data-bid="26-1" class="b">Ro 3:23, 24;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/25/1" data-bid="26-2" class="b"> 5:17;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/25/2" data-bid="26-3" class="b"> 2Co 6:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/25/3" data-bid="26-4" class="b"> Eph 1:7</a>; see Glossary, “<a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/0/0">Undeserved kindness</a>.”</p> <p id="p10" data-pid="10" class="s5"><strong>as something owed to him:</strong> Or “as a debt.” A worker is entitled to wages that he has worked for. He expects his pay as a right, as a debt owed him. The payment for his work is not considered a gift or a special kindness.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p74" data-pid="74" class="sx"><span class="ni">g62 8/8 7</span></p> <p id="p75" data-pid="75" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-5" data-section-citation="045004005045004005"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:5</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/118" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-119"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 2:15, 16</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-119" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-119" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p171" data-pid="171" class="se"></p> <div id="p172" data-pid="172"><p data-pid="172" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/184/0"><em>The Watchtower</em> (Study)<em>,</em></a></p><p data-pid="172" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/184/0">12/2023, p. 3</a></p> </div><p id="p173" data-pid="173" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p58" data-pid="58" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/56/0">w23.12 3;</a></p> <p id="p59" data-pid="59" class="sx"></p> <p id="p75" data-pid="75" class="sx"><span class="ni">g63 9/8 27-28;</span><span class="ni"> g62 8/8 7</span></p> <p id="p76" data-pid="76" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-6" data-section-citation="045004006045004006"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:6</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p173" data-pid="173" class="se"></p> <div id="p174" data-pid="174"><p data-pid="174" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/185/0"><em>The Watchtower</em> (Study)<em>,</em></a></p><p data-pid="174" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/185/0">12/2023, pp. 3-7</a></p> </div><p id="p175" data-pid="175" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p59" data-pid="59" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/57/0">w23.12 3-7;</a></p> <p id="p60" data-pid="60" class="sx"></p> <p id="p76" data-pid="76" class="sx"><span class="ni">w45 250</span></p> <p id="p77" data-pid="77" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-7" data-section-citation="045004007045004007"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:7</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p12" data-pid="12" class="s5"><strong>Happy:</strong> The Greek word <em>ma·kaʹri·os</em> occurs 50 times in the Christian Greek Scriptures. Paul here describes “the happiness of the man to whom God counts righteousness apart from works.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/27/0" data-bid="28-1" class="b">Ro 4:6</a>) This Greek term is used to describe God (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/28/0" data-bid="29-1" class="b">1Ti 1:11</a>) and to describe Jesus in his heavenly glory (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/29/0" data-bid="30-1" class="b">1Ti 6:15</a>). It is also the term used in the famous statements on happiness in the Sermon on the Mount. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/30/0" data-bid="31-1" class="b">Mt 5:3-11;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/30/1" data-bid="31-2" class="b"> Lu 6:20-22</a>) Here at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/31/0" data-bid="32-1" class="b">Ro 4:7, 8</a>, “happy” is quoted from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/32/0" data-bid="33-1" class="b">Ps 32:1, 2</a>. This type of pronouncement is common in the Hebrew Scriptures. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/0" data-bid="34-1" class="b">De 33:29;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/1" data-bid="34-2" class="b"> 1Ki 10:8;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/2" data-bid="34-3" class="b"> Job 5:17;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/3" data-bid="34-4" class="b"> Ps 1:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/4" data-bid="34-5" class="b"> 2:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/5" data-bid="34-6" class="b"> 33:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/6" data-bid="34-7" class="b"> 94:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/7" data-bid="34-8" class="b"> 128:1;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/8" data-bid="34-9" class="b"> 144:15;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/33/9" data-bid="34-10" class="b"> Da 12:12</a>) The Hebrew and the Greek expressions used for “happy” do not refer simply to a state of lightheartedness, as when a person is enjoying a good time. From a Scriptural standpoint, to be truly happy a person needs to cultivate love for God, to serve him faithfully, and to enjoy his favor and blessing.</p> <p id="p13" data-pid="13" class="s5"><strong>pardoned:</strong> Or “forgiven.” The Greek word <em>a·phiʹe·mi</em> basically means “to let go” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/34/0" data-bid="35-1" class="b">Joh 11:44;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/34/1" data-bid="35-2" class="b"> 18:8</a>), but it can also have the meanings “to cancel a debt” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/35/0" data-bid="36-1" class="b">Mt 18:27,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/35/1" data-bid="36-2" class="b"> 32</a>) and, in a figurative sense, to “forgive” sins (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/36/0" data-bid="37-1" class="b">Mt 6:12</a>). (See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/1/0">study notes on Mt 6:12</a>.) This term is also used in the <em>Septuagint</em> at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/37/0" data-bid="38-1" class="b">Ps 32:1</a> (31:1, <em>LXX</em>), from which Paul here quotes.</p> <p id="p14" data-pid="14" class="s5"><strong>covered:</strong> Or “forgiven.” The Greek word <em>e·pi·ka·lyʹpto</em> appears only here in the Christian Greek Scriptures. It literally means “to cover over” but is here used figuratively as a synonym for “to forgive.” Paul here quotes from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/38/0" data-bid="39-1" class="b">Ps 32:1</a>, and in the <em>Septuagint</em> (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/39/0" data-bid="40-1" class="b">Ps 31:1</a>), this same Greek verb renders a Hebrew verb meaning “to cover” in the sense of forgiving sins.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p77" data-pid="77" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/75/0">w54 254;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/75/1"> w53 379;</a><span class="ni"> w45 250</span></p> <p id="p78" data-pid="78" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-8" data-section-citation="045004008045004008"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:8</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p16" data-pid="16" class="s5"><strong>Jehovah:</strong> In this quote from <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/41/0" data-bid="42-1" class="b">Ps 32:2</a>, the divine name, represented by four Hebrew consonants (transliterated <em>YHWH</em>), occurs in the original Hebrew text.—See <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/1">App. C</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/119" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-120"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 32:1, 2</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-120" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-120" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p175" data-pid="175" class="se"></p> <div id="p176" data-pid="176"><p data-pid="176" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/186/0"><em>The Watchtower</em> (Study)<em>,</em></a></p><p data-pid="176" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/186/0">12/2023, p. 3</a></p> </div><p id="p177" data-pid="177" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p60" data-pid="60" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/58/0">w23.12 3;</a></p> <p id="p61" data-pid="61" class="sx"></p> <p id="p78" data-pid="78" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/76/0">w54 254;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/76/1"> w53 379</a></p> <p id="p79" data-pid="79" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-9" data-section-citation="045004009045004009"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:9</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/120" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-121"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 3:30</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-121" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-121" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/121" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-122"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 4:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-122" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-122" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p79" data-pid="79" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/77/0">w71 272;</a><span class="ni"> g63 9/8 28</span></p> <p id="p80" data-pid="80" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-10" data-section-citation="045004010045004010"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:10</span></h3><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p80" data-pid="80" class="sx"><span class="ni">g63 9/8 28</span></p> <p id="p81" data-pid="81" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-11" data-section-citation="045004011045004011"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:11</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p18" data-pid="18" class="s5"><strong>a seal:</strong> Or “a guarantee; a confirmation.” Here the term “seal” is used figuratively in the sense of a mark of possession, or ownership. Abraham’s circumcision was “a seal” confirming the righteousness by faith that he already had.—Compare <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/2/0">study note on Joh 3:33</a>.</p> <p id="p19" data-pid="19" class="s5"><strong>the father of all those having faith:</strong> In a spiritual sense, Abraham is <strong>the father</strong> not only of his natural offspring who were faithful to God but of all disciples of Jesus Christ. Paul highlights the fact that Abraham began to show faith before his circumcision. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/43/0" data-bid="44-1" class="b">Ro 4:10</a>) This made him “the father” of uncircumcised non-Jews, or Gentiles, who put faith in Jesus. Therefore, all in the diverse Christian congregation in Rome could by reason of their faith and obedience call Abraham their father.—See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/3/0">study note on Ro 4:17</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/122" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-123"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 17:1, 2, 11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-123" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-123" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/123" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-124"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 4:16; Ga 3:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-124" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-124" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p177" data-pid="177" class="se"></p> <p id="p178" data-pid="178" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/187/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 883</a></p> <div id="p179" data-pid="179"><p data-pid="179" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/188/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="179" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/188/0">8/15/2001, p. 14</a></p> </div><p id="p180" data-pid="180" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p61" data-pid="61" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/59/0">it-2 883;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/59/2"> w01 8/15 14;</a></p> <p id="p62" data-pid="62" class="sx"></p> <p id="p81" data-pid="81" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/79/0">w76 746-747;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/79/2"> ad 1462;</a><span class="ni"> g65 12/22 27;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/79/4"> w62 387;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/79/5"> w60 521;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/79/6"> w51 563;</a><span class="ni"> w39 85</span></p> <p id="p82" data-pid="82" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-12" data-section-citation="045004012045004012"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:12</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/124" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-125"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 3:29</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-125" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-125" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p82" data-pid="82" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/80/0">w83 8/15 21;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/80/2"> w76 746-747</a></p> <p id="p83" data-pid="83" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-13" data-section-citation="045004013045004013"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:13</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p21" data-pid="21" class="s5"><strong>offspring:</strong> Or “descendants.” Lit., “seed.”—See <a class="it" href="/en/wol/tc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/2">App. A2</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/125" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-126"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 12:1-3; 17:5, 6; 22:17, 18</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-126" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-126" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/126" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-127"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Heb 11:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-127" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-127" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p83" data-pid="83" class="sx"><span class="ni">w45 250;</span><span class="ni"> w40 158</span></p> <p id="p84" data-pid="84" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-15" data-section-citation="045004015045004015"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:15</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="s5"><strong>transgression:</strong> The Greek <em>pa·raʹba·sis</em> refers basically to “overstepping,” that is, going beyond certain limits or boundaries, especially as in breaking a law.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/127" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-128"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 3:20; 5:20; 2Co 3:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-128" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-128" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/128" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-129"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 5:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-129" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-129" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p180" data-pid="180" class="se"></p> <p id="p181" data-pid="181" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/189/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 967</a></p> <p id="p182" data-pid="182" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p62" data-pid="62" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/60/0">it-2 967;</a></p> <p id="p63" data-pid="63" class="sx"></p> <p id="p84" data-pid="84" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/82/0">ad 1507;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/82/1"> w53 376</a></p> <p id="p85" data-pid="85" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-16" data-section-citation="045004016045004016"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:16</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p25" data-pid="25" class="s5"><strong>offspring:</strong> See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/4/0">study note on Ro 4:13</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/129" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-130"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 3:24</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-130" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-130" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/130" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-131"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 9:8; Ga 3:29</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-131" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-131" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/131" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-132"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 4:11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-132" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-132" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p182" data-pid="182" class="se"></p> <p id="p183" data-pid="183" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/190/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 473</a></p> <p id="p184" data-pid="184" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p63" data-pid="63" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/61/0">it-2 473;</a></p> <p id="p64" data-pid="64" class="sx"></p> <p id="p85" data-pid="85" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/83/0">w83 8/15 17;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/83/2"> w73 252;</a><span class="ni"> ns 76;</span><span class="ni"> w45 284;</span><span class="ni"> w44 25</span></p> <p id="p86" data-pid="86" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-17" data-section-citation="045004017045004017"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:17</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p27" data-pid="27" class="s5"><strong>just as it is written:</strong> That is, at <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/48/0" data-bid="49-1" class="b">Ge 17:5</a>, where Jehovah told Abram: “I will make you a father of many nations.” This promise was the basis for Jehovah’s changing Abram’s name to Abraham, meaning “Father of a Crowd (Multitude); Father of Many.” The promise was fulfilled in the following way: Abraham’s son Ishmael fathered “12 chieftains according to their clans.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/49/0" data-bid="50-1" class="b">Ge 25:13-16;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/49/1" data-bid="50-2" class="b"> 17:20;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/49/2" data-bid="50-3" class="b"> 21:13,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/49/3" data-bid="50-4" class="b"> 18</a>) The six sons of Abraham by Keturah produced additional nations that trace their ancestry back to Abraham. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/50/0" data-bid="51-1" class="b">Ge 25:1-4;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/50/1" data-bid="51-2" class="b"> 1Ch 1:28-33;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/50/2" data-bid="51-3" class="b"> Ro 4:16-18</a>) And from Abraham’s son Isaac sprang the Israelites and the Edomites. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/51/0" data-bid="52-1" class="b">Ge 25:21-26</a>) Also, in a spiritual sense, Abraham became a father to people of many national groups, including those of the Christian congregation in Rome, who “adhere to the faith” of Abraham.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/52/0" data-bid="53-1" class="b">Ro 4:16</a>.</p> <p id="p28" data-pid="28" class="s5"><strong>who . . . calls the things that are not as though they are:</strong> That is, because God’s purposes are absolutely certain of fulfillment. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/53/0" data-bid="54-1" class="b">Isa 55:10, 11</a>) Paul here alludes to God’s promise to Abram that he would become “a father of many nations,” although Abram and Sarai were yet childless. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/54/0" data-bid="55-1" class="b">Ge 17:4-6</a>) It was as though Abraham’s sons and their descendants existed long before they were born. This Greek phrase at the end of <a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/55/0" data-bid="56-1" class="b">verse 17</a> could also be rendered “who . . . calls into existence what does not exist.” That rendering would highlight the creative power of God, which was certainly involved in causing Abraham to become “a father of many nations.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group footnote"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Footnotes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item footnote" data-extract-id="verseFootnote-7"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">*</span></span><span class="scalableui"><p id="p99" data-pid="99">Or “summons.” Or possibly, “speaks about.”</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/132" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-133"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 17:5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-133" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-133" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/133" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-134"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Mt 22:31, 32; Lu 20:37</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-134" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-134" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p184" data-pid="184" class="se"></p> <p id="p185" data-pid="185" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/191/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 18-19,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/192/0"> 473</a></p> <p id="p186" data-pid="186" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p64" data-pid="64" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/62/0">it-2 18-19,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/62/2"> 473;</a></p> <p id="p65" data-pid="65" class="sx"></p> <p id="p86" data-pid="86" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/84/0">lp 118;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/84/2"> w75 82;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/84/4"> w73 252;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/84/6"> kj 335;</a><span class="ni"> bf 217,</span><span class="ni"> 654;</span><span class="ni"> ns 76;</span><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/84/10"> w55 565;</a><span class="ni"> dh 49;</span><span class="ni"> w47 85;</span><span class="ni"> w45 284;</span><span class="ni"> w44 25;</span><span class="ni"> w38 328;</span><span class="ni"> w34 169;</span><span class="ni"> jh 254</span></p> <p id="p87" data-pid="87" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-18" data-section-citation="045004018045004018"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:18</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p30" data-pid="30" class="s5"><strong>offspring:</strong> See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/5/0">study note on Ro 4:13</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/134" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-135"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 15:5; Heb 11:17, 18</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-135" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-135" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p186" data-pid="186" class="se"></p> <div id="p187" data-pid="187"><p data-pid="187" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/193/0"><em>The Watchtower</em> (Study)<em>,</em></a></p><p data-pid="187" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/193/0">12/2023, p. 7</a></p> </div><p id="p188" data-pid="188" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/194/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 1138</a></p> <p id="p189" data-pid="189" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/195/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> p. 473</a></p> <div id="p190" data-pid="190"><p data-pid="190" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/196/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="190" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/196/0">6/15/2008, p. 30</a></p> </div><p id="p191" data-pid="191" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p65" data-pid="65" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/63/0">w23.12 7;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/63/2"> it-1 1138;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/63/4"> it-2 473;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/63/6"> w08 6/15 30;</a></p> <p id="p66" data-pid="66" class="sx"></p> <p id="p87" data-pid="87" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/85/0">w80 4/1 16-17;</a><span class="ni"> ns 76</span></p> <p id="p88" data-pid="88" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-19" data-section-citation="045004019045004019"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:19</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p32" data-pid="32" class="s5"><strong>deadness:</strong> Or “barrenness.” The Greek word <em>neʹkro·sis</em> is related to the verb <em>ne·kroʹo,</em> which is used earlier in the sentence and rendered <strong>as good as dead. Sarah</strong> (Sarai) was barren, but then her reproductive powers were miraculously revived after she was past the age of childbearing. (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/58/0" data-bid="59-1" class="b">Ge 11:30;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/58/1" data-bid="59-2" class="b"> 18:11</a>) Paul also described Abraham as a man “who was as good as dead.” (<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/59/0" data-bid="60-1" class="b">Heb 11:11, 12</a>) So in a sense, both Abraham and Sarah experienced something comparable to a resurrection when their reproductive powers were restored and they were given the ability to have a child.—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/60/0" data-bid="61-1" class="b">Ge 18:9-11;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/60/1" data-bid="61-2" class="b"> 21:1, 2,</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/60/2" data-bid="61-3" class="b"> 12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/60/3" data-bid="61-4" class="b"> Ro 4:20, 21</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/135" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-136"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 17:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-136" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-136" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/136" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-137"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 18:11; Heb 11:11, 12</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-137" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-137" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p191" data-pid="191" class="se"></p> <p id="p192" data-pid="192" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/197/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 1138</a></p> <div id="p193" data-pid="193"><p data-pid="193" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/198/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="193" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/198/0">7/1/2001, p. 21</a></p> </div><p id="p194" data-pid="194" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p66" data-pid="66" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/64/0">it-1 1138;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/64/2"> w01 7/1 21;</a></p> <p id="p67" data-pid="67" class="sx"></p> <p id="p88" data-pid="88" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/86/0">ad 787;</a><span class="ni"> ns 76</span></p> <p id="p89" data-pid="89" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-20" data-section-citation="045004020045004020"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:20</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p34" data-pid="34" class="s5"><strong>waver:</strong> The Greek word <em>di·a·kriʹno</em> conveys the idea of being uncertain, divided in one’s mind, indecisive. This Greek word is also rendered “to doubt.”—<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/62/0" data-bid="63-1" class="b">Mt 21:21;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/62/1" data-bid="63-2" class="b"> Mr 11:23;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/62/2" data-bid="63-3" class="b"> Ac 10:20;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/62/3" data-bid="63-4" class="b"> 11:12;</a><a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/62/4" data-bid="63-5" class="b"> Jas 1:6</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p194" data-pid="194" class="se"></p> <p id="p195" data-pid="195" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/199/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 18-19</a></p> <div id="p196" data-pid="196"><p data-pid="196" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/200/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="196" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/200/0">7/1/2001, p. 21</a></p> </div><p id="p197" data-pid="197" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p67" data-pid="67" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/65/0">it-2 19;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/65/2"> w01 7/1 21;</a></p> <p id="p68" data-pid="68" class="sx"></p> <p id="p89" data-pid="89" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/87/0">ad 893</a></p> <p id="p90" data-pid="90" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-21" data-section-citation="045004021045004021"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:21</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/137" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-138"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Heb 11:19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-138" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-138" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p197" data-pid="197" class="se"></p> <p id="p198" data-pid="198" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/201/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 18-19</a></p> <p id="p199" data-pid="199" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p68" data-pid="68" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/66/0">it-2 19;</a></p> <p id="p69" data-pid="69" class="sx"></p> <p id="p90" data-pid="90" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/88/0">ad 893</a></p> <p id="p91" data-pid="91" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-22" data-section-citation="045004022045004022"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:22</span></h3><div class="studyNoteGroup"><ul class="content"><li class="item studyNote" data-extract-id=""><span class="scalableui"><p id="p36" data-pid="36" class="s5"><strong>counted:</strong> See <a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1001070721/6/0">study note on Ro 4:3</a>.</p> </span></li></ul></div><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/138" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-139"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 15:6; Jas 2:23</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-139" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-139" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p199" data-pid="199" class="se"></p> <p id="p200" data-pid="200" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/202/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 1<em>,</em> p. 604</a></p> <p id="p201" data-pid="201" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/203/0"><em>Insight,</em> Volume 2<em>,</em> pp. 18-19</a></p> <p id="p202" data-pid="202" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p69" data-pid="69" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/67/0">it-1 604;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/67/2"> it-2 19;</a></p> <p id="p70" data-pid="70" class="sx"></p> <p id="p91" data-pid="91" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/89/0">ad 436,</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/89/1"> 893</a></p> <p id="p92" data-pid="92" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-23" data-section-citation="045004023045004023"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:23</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/139" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-140"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 15:4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-140" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-140" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-24" data-section-citation="045004024045004024"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:24</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/140" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-141"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 2:24; 13:30; 1Pe 1:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-141" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-141" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div></div><div class="section" data-key="45-4-25" data-section-citation="045004025045004025"><h3 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Romans 4:25</span></h3><div class="group marginal"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Marginal References</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/141" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-142"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Mt 20:28</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-142" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-142" class="extract"></div></div></li><li class="item collapsible marginal marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/142" data-extract-id="verseMarginal-143"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="scalableui">+</span></span><span class="icon"></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Isa 53:11, 12; 2Co 5:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-143" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="verseMarginal-143" class="extract"></div></div></li></ul></div><div class="group index collapsible collapsed"><div class="header"><span class="marker"><span class="icon"></span></span><span class="icon"></span><h4 class="title"><span class="scalableui">Indexes</span></h4></div><ul class="content"><li class="item ref-rsg" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Research Guide</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p202" data-pid="202" class="se"></p> <div id="p203" data-pid="203"><p data-pid="203" class="su"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/204/0"><em>The Watchtower,</em></a></p><p data-pid="203" class="sk"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1204435/204/0">10/1/2008, pp. 5-6</a></p> </div><p id="p204" data-pid="204" class="se"></p> </span></li><li class="item ref-dx" data-extract-id=""><div class="subtitle">Publications Index</div><span class="scalableui"><p id="p70" data-pid="70" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200270045/68/0">w08 10/1 5-6;</a></p> <p id="p71" data-pid="71" class="sx"></p> <p id="p92" data-pid="92" class="sx"><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/90/0">w85 12/1 15;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/90/2"> w79 4/15 13;</a><a href="/en/wol/pc/r1/lp-e/1200020045/90/4"> ka 110</a></p> <p id="p93" data-pid="93" class="sx"></p> </span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <div id="studyParallel" class="studyPane tabContent"> <div class="section"> <h3 class="title">Parallel Translations</h3> <div class="helpText">Click a verse number to display parallel Bible verses.</div> <div class="parallel"> <div class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="extract"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="studyMarginals" class="studyPane tabContent"> <div class="section marginalsQuotation"><h3 class="title"><span class="sectionIcon"></span><span class="scalableui">Quotation</span></h3><div class="content categorizedMarginal"><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/117/3" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-118-3"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:3</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 15:6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-118-3" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-118-3" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/119/3" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-120-3"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:8</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ps 32:1, 2</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-120-3" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-120-3" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/132/3" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-133-3"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:17</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 17:5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-133-3" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-133-3" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/134/3" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-135-3"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:18</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 15:5</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-135-3" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-135-3" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/138/3" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-139-3"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:22</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 15:6</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-139-3" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-139-3" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="section marginalsGeneral"><h3 class="title"><span class="sectionIcon"></span><span class="scalableui">General</span></h3><div class="content categorizedMarginal"><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/117/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-118-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:3</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 3:6; Jas 2:23</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-118-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-118-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/118/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-119-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:5</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 2:15, 16</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-119-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-119-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/120/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-121-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:9</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 3:30</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-121-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-121-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/121/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-122-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:9</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 4:3</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-122-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-122-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/122/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-123-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:11</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 17:1, 2, 11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-123-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-123-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/123/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-124-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:11</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 4:16; Ga 3:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-124-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-124-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/124/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-125-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:12</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ga 3:29</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-125-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-125-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/125/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-126-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:13</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 12:1-3; 17:5, 6; 22:17, 18</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-126-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-126-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/126/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-127-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:13</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Heb 11:8</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-127-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-127-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/127/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-128-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:15</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 3:20; 5:20; 2Co 3:7</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-128-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-128-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/128/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-129-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:15</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 5:13</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-129-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-129-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/129/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-130-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:16</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 3:24</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-130-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-130-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/130/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-131-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:16</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 9:8; Ga 3:29</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-131-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-131-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/131/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-132-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:16</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 4:11</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-132-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-132-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/133/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-134-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:17</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Mt 22:31, 32; Lu 20:37</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-134-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-134-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/134/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-135-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:18</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Heb 11:17, 18</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-135-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-135-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/135/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-136-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:19</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 17:17</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-136-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-136-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/136/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-137-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:19</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ge 18:11; Heb 11:11, 12</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-137-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-137-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/137/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-138-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:21</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Heb 11:19</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-138-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-138-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/138/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-139-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:22</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Jas 2:23</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-139-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-139-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/139/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-140-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:23</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ro 15:4</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-140-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-140-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/140/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-141-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:24</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Ac 2:24; 13:30; 1Pe 1:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-141-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-141-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/141/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-142-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:25</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Mt 20:28</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-142-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-142-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div><div><div><div class="item collapsible marginalExpander collapsed" data-src="/en/wol/marginalreference/r1/lp-e/nwtsty/45/4/142/1" data-extract-id="categorizedMarginal-143-1"><div class="header"><span class="icon"></span><span class="source"><span class="scalableui">Rom. 4:25</span></span><span class="marginal title"><span class="scalableui">Isa 53:11, 12; 2Co 5:21</span></span></div><div class="content"><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-143-1" class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div><div data-extract-target-id="categorizedMarginal-143-1" class="extract"></div></div></div></div></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="studyPaneGalleryModel" class="jwac showRuby ml-E ms-ROMAN dir-ltr"> <div id="galleryModalContainer" class="underlay full fadeOut"> <div id="galleryModal"> <div class="header"> <div class="loading hidden"><span class="icon"></span></div> <div class="galleryHeaderButtons"> <div 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class="scalableui"> <header> <h1>To the Romans</h1> </header> <p id="p20" data-pid="20" class="sb"><span id="v45-4-1-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28115" class="cl vx vp study"><strong>4</strong> </a>That being so, what will we say was gained by Abraham, our forefather according to the flesh? </span><span id="v45-4-2-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28116" class="vl vx vp">2 </a>For instance, if Abraham was declared righteous as a result of works, he would have reason to boast, but not with God. </span><span id="v45-4-3-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28117" class="vl vx vp study">3 </a>For what does the scripture say? “Abraham put faith in Jehovah, and it was counted to him as righteousness.”<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/117" data-bid="118-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-4-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28118" class="vl vx vp study">4 </a>Now to the man who works, his pay is not counted as an undeserved kindness but as something owed to him. </span><span id="v45-4-5-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28119" class="vl vx vp">5 </a>On the other hand, to the man who does not work but puts faith in the One who declares the ungodly one righteous, his faith is counted as righteousness.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/118" data-bid="119-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-6-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28120" class="vl vx vp">6 </a>Just as David also speaks of the happiness of the man to whom God counts righteousness apart from works: </span><span id="v45-4-7-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28121" class="vl vx vp study">7 </a>“Happy are those whose lawless deeds have been pardoned and whose sins have been covered; </span><span id="v45-4-8-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28122" class="vl vx vp study">8 </a>happy is the man whose sin Jehovah will by no means take into account.”<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/119" data-bid="120-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p21" data-pid="21" class="sb"><span id="v45-4-9-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28123" class="vl vx vp">9 </a>Does this happiness, then, only come to circumcised people or also to uncircumcised people?<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/120" data-bid="121-1" class="b">+</a> For we say: “Abraham’s faith was counted to him as righteousness.”<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/121" data-bid="122-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-10-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28124" class="vl vx vp">10 </a>Under what circumstances, then, was it counted as righteousness? When he was circumcised or uncircumcised? He was not yet circumcised but was uncircumcised. </span><span id="v45-4-11-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28125" class="vl vx vp study">11 </a>And he received a sign<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/122" data-bid="123-1" class="b">+</a>—namely, circumcision—as a seal of the righteousness by the faith he had while in his uncircumcised state, so that he might be the father of all those having faith<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/123" data-bid="124-1" class="b">+</a> while uncircumcised, in order for righteousness to be counted to them; </span><span id="v45-4-12-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28126" class="vl vx vp">12 </a>and so that he might be a father to circumcised offspring, not only to those who adhere to circumcision but also to those who walk orderly in the footsteps of the faith that our father Abraham<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/124" data-bid="125-1" class="b">+</a> had while in the uncircumcised state.</span></p> <p id="p22" data-pid="22" class="sb"><span id="v45-4-13-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28127" class="vl vx vp study">13 </a>For it was not through law that Abraham or his offspring had the promise that he should be heir of a world,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/125" data-bid="126-1" class="b">+</a> but it was through righteousness by faith.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/126" data-bid="127-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-14-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28128" class="vl vp">14 </a>For if those who adhere to law are heirs, faith becomes useless and the promise has been abolished. </span><span id="v45-4-15-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28129" class="vl vx vp study">15 </a>In reality the Law produces wrath,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/127" data-bid="128-1" class="b">+</a> but where there is no law, neither is there any transgression.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/128" data-bid="129-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p23" data-pid="23" class="sb"><span id="v45-4-16-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28130" class="vl vx vp study">16 </a>That is why it is through faith, so that it might be according to undeserved kindness,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/129" data-bid="130-1" class="b">+</a> in order for the promise to be sure to all his offspring,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/130" data-bid="131-1" class="b">+</a> not only to those who adhere to the Law but also to those who adhere to the faith of Abraham, who is the father of us all.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/131" data-bid="132-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-17-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28131" class="vl vx vp study">17 </a>(This is just as it is written: “I have appointed you a father of many nations.”)<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/132" data-bid="133-1" class="b">+</a> This was in the sight of God, in whom he had faith, who makes the dead alive<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/133" data-bid="134-1" class="b">+</a> and calls<a id="footnotesource7" data-fnid="7" class="fn" href="/en/wol/fn/r1/lp-e/1001070149/6">*</a> the things that are not as though they are. </span><span id="v45-4-18-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28132" class="vl vx vp study">18 </a>Although beyond hope, yet based on hope, he had faith that he would become the father of many nations according to what had been said: “So your offspring will be.”<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/134" data-bid="135-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-19-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28133" class="vl vx vp study">19 </a>And although he did not grow weak in faith, he considered his own body, now as good as dead (since he was about 100 years old),<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/135" data-bid="136-1" class="b">+</a> as well as the deadness of the womb of Sarah.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/136" data-bid="137-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-20-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28134" class="vl vx vp study">20 </a>But because of the promise of God, he did not waver in a lack of faith; but he became powerful by his faith, giving God glory </span><span id="v45-4-21-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28135" class="vl vx vp">21 </a>and being fully convinced that what He had promised He was also able to do.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/137" data-bid="138-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-22-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28136" class="vl vx vp study">22 </a>Therefore, “it was counted to him as righteousness.”<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/138" data-bid="139-1" class="b">+</a></span></p> <p id="p24" data-pid="24" class="sb"><span id="v45-4-23-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28137" class="vl vp">23 </a>However, the words “it was counted to him” were not written for his sake only,<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/139" data-bid="140-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-24-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28138" class="vl vp">24 </a>but also for our sake, to whom it will be counted, because we believe in Him who raised Jesus our Lord up from the dead.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/140" data-bid="141-1" class="b">+</a> </span><span id="v45-4-25-1" class="v"><a href="/en/wol/dx/r1/lp-e/1001070149/28139" class="vl vx vp">25 </a>He was handed over for the sake of our trespasses<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/141" data-bid="142-1" class="b">+</a> and was raised up for the sake of declaring us righteous.<a href="/en/wol/bc/r1/lp-e/1001070149/142" data-bid="143-1" class="b">+</a></span></p>  <div class="pswp" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="pswp__bg"></div> <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> 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