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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keadaan_geografis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keadaan_geografis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Keadaan geografis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keadaan_geografis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demografi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demografi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demografi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demografi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Sejarah</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Masa_awal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masa_awal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Masa awal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masa_awal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_Stalin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_Stalin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Era Stalin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_Stalin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_Khrushchev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_Khrushchev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Era Khrushchev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_Khrushchev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_Brezhnev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_Brezhnev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Era Brezhnev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_Brezhnev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Era_Gorbachev" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Era_Gorbachev"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Era Gorbachev</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Era_Gorbachev-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Krisis_dan_kejatuhan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Krisis_dan_kejatuhan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Krisis dan kejatuhan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Krisis_dan_kejatuhan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembubaran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembubaran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Pembubaran</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembubaran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Politik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pembagian_administratif" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pembagian_administratif"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Pembagian administratif</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pembagian_administratif-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Militer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Militer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Militer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Militer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ekonomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ekonomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ekonomi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Ekonomi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ekonomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Energi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Energi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Transportasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catatan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catatan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Catatan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catatan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Uni Soviet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 214 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-214" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">214 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%82%D3%99_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D2%9B%D3%99%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Асоветтә Социалисттә Республикақәа Реидгыла – Abkhaz" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Асоветтә Социалисттә Республикақәа Реидгыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhaz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunie" title="Sowjetunie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sowjetunie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Jerman (Swiss)" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Jerman (Swiss)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B6%E1%89%AA%E1%8B%AC%E1%89%B5_%E1%88%95%E1%89%A5%E1%88%A8%E1%89%B5" title="ሶቪዬት ሕብረት – Amharik" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሶቪዬት ሕብረት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_de_Republicas_Socialistas_Sovieticas" title="Unión de Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Unión de Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sofiet_Gesamnung" title="Sofiet Gesamnung – Inggris Kuno" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Sofiet Gesamnung" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Inggris Kuno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="الاتحاد السوفيتي – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الاتحاد السوفيتي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A5%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A" title="لإتحاد السوڤياتي – Arab Maroko" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لإتحاد السوڤياتي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Arab Maroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%89" title="الاتحاد السوفييتى – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاتحاد السوفييتى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%27%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98" title="ছ'ভিয়েট সংঘ – Assam" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ছ'ভিয়েট সংঘ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xuni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Xunión Soviética – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Xunión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%B1_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%BB_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B8" title="Советияб Союзалъул Социялизмаялъул Республикаби – Avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Советияб Союзалъул Социялизмаялъул Республикаби" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/TSSS" title="TSSS – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="TSSS" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSR%C4%B0" title="SSRİ – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="SSRİ" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شوروی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شوروی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Союзы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Bavaria" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tar%C4%ABbu_S%C4%81jonga" title="Tarību Sājonga – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tarību Sājonga" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік – Belarusia" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Саюз Савецкіх Сацыялістычных Рэспублік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Съюз на съветските социалистически републики – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съюз на съветските социалистически републики" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="सोवियत यूनियन – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="सोवियत यूनियन" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন – Bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="སུའུ་ལེན་ – Tibet" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སུའུ་ལེན་" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibet" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="সোভিয়েত ইউনিয়ন" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unaniezh_ar_Republiko%C3%B9_Sokialour_Soviedel" title="Unaniezh ar Republikoù Sokialour Soviedel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Unaniezh ar Republikoù Sokialour Soviedel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D2%AF%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%8D_%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Зүблэлтэ холбоото улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Зүблэлтэ холбоото улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3_de_Rep%C3%BAbliques_Socialistes_Sovi%C3%A8tiques" title="Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques – Katalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Unió de Repúbliques Socialistes Soviètiques" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C5%AD-li%C3%A8ng" title="Sŭ-lièng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sŭ-lièng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Советийн Социалистийн Республикийн Союз – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Советийн Социалистийн Республикийн Союз" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyong_Sobyet" title="Unyong Sobyet – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Unyong Sobyet" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%DB%8E%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA" title="یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت – Kurdi Sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="یەکێتیی سۆڤیەت" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Kurdi Sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Euralar_Sotsialistik_Cumhuriyetleri_Birligi" title="Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyetleri Birligi – Tatar Krimea" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Şuralar Sotsialistik Cumhuriyetleri Birligi" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Tatar Krimea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C4%9Btsk%C3%BD_svaz" title="Sovětský svaz – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sovětský svaz" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%A3%D1%82%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%97%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%AB%EA%99%81%D1%8A" title="Съвѣтьскъ Социалистичьскъ Димократїи Съвѫꙁъ – Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Съвѣтьскъ Социалистичьскъ Димократїи Съвѫꙁъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Bahasa Gereja Slavonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9F%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%C4%95%D0%B2%C4%95" title="Совет Социализм Республикисен Пĕрлешĕвĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Совет Социализм Республикисен Пĕрлешĕвĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yr_Undeb_Sofietaidd" title="Yr Undeb Sofietaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Yr Undeb Sofietaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Dansk" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dansk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yewiya_Sovyetan" title="Yewiya Sovyetan – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Yewiya Sovyetan" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetski_zw%C4%9Bzk" title="Sowjetski zwězk – Sorbia Hilir" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Sowjetski zwězk" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hilir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koisaan_Soviet" title="Koisaan Soviet – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Koisaan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%90%DE%AF%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%93%DE%B0_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%B0%DE%8C%DE%A8%DE%80%DE%A7%DE%8B%DE%AA" title="ސޯވިއެޓް އިއްތިހާދު – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ސޯވިއެޓް އިއްތިހާދު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%B9%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%A3%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8E%CE%BD_%CE%94%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών – Yunani" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ένωση Σοβιετικών Σοσιαλιστικών Δημοκρατιών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Yunani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovetunio" title="Sovetunio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sovetunio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5ukogude_Liit" title="Nõukogude Liit – Esti" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nõukogude Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Esti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sobietar_Errepublika_Sozialisten_Batasuna" title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sobietar Errepublika Sozialisten Batasuna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%B1_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="اتحاد جماهیر شوروی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحاد جماهیر شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostoliitto" title="Neuvostoliitto – Suomi" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostoliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Suomi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B5vvokogoliit" title="Nõvvokogoliit – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nõvvokogoliit" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetsamveldi%C3%B0" title="Sovjetsamveldið – Faroe" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Sovjetsamveldið" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_des_r%C3%A9publiques_socialistes_sovi%C3%A9tiques" title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques – Prancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Union des républiques socialistes soviétiques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Prancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunioon" title="Sowjetunioon – Frisia Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Sowjetunioon" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietiche" title="Union Sovietiche – Friuli" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Union Sovietiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friuli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Uny" title="Sovjet-Uny – Frisia Barat" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Sovjet-Uny" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frisia Barat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_tAontas_S%C3%B3iv%C3%A9adach" title="An tAontas Sóivéadach – Irlandia" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An tAontas Sóivéadach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyon_di_s%C3%A9_r%C3%A9piblik_sosyalis_sovy%C3%A9tik" title="Inyon di sé répiblik sosyalis sovyétik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Inyon di sé répiblik sosyalis sovyétik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_t-Aonadh_Sobhiatach" title="An t-Aonadh Sobhiatach – Gaelik Skotlandia" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="An t-Aonadh Sobhiatach" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaelik Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%B3n_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Unión Soviética – Galisia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Unión Soviética" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galisia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A4%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A" title="شؤروي – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="شؤروي" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>گیلکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joaty_Sovi%C3%A9tiko" title="Joaty Soviétiko – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Joaty Soviétiko" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B2%F0%90%8C%B8" title="𐌲𐌲𐌲𐌸 – Gotik" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌲𐌲𐌲𐌸" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gotik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%87%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%AF%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A8" title="સોવિયેત યુનિયન – Gujarat" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="સોવિયેત યુનિયન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnaneys_ny_Pobblaghtyn_Soveidjagh_Soshiallagh" title="Unnaneys ny Pobblaghtyn Soveidjagh Soshiallagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Unnaneys ny Pobblaghtyn Soveidjagh Soshiallagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarayyar_Sobiyet" title="Tarayyar Sobiyet – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tarayyar Sobiyet" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BB-li%C3%A8n" title="Sû-lièn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sû-lièn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA" title="ברית המועצות – Ibrani" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברית המועצות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Ibrani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="सोवियत संघ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सोवियत संघ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Hindi Fiji" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hindi Fiji" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Kroasia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetski_zwjazk" title="Sowjetski zwjazk – Sorbia Hulu" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sowjetski zwjazk" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Sorbia Hulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inyon_repiblik_sosyalis_sovyetik" title="Inyon repiblik sosyalis sovyetik – Kreol Haiti" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Inyon repiblik sosyalis sovyetik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Kreol Haiti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szovjetuni%C3%B3" title="Szovjetunió – Hungaria" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szovjetunió" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետությունների Միություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B0%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Խորհրդային Միութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Խորհրդային Միութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietic" title="Union Sovietic – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Union Sovietic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Union" title="Soviet-Union – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Soviet-Union" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suviatam_Nunaa" title="Suviatam Nunaa – Inupiak" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Suviatam Nunaa" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kappon_ti_Sobiet" title="Kappon ti Sobiet – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kappon ti Sobiet" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Советий Социализма Республикай Союз – Ingushetia" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Советий Социализма Республикай Союз" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingushetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet-Uniono" title="Soviet-Uniono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Soviet-Uniono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sov%C3%A9tr%C3%ADkin" title="Sovétríkin – Islandia" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sovétríkin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%88%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6" title="ソビエト連邦 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソビエト連邦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suoviet_Yuunian" title="Suoviet Yuunian – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Suoviet Yuunian" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/sofygu%27e" title="sofygu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="sofygu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Sovy%C3%A8t" title="Uni Sovyèt – Jawa" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Uni Sovyèt" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Jawa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%AD%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი – Georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="საბჭოთა სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკების კავშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tadukli_n_Tegdudiwin_Tinemlayin_Tisuvyitiyin" title="Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tadukli n Tegdudiwin Tinemlayin Tisuvyitiyin" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8D_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%97%D1%8D%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Республикэ Совет Социал Зэгуэтхэр – Kabardi" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Республикэ Совет Социал Зэгуэтхэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muna%CC%B1pyia%CC%B1_Soviyet" title="Muna̱pyia̱ Soviyet – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Muna̱pyia̱ Soviyet" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кеңестік Социалистік Республикалар Одағы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%A0%E1%9E%97%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9C%E1%9F%80%E1%9E%8F" title="សហភាពសូវៀត – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សហភាពសូវៀត" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%92%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%9F" title="ಸೊವಿಯೆಟ್ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸೊವಿಯೆಟ್ ಒಕ್ಕೂಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8" title="소련 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D1%83" title="Совет Социалист Республикаланы Союзу – Karachai Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Совет Социалист Республикаланы Союзу" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachai Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%90%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%AA%D9%90%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%82" title="صؤوِت اِتِفاق – Kashmir" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="صؤوِت اِتِفاق" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yek%C3%AEtiya_Komar%C3%AAn_Sovyet_%C3%AAn_Sosyal%C3%AEst" title="Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst – Kurdi" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yekîtiya Komarên Sovyet ên Sosyalîst" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D3%A7%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F%D1%81%D0%BB%D3%A7%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Сӧветскӧй Социалистическӧй Республикаяслӧн Союз – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Сӧветскӧй Социалистическӧй Республикаяслӧн Союз" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/URSS" title="URSS – Kornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="URSS" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Kornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B5%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Кеңештер Бирлиги – Kirgiz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кеңештер Бирлиги" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unio_Rerum_Publicarum_Sovieticarum_Socialisticarum" title="Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Unio Rerum Publicarum Sovieticarum Socialisticarum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovyetika" title="Union Sovyetika – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Union Sovyetika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunioun" title="Sowjetunioun – Luksemburg" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sowjetunioun" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburg" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D3%80" title="Советрин Социализмдин Республикайрин ГалкӀ – Lezghia" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Советрин Социализмдин Республикайрин ГалкӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_de_Republicas_Sosialiste_Soviet" title="Uni de Republicas Sosialiste Soviet – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Uni de Republicas Sosialiste Soviet" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – Limburgia" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietica" title="Union Sovietica – Liguria" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Union Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liguria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietica" title="Union Sovietica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Union Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_di_Republegh_Socialista_Sovietegh" title="Union di Republegh Socialista Sovietegh – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Union di Republegh Socialista Sovietegh" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%9A%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BD%E0%BA%94" title="ສະຫະພາບໂຊວຽດ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສະຫະພາບໂຊວຽດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet%C5%B3_S%C4%85junga" title="Sovietų Sąjunga – Lituavi" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sovietų Sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lituavi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Padomju_Savien%C4%ABba" title="Padomju Savienība – Latvi" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Padomju Savienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98" title="सोभियत सङ्घ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सोभियत सङ्घ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8C_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Советонь Соткс – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Советонь Соткс" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firaisan%27_ny_Repoblika_S%C3%B4sialista_S%C3%B4vietika" title="Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika – Malagasi" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Firaisan' ny Repoblika Sôsialista Sôvietika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA-%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA_%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Совет Социализм Республик-влак Ушем – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Совет Социализм Республик-влак Ушем" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hononga_Howete" title="Hononga Howete – Maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Hononga Howete" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Soviet" title="Uni Soviet – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Uni Soviet" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%98%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Советски Сојуз – Makedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Советски Сојуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="സോവിയറ്റ് യൂണിയൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സോവിയറ്റ് യൂണിയൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%BB%D1%82_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BE%D1%82_%D0%A3%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс – Mongolia" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Зөвлөлт Холбоот Улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%98" title="सोव्हिएत संघ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सोव्हिएत संघ" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesatuan_Soviet" title="Kesatuan Soviet – Melayu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kesatuan Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Melayu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unjoni_Sovjetika" title="Unjoni Sovjetika – Malta" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Unjoni Sovjetika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Malta" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ounion_Sobi%C3%A9tica" title="Ounion Sobiética – Miranda" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Ounion Sobiética" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Miranda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%91%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%B9%E1%80%99%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ – Burma" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆိုဗီယက်ပြည်ထောင်စု သမ္မတနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burma" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="شوروی – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="شوروی" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aunione_Sovieteca" title="Aunione Sovieteca – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Aunione Sovieteca" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetuny" title="Sovjetuny – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Sovjetuny" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%98" title="सोभियत सङ्घ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सोभियत सङ्घ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Nynorsk Norwegia" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="artikel pilihan"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unnion_Sovi%C3%A9tique" title="Unnion Soviétique – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Unnion Soviétique" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_de_las_Republicas_Socialistas_Sovieticas" title="Union de las Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas – Ositania" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Union de las Republicas Socialistas Sovieticas" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ositania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevvostoliitto" title="Nevvostoliitto – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nevvostoliitto" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A6%C3%A6%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Советон Цæдис – Ossetia" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Советон Цæдис" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A4_%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸੋਵੀਅਤ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੋਵੀਅਤ ਯੂਨੀਅਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovietiko" title="Union Sovietiko – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Union Sovietiko" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/URSS" title="URSS – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="URSS" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Jerman Pennsylvania" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Pennsylvania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwi%C4%85zek_Socjalistycznych_Republik_Radzieckich" title="Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich – Polski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Związek Socjalistycznych Republik Radzieckich" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Union Soviética – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Union Soviética" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سویت یونین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سویت یونین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="شوروي اتحاد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شوروي اتحاد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni%C3%A3o_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="União Soviética – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="União Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susyalista_Suwit_Ripuwlikakunap_Hu%C3%B1un" title="Susyalista Suwit Ripuwlikakunap Huñun – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Susyalista Suwit Ripuwlikakunap Huñun" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniun_sovietica" title="Uniun sovietica – Reto-Roman" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Uniun sovietica" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Reto-Roman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uniunea_Republicilor_Sovietice_Socialiste" title="Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste – Rumania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Uniunea Republicilor Sovietice Socialiste" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Союз Советских Социалистических Республик – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Союз Советских Социалистических Республик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Союз Совітскых Соціалістічных Републик – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Союз Совітскых Соціалістічных Републик" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%8D%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8D%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%83%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Сэбиэскэй Социалистыы Республикалар Сойуустара – Sakha" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сэбиэскэй Социалистыы Республикалар Сойуустара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sakha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%B4_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B6%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱥᱚᱵᱷᱤᱭᱮᱴ ᱥᱟᱶᱛᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unione_Sovietica" title="Unione Sovietica – Sardinia" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Unione Sovietica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unioni_Suvi%C3%A8tica" title="Unioni Suviètica – Sisilia" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Unioni Suviètica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sisilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Skotlandia" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Skotlandia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86" title="سوويت يونين – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="سوويت يونين" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetlihttu" title="Sovjetlihttu – Sami Utara" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Sovjetlihttu" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Sami Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetski_Savez" title="Sovjetski Savez – Serbo-Kroasia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sovjetski Savez" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Kroasia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9D%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%82%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B6%BA" title="සෝවියට් සංගමය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සෝවියට් සංගමය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Soviet Union" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovietsky_zv%C3%A4z" title="Sovietsky zväz – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sovietsky zväz" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86" title="سوویت یونین – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="سوویت یونین" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetska_zveza" title="Sovjetska zveza – Sloven" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sovjetska zveza" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloven" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetlitto" title="Sovjetlitto – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Sovjetlitto" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midowga_Sofiyet" title="Midowga Sofiyet – Somalia" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Midowga Sofiyet" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somalia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bashkimi_Sovjetik" title="Bashkimi Sovjetik – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bashkimi Sovjetik" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Совјетски Савез – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Совјетски Савез" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetunion" title="Sowjetunion – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Sowjetunion" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uni_Sovi%C3%A9t" title="Uni Soviét – Sunda" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Uni Soviét" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sunda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetunionen" title="Sovjetunionen – Swedia" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sovjetunionen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umoja_wa_Kisovyeti" title="Umoja wa Kisovyeti – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Umoja wa Kisovyeti" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sojusz_Socjalistycznych_Sowjeckich_Republik" title="Sojusz Socjalistycznych Sowjeckich Republik – Silesia" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Sojusz Socjalistycznych Sowjeckich Republik" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சோவியத் ஒன்றியம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சோவியத் ஒன்றியம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సోవియట్ యూనియన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సోవియట్ యూనియన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D3%A3" title="Иттиҳоди Шуравӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Иттиҳоди Шуравӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="สหภาพโซเวียต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สหภาพโซเวียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyong_Sobyetiko" title="Unyong Sobyetiko – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Unyong Sobyetiko" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_Sosialist_Respublikon_Ibemon" title="Sovet Sosialist Respublikon Ibemon – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Sovet Sosialist Respublikon Ibemon" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyetler_Birli%C4%9Fi" title="Sovyetler Birliği – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyetler Birliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Берлеге – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Совет Социалистик Республикалар Берлеге" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%AD" title="ССРЭ – Tuvinia" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="ССРЭ" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B7%D1%8B" title="Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Советской Социалистической Республикаослэн Союззы" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8B%DB%90%D8%AA_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D9%89%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%83_%D8%AC%DB%87%D9%85%DA%BE%DB%87%D8%B1%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95%D8%AA%D9%84%DB%95%D8%B1_%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%AA%D9%89%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%89" title="سوۋېت سوتسىيالىستىك جۇمھۇرىيەتلەر ئىتتىپاقى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="سوۋېت سوتسىيالىستىك جۇمھۇرىيەتلەر ئىتتىپاقى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Союз Радянських Соціалістичних Республік" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="سوویت اتحاد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سوویت اتحاد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovet_Sotsialistik_Respublikalari_Ittifoqi" title="Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sovet Sotsialistik Respublikalari Ittifoqi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Union_Sovi%C3%A8tega" title="Union Soviètega – Venesia" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Union Soviètega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevondkundali%C5%BEiden_Socialisti%C5%BEiden_Tazovaldkundoiden_%C3%9Chti%C5%A1tuz" title="Nevondkundaližiden Socialistižiden Tazovaldkundoiden Ühtištuz – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nevondkundaližiden Socialistižiden Tazovaldkundoiden Ühtištuz" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Liên Xô – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Sovjet-Unie" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovy%C3%A4tabalatam" title="Sovyätabalatam – Volapuk" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Sovyätabalatam" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapuk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.R.S.S." title="U.R.S.S. – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="U.R.S.S." data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unyon_Sovyetika" title="Unyon Sovyetika – Warai" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Unyon Sovyetika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Warai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Yi_Benno" title="Soviet Yi Benno – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Soviet Yi Benno" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联 – Wu Tionghoa" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="苏联" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoviet_Union" title="Isoviet Union – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Isoviet Union" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A3%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A3" title="სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკეფიშ რსხუ – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სხუნუეფიშ სოციალისტური რესპუბლიკეფიშ რსხუ" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%98%D7%9F_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93" title="סאוועטן פארבאנד – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאוועטן פארבאנד" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cs%E1%BB%8D%CC%80kan_S%C3%B3f%C3%AC%E1%BA%B9%CC%80t%C3%AC" title="Ìsọ̀kan Sófìẹ̀tì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìsọ̀kan Sófìẹ̀tì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suhlienz" title="Suhlienz – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Suhlienz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94" title="苏联 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="苏联" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/So%CD%98-li%C3%A2n" title="So͘-liân – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="So͘-liân" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%98%87%E8%81%AF" title="蘇聯 – Kanton" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="蘇聯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kanton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15180#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Republik_Sosialis_Soviet&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet">Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18844875">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Soviet" beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(disambiguasi)" class="mw-disambig" title="Soviet (disambiguasi)">Soviet (disambiguasi)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22657712">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r24155656">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-b{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/Picto_infobox_map.png")no-repeat top right}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard" style="font-size:88%;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr" style="padding:0.25em 0.33em 0.33em;line-height:1.2em;font-size:1.25em;"><div style="display:inline" class="fn org country-name">Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet</div><br /><div style="padding-top:0.25em; font-weight:normal;">Сою́з Сове́тских Социалисти́ческих Респу́блик<br /><i>Soyúz Sovyétskikh Sotsialistícheskikh Respúblik</i><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Nama_resmi_Uni_Soviet" title="Nama resmi Uni Soviet">Nama lain Uni Soviet</a></small></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1922–1991</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;padding:0.5em 0;"><div style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; width:58%; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bendera Uni Soviet"><img alt="Bendera Uni Soviet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/125px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/188px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/250px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Uni_Soviet" title="Bendera Uni Soviet">Bendera</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambang Negara Uni Soviet"><img alt="{{{coat_alt}}}" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div> <div style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Lambang_Negara_Uni_Soviet" title="Lambang Negara Uni Soviet"> Lambang Negara</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Semboyan" class="mw-redirect" title="Semboyan">Semboyan</a>: </b>Пролетарии всех стран, соединяйтесь!<br />(<i>Proletarii vsekh stran, soyedinyaytes'!</i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Pekerja_di_dunia,_bersatulah!" class="mw-redirect" title="Pekerja di dunia, bersatulah!">Pekerja di dunia, bersatulah!</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><div style="line-height:1.2em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Lagu_kebangsaan" title="Lagu kebangsaan">Lagu kebangsaan</a>: </b><i><a href="/wiki/Internasionale" title="Internasionale">Internasionale</a></i> (1922–1944) <center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="239" data-mwtitle="Internationale-ru.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Internationale-ru.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/Internationale-ru.ogg/Internationale-ru.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=es&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="es" label="español ‪(es)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=fr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fr" label="français ‪(fr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=lzh&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="lzh" label="文言 ‪(lzh)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=nl&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="nl" label="Nederlands ‪(nl)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=sr-ec&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="sr-Cyrl" label="српски (ћирилица) ‪(sr-ec)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=uk&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="uk" label="українська ‪(uk)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=zh-cn&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans-CN" label="中文（中国大陆） ‪(zh-cn)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=zh-hans&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hans" label="中文（简体） ‪(zh-hans)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AInternationale-ru.ogg&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Lagu_Kebangsaan_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagu Kebangsaan Uni Soviet">Gosudarstvenny gimn SSSR</a></i> (1944–1991) <center><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="187" data-mwtitle="Hymn_of_ussr_instrumental.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Hymn_of_ussr_instrumental.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Hymn_of_ussr_instrumental.ogg/Hymn_of_ussr_instrumental.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHymn_of_ussr_instrumental.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></span></span></center></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Uni Soviet setelah Perang Patriotik Raya"><img alt="Uni Soviet setelah Perang Patriotik Raya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/220px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/330px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Union_of_Soviet_Socialist_Republics_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span><div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:0.3em;">Uni Soviet setelah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Patriotik_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Patriotik Raya">Perang Patriotik Raya</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berkas:Map-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg&lang=id" class="mw-file-description" title="Uni Soviet dalam versi Peta Bendera"><img alt="Uni Soviet dalam versi Peta Bendera" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/langid-222px-Map-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="222" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/langid-333px-Map-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Map-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/langid-444px-Map-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="756" /></a></span><div style="font-size:90%;position:relative;top:0.3em;">Uni Soviet dalam versi Peta Bendera</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Negara Sosialis/Komunis Federasi</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ibu_kota" title="Ibu kota">Ibu kota</a><br /><div style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_kota_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar kota di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">(dan kota terbesar)</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow">Moskow</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Bahasa yang umum digunakan</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahasa_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Bahasa di Uni Soviet">bahasa lain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Agama" title="Agama">Agama</a> <div style="font-weight:normal;display:inline;"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Negara_sekuler" title="Negara sekuler">Negara sekuler</a> (<i>de jure</i>)<br /><a href="/wiki/Negara_ateis" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara ateis">Negara ateis</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politik_Uni_Soviet" title="Politik Uni Soviet">Pemerintahan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> <ul><li><b>1922–1927:</b>*<br /><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> <a href="/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis">sosialis</a> berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">federasi</a> bersistem politik <a href="/wiki/Negara_satu_partai" title="Negara satu partai">satu partai</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxisme-Leninisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxisme-Leninisme">Marxis-Leninis</a></li> <li><b>1927–1953:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> <a href="/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis">sosialis</a> berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">federasi</a> bersistem politik <a href="/wiki/Negara_satu_partai" title="Negara satu partai">satu partai</a> <a href="/wiki/Stalinisme" title="Stalinisme">Stalinis</a> di bawah <a href="/wiki/Kediktatoran" class="mw-redirect" title="Kediktatoran">kediktatoran</a> <a href="/wiki/Totaliterisme" title="Totaliterisme">totalitarian</a> <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>1953–1990:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> <a href="/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis">sosialis</a> berbentuk <a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">federasi</a> bersistem politik <a href="/wiki/Negara_satu_partai" title="Negara satu partai">satu partai</a> <a href="/wiki/Marxisme-Leninisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxisme-Leninisme">Marxis-Leninis</a></li> <li><b>1990–1991:</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Republik" title="Republik">Republik</a> <a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">federal</a> <a href="/wiki/Sistem_semipresidensial" title="Sistem semipresidensial">semipresidensial</a> bersistem <a href="/wiki/Sistem_multipartai" title="Sistem multipartai">multi partai</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sekretaris_Jenderal_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Sekretaris Jenderal</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1952 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> <small>(pertama)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> <small>(terakhir)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kepala_Negara_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kepala Negara Uni Soviet">Kepala Negara</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1938 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a> <small>(pertama)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1988–1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> <small>(terakhir)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kepala_Pemerintahan_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kepala Pemerintahan Uni Soviet">Kepala Pemerintahan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1922–1924 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> <small>(pertama)</small></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Ivan Silayev</a> <small>(terakhir)</small></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislatif" title="Legislatif">Legislatif</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Majelis Agung Uni Soviet">Majelis Agung</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Tinggi" class="mw-redirect" title="Majelis Tinggi">Majelis Tinggi</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Kesatuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Kesatuan">Dewan Kesatuan</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;"> - <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Rendah" class="mw-redirect" title="Majelis Rendah">Majelis Rendah</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Kebangsaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Kebangsaan">Dewan Kebangsaan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sejarah</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Didirikan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">30 Desember 1922</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Dibubarkan </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 Desember 1991</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;">Luas</th></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">1991</th><td class="infobox-data">22.402.200 km<sup>2</sup> (8.649.500 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Demografi_Uni_Soviet" title="Demografi Uni Soviet">Penduduk</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r22657712"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1991 </div></th><td class="infobox-data">293047571</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mata_uang" title="Mata uang">Mata uang</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rubel_Soviet" title="Rubel Soviet">Rubel Soviet</a> (руб) (SUR) <br />(<code><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">SUR</a></code>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Zona_waktu" title="Zona waktu">Zona waktu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><br />(<span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Waktu_Universal_Terkoordinasi" title="Waktu Universal Terkoordinasi">UTC</a>+2 sampai +13</span>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kode_telepon_negara_di_dunia" title="Daftar kode telepon negara di dunia">Kode telepon</a></th><td class="infobox-data">7</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ranah_Internet_tingkat_teratas" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranah Internet tingkat teratas">Ranah Internet</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">.su</a><sup>2</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Didahului oleh</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Digantikan oleh</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; background: transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281918%E2%80%931925%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25006243">.mw-parser-output .flex-container{justify-content:center;display:flex;flex-wrap:nowrap;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .flex-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:left;justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .sk-container{display:flex;width:auto}.mw-parser-output .sk-container>div{margin:1px;text-align:center;float:none}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover:hover{background:black;color:white}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover:hover{background:red;color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover:hover{background:orange;color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover:hover{background:yellow;color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover:hover{background:yellowgreen;color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover:hover{background:silver;color:black}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover a{color:white}.mw-parser-output .EX-hover:hover{color:white}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .CR-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .SE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .DE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .VU-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .NE-hover:hover a{color:black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip{position:relative;display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px dotted black}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{visibility:hidden;width:120px;background-color:#F8F9FB;color:black;line-height:1.2;text-align:center;border-radius:3px;box-shadow:1px 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,0.35);padding:5px 0;position:absolute;z-index:1;top:150%;left:50%;margin-left:-60px;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:60%}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext::after{content:"";position:absolute;bottom:100%;left:50%;margin-left:-5px;border-width:5px;border-style:solid;font-size:60%;border-color:transparent transparent #C8CBD0 transparent}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;border:1px solid #C8CBD0;font-size:70%;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip .tooltiptext{opacity:0;transition:opacity 0.15s;z-index:900}.mw-parser-output .tooltip:hover .tooltiptext{visibility:visible;opacity:1;z-index:900}</style><a href="/wiki/RSFS_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Transcaucasian_SFSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/RSFS_Transkaukasia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Transkaukasia">RSFS Transkaukasia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281929-1937%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281929-1937%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281929-1937%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281929-1937%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281929-1937%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281929-1937%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/RSS_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Ukraina">RSS Ukraina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281919%E2%80%931927%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="150" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/RSS_Byelorusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Byelorusia">RSS Byelorusia</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; background:transparent; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Russia_%281991%E2%80%931993%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/20px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/40px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/20px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/40px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/20px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/40px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/20px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/40px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia<sup>3</sup></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia<sup>3</sup></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/20px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/40px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25006243"><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuania">Lithuania<sup>3</sup></a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/20px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_Lithuania_%281988%E2%80%932004%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Sekarang bagian dari</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782729">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Rusia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Estonia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Latvia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Lituania"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Belarus"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Moldova"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/35px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_Moldova.svg/46px-Flag_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="900" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Ukraina"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraina" title="Ukraina">Ukraina</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Georgia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Georgia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Armenia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Azerbaijan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kazakhstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Uzbekistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Turkmenistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Kirgizstan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kirgizstan" title="Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a></span></li><li><span class="datasortkey" data-sort-value="Tajikistan"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr style="font-size:90%;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="text-align:left;margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><sup>1</sup>Pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/21_Desember" title="21 Desember">21 Desember</a> <a href="/wiki/1991" title="1991">1991</a>, sebelas republik (dengan republik keduabelas, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Georgia">Georgia</a>, hadir sebagai pengamat) mendeklarasikan pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka">Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka</a> (CIS) di <a href="/wiki/Almaty" title="Almaty">Almaty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, yang mengakhiri keberadaan Uni Soviet.<br /> <p><sup>2</sup>Diterapkan pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/19_September" title="19 September">19 September</a> <a href="/wiki/1990" title="1990">1990</a> dan masih digunakan sampai sekarang.<br /> </p> <sup>3</sup>Estonia, Latvia, dan Lituania menganggap mereka tidak pernah masuk ke dalam Uni Soviet.<br />Rusia menganggap Estonia, Latvia, dan Lituania sebagai republik konstituten legal dari Uni Soviet dan penerus <a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_Baltik" title="Negara-negara Baltik">negara-negara Baltik</a> modern.<br /><a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan banyak negara lainnya tidak mengakui pencaplokan Estonia, Latvia, dan Lituania ke dalam Uni Soviet sebagai tindakan yang sah.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below mergedtoprow noprint"><div class="none" style="font-weight:normal;font-size:80%; line-height:normal;text-align:left;height:20px;padding-top:0.2em;;margin-left:0;margin-right:0;padding-left:0.2em; padding-right:0.2em;padding-top:0.1em"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Sunting kotak info" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Infobox_country&action=edit&section=top&editintro=Templat:Infobox/editintro2"><span style="color:#3464c9"><b>Sunting kotak info</b></span></a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country" title="Templat:Infobox country"><span style="display:inline-text;color:#3464c9">Lihat</span></a> • <a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Infobox_country" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Infobox country"><span style="color:#3464c9">Bicara</span></a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Infobox_country/doc" title="Bantuan penggunaan templat ini"><img alt="Info templat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/10px-Info_Simple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/15px-Info_Simple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Info_Simple.svg/20px-Info_Simple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Bantuan penggunaan templat ini</figcaption></figure> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet</b><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<b>USSR</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lebih dikenal dengan nama <b>Uni Soviet</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> adalah <a href="/wiki/Negara_sosialis" title="Negara sosialis">negara sosialis</a> yang pernah ada dari tahun 1922 hingga 1991 di <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a>. Uni Soviet telah pecah menjadi 15 <a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_bekas_Uni_Soviet" title="Negara-negara bekas Uni Soviet">negara</a>. </p><p>Uni Soviet menganut <a href="/wiki/Sistem_politik" title="Sistem politik">sistem politik</a> satu partai yang dipegang oleh <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis</a> hingga tahun 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Walaupun Uni Soviet sebenarnya adalah suatu kesatuan politik dari <a href="/wiki/Daftar_republik_di_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar republik di Uni Soviet">beberapa republik Soviet</a> dengan ibu kota di <a href="/wiki/Moskow" title="Moskow">Moskow</a>, nyatanya Uni Soviet menjelma menjadi negara yang pemerintahannya sangat terpusat dan menerapkan sistem ekonomi terencana. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Februari" title="Revolusi Februari">Revolusi Februari</a> yang bergolak di Rusia pada tahun 1917 menyebabkan runtuhnya <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Kekaisaran Rusia</a>. Penerusnya, <a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_Sementara_Rusia" title="Pemerintahan Sementara Rusia">Pemerintahan Sementara Rusia</a>, hanya bertahan hingga digulingkan melalui <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober">Revolusi Oktober</a> pada tahun yang sama. Setelah kaum <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> menang dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Saudara_Rusia" title="Perang Saudara Rusia">perang saudara</a> pascarevolusi, Uni Soviet didirikan pada tanggal 30 Desember 1922 dengan anggota <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Transkaukasia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Transkaukasia">RSFS Transkaukasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Ukraina">RSS Ukraina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Byelorusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Byelorusia">RSS Byelorusia</a>. </p><p>Pasca-kematian pemimpin Soviet yang pertama, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>, pada tahun 1924, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a> menjadi penggantinya setelah memenangkan perebutan kekuasaan<sup id="cite_ref-StalinRobertService_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalinRobertService-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dan memimpin negara tersebut melewati proses <a href="/wiki/Industrialisasi" title="Industrialisasi">industrialisasi</a> besar-besaran dengan <a href="/wiki/Sistem_ekonomi#Perekonomian_terencana" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistem ekonomi">sistem ekonomi terencana</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Penindasan_politik_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Penindasan politik di Uni Soviet">penindasan politik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-StalinRobertService_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StalinRobertService-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam suasana <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a>, pada bulan Juni 1941, <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Nazi" title="Jerman Nazi">Jerman Nazi</a> dan sekutunya menyerang Uni Soviet dalam <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Barbarossa" title="Operasi Barbarossa">Operasi Barbarossa</a> walaupun sebelumnya kedua negara telah menandatangani <a href="/wiki/Pakta_Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop" title="Pakta Molotov–Ribbentrop">Pakta Molotov–Ribbentrop</a> yang berisi perjanjian untuk tidak saling menyerang. Setelah <a href="/wiki/Front_Timur_(Perang_Dunia_II)" title="Front Timur (Perang Dunia II)">empat tahun berperang secara besar-besaran</a>, Uni Soviet muncul sebagai salah satu dari dua <a href="/wiki/Negara_adidaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara adidaya">negara adidaya</a> pemenang perang selain <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>. </p><p>Uni Soviet dan negara-negara satelitnya di <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a> terlibat dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>, yaitu perebutan pengaruh ideologi dan politik global yang berkepanjangan melawan Amerika Serikat dan sekutu-sekutunya di <a href="/wiki/Blok_Barat" title="Blok Barat">Blok Barat</a>. Pada akhirnya, Uni Soviet mengalami kekalahan dalam hal ekonomi serta politik dalam dan luar negeri.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-turner23_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turner23-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada akhir tahun 1980-an, pemimpin Soviet yang terakhir, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a>, mencoba merestrukturisasi negara yang dipimpinnya melalui kebijakan <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i>, tetapi justru memicu perpecahan di Uni Soviet yang akhirnya <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">secara resmi bubar</a> pada tanggal 26 Desember 1991 setelah gagalnya <a href="/wiki/Upaya_kudeta_Uni_Soviet_1991" title="Upaya kudeta Uni Soviet 1991">percobaan kudeta</a> pada bulan Agustus sebelumnya.<sup id="cite_ref-Byrd_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byrd-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hak" title="Hak">Hak</a> dan kewajiban negara ini kemudian dilanjutkan oleh <a href="/wiki/Federasi_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federasi Rusia">Federasi Rusia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada masanya, Uni Soviet memiliki tiga perwakilan di <a href="/wiki/Perserikatan_Bangsa-Bangsa" title="Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa">Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa</a> (PBB), yaitu Uni Soviet, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Ukraina" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Ukraina">Ukraina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Byelorusia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Byelorusia">Byelorusia</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologi">Etimologi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Etimologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Etimologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kata "Soviet" berasal dari kata dalam bahasa Rusia, yaitu <span lang="ru-Latn">sovet</span> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">совет</span>) yang berarti dewan, majelis, atau nasihat, kata ini pada akarnya berasal dari kosakata bahasa proto-Slavia, yaitu <span lang="sla-x-proto">vět-iti</span> ('untuk memberi tahu'), berhubungan dengan Slavia <i>věst</i> (berita). Dalam sejarah Rusia, beberapa organisasi disebut sebagai <i>majelis</i> (<a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">совет</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-americana_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americana-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Keadaan_geografis">Keadaan geografis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Keadaan geografis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Keadaan geografis"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada masanya, Uni Soviet adalah negara terbesar di dunia, dengan luas 22.402.200 km<sup>2</sup>. Status negara terbesar ini kemudian diteruskan oleh negara penggantinya, <a href="/wiki/Federasi_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federasi Rusia">Federasi Rusia</a>. Luas wilayahnya yang meliputi seperenam daratan di muka bumi hampir sama luasnya dengan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Utara" title="Amerika Utara">Amerika Utara</a>. Seperempat wilayah Uni Soviet berada di <a href="/wiki/Eropa" title="Eropa">Eropa</a> serta menjadi pusat ekonomi dan budaya. Wilayah bagian timurnya di <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> yang jarang berpenduduk memanjang hingga <a href="/wiki/Samudera_Pasifik" class="mw-redirect" title="Samudera Pasifik">Samudera Pasifik</a> di sebelah timur dan <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> di sebelah selatan. Uni Soviet membentang sepanjang lebih dari 10.000 km dari timur ke barat dan hampir 7.200 km dari utara ke selatan, melintasi sebelas <a href="/wiki/Pembagian_waktu" title="Pembagian waktu">daerah waktu</a>. </p><p>Uni Soviet juga mempunyai batas negara terpanjang di dunia dengan panjang lebih dari 60.000 km, dua pertiganya adalah garis pantai <a href="/wiki/Samudra_Arktik" title="Samudra Arktik">Samudra Arktik</a>. Uni Soviet berbatasan langsung dengan <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegia" title="Norwegia">Norwegia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat Tiongkok">Republik Rakyat Tiongkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Turki" title="Turki">Turki</a> pada tahun 1949–1991. Uni Soviet dan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dibatasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Selat_Bering" title="Selat Bering">Selat Bering</a>. </p><p>Sungai terpanjang di Uni Soviet adalah <a href="/wiki/Sungai_Irtysh" title="Sungai Irtysh">Sungai Irtysh</a> dan gunung tertingginya adalah <a href="/wiki/Puncak_Komunisme" class="mw-redirect" title="Puncak Komunisme">Puncak Komunisme</a> di <a href="/wiki/RSS_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Tajikistan">RSS Tajikistan</a> yang berketinggian 7.495 m dari permukaan laut. Danau terbesar di dunia, <a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a>, sebagian besar terletak di wilayah Uni Soviet. Danau air tawar terbesar dan terdalam di dunia, <a href="/wiki/Danau_Baikal" title="Danau Baikal">Danau Baikal</a>, juga terletak di negara ini. </p><p>Terdapat lima daerah iklim di Uni Soviet, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stepa" title="Stepa">stepa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurun" title="Gurun">gurun</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Pegunungan" title="Pegunungan">pegunungan</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demografi">Demografi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Demografi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Demografi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Menurut sensus penduduk tahun 1989, populasi Uni Soviet terdiri atas 70% bangsa <a href="/wiki/Slavia" class="mw-disambig" title="Slavia">Slavia Timur</a>, 12% <a href="/wiki/Orang-orang_Turkik" class="mw-redirect" title="Orang-orang Turkik">Turkik</a>, dan sisanya penduduk minoritas dengan persentase masing-masing kurang dari 10%. Meski mayoritas penduduk Uni Soviet menganut <a href="/wiki/Ateisme" title="Ateisme">ateisme</a> (60%), sebanyak 20% menganut agama <a href="/wiki/Gereja_Ortodoks_Rusia" title="Gereja Ortodoks Rusia">Kristen Ortodoks</a>, 15% <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, dan sisanya beberapa agama yang lain.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Soviet" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet">Sejarah Uni Soviet</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Masa_awal">Masa awal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Masa awal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Masa awal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> Rusia terakhir, <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_II_dari_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai II dari Rusia">Nicholas II</a>, memerintah <a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Kekaisaran Rusia</a> hingga dipaksa mengundurkan diri pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Maret" title="Maret">Maret</a> 1917 dalam <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Rusia" title="Revolusi Rusia">Revolusi Rusia</a> karena adanya polemik keikutsertaan Rusia dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_I" title="Perang Dunia I">Perang Dunia I</a>. Selanjutnya, <a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_Sementara_Rusia" title="Pemerintahan Sementara Rusia">Pemerintahan Sementara Rusia</a> mengambil alih kekuasaan hingga digulingkan oleh kaum <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> melalui <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober">Revolusi Oktober</a> pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/7_November" title="7 November">7 November</a> 1917 yang dipimpin oleh <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a>. </p><p>Uni Soviet secara resmi didirikan pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Desember" title="Desember">Desember</a> 1922 dengan anggota <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Ukraina">RSS Ukraina</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Byelorusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Byelorusia">RSS Byelorusia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Transkaukasia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Transkaukasia">RSFS Transkaukasia</a> yang masing-masing dipimpin oleh Partai <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> setempat. Lenin ditunjuk sebagai <a href="/wiki/Daftar_pemimpin_Uni_Soviet_dan_Federasi_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar pemimpin Uni Soviet dan Federasi Rusia">Pemimpin Uni Soviet</a> yang pertama. Walaupun Uni Soviet didirikan sebagai <a href="/wiki/Negara_federasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Negara federasi">federasi</a>, sebutan "Soviet Rusia"–yang sebenarnya hanya berlaku bagi RSFS Rusia–sering kali disalahgunakan untuk menyebut Uni Soviet secara keseluruhan oleh penulis dan politisi non-Soviet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_Stalin">Era Stalin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Era Stalin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Era Stalin"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a> wafat pada tahun 1924 dan digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a>. Pada masanya, ia memodernisasi pertanian dengan program kolektivisasi yang terkenal ganas dan mengakibatkan banyak rakyatnya mati kelaparan, dibuang ke <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">kamp-kamp konsentrasi</a> di <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, atau ditembak mati oleh aparat pemerintah (terutama <a href="/wiki/NKVD" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>). Stalin juga membunuh banyak orang yang dianggapnya sebagai pembangkang, termasuk golongan militer. <a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_Besar-Besaran" title="Pembersihan Besar-Besaran">Pembersihan Besar-Besaran</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1937" title="1937">1937</a> adalah yang terburuk. Selain itu, ia turut memprakarsai industrialisasi Uni Soviet meski lebih ditujukan untuk kepentingan militer. </p><p>Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1939" title="1939">1939</a>, Soviet menandatangani <a href="/wiki/Pakta_Molotov-Ribbentrop" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakta Molotov-Ribbentrop">pakta non-agresi</a> dengan <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi Jerman">Nazi Jerman</a> yang memberi jalan bagi Uni Soviet untuk mencaplok bagian timur <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_Baltik" title="Negara-negara Baltik">negara-negara Baltik</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Bessarabia" title="Bessarabia">Bessarabia</a>. Pencaplokan Soviet atas Polandia diwarnai dengan adanya <a href="/wiki/Pembantaian_Katyn" title="Pembantaian Katyn">Pembantaian Katyn</a>, pembunuhan massal 20.000 orang Polandia oleh <a href="/wiki/NKVD" class="mw-redirect" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>. Walaupun demikian, isi fakta ini dilanggar oleh Nazi Jerman dengan menyerang Uni Soviet pada bulan Juni 1941 dalam <a href="/wiki/Operasi_Barbarossa" title="Operasi Barbarossa">Operasi Barbarossa</a>. Setelah mengalami kekalahan demi kekalahan, <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Merah" title="Tentara Merah">Tentara Merah</a> berhasil menahan serbuan Nazi pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1943" title="1943">1943</a> dan akhirnya berhasil mengusir mereka dari <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a>. Daerah-daerah yang dulunya dikuasai Nazi, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">sebagian Jerman</a>, direbut oleh Soviet. Walaupun lebih dari 20 juta rakyat Uni Soviet terbunuh dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Patriotik_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Patriotik Raya">Perang Patriotik Raya</a>, dunia mulai memperhitungkan kekuatan <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Merah" title="Tentara Merah">angkatan bersenjata Soviet</a>. </p><p>Pascaperang, Uni Soviet mengubah strategi pendudukannya di <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a>, dari militer ke dominasi politik dan ekonomi meskipun tentara Soviet tetap ditempatkan di negara-negara tersebut hingga keruntuhannya kelak. Strateginya adalah menunjuk rezim pro-komunis setempat untuk memerintah negara-negara tersebut di bawah pengawasan <a href="/wiki/Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moskwa">Moskwa</a>. Selain itu, Soviet juga berusaha mengembangkan pengaruhnya ke luar negeri, terutama ke beberapa negara tetangganya seperti <a href="/wiki/Finlandia" title="Finlandia">Finlandia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>. Hal ini memicu reaksi negatif dari negara-negara Barat yang berakibat dimulainya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>. Dalam masa yang sama, Stalin berusaha membangun kembali ekonomi Soviet yang porak poranda akibat perang sambil meneruskan kebijakan lamanya, yaitu membangun industri berat dan militer serta menindas para pembangkang. Pada masa inilah, Uni Soviet mulai berkonfrontasi dengan kekuatan Barat dengan mendukung <a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Korea" title="Perang Korea">Perang Korea</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1950" title="1950">1950</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_Khrushchev">Era Khrushchev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Era Khrushchev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Era Khrushchev"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Stalin meninggal pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a> dan digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. Pada masanya, ia mengubah kebijakan Stalin yang tergolong kejam melalui proses destalinisasi dan berusaha memperbaiki hubungan dengan negara-negara Barat. Meskipun demikian, konfrontasi dengan Barat tetap ada. Pada masa inilah terjadi <a href="/wiki/Perlombaan_angkasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Perlombaan angkasa">perlombaan angkasa</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Senjata_nuklir" title="Senjata nuklir">senjata nuklir</a>. Khrushchev dilengserkan dari jabatannya sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sekretaris_Jenderal_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kepala_Negara_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kepala Negara Uni Soviet">Kepala Negara Uni Soviet</a> pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1964" title="1964">1964</a> setelah <a href="/wiki/Krisis_Rudal_Kuba" title="Krisis Rudal Kuba">Krisis Rudal Kuba</a> setahun sebelumnya yang nyaris memicu <a href="/wiki/Perang_nuklir" title="Perang nuklir">perang nuklir</a> antara Uni Soviet dengan <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_Brezhnev">Era Brezhnev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Era Brezhnev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Era Brezhnev"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/220px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/330px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg/440px-Carter_Brezhnev_sign_SALT_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> menandatangani <a href="/wiki/Traktat" class="mw-redirect" title="Traktat">Traktat</a> SALT II.</figcaption></figure> <p>Setelah Khrushchev dilengserkan, Uni Soviet kembali <a href="/wiki/Kepemimpinan_bersama_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Kepemimpinan bersama di Uni Soviet">dipimpin secara bersama-sama</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r26333518">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 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.sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nowraplinks vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:65%; font-weight:normal;">Bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Sejarah_Rusia" title="Kategori:Sejarah Rusia"><b>seri</b></a> mengenai</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="vcard navbox-title" style="background: none; font-size: 145%;padding: 0.15em 0.1em;line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Rusia" title="Sejarah Rusia">Sejarah <span class="fn org label">Rusia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding: 0.2em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_1700x1767_pix_Igor_Barbe_2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lambang Rusia"><img alt="Lambang Rusia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_1700x1767_pix_Igor_Barbe_2006.jpg/200px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_1700x1767_pix_Igor_Barbe_2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_1700x1767_pix_Igor_Barbe_2006.jpg/300px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_1700x1767_pix_Igor_Barbe_2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_1700x1767_pix_Igor_Barbe_2006.jpg/400px-Greater_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Russian_Empire_1700x1767_pix_Igor_Barbe_2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1767" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Tatar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Tatar">Bangsa Tatar</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Volga_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga Bulgaria">Volga Bulgaria</a> (abad VII-XIII)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Turk" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Turk">Bangsa Turk</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Khazar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Khazar">Kekhaganan Khazar</a> (abad VII-X)</div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Rus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Rus">Bangsa Rus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kekhanan_Rus%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kekhanan Rus' (halaman belum tersedia)">Kekhanan Rus'</a> (abad VIII-IX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varangia" title="Varangia">Pendudukan Viking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rus_Kiev" title="Rus Kiev">Rus Kiev</a> (abad IX-XII)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir-Suzdal" title="Vladimir-Suzdal">Vladimir-Suzdal</a> (abad XII-XIV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Novgorod" title="Republik Novgorod">Republik Novgorod</a> (abad XII-XV)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Mongol" title="Bangsa Mongol">Bangsa Mongol</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasi_Rus%27_oleh_Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Rus' oleh Mongol">Invasi Mongol</a> (antara 1220–1240)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerombolan_Emas" title="Gerombolan Emas">Gerombolan Emas</a> (1240-an–1502)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Abad_Pertengahan_Akhir" title="Abad Pertengahan Akhir">Abad Pertengahan Akhir</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Kadipaten_Agung_Moskwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadipaten Agung Moskwa">Kadipaten Agung Moskwa</a> <span class="nowrap">(1340–1547)</span></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee"><a href="/wiki/Era_modern" class="mw-redirect" title="Era modern">Era modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ketsaran_Rusia" title="Ketsaran Rusia">Ketsaran Rusia</a> (1547–1721)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Rusia" title="Kekaisaran Rusia">Kekaisaran Rusia</a> (1721–1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_Sementara_Rusia" title="Pemerintahan Sementara Rusia">Pemerintahan Sementara Rusia</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rusia" title="Republik Rusia">Republik Rusia</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSFS_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uni Soviet</a> <span class="nowrap">(1917–1991)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federasi_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Federasi Rusia">Federasi Rusia</a> (1992–sekarang)</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/16px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/24px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Rusia" title="Portal:Rusia">Portal Rusia</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18590415">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sejarah_Rusia" title="Templat:Sejarah Rusia"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Sejarah_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Sejarah Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sejarah_Rusia&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sekretaris_Jenderal_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Sekretaris Jenderal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Perdana_Menteri_Uni_Soviet" title="Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet">Perdana Menteri</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Ketua_Presidium_Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ketua Presidium Majelis Agung Uni Soviet">Ketua Presidiumhingga</a> <a href="/wiki/1970" title="1970">1970</a> saat Brezhnev mengangkat dirinya sebagai pemimpin tunggal. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1968" title="1968">1968</a>, Uni Soviet dan negara-negara anggota <a href="/wiki/Pakta_Warsawa" title="Pakta Warsawa">Pakta Warsawa</a> menginvasi <a href="/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a> untuk mencegah meluasnya reformasi <a href="/wiki/Musim_Semi_Praha" title="Musim Semi Praha">Musim Semi Praha</a>. </p><p>Pada masanya, Brezhnev memulai politik <i><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9tente" title="Détente">détente</a></i> yang bertujuan untuk mengurangi ketegangan dengan negara-negara Barat. Walaupun demikian, ia tetap berusaha mengembangkan pengaruh Soviet dengan mendukung salah satu pihak yang pro-komunisme, sosialisme, atau anti-Barat dalam berbagai konflik global dan perang saudara seperti mendukung negara-negara Arab dalam <a href="/wiki/Konflik_Arab-Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Konflik Arab-Israel">konflik melawan Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietcong" class="mw-redirect" title="Vietcong">Vietcong</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Tentara_Rakyat_Vietnam" title="Tentara Rakyat Vietnam">Tentara Rakyat Vietnam</a> dalam <a href="/wiki/Perang_Vietnam" title="Perang Vietnam">Perang Vietnam</a> yang juga didukung oleh <a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPLA" class="mw-redirect" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> di <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/FRELIMO" title="FRELIMO">FRELIMO</a> di <a href="/wiki/Mozambik" title="Mozambik">Mozambik</a>, <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> di <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, serta pemerintahan <a href="/wiki/Sandinista" title="Sandinista">Sandinista</a> di <a href="/wiki/Nikaragua" title="Nikaragua">Nikaragua</a>. Selain itu, ia juga menghidupkan kembali beberapa kebijakan Stalin yang bertumpu pada pembangunan industri berat dan militer. </p><p>Era Brezhnev juga dikenal sebagai "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_Stagnasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa Stagnasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Masa Stagnasi</a>" karena birokrasi Soviet yang kaku saat itu menghalangi inovasi dan pembaruan dalam segala bidang, terutama bidang politik, ekonomi, dan teknologi. Pada tahun 1980, pecah <a href="/wiki/Perang_Soviet-Afganistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Soviet-Afganistan">Perang Soviet-Afganistan</a> yang mengakhiri kebijakan <i>détente</i> sehingga membuat <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> di bawah kepemimpinan <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> memperbarui ketegangan dan melanjutkan perlombaan senjata. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Era_Gorbachev">Era Gorbachev</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Era Gorbachev" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Era Gorbachev"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Setelah meninggal pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1982" title="1982">1982</a>, kedudukan Brezhnev digantikan oleh <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a> yang masing-masing meninggal saat menjabat pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1984" title="1984">1984</a> dan <a href="/wiki/1985" title="1985">1985</a>. Pasca-kematian Chernenko, <a href="/wiki/Politbiro_Komite_Pusat_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Politbiro Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Politbiro</a> mengangkat <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> sebagai <a href="/wiki/Sekretaris_Jenderal_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Sekretaris Jenderal</a> pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Maret" title="Maret">Maret</a> 1985 yang menandai hadirnya generasi kepemimpinan yang baru. Di bawah Gorbachev yang relatif masih muda, para teknokrat berorientasi pembaruan yang telah mengawali karier mereka sejak masa kepemimpinan <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a>, dengan segera memperkuat kekuasaan di lingkungan <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis</a>, memberikan momentum baru untuk liberalisasi politik dan ekonomi, serta mengembangkan hubungan yang lebih baik dengan Barat. </p><p>Pada saat Gorbachev memperkenalkan <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> (keterbukaan politik), <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> (restrukturisasi ekonomi), dan <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uskoreniye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uskoreniye (halaman belum tersedia)">uskoreniye</a></i> (percepatan pembangunan ekonomi), perekonomian Uni Soviet mengalami inflasi tersembunyi yang diperparah oleh maraknya pasar gelap. Selain itu, biaya yang harus dikeluarkan sebagai negara adidaya dalam bidang militer, spionase, dan bantuan bagi negara-negara sahabat, telah banyak membebani perekonomian Uni Soviet. Gelombang baru industrialisasi yang didasarkan pada <a href="/wiki/Teknologi_informasi" title="Teknologi informasi">teknologi informasi</a> membuat Uni Soviet kelabakan mengadopsi teknologi Barat dan mencari kredit untuk mengatasi keterbelakangannya. </p><p>Undang-Undang Koperasi yang diberlakukan pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Mei" title="Mei">Mei</a> <a href="/wiki/1988" title="1988">1988</a> merupakan salah satu kejutan dalam agenda pembaruan ekonomi <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>. Untuk pertama kalinya sejak <a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_Ekonomi_Baru" title="Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru">Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru</a> yang digagas oleh <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a>, negara mengizinkan kepemilikan pribadi perusahaan dalam bidang jasa, manufaktur, dan perdagangan luar negeri. </p><p><i>Glasnost</i> memberi kebebasan berbicara dan berpendapat secara lebih besar. Kebebasan pers mulai diterapkan serta ribuan <a href="/wiki/Tahanan_politik" title="Tahanan politik">tahanan politik</a> dibebaskan dari kamp-kamp kerja paksa. Tujuan utama Gorbachev mengadakan <i>glasnost</i> adalah untuk menekan kaum konservatif yang menentang kebijakan restrukturisasi ekonominya. Melalui berbagai keterbukaan, debat, dan partisipasinya, Gorbachev berharap rakyat Soviet akan mendukung setiap langkah pembaruannya. </p><p>Pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Januari" title="Januari">Januari</a> <a href="/wiki/1987" title="1987">1987</a>, Gorbachev menyerukan demokratisasi dengan memperkenalkan unsur-unsur demokrasi seperti pemilihan umum dengan banyak calon dalam dinamika politik Uni Soviet. Pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Juni" title="Juni">Juni</a> 1988, dalam <a href="/wiki/Kongres_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet_XIX" title="Kongres Partai Komunis Uni Soviet XIX">Kongres Partai Komunis Uni Soviet XIX</a>, Gorbachev menggulirkan pembaruan-pembaruan radikal yang dimaksudkan untuk mengurangi kendali Partai Komunis terhadap aparat pemerintah. Pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Desember" title="Desember">Desember</a> 1988, <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Majelis Agung Uni Soviet">Majelis Agung Uni Soviet</a> menyetujui pembentukan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_Perwakilan_Rakyat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat (halaman belum tersedia)">Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat</a> yang sebelumnya telah ditetapkan dalam amendemen <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Soviet_1977" title="Konstitusi Soviet 1977">Konstitusi Soviet 1977</a> sebagai badan legislatif yang baru. Pemilihan umum anggota kongres diadakan di Uni Soviet pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Maret" title="Maret">Maret</a> dan <a href="/wiki/April" title="April">April</a> 1989. Pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/15_Maret" title="15 Maret">15 Maret</a> 1990, Gorbachev terpilih sebagai <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Uni_Soviet" title="Presiden Uni Soviet">Presiden Uni Soviet</a> yang pertama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Krisis_dan_kejatuhan">Krisis dan kejatuhan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Krisis dan kejatuhan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Krisis dan kejatuhan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upaya <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> untuk merampingkan sistem komunis memang membawa harapan, tetapi tidak dapat dikendalikan sehingga mengakibatkan serangkaian peristiwa yang akhirnya ditutup dengan <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">pembubaran Uni Soviet</a>. Kebijakan <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i> dan <i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a></i> yang mulanya dimaksudkan sebagai alat untuk merangsang perekonomian Uni Soviet malah menimbulkan akibat-akibat yang tak diharapkan. </p><p>Penyensoran media yang tak lagi ketat akibat <i>glasnost</i> menyebabkan <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis</a> tidak dapat berbuat banyak saat media mulai menyingkap masalah-masalah sosial dan ekonomi yang telah lama disangkal dan ditutup-tutupi oleh pemerintah. Masalah seperti perumahan yang buruk, alkoholisme, penyalahgunaan obat-obatan, polusi, pabrik-pabrik yang sudah ketinggalan zaman sejak masa <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Stalin</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Brezhnev</a>, serta korupsi yang sebelumnya diabaikan oleh media resmi, kini mendapatkan perhatian yang semakin besar. Laporan-laporan media juga menyingkap kejahatan yang dilakukan oleh rezim Stalin seperti <i><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a></i> dan <a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_Besar-Besaran" title="Pembersihan Besar-Besaran">Pembersihan Besar-Besaran</a>. Selain itu, <a href="/wiki/Perang_Soviet-Afganistan" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Soviet-Afganistan">perang di Afganistan</a> dan kekeliruan penanganan <a href="/wiki/Bencana_Chernobyl" title="Bencana Chernobyl">Bencana Chernobyl</a> semakin merusak citra pemerintah. Keyakinan masyarakat terhadap sistem pemerintahan Soviet semakin melemah sehingga mengancam integritas Uni Soviet. </p><p>Pertikaian antarnegara anggota <a href="/wiki/Pakta_Warsawa" title="Pakta Warsawa">Pakta Warsawa</a> membuat Uni Soviet tidak mampu lagi mengandalkan negara-negara satelitnya untuk melindungi perbatasannya. Pada tahun 1989, <a href="/wiki/Doktrin_Brezhnev" title="Doktrin Brezhnev">Doktrin Brezhnev</a> ditanggalkan dan kebijakan untuk tidak ikut campur urusan dalam negeri negara-negara satelitnya di <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a> dijadikan sebagai pengganti. Hal itu membuat pemerintahan di negara-negara satelit Uni Soviet di Eropa Timur kehilangan jaminan bantuan dan intervensi Soviet apabila rakyatnya memberontak. Pada akhirnya, pemerintahan berhaluan komunis di <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cekoslowakia" title="Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungaria" title="Hungaria">Hungaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polandia" title="Polandia">Polandia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Rumania" title="Rumania">Rumania</a> yang berkuasa sejak akhir <a href="/wiki/Perang_Patriotik_Raya" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Patriotik Raya">Perang Patriotik Raya</a> runtuh. </p><p>Uni Soviet juga mulai mengalami pergolakan saat rakyat mulai merasakan akibat politik dari <i>glasnost</i>. Meski sudah dilakukan berbagai upaya untuk meredamnya, ketidakstabilan di <a href="/wiki/Eropa_Timur" title="Eropa Timur">Eropa Timur</a> mau tidak mau menyebar ke negara-negara yang tergabung dalam Uni Republik Sosialis Soviet. Dalam pemilihan umum untuk memilih anggota dewan regional di <a href="/wiki/Daftar_republik_di_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar republik di Uni Soviet">republik-republik Uni Soviet</a>, kaum nasionalis dan tokoh pembaruan radikal banyak yang terpilih. </p><p>Bangkitnya nasionalisme segera menghidupkan kembali ketegangan antaretnis di berbagai republik Soviet yang semakin memperlemah cita-cita persatuan rakyat Soviet. Sebagai contoh, pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Februari" title="Februari">Februari</a> 1988, pemerintah <a href="/wiki/Nagorno-Karabakh" title="Nagorno-Karabakh">Nagorno-Karabakh</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Azerbaijan">RSS Azerbaijan</a>, yang didominasi oleh <a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Armenia">etnis Armenia</a>, meloloskan keputusan yang menyatakan penggabungan wilayahnya dengan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Armenia">RSS Armenia</a>. Kekerasan terhadap orang-orang Azerbaijan diliput dan ditayangkan oleh televisi Soviet sehingga memicu adanya pembantaian terhadap orang-orang Armenia di <a href="/wiki/Sumqayit" class="mw-redirect" title="Sumqayit">Sumqayit</a>. Ketegangan antaretnis ini kelak akan menjadi cikal bakal <a href="/wiki/Radikalisme" class="mw-disambig" title="Radikalisme">radikalisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Terorisme" title="Terorisme">terorisme</a> pasca-keruntuhan Uni Soviet. </p><p>Ketidakpuasan masyarakat terhadap situasi ekonomi semakin memburuk. Meski <i>perestroika</i> dianggap berani dalam konteks <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Soviet" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet">sejarah Uni Soviet</a>, upaya <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> untuk melakukan pembaruan ekonomi tidak begitu radikal dan dinilai terlambat untuk membangun kembali ekonomi negara yang sangat lesu pada akhir tahun 1980-an. Berbagai terobosan dalam hal desentralisasi memang berhasil dicapai, tetapi Gorbachev dan timnya sama sekali tidak merombak kebijakan-kebijakan ekonomi warisan <a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Stalin</a> seperti pengendalian harga, mata uang <a href="/wiki/Rubel" title="Rubel">rubel</a> yang tidak dapat dipertukarkan, tidak diakuinya kepemilikan pribadi, dan monopoli pemerintah atas sebagian besar sarana produksi. </p><p>Pada tahun 1990, pemerintah Uni Soviet praktis telah kehilangan seluruh kendalinya terhadap kondisi-kondisi ekonomi. Pengeluaran pemerintah meroket karena perusahaan tak menguntungkan yang memerlukan bantuan dari negara semakin bertambah, sedangkan subsidi harga-harga kebutuhan pokok terus berlanjut. Perolehan pajak menurun, terutama karena adanya kampanye antialkohol dan desentralisasi. Pemerintah pusat yang tidak dapat lagi membuat kebijakan produksi, khususnya dalam industri pemenuhan kebutuhan pokok, menyebabkan lenyapnya rantai produsen dengan pemasok sementara rantai yang baru belum terbentuk. Jadi, bukannya merampingkan sistem, program desentralisasi Gorbachev justru menyebabkan kemacetan proses produksi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pembubaran">Pembubaran</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Sunting bagian: Pembubaran" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=11" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembubaran"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/7_Februari" title="7 Februari">7 Februari</a> 1990, <a href="/wiki/Komite_Pusat_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Komite Pusat Partai Komunis</a> setuju untuk melepaskan monopoli atas kekuasaannya. <a href="/wiki/Daftar_republik_di_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar republik di Uni Soviet">Republik-republik anggota Uni Soviet</a> mulai menegaskan kedaulatan nasional mereka terhadap Moskwa dan mulai melancarkan "perang undang-undang" dengan pemerintah pusat. Dalam hal ini, pemerintahan republik-republik anggota Uni Soviet, terutama <a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_Baltik" title="Negara-negara Baltik">Trio Baltik</a>, yaitu <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lituania" title="Lituania">Lituania</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, membatalkan semua undang-undang federal jika undang-undang itu bertentangan dengan undang-undang setempat, menegaskan kendali mereka terhadap perekonomian setempat, dan menolak membayar pajak kepada pemerintah pusat di Moskwa. Gejolak ini menyebabkan macetnya ekonomi karena garis pasokan ekonomi dalam negeri rusak sehingga perekonomian Uni Soviet semakin merosot. </p><p>Pada pertengahan <a href="/wiki/Agustus" title="Agustus">Agustus</a> 1991, kelompok garis keras di lingkungan <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis Uni Soviet</a> bekerja sama dengan <a href="/wiki/KGB" class="mw-redirect" title="KGB">KGB</a> mengadakan sebuah <a href="/wiki/Percobaan_kudeta_Uni_Soviet_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Percobaan kudeta Uni Soviet 1991">percobaan kudeta</a> terhadap <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a>, tetapi gagal. Pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/8_Desember" title="8 Desember">8 Desember</a> 1991, Presiden <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Ukraina">RSS Ukraina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Byelorusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Byelorusia">RSS Byelorusia</a> menandatangani <a href="/wiki/Piagam_Belavezha" title="Piagam Belavezha">Piagam Belavezha</a> yang menandakan pembubaran kesatuan dan digantikan fungsinya oleh <a href="/wiki/Persemakmuran_Negara-Negara_Merdeka" title="Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka">Persemakmuran Negara-Negara Merdeka</a> (CIS). Sementara ada banyak perdebatan mengenai siapa yang berhak membubarkan Uni Soviet, Gorbachev meletakkan jabatannya sebagai <a href="/wiki/Presiden_Uni_Soviet" title="Presiden Uni Soviet">Presiden Uni Soviet</a> pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/25_Desember" title="25 Desember">25 Desember</a> 1991 dan memberikan kekuasaannya kepada <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a>. Puncaknya, <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Majelis Agung Uni Soviet">Majelis Agung Uni Soviet</a> membubarkan dirinya pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/26_Desember" title="26 Desember">26 Desember</a> 1991 yang sekaligus menandakan bubarnya Uni Soviet sebagai suatu <a href="/wiki/Federasi" title="Federasi">federasi</a>, hanya terpaut empat hari sebelum hari jadinya yang ke-69. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Sunting bagian: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=12" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Politik"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Politik_Uni_Soviet" title="Politik Uni Soviet">Politik Uni Soviet</a> dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideologi_negara_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideologi negara Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Ideologi negara Uni Soviet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Artikel ini adalah bagian dari <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Politik_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Politik Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">seri</a>:</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Politik_Uni_Soviet" title="Politik Uni Soviet">Politik Uni Soviet</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="135" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/203px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/270px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="line-height:0.5em;font-size:50%;">  </td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lightcoral;">Kepemimpinan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Daftar_pemimpin_Uni_Soviet" title="Daftar pemimpin Uni Soviet">Pemimpin</a></b></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kepala_Negara_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kepala Negara Uni Soviet">Kepala Negara</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presiden_Uni_Soviet" title="Presiden Uni Soviet">Presiden</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kepala_negara_Uni_Soviet#Wakil_Kepala_Negara" title="Daftar kepala negara Uni Soviet">Wakil Presiden</a></li></ul></div></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepemimpinan_bersama_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Kepemimpinan bersama di Uni Soviet">Kepemimpinan bersama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Negara_Uni_Soviet" title="Dewan Negara Uni Soviet">Dewan Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Presidensial_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Presidensial Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Presidensial</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lightcoral;"><a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size: 100%; clear:none; float:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kongres_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Kongres Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Kongres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komite_Pusat_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Komite Pusat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Partai Komunis Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Sekretaris_Jenderal_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Sekretaris Jenderal</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Politbiro_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Politbiro Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Politbiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekretariat_Komite_Pusat_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekretariat Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Sekretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orgbiro" title="Orgbiro">Orgbiro</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lightcoral;">Perwakilan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size: 100%; clear:none; float:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Kongres_Soviet_Uni_Soviet" title="Kongres Soviet Uni Soviet">Kongres Soviet</a><br />(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Eksekutif_Pusat_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Eksekutif Pusat Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Komite Eksekutif Pusat</a>)</div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Majelis Agung Uni Soviet">Majelis Agung</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Kesatuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Kesatuan">Dewan Kesatuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Kebangsaan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewan Kebangsaan">Dewan Kebangsaan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidium_Majelis_Agung#Presidium_Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Presidium Majelis Agung">Presidium</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Kongres_Perwakilan_Rakyat_Uni_Soviet" title="Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat Uni Soviet">Kongres Perwakilan Rakyat</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kepala_Negara_Uni_Soviet#Daftar_kepala_negara" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kepala Negara Uni Soviet">Ketua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilu_legislatif_Uni_Soviet_1989&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilu legislatif Uni Soviet 1989 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilu legislatif 1989</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lightcoral;">Pemerintahan</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size: 100%; clear:none; float:none;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Konstitusi</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nama_resmi_Uni_Soviet" title="Nama resmi Uni Soviet">Nama resmi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Soviet_1924&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Soviet 1924 (halaman belum tersedia)">1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Soviet_1936" title="Konstitusi Soviet 1936">1936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Soviet_1977" title="Konstitusi Soviet 1977">1977</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Pemerintah_Uni_Soviet" title="Pemerintah Uni Soviet">Pemerintah</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kementerian_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Kementerian di Uni Soviet">Kementerian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komite_Negara_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komite Negara Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Komite Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pemerintahan_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pemerintahan di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Kabinet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kepala_Pemerintahan_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kepala Pemerintahan Uni Soviet">Kepala Pemerintahan</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wakil_Pertama_Perdana_Menteri_Uni_Soviet" title="Wakil Pertama Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet">Wakil Pertama Perdana Menteri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wakil_Perdana_Menteri_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wakil Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Wakil Perdana Menteri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekretaris_Perdana_Menteri_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekretaris Perdana Menteri Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Sekretaris Perdana Menteri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Administrator_Urusan_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Administrator Urusan Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Administrator Urusan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Komisar_Rakyat" title="Dewan Komisar Rakyat">Dewan Komisar Rakyat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewan_Menteri_Uni_Soviet" title="Dewan Menteri Uni Soviet">Dewan Menteri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kabinet_Menteri_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kabinet Menteri Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Kabinet Menteri</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lightcoral;">Hukum</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Mahkamah Agung Uni Soviet">Mahkamah Agung</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penasihat_Militer_Mahkamah_Agung_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penasihat Militer Mahkamah Agung Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Penasihat Militer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Rakyat_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Rakyat Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengadilan Rakyat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengadilan_Negeri_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengadilan Negeri Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengadilan Negeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaksa_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Jaksa Agung Uni Soviet">Kejaksaan Agung</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lightcoral;"><a href="/wiki/Ideologi_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Ideologi Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Ideologi</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size: 100%; clear:none; float:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Demokrasi_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Demokrasi Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Demokrasi Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxisme%E2%80%93Leninisme" title="Marxisme–Leninisme">Marxisme–Leninisme</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme">Leninisme</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stalinisme" title="Stalinisme">Stalinisme</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Khrushchevisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Khrushchevisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Khrushchevisme</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinisasi" title="De-Stalinisasi">De-Stalinisasi</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center; background:lightcoral;">Masyarakat</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r26333518"><table class="sidebar" style="border-collapse: collapse; border-spacing: 0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size: 100%; clear:none; float:none;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Uni_Soviet" title="Ekonomi Uni Soviet">Ekonomi</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertanian_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertanian Uni Soviet">Pertanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barang_kebutuhan_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barang kebutuhan di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Barang kebutuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rencana_lima_tahun_bagi_perekonomian_nasional_Uni_Soviet" title="Rencana lima tahun bagi perekonomian nasional Uni Soviet">Rencana Lima Tahun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformasi_ekonomi_Soviet_1965" title="Reformasi ekonomi Soviet 1965">Reformasi Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_Ekonomi_Baru" title="Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru">Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_Stagnasi" title="Era Stagnasi">Era Stagnasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perencanaan_keseimbangan_material" title="Perencanaan keseimbangan material">Perencanaan keseimbangan material</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportasi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportasi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Transportasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_perang" title="Komunisme perang">Komunisme perang</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Budaya</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demografi_Uni_Soviet" title="Demografi Uni Soviet">Demografi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Pendidikan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keluarga_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keluarga di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Keluarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraseologi_Soviet" title="Fraseologi Soviet">Fraseologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_di_Soviet_Union&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama di Soviet Union (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tekanan_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tekanan di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Tekanan</a></i></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyensoran_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyensoran di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyensoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penyensoran_gambar_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Penyensoran gambar di Uni Soviet">Penyensoran gambar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_Besar-Besaran" title="Pembersihan Besar-Besaran">Pembersihan Besar-Besaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Sistem gulag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolektivisasi_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Kolektivisasi di Uni Soviet">Kolektivisasi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hak_asasi_manusia_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hak asasi manusia di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">HAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penindasan_ideologi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penindasan ideologi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Penindasan ideologi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Riset_paksa_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Riset paksa di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Riset paksa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penyalahgunaan_politik_psikiatri_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penyalahgunaan politik psikiatri di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Penyalahgunaan politik psikiatri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penindasan_politik_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Penindasan politik di Uni Soviet">Penindasan politik</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penindasan_ekonomi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penindasan ekonomi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Penindasan ekonomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemindahan_penduduk_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Pemindahan penduduk di Uni Soviet">Pemindahan penduduk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Propaganda di Uni Soviet">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teror_Merah" title="Teror Merah">Teror Merah</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Politik_menurut_negara" title="Kategori:Politik menurut negara">Negara lainnya</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:90%;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_Uni_Soviet" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas Uni Soviet">Atlas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Uni_Soviet" title="Templat:Uni Soviet"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Uni_Soviet&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Terdapat tiga tingkat kekuasaan di Uni Soviet: <a href="/wiki/Badan_legislatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan legislatif">kekuasaan legislatif</a> yang dijalankan oleh <a href="/wiki/Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Majelis Agung Uni Soviet">Majelis Agung</a>, pemerintah yang dijalankan oleh <a href="/wiki/Dewan_Menteri_Uni_Soviet" title="Dewan Menteri Uni Soviet">Dewan Menteri</a>, serta <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis</a>, satu-satunya partai yang legal dan menjadi pembuat kebijakan utama di negara tersebut.<sup id="cite_ref-sakwa_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakwa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pembagian_administratif">Pembagian administratif</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Sunting bagian: Pembagian administratif" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=13" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pembagian administratif"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Republik_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Soviet">Republik Soviet</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Daftar_republik_di_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar republik di Uni Soviet">Daftar republik di Uni Soviet</a></div> <p>Secara konstitusional, Uni Soviet merupakan gabungan dari 14 <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet">Republik Sosialis Soviet</a> (RSS) dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia">Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia</a> (RSFS Rusia), meski kekuasaan <a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis</a> yang sangat besar membuat sebutan "uni" menjadi hanya sekadar nama saja.<sup id="cite_ref-sakwa_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sakwa-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Traktat_Pembentukan_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traktat Pembentukan Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Traktat Pembentukan Uni Soviet</a> ditandatangani pada tanggal <a href="/wiki/30_Desember" title="30 Desember">30 Desember</a> 1922 oleh pemimpin empat republik, yaitu RSFS Rusia, <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Transkaukasia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Transkaukasia">RSFS Transkaukasia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Ukraina">RSS Ukraina</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Byelorusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Byelorusia">RSS Byelorusia</a>. Pada tahun 1924, saat pelaksanaan program <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delimitasi_nasional_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delimitasi nasional di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">delimitasi nasional</a> di <a href="/wiki/Asia_Tengah" title="Asia Tengah">Asia Tengah</a>, dibentuklah <a href="/wiki/RSS_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Uzbekistan">RSS Uzbekistan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Turkmenistan">RSS Turkmenistan</a>, menempati daerah yang dulunya merupakan bagian dari <a href="/wiki/RSSO_Turkestan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSSO Turkestan">RSSO Turkestan</a> di RSFS Rusia dan dua dependensi Soviet, <a href="/wiki/RSR_Khwarezmia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSR Khwarezmia">RSR Khwarezmia</a> dan <a href="/wiki/RSR_Bukhara" class="mw-redirect" title="RSR Bukhara">RSR Bukhara</a>. Pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1929" title="1929">1929</a>, dibentuklah <a href="/wiki/RSS_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Tajikistan">RSS Tajikistan</a>, terpisah dari RSS Uzbekistan. Dengan berlakunya <a href="/wiki/Konstitusi_Soviet_1936" title="Konstitusi Soviet 1936">Konstitusi 1936</a>, anggota RSFS Transkaukasia, yaitu <a href="/wiki/RSS_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Georgia">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Armenia">Armenia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, ditingkatkan statusnya menjadi republik, sedangkan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a> dan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Kirgizstan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Kirgizstan">Kirgizstan</a> dipisahkan dari RSFS Rusia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Selanjutnya, pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Agustus" title="Agustus">Agustus</a> <a href="/wiki/1940" title="1940">1940</a>, dibentuklah <a href="/wiki/RSS_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Moldova">RSS Moldova</a> yang menempati daerah yang dulunya milik <a href="/wiki/RSS_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Ukraina">RSS Ukraina</a> serta daerah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendudukan_Soviet_atas_Bessarabia_dan_Bukovina_Utara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendudukan Soviet atas Bessarabia dan Bukovina Utara (halaman belum tersedia)">Bessarabia dan Bukovina Utara</a>. Uni Soviet juga mencaplok <a href="/wiki/Negara-negara_Baltik" title="Negara-negara Baltik">negara-negara Baltik</a>, lalu membentuk <a href="/wiki/RSS_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Estonia">RSS Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/RSS_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Latvia">RSS Latvia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/RSS_Lituania" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Lituania">RSS Lituania</a>. <a href="/wiki/RSS_Karelo-Finlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Karelo-Finlandia">RSS Karelo-Finlandia</a> dipisahkan dari RSFS Rusia pada bulan <a href="/wiki/Maret" title="Maret">Maret</a> 1940, tetapi disatukan kembali pada tahun 1956. Antara bulan <a href="/wiki/Juli" title="Juli">Juli</a> <a href="/wiki/1956" title="1956">1956</a> hingga <a href="/wiki/September" title="September">September</a> 1991, ada 15 republik anggota Uni Soviet.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meski sebenarnya semua republik mempunyai kedudukan yang sama, nyatanya Uni Soviet didominasi oleh RSFS Rusia sebagai republik yang paling besar dan kuat. Oleh karena itu, hingga tahun 1980-an, banyak orang yang salah kaprah menyebut Uni Soviet sebagai "Rusia". </p> <center> <p><b>Peta Uni Soviet</b> <b>beserta Administrasinya pada Tahun 1956-1991</b> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="border:1px black; float:centre; margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th># </th> <th>Republik </th> <th>Peta Uni Soviet (1956–1991) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_(1954%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Russian SFSR"><img alt="Flag of Russian SFSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic_%281954%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a> </td> <td rowspan="15" style="width:350px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Republics_of_the_USSR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Republics_of_the_USSR.svg/600px-Republics_of_the_USSR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="600" height="410" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Republics_of_the_USSR.svg/900px-Republics_of_the_USSR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Republics_of_the_USSR.svg/1200px-Republics_of_the_USSR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="920" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1949%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Ukrainian SSR"><img alt="Flag of Ukrainian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281949%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Ukraina" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Ukraina">RSS Ukraina</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Belarusian SSR"><img alt="Flag of Belarusian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Byelorusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Byelorusia">RSS Byelorusia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Uzbekistan SSR"><img alt="Flag of Uzbekistan SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Uzbek_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Uzbekistan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Uzbekistan">RSS Uzbekistan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kazakhstan SSR"><img alt="Flag of Kazakhstan SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Kazakh_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kazakhstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Kazakhstan">RSS Kazakhstan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1951%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Georgian SSR"><img alt="Flag of Georgian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281951%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Georgia">RSS Georgia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Azerbaijan SSR"><img alt="Flag of Azerbaijan SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Azerbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Azerbaijan">RSS Azerbaijan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931988).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Lithuanian SSR"><img alt="Flag of Lithuanian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931988%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Lituania" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Lituania">RSS Lituania</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Moldovan SSR"><img alt="Flag of Moldovan SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Moldavian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Moldova" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Moldova">RSS Moldova</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Latvian SSR"><img alt="Flag of Latvian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Latvian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Latvia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Latvia">RSS Latvia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Kyrgyzstan SSR"><img alt="Flag of Kyrgyzstan SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Kirghiz_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Kirgizstan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Kirgizstan">RSS Kirgizstan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931991);_Flag_of_Tajikistan_(1991%E2%80%931992).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Tajikistan SSR"><img alt="Flag of Tajikistan SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Tajik_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Tajikistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Tajikistan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Tajikistan">RSS Tajikistan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1952%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Armenian SSR"><img alt="Flag of Armenian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281952%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, 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decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Turkmen_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281973%E2%80%931991%29%3B_Flag_of_Turkmenistan_%281991%E2%80%931992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Turkmenistan" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Turkmenistan">RSS Turkmenistan</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td align="left"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1953%E2%80%931990).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Estonian SSR"><img alt="Flag of Estonian SSR" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/18px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/27px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg/36px-Flag_of_the_Estonian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_%281953%E2%80%931990%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/RSS_Estonia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSS Estonia">RSS Estonia</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Militer">Militer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Sunting bagian: Militer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=14" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Militer"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Di bawah Hukum Militer September 1925, <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Bersenjata_Uni_Soviet" title="Angkatan Bersenjata Uni Soviet">Angkatan Bersenjata Soviet</a> terdiri dari Angkatan Darat, Angkatan Udara, Angkatan Laut, Direktorat Politik Negara Gabungan (OGPU) dan Pasukan Dalam Negeri. OGPU kemudian menjadi independen dan pada tahun 1934 bergabung dengan polisi rahasia <a href="/wiki/Nkvd" class="mw-redirect" title="Nkvd">NKVD</a>, sehingga pasukan internalnya berada di bawah kepemimpinan bersama komisariat pertahanan dan internal. Setelah Perang Dunia II, Pasukan Rudal Strategis (1959), Pasukan Pertahanan Udara (1948) dan Pasukan Pertahanan Sipil Nasional (1970) dibentuk, yang menduduki peringkat pertama, ketiga, dan keenam dalam sistem kepentingan resmi Soviet (Pasukan darat kedua, Angkatan Udara keempat, dan Angkatan Laut kelima). </p><p>Tentara memiliki pengaruh politik terbesar. Pada tahun 1989, mereka memiliki dua juta tentara yang terbagi antara 150 divisi bermotor dan 52 divisi lapis baja. Hingga awal 1960-an, <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Laut_Uni_Soviet" title="Angkatan Laut Uni Soviet">angkatan laut Soviet</a> adalah cabang militer yang agak kecil, tetapi setelah <a href="/wiki/Krisis_Rudal_Kuba" title="Krisis Rudal Kuba">Krisis Karibia</a>, di bawah kepemimpinan <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Gorshkov" title="Sergey Gorshkov">Sergei Gorshkov</a>, angkatan itu berkembang secara signifikan. AL Soviet menjadi terkenal dengan penggunaan <a href="/wiki/Kapal_penjelajah_tempur" title="Kapal penjelajah tempur">kapal penjelajah tempur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Kapal_selam" title="Kapal selam">kapal selam</a>. Pada tahun 1989, melayani 500.000 orang. <a href="/wiki/Angkatan_Udara_Uni_Soviet" title="Angkatan Udara Uni Soviet">Angkatan Udara Soviet</a> berfokus pada armada <a href="/wiki/Pesawat_pengebom_strategis" title="Pesawat pengebom strategis">pembom strategis</a> dan selama situasi perang adalah untuk memberantas infrastruktur musuh dan kapasitas nuklir. Angkatan udara juga memiliki sejumlah <a href="/wiki/Pesawat_tempur" title="Pesawat tempur">pesawat tempur</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Pesawat_pengebom_taktis" title="Pesawat pengebom taktis">pembom taktis</a> untuk mendukung tentara dalam perang. Pasukan rudal strategis memiliki lebih dari 1.400 <a href="/wiki/Peluru_kendali_balistik_antarbenua" title="Peluru kendali balistik antarbenua">rudal balistik antarbenua</a> (ICBM), yang ditempatkan di antara 28 pangkalan dan 300 pusat komando. </p><p>Pada periode pasca perang, Tentara Soviet terlibat langsung dalam beberapa operasi militer di luar negeri. Operasi ini termasuk penindasan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemberontakan_di_Jerman_Timur_(1953)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemberontakan di Jerman Timur (1953) (halaman belum tersedia)">pemberontakan di Jerman Timur</a> (1953), <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Hungaria_1956" title="Revolusi Hungaria 1956">revolusi Hongaria</a> (1956) dan <a href="/wiki/Invasi_Cekoslowakia_1968" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasi Cekoslowakia 1968">invasi Cekoslowakia</a> (1968). Uni Soviet juga berpartisipasi dalam perang di Afghanistan antara tahun 1979 dan 1989. </p><p>Di Uni Soviet, <a href="/wiki/Wajib_militer" title="Wajib militer">wajib militer</a> umum diterapkan, artinya semua laki-laki berbadan sehat berusia 18 tahun ke atas wajib militer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ekonomi">Ekonomi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Sunting bagian: Ekonomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=15" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ekonomi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_Uni_Soviet" title="Ekonomi Uni Soviet">Ekonomi Uni Soviet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:DneproGES_1947.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DneproGES_1947.JPG/220px-DneproGES_1947.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DneproGES_1947.JPG/330px-DneproGES_1947.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/DneproGES_1947.JPG/440px-DneproGES_1947.JPG 2x" data-file-width="505" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=DneproGES&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DneproGES (halaman belum tersedia)">DneproGES</a>, salah satu <a href="/wiki/Pembangkit_listrik_tenaga_air" title="Pembangkit listrik tenaga air">pembangkit listrik tenaga air</a> di Uni Soviet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uni Soviet adalah negara pertama yang mengadopsi sistem <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_terencana" title="Ekonomi terencana">ekonomi terencana</a>, di mana produksi dan distribusi dilakukan secara terpusat dan dikendalikan oleh pemerintah. Sistem ekonomi terencana yang diterapkan pada masa-masa awal kekuasaan Bolshevik adalah peraturan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perang_Komunisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perang Komunisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Perang Komunisme</a> yang di antaranya termasuk <a href="/wiki/Nasionalisasi" title="Nasionalisasi">nasionalisasi</a> industri, penyatuan distribusi hasil produksi, rekuisisi koersif produksi pertanian, dan percobaan menghilangkan peredaran uang, termasuk perusahaan pribadi dan <a href="/wiki/Perdagangan_bebas" title="Perdagangan bebas">perdagangan bebas</a>. Peraturan itu ternyata malah menyebabkan perekonomian <a href="/wiki/RSFS_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="RSFS Rusia">Rusia pra-Uni Soviet</a> kolaps sehingga pada tahun <a href="/wiki/1921" title="1921">1921</a>, Lenin menggantinya dengan <a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_Ekonomi_Baru" title="Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru">Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru</a> yang melegalkan kembali perdagangan bebas dan kepemilikan bisnis secara kecil-kecilan. Perekonomian pun dengan cepat bangkit kembali.<sup id="cite_ref-gregory2004_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregory2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada awal tahun 1940-an, perekonomian Uni Soviet menjadi relatif makmur, tetapi hanya sedikit produk buatan Soviet yang diperdagangkan secara global.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_trade_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_trade-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Setelah pembentukan <a href="/wiki/Blok_Timur" title="Blok Timur">Blok Timur</a>, perdagangan dengan negara lain mulai meningkat. Meski demikian, sistem perekonomian Soviet masih berdasar pada harga tetap dan monopoli <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perdagangan_luar_negeri_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perdagangan luar negeri Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">perdagangan luar negeri oleh negara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gandum dan barang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebutuhan_rumah_tangga_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebutuhan rumah tangga di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">kebutuhan rumah tangga</a> merupakan barang impor utama Uni Soviet pada tahun 1960-an.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_trade_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_trade-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Selama <a href="/wiki/Perlombaan_senjata" title="Perlombaan senjata">perlombaan senjata</a> pada masa <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a>, Uni Soviet banyak menghabiskan anggarannya untuk belanja militer. Pada masa itu, Uni Soviet juga menjadi pengekspor senjata terbesar ke negara-negara <a href="/wiki/Dunia_Ketiga" title="Dunia Ketiga">Dunia Ketiga</a>. Banyak sumber daya Soviet dalam jumlah besar yang dialokasikan ke negara-negara sosialis.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_trade_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_trade-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sejak tahun 1930-an hingga kolaps pada akhir tahun 1980-an, Uni Soviet secara praktis hampir tidak pernah mengubah kebijakan ekonominya. Perekonomian disusun secara terpusat, lalu dilaksanakan oleh <a href="/wiki/Gosplan" title="Gosplan">Gosplan</a> dan diorganisasikan dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rencana_Lima_Tahun_Perekonomian_Nasional_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rencana Lima Tahun Perekonomian Nasional Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">rencana lima tahun</a>. Pada praktiknya, rencana ini sering kali tidak berjalan sebagaimana mestinya karena banyaknya intervensi dari penguasa. Semua keputusan ekonomi ditentukan oleh pemimpin politik. </p><p>Beberapa layanan dasar untuk masyarakat didanai oleh pemerintah, misalnya layanan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pendidikan_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pendidikan di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">pendidikan</a> dan kesehatan. Di sektor industri, industri alat berat dan pertahanan diberikan prioritas lebih tinggi daripada barang kebutuhan rumah tangga.<sup id="cite_ref-economy_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barang kebutuhan rumah tangga di luar kota-kota besar terkadang mengalami kelangkaan, yang ada pun bermutu rendah dan tidak banyak pilihan. Dengan sistem ekonomi terpusat, pelanggan hampir tidak berpengaruh dalam proses produksi sehingga perubahan permintaan terhadap barang oleh konsumen yang pendapatannya lebih tinggi tidak dapat dilakukan.<sup id="cite_ref-hanson_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meski statistik dan pertumbuhan ekonomi Uni Soviet sulit diperkirakan secara pasti,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> diperkirakan ekonomi Soviet terus tumbuh hingga pertengahan tahun 1980-an. Selama dekade 1950-an dan 1960-an, pertumbuhan ekonominya lumayan tinggi dan sebanding dengan negara-negara Barat.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akan tetapi, setelah tahun 1970-an, pertumbuhan ekonomi itu mulai <a href="/wiki/Era_Stagnasi" title="Era Stagnasi">stagnan</a> meski masih tumbuh secara positif.<sup id="cite_ref-gregory2004_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregory2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1987, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> mencoba memperbaiki dan mereformasi ekonomi melalui program <i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">perestroika</a></i>. Kebijakan itu melonggarkan kendali negara atas perusahaan, tetapi tidak diikuti dengan insentif pasar sehingga terjadi penurunan tajam pada hasil produksi. Perekonomian negara yang sudah terpengaruh akibat berkurangnya nilai ekspor minyak pada tahun 1980-an mulai kolaps. Akan tetapi, hampir sebagian besar properti masih dimiliki pemerintah setelah <a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">bubarnya Uni Soviet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gregory2004_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gregory2004-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hanson_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hanson-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejak berakhirnya <a href="/wiki/Perang_Dunia_II" title="Perang Dunia II">Perang Dunia II</a> hingga pembubarannya, perekonomian Uni Soviet merupakan yang terbesar kedua di dunia berdasarkan PDB (PPP),<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> meski jika dilihat berdasarkan <a href="/wiki/PDB_per_kapita" class="mw-redirect" title="PDB per kapita">PDB per kapitanya</a>, Uni Soviet masih berada di bawah negara-negara Barat.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energi">Energi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Sunting bagian: Energi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=16" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Energi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebijakan_energi_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebijakan energi Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebijakan energi Uni Soviet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:1987_CPA_5858.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1987_CPA_5858.jpg/220px-1987_CPA_5858.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1987_CPA_5858.jpg/330px-1987_CPA_5858.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/1987_CPA_5858.jpg/440px-1987_CPA_5858.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption>Perangko Uni Soviet yang memperingati 30 tahun berdirinya <a href="/wiki/Badan_Energi_Atom_Internasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Energi Atom Internasional">Badan Energi Atom Internasional</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Kebutuhan bahan bakar di Uni Soviet turun pada tahun 1970-an sampai 1980-an.<sup id="cite_ref-sovietenergydemanddecline_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sovietenergydemanddecline-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sejarawan <a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Wilson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Wilson (halaman belum tersedia)">David Wilson</a> mengatakan bahwa industri gas akan memenuhi 40 persen produksi bahan bakar Soviet di akhir abad ke-20. Teori ini akhirnya tidak terbukti karena Uni Soviet bubar sebelum abad ke-20 berakhir.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secara teoretis, semestinya Uni Soviet akan mengalami pertumbuhan ekonomi sekitar 2-2,5 persen pada dekade 1990-an karena ladang energinya yang besar.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1991, Uni Soviet memiliki <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportasi_jalur_pipa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportasi jalur pipa (halaman belum tersedia)">jalur pipa</a> sepanjang 82.000 km untuk menyalurkan <a href="/wiki/Minyak_bumi" title="Minyak bumi">minyak bumi</a> dan 206.500 km untuk menyalurkan <a href="/wiki/Gas_alam" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas alam">gas alam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ciacom_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciacom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uni Soviet merupakan negara pengekspor minyak bumi dan turunannya, gas alam, logam, kayu, produk pertanian, senjata, mesin, serta peralatan militer.<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada tahun 1970-an dan 1980-an, Uni Soviet sangat bergantung pada ekspor minyak mentah untuk mendapatkan dana.<sup id="cite_ref-foreign_trade_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-foreign_trade-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Puncaknya, pada tahun 1988, Uni Soviet menjadi produsen terbesar dan pengekspor minyak mentah terbesar kedua di dunia setelah <a href="/wiki/Arab_Saudi" title="Arab Saudi">Arab Saudi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi">Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Sunting bagian: Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=17" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilmu_pengetahuan_dan_teknologi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi di Uni Soviet</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg/130px-Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg/195px-Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg/260px-Sputnik-stamp-ussr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1267" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Perangko Uni Soviet yang menggambarkan orbit <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">Sputnik</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Uni Soviet memberikan perhatian besar pada ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi selain perekonomiannya,<sup id="cite_ref-science&technology_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-science&technology-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> misalnya dengan <a href="/wiki/Sputnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Sputnik">meluncurkan satelit luar angkasa pertama di dunia</a>. Meski demikian, sebagian besar pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan teknologi ini ditujukan untuk kepentingan militer.<sup id="cite_ref-economy_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economy-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenin percaya bahwa Soviet tidak akan pernah bisa menjadi negara maju jika tidak mengembangkan teknologi. Pemerintah Uni Soviet mewujudkan kata-kata Lenin itu dengan mengembangkan organisasi penelitian, pengembangan, dan jaringan secara masif. Pada tahun 1989, ilmuwan Soviet menjadi yang terbaik di dunia dalam banyak bidang seperti <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika_energi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisika energi (halaman belum tersedia)">fisika energi</a>, beberapa cabang kedokteran, matematika, metalurgi, dan teknologi militer. Akan tetapi, karena rencana pengembangan negara dan birokrasi yang kaku, Uni Soviet secara teknologi masih berada di belakang negara-negara maju lainnya dalam bidang kimia, biologi, dan komputer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportasi">Transportasi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Sunting bagian: Transportasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=18" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Transportasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18844875"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Artikel utama: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportasi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportasi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Transportasi di Uni Soviet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Flag_of_the_Aeroflot.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Aeroflot.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Aeroflot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Aeroflot.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Aeroflot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_the_Aeroflot.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Aeroflot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1406" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Bendera <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a> pada era Soviet.</figcaption></figure> <p>Transportasi merupakan komponen penting dalam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perekonomian_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perekonomian Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">perekonomian Uni Soviet</a> yang dibuktikan dengan tersedianya berbagai moda transportasi darat, laut, dan udara.<sup id="cite_ref-ciacom_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciacom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pemusatan ekonomi pada akhir tahun 1920-an dan 1930-an berhasil mengembangkan infrastruktur secara besar-besaran, terutama dengan dibentuknya <a href="/wiki/Aeroflot" title="Aeroflot">Aeroflot</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perusahaan_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perusahaan di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">perusahaan penerbangan</a> milik negara.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transportasi kereta api di Uni Soviet dulunya merupakan transportasi rel terbesar dan paling banyak digunakan di dunia,<sup id="cite_ref-twocerofive_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twocerofive-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pengembangannya juga lebih baik daripada negara-negara Barat.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pada akhir tahun 1970-an dan awal 1980-an, para ekonom Soviet menganjurkan pembangunan lebih banyak jalan untuk memberi alternatif transportasi selain kereta api yang sudah kelebihan beban sekaligus meningkatkan anggaran negara.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaringan jalan dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Industri_mobil_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Industri mobil di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">industri mobil</a> tidak berkembang,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> jalan-jalan di luar kota besar pun berkualitas buruk.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambler_1985,_p._167_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambler_1985,_p._167-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proyek perawatan jalan Soviet terbukti tidak dapat menjaga kualitas jalan di negara itu.<sup id="cite_ref-Ambler_1985,_p._167_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ambler_1985,_p._167-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Di sisi lain, industri otomotif mengalami pertumbuhan lebih tinggi daripada konstruksi jalan yang tersedia.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jaringan jalan yang dibiarkan berkualitas buruk membuat pertumbuhan permintaan terhadap transportasi publik semakin tinggi.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Armada kapal dagang Soviet merupakan salah satu yang terbesar di dunia.<sup id="cite_ref-ciacom_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ciacom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=19" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r22254620">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:solid #aaa 1px}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalbox.tright{margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul{display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalborder>ul{padding:0.1em;background:#f9f9f9}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:first-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox>ul>li>span:last-child{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}</style><div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint plainlist portalbox portalborder tright"><ul> <li><span><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rusia" title="Portal:Rusia">Portal Rusia </a></span></li> <li><span><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/28px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/42px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/56px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></span><span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunisme" title="Portal:Komunisme">Portal Komunisme </a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_kepala_negara_Uni_Soviet" title="Daftar kepala negara Uni Soviet">Daftar kepala negara Uni Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_pemimpin_Uni_Soviet" title="Daftar pemimpin Uni Soviet">Daftar pemimpin Uni Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_republik_di_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar republik di Uni Soviet">Daftar republik di Uni Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_tokoh_Uni_Soviet" title="Daftar tokoh Uni Soviet">Daftar tokoh Uni Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_negara_pecahan_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar negara pecahan Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Daftar negara pecahan Uni Soviet</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catatan">Catatan</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Sunting bagian: Catatan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=20" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Catatan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">Союз Советских Социалистических Республик</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanisasi_aksara_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisasi aksara Rusia">tr.</a></small> <i>Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik</i>; <small>IPA: </small><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:IPA untuk bahasa Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">[sɐˈjus<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐˈvʲetskʲɪx<span class="wrap"> </span>sətsɨəlʲɪˈsʲtʲitɕɪskʲɪx<span class="wrap"> </span>rʲɪˈspublʲɪk]</a></span><small class="nowrap"> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ru-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_3.oga" title="Berkas:Ru-Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 3.oga"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/21/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA_3.oga" class="internal" title="Ru-Союз Советских Социалистических Республик 3.oga">simak</a>)</small>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">СССР</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanisasi_aksara_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisasi aksara Rusia">tr.</a></small> <i>SSSR</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_Rusia" title="Bahasa Rusia">bahasa Rusia</a>: <span lang="ru">Советский Союз</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanisasi_aksara_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanisasi aksara Rusia">tr.</a></small> <i>Sovetsky Soyuz</i>; <small>IPA: </small><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:IPA_untuk_bahasa_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wikipedia:IPA untuk bahasa Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">[sɐˈvʲetskʲɪj<span class="wrap"> </span>sɐˈjus]</a></span><small class="nowrap"> (<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Ru-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7.ogg" title="Berkas:Ru-Советский Союз.ogg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/13px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/26px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Ru-%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7.ogg" class="internal" title="Ru-Советский Союз.ogg">simak</a>)</small>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&action=edit&section=21" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18833634"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hough, Jerry F. “The ‘Dark Forces," the Totalitarian Model, and Soviet History.” The Russian Review, vol. 46, no. 4, 1987, pp. 397–403</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bergman, Jay. “Was the Soviet Union Totalitarian? The View of Soviet Dissidents and the Reformers of the Gorbachev Era.” Studies in East European Thought, vol. 50, no. 4, 1998, pp. 247–281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010070843/http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1977/zakony/185465/">"Law of the USSR of March 14, 1990 N 1360-I 'On the establishment of the office of the President of the USSR and the making of changes and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">'</span>"</a>. Garant.ru. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://constitution.garant.ru/history/ussr-rsfsr/1977/zakony/185465">versi asli</a> tanggal 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Law+of+the+USSR+of+March+14%2C+1990+N+1360-I+%27On+the+establishment+of+the+office+of+the+President+of+the+USSR+and+the+making+of+changes+and+additions+to+the+Constitution+%28Basic+Law%29+of+the+USSR%27&rft.pub=Garant.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconstitution.garant.ru%2Fhistory%2Fussr-rsfsr%2F1977%2Fzakony%2F185465&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url-status=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bridget O'Laughlin (1975) <i>Marxist Approaches in Anthropology</i> Annual Review of Anthropology Vol. 4: hlm. 341–370 (Oktober 1975)<br />William Roseberry (1997) <i>Marx and Anthropology</i> Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 26: hlm. 25–46 (Oktober 1997)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-StalinRobertService-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StalinRobertService_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-StalinRobertService_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Service. <i>Stalin: A Biography.</i> 2004. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/9780330419130" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-330-41913-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crile, George (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/charliewilsonswa00cril"><i>Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History</i></a>. Atlantic Monthly Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-87113-854-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-87113-854-9">0-87113-854-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Charlie+Wilson%27s+War%3A+The+Extraordinary+Story+of+the+Largest+Covert+Operation+in+History&rft.pub=Atlantic+Monthly+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-87113-854-9&rft.aulast=Crile&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcharliewilsonswa00cril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Holloway, David (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300066647"><i>Stalin and the Bomb</i></a>. Yale University Press. hlm. 18. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-300-06664-7" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-300-06664-7">978-0-300-06664-7</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923222213/http://yalepress.yale.edu/book.asp?isbn=9780300066647">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+and+the+Bomb&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-300-06664-7&rft.au=Holloway%2C+David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyalepress.yale.edu%2Fbook.asp%3Fisbn%3D9780300066647&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turner23-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turner23_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTurner1987">Turner 1987</a>, hlm. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Byrd-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byrd_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Byrd, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=xLbEHQAACAAJ">"Cold War (seluruh bab)"</a>. Dalam McLean, Iain; McMillan, Alistair. <i>The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-19-280276-3" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-19-280276-3">0-19-280276-3</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">16 Juni</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cold+War+%28seluruh+bab%29&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-280276-3&rft.au=Byrd%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DxLbEHQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_editors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Russia is now a party to any Treaties to which the former Soviet Union was a party, and enjoys the same rights and obligations as the former Soviet Union, except insofar as adjustments are necessarily required, e.g. to take account of the change in territorial extent. […] The Russian federation continues the legal personality of the former Soviet Union and is thus not a successor State in the sense just mentioned. The other former Soviet Republics are successor States." United Kingdom Materials on International Law 1993, BYIL 1993, hlm. 579 (636).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-americana-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-americana_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">Klein, Henri F. (1920). "<a href="https://id.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Soviet" class="extiw" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Soviet">Soviet</a>". Dalam Rines, George Edwin. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Soviet&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=1920&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Henri+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427053700/http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt">"Buku Fakta CIA 1990"</a>. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.umsl.edu/services/govdocs/wofact90/world12.txt">versi asli</a> tanggal 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2015-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buku+Fakta+CIA+1990&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.umsl.edu%2Fservices%2Fgovdocs%2Fwofact90%2Fworld12.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sakwa-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sakwa_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sakwa_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sakwa, Richard. <i>Soviet Politics in Perspective, 2nd Edition</i>. London–New York: Routledge, 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Adams, Simon (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=LyqIDCc-cSsC&dq"><i>Russian Republics</i></a>. Black Rabbit Books. hlm. 21. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-1-58340-606-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-1-58340-606-9">978-1-58340-606-9</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217191119/https://books.google.com/books?id=LyqIDCc-cSsC&dq=&hl=en">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Republics&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Black+Rabbit+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-58340-606-9&rft.au=Adams%2C+Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLyqIDCc-cSsC%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Feldbrugge, Ferdinand Joseph Maria (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=JWt7MN3Dch8C&dq"><i>Russian Law: The Rnd of the Soviet system and the Role of Law</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. hlm. 94. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7923-2358-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7923-2358-0">0-7923-2358-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217191136/https://books.google.com/books?id=JWt7MN3Dch8C&dq=&hl=en">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-11-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Law%3A+The+Rnd+of+the+Soviet+system+and+the+Role+of+Law&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-7923-2358-0&rft.au=Feldbrugge%2C+Ferdinand+Joseph+Maria&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWt7MN3Dch8C%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gregory2004-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gregory2004_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gregory2004_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gregory2004_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gregory, Paul R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=hFHU5kaXhu8C&dq"><i>The Political Economy of Stalinism: Evidence from the Soviet Secret Archives</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. hlm. 218–20. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-521-53367-8" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-521-53367-8">0-521-53367-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Economy+of+Stalinism%3A+Evidence+from+the+Soviet+Secret+Archives&rft.pages=218-20&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-521-53367-8&rft.au=Gregory%2C+Paul+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFHU5kaXhu8C%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-foreign_trade-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_trade_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_trade_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_trade_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-foreign_trade_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+su0391%29">"Reconstruction and Cold War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170309155830/http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+su0391%29">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2017-03-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 Oktober</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+and+Cold+War&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frs6.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%2Bsu0391%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> dan <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=o8Z1QAAACAAJ&dq"><i>A Study of the Soviet Economy</i></a>. <b>1</b>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. hlm. 9. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-14-103797-0" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-14-103797-0">0-14-103797-0</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Study+of+the+Soviet+Economy&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-14-103797-0&rft.au=IMF+dan+OECD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Do8Z1QAAACAAJ%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Pranala_mati" title="Wikipedia:Pranala mati"><span title=" pranala nonaktif sejak Mei 2023">pranala nonaktif permanen</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economy-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-economy_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-economy_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+su0009%29">"Economy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015129/http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+su0009%29">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 Oktober</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Economy&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frs6.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%2Bsu0009%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hanson-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hanson_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hanson_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hanson, Philip. 2003. <i>The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Economy: An Economic History of the USSR from 1945</i>. London: Longman.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Bergson, Abram (1997). "How Big was the Soviet GDP?". <i>Comparative Economic Studies</i>. <b>39</b> (1): 1–14. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fces.1997.1">10.1057/ces.1997.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0888-7233">0888-7233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Economic+Studies&rft.atitle=How+Big+was+the+Soviet+GDP%3F&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-14&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fces.1997.1&rft.issn=0888-7233&rft.au=Bergson%2C+Abram&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Harrison, Mark (1993). "Soviet Economic Growth Since 1928: The Alternative Statistics of G. I. Khanin". <i>Europe–Asia Studies</i>. <b>45</b> (1): 141–167. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09668139308412080">10.1080/09668139308412080</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe%E2%80%93Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Soviet+Economic+Growth+Since+1928%3A+The+Alternative+Statistics+of+G.+I.+Khanin&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-167&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09668139308412080&rft.au=Harrison%2C+Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolas_Gvosdev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolas Gvosdev (halaman belum tersedia)">Gvosdev, Nikolas</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=Q_xTyZUEqkYC&dq"><i>The Strange Death of Soviet communism: A Postscript</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transaction_Publishers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transaction Publishers (halaman belum tersedia)">Transaction Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-4128-0698-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-4128-0698-4">1-4128-0698-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strange+Death+of+Soviet+communism%3A+A+Postscript&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=1-4128-0698-4&rft.au=Gvosdev%2C+Nikolas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DQ_xTyZUEqkYC%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_million_1.html">"GDP – Million 1990"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151109124727/http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1990/rankings/gdp_million_1.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-11-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=GDP+%E2%80%93+Million+1990&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodora.com%2Fwfb%2F1990%2Frankings%2Fgdp_million_1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/gdp_per_capita_0.html">"GDP Per Capita – 1991"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100819051611/http://www.theodora.com/wfb/1991/rankings/gdp_per_capita_0.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-08-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">12 Juni</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=GDP+Per+Capita+%E2%80%93+1991&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodora.com%2Fwfb%2F1991%2Frankings%2Fgdp_per_capita_0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sovietenergydemanddecline-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sovietenergydemanddecline_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Wilson, David (1983). <i>The Demand for Energy in the Soviet Union</i>. Rowman and Littfield. hlm. 105–108. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7099-2704-4" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7099-2704-4">978-0-7099-2704-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demand+for+Energy+in+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=105-108&rft.pub=Rowman+and+Littfield&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-2704-4&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 1983, hlm. 297.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 1983, hlm. 297–299.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ciacom-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ciacom_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciacom_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ciacom_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/soviet_union/soviet_union_communications.html">"Soviet Union – Communications"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005005759/http://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/soviet_union/soviet_union_communications.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Soviet+Union+%E2%80%93+Communications&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodora.com%2Fwfb1991%2Fsoviet_union%2Fsoviet_union_communications.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/soviet_union/soviet_union_economy.html">"Soviet Union – Economy"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005005804/http://www.theodora.com/wfb1991/soviet_union/soviet_union_economy.html">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2010-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 Oktober</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Soviet+Union+%E2%80%93+Economy&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theodora.com%2Fwfb1991%2Fsoviet_union%2Fsoviet_union_economy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hardt, John Pearce; Hardt, John P. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IvKF3PKGYAcC&dq"><i>Russia's Uncertain Economic Future: With a Comprehensive Subject Index</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.E._Sharpe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.E. Sharpe (halaman belum tersedia)">M.E. Sharpe</a>. hlm. 233. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/0-7656-1208-9" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/0-7656-1208-9">0-7656-1208-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia%27s+Uncertain+Economic+Future%3A+With+a+Comprehensive+Subject+Index&rft.pages=233&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7656-1208-9&rft.au=Hardt%2C+John+Pearce%3B+Hardt%2C+John+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIvKF3PKGYAcC%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-science&technology-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-science&technology_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+su0413%29">"Science and Technology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Country_Studies" title="Library of Congress Country Studies">Library of Congress Country Studies</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150904015129/http://rs6.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID+su0413%29">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2015-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">23 Oktober</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Science+and+Technology&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress+Country+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frs6.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%252Fcstdy%253A%2540field%2528DOCID%2Bsu0413%2529&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Highman, Robert D.S.; Greenwood, John T.; Hardesty, Von (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.no/books?id=cpynoFM-Jf4C&dq"><i>Russian Aviation and Air Power in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Routledge. hlm. 134. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/978-0-7146-4784-5" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/978-0-7146-4784-5">978-0-7146-4784-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230217191146/https://books.google.no/books?id=cpynoFM-Jf4C&dq=&hl=no">Diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2023-02-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2013-08-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russian+Aviation+and+Air+Power+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=134&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-4784-5&rft.au=Highman%2C+Robert+D.S.%3B+Greenwood%2C+John+T.%3B+Hardesty%2C+Von&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.no%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcpynoFM-Jf4C%26dq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AUni+Soviet" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33; margin-left:0.3em">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">link</a>) </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twocerofive-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twocerofive_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 1983, hlm. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, 1983, hlm. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, hlm. 166–67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambler, Shaw dan Symons, 1985, hlm. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambler, Shaw and Symons 1985, hlm. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ambler_1985,_p._167-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ambler_1985,_p._167_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ambler_1985,_p._167_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambler, Shaw dan Symons, 1985, hlm. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ambler, Shaw dan Symons, 1985, hlm. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/IMF" class="mw-redirect" title="IMF">IMF</a> dan <a href="/wiki/OECD" class="mw-redirect" title="OECD">OECD</a>, 1991, hlm. 56.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r25847331">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topik_mengenai_Uni_Soviet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Uni_Soviet_bawah" title="Templat:Uni Soviet bawah"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style="color:#FFD700">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Uni_Soviet_bawah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Uni Soviet bawah (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini" style="color:#FFD700">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Uni_Soviet_bawah&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style="color:#FFD700">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Topik_mengenai_Uni_Soviet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Topik mengenai</span> <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Uni Soviet</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Soviet" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Sejarah</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Soviet" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet">Periodisasi</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Rusia" title="Revolusi Rusia">Revolusi Rusia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Februari" title="Revolusi Februari">Februari</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Oktober" title="Revolusi Oktober">Oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1917" title="1917">1917</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Sipil_Rusia" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Sipil Rusia">Perang Sipil Rusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Traktat_Pembentukan_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Traktat Pembentukan Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Traktat Pembentukan Uni Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebijakan_Ekonomi_Baru" title="Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru">Kebijakan Ekonomi Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinisme" title="Stalinisme">Stalinisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembersihan_Besar-Besaran" title="Pembersihan Besar-Besaran">Pembersihan Besar-Besaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uni_Soviet_dalam_Perang_Dunia_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Uni Soviet dalam Perang Dunia II">Perang Patriotik Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politik_Luwes_Khrushchev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politik Luwes Khrushchev (halaman belum tersedia)">Politik Luwes Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reformasi_ekonomi_Soviet_1965" title="Reformasi ekonomi Soviet 1965">Reformasi 1965</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masa_Stagnasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masa Stagnasi (halaman belum tersedia)">Masa Stagnasi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">Pembubaran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Politik_Uni_Soviet" title="Politik Uni Soviet"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Politik</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daftar_pemerintahan_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daftar pemerintahan di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Kabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komite_Pusat_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Komite Pusat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepemimpinan_bersama_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Kepemimpinan bersama di Uni Soviet">Kepemimpinan bersama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Partai Komunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongres_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Kongres Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Kongres Partai Komunis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstitusi_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstitusi Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Konstitusi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemilihan_umum_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemilihan umum di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Pemilihan umum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hubungan_luar_negeri_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hubungan luar negeri Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Hubungan luar negeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekretaris_Jenderal_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Sekretaris Jenderal Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Sekretaris Jenderal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintah_Uni_Soviet" title="Pemerintah Uni Soviet">Pemerintah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hukum_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hukum di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Hukum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_pemimpin_Uni_Soviet" title="Daftar pemimpin Uni Soviet">Pemimpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kepala_Negara_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kepala Negara Uni Soviet">Kepala Negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politbiro_Komite_Pusat_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Politbiro Komite Pusat Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Politbiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daftar_Kepala_Pemerintahan_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar Kepala Pemerintahan Uni Soviet">Kepala Pemerintahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiden_Uni_Soviet" title="Presiden Uni Soviet">Presiden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_Presidensial_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan Presidensial Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan Presidensial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisasi_Partai_Komunis_Uni_Soviet" title="Organisasi Partai Komunis Uni Soviet">Organisasi partai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majelis_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Majelis Agung Uni Soviet">Majelis Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_Wakil_Rakyat_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres Wakil Rakyat Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Kongres Wakil Rakyat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kongres_Majelis_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kongres Majelis Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Kongres Majelis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ideologi_negara_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ideologi negara Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Ideologi negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahkamah_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Mahkamah Agung Uni Soviet">Mahkamah Agung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaksa_Agung_Uni_Soviet" title="Jaksa Agung Uni Soviet">Kejaksaan Agung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Geografi_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Geografi Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Geografi</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pembagian_administratif_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembagian administratif Uni Soviet">Pembagian administratif</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Ural" title="Pegunungan Ural">Pegunungan Ural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusia_Eropa" title="Rusia Eropa">Rusia Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dataran_Siberia_Barat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dataran Siberia Barat (halaman belum tersedia)">Dataran Siberia Barat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegunungan_Kaukasus" title="Pegunungan Kaukasus">Pegunungan Kaukasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laut_Kaspia" title="Laut Kaspia">Laut Kaspia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaukasus_Utara" title="Kaukasus Utara">Kaukasus Utara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perekonomian_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perekonomian Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Ekonomi</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pertanian_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Pertanian di Uni Soviet">Pertanian</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gosbank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gosbank (halaman belum tersedia)">Bank sentral</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunikasi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunikasi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Komunikasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korupsi_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Korupsi di Uni Soviet">Korupsi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebijakan_energi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebijakan energi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Kebijakan energi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rencana_Lima_Tahun_Perekonomian_Nasional_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rencana Lima Tahun Perekonomian Nasional Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Rencana Lima Tahun</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penemuan_di_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penemuan di Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Penemuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubel_Soviet" title="Rubel Soviet">Mata uang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Transportasi_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transportasi di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Transportasi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;"><a href="/wiki/Demografi_Uni_Soviet" title="Demografi Uni Soviet"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Demografi</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangsa_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangsa Soviet">Bangsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahasa_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Bahasa di Uni Soviet">Bahasa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agama_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agama di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Agama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kejahatan_di_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kejahatan di Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Kejahatan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sensus_Uni_Soviet_(1989)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sensus Uni Soviet (1989) (halaman belum tersedia)">Sensus 1989</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kebudayaan_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kebudayaan Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Budaya</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arsitektur_Stalinis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arsitektur Stalinis (halaman belum tersedia)">Arsitektur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sastra_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sastra Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Sastra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Balet_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Balet Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Balet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_di_Uni_Soviet" title="Propaganda di Uni Soviet">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Opera_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Opera Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfilman_Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfilman Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musik_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musik Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Musik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxisme%E2%80%93Leninisme" title="Marxisme–Leninisme">Marxisme–Leninisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme">Leninisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brezhnevisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brezhnevisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Brezhnevisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.su" title=".su">Internet di Uni Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Olahraga_di_Rusia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olahraga di Rusia (halaman belum tersedia)">Olahraga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;">Lambang</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bendera_Uni_Soviet" title="Bendera Uni Soviet">Bendera nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bendera_republik_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bendera republik Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Bendera republik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambang_Negara_Uni_Soviet" title="Lambang Negara Uni Soviet">Lambang negara</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lambang_negara_republik_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lambang negara republik Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)">Lambang republik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagu_Kebangsaan_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagu Kebangsaan Uni Soviet">Lagu kebangsaan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CC0000; color:#FFD700;"><div> <ul><li><b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_category_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Category"><img alt="Category" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kategori:Uni_Soviet" title="Kategori:Uni Soviet"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Kategori</span></a></b></li> <li><b> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="Portal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Portal:Uni_Soviet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Portal:Uni Soviet (halaman belum tersedia)"><span style="color:#FFD700;">Portal</span></a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Daftar_republik_di_Uni_Soviet" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:#CC0000; color: #FFD700;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Republik-republik_Soviet" title="Templat:Republik-republik Soviet"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style="color: #FFD700">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan_Templat:Republik-republik_Soviet" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Republik-republik Soviet"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini" style="color: #FFD700">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Republik-republik_Soviet&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style="color: #FFD700">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Daftar_republik_di_Uni_Soviet" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Daftar_republik_di_Uni_Soviet" class="mw-redirect" title="Daftar republik di Uni Soviet"><font color="#FFD700">Daftar republik di Uni Soviet</font></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; text-align:center;"><font color="#FFD700">Utama</font></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Armenia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Armenia">RSS Armenia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Azerbaijan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Azerbaijan">RSS Azerbaijan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Byelorusia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Byelorusia">RSS Byelorusia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Estonia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Estonia">RSS Estonia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Georgia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Georgia">RSS Georgia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Kazakhstan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Kazakhstan">RSS Kazakhstan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Kirgizstan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Kirgizstan">RSS Kirgizstan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Latvia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Latvia">RSS Latvia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Lituania" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Lituania">RSS Lituania</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Moldavia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Moldavia">RSS Moldavia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia">RSFS Rusia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Tajikistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Tajikistan">RSS Tajikistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Turkmenistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Turkmenistan">RSS Turkmenistan</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Ukraina" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Ukraina">RSS Ukraina</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Uzbekistan" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Uzbekistan">RSS Uzbekistan</a> </span></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281956%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="587" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; text-align:center;"><font color="#FFD700">Sementara</font></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <span style="white-space:nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Karelo-Finlandia" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Karelo-Finlandia">RSS Karelo-Finlandia</a> <b>·</b></span> <span style="white-space:nowrap;"> <a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Transkaukasia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Transkaukasia">RSFS Transkaukasia</a> </span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Sosialisme_menurut_negara" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e9d5f5;color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Sosialisme_menurut_negara" title="Templat:Sosialisme menurut negara"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style="color:black">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Sosialisme_menurut_negara&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Sosialisme menurut negara (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini" style="color:black">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Sosialisme_menurut_negara&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style="color:black">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Sosialisme_menurut_negara" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme"><span style="color:blue">Sosialisme</span></a> menurut negara</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e9d5f5;color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_sosialisme" title="Sejarah sosialisme"><span style="color:black">Sejarah berdasarkan negara</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_gerakan_sosialis_di_Brasil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah gerakan sosialis di Brasil (halaman belum tersedia)">Brasil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_gerakan_sosialis_di_Kanada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah gerakan sosialis di Kanada (halaman belum tersedia)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialisme_di_Estonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosialisme di Estonia (halaman belum tersedia)">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_Left&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French Left (halaman belum tersedia)">Prancis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_di_India" title="Sosialisme di India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialisme_di_Belanda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosialisme di Belanda (halaman belum tersedia)">Belanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialisme_di_Selandia_Baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosialisme di Selandia Baru (halaman belum tersedia)">Selandia Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sosialisme_di_Pakistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sosialisme di Pakistan (halaman belum tersedia)">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_gerakan_sosialis_di_Britania_Raya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah gerakan sosialis di Britania Raya (halaman belum tersedia)">Britania Raya</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_gerakan_sosialis_di_Amerika_Serikat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah gerakan sosialis di Amerika Serikat (halaman belum tersedia)">Amerika Serikat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e9d5f5;color:black;;width:1%">Variasi daerah</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_Afrika" title="Sosialisme Afrika">Afrika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_Arab" title="Sosialisme Arab">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Britania_menuju_Sosialisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan Britania menuju Sosialisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Britania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jalan_Myanmar_menuju_Sosialisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jalan Myanmar menuju Sosialisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_dengan_karakteristik_Tiongkok" title="Sosialisme dengan karakteristik Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Labor_Zionism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Labor Zionism (halaman belum tersedia)">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme_Melanesia" title="Sosialisme Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sandinismo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sandinismo (halaman belum tersedia)">Nikaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolusi_Bolivar" title="Revolusi Bolivar">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e9d5f5;color:black;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis"><span style="color:black">Negara komunis</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e9d5f5; color:black;;width:1%">Afrika</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Angola" title="Republik Rakyat Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Benin" title="Republik Rakyat Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Kongo" title="Republik Rakyat Kongo">Republik Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">Etiopia (1974–87)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Rakyat_Etiopia" title="Republik Demokratik Rakyat Etiopia">Etiopia (1987–91)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Mozambik" title="Republik Rakyat Mozambik">Mozambik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Somali" title="Republik Demokratik Somali">Somalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e9d5f5; color:black;;width:1%">Amerika</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuba" title="Kuba">Kuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintahan_Revolusioner_Rakyat_(Grenada)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemerintahan Revolusioner Rakyat (Grenada) (halaman belum tersedia)">Grenada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e9d5f5; color:black;;width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Afganistan" title="Republik Demokratik Afganistan">Afganistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Kamboja" title="Republik Rakyat Kamboja">Kamboja (1979–93)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamboja_Demokratik" title="Kamboja Demokratik">Kamboja (1976–79)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Tiongkok" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Rakyat Tiongkok">Tiongkok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Persia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Persia">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemerintahan_Rakyat_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemerintahan Rakyat Azerbaijan (halaman belum tersedia)">Provinsi Azerbaijan (Iran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Utara" title="Korea Utara">Korea Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Mongolia" title="Republik Rakyat Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Tuva" title="Republik Rakyat Tuva">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Utara" title="Vietnam Utara">Vietnam Utara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pemerintahan_Revolusioner_Sementara_Republik_Vietnam_Selatan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemerintahan Revolusioner Sementara Republik Vietnam Selatan">Vietnam Selatan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaman_Selatan" title="Yaman Selatan">Yaman Selatan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#e9d5f5; color:black;;width:1%">Eropa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Sosialis_Albania" title="Republik Rakyat Sosialis Albania">Albania (1944–92)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Soviet_Bavaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Republik Soviet Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Bulgaria" title="Republik Rakyat Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Cekoslowakia" title="Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Demokratik_Finlandia" title="Republik Demokratik Finlandia">Finlandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Soviet_Hungaria" title="Republik Soviet Hungaria">Hungaria (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Hungaria" title="Republik Rakyat Hungaria">Hungaria (1949–89)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Polandia" title="Republik Rakyat Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Rumania" title="Republik Sosialis Rumania">Rumania</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uni Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Federal_Sosialis_Yugoslavia" title="Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="link=Komunisme&#124;10px_Komunisme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#CC0000; color:gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Komunisme_bawah" title="Templat:Komunisme bawah"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style="color:gold">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Komunisme_bawah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Komunisme bawah (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini" style="color:gold">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Komunisme_bawah&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style="color:gold">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="link=Komunisme&#124;10px_Komunisme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/10px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/15px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg/20px-Hammer_and_sickle_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="522" /></a></span>  <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme"><span style="color:gold">Komunisme</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:gold;">Konsep</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Filosofi_Marxis" class="mw-redirect" title="Filosofi Marxis">Filosofi Marxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perjuangan_kelas" title="Perjuangan kelas">Perjuangan kelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masyarakat_tanpa_kelas" title="Masyarakat tanpa kelas">Masyarakat tanpa kelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internasionalisme_proletariat" title="Internasionalisme proletariat">Internasionalisme proletariat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:gold;">Aspek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Negara_komunis" title="Negara komunis">Negara komunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partai_komunis" title="Partai komunis">Partai komunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolusi_komunis" title="Revolusi komunis">Revolusi komunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbolisme_komunis" title="Simbolisme komunis">Simbolisme komunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_dan_agama" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunisme dan agama">Komunisme dan agama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_komunisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah komunisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah komunisme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:gold;">Jenis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marxisme" title="Marxisme">Marxisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leninisme" title="Leninisme">Leninisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trotskyisme" title="Trotskyisme">Trotskyisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maoisme" title="Maoisme">Maoisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxemburgisme" title="Luxemburgisme">Luxemburgisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titoisme" title="Titoisme">Titoisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stalinisme" title="Stalinisme">Stalinisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castroisme" title="Castroisme">Castroisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guevarisme" title="Guevarisme">Guevarisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoxhaisme" title="Hoxhaisme">Hoxhaisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_sayap_kiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunisme sayap kiri">Komunisme sayap kiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dewan_komunisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dewan komunisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Dewan komunisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_anarkis" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunisme anarkis">Komunisme anarkis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_agamis" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunisme agamis">Komunisme agamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_Eropa" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunisme Eropa">Komunisme Eropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_dunia" title="Komunisme dunia">Komunisme dunia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_tanpa_negara" class="mw-redirect" title="Komunisme tanpa negara">Komunisme tanpa negara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_nasional" title="Komunisme nasional">Komunisme nasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_primitif" title="Komunisme primitif">Komunisme primitif</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunisme_ilmiah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunisme ilmiah (halaman belum tersedia)">Komunisme ilmiah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:gold;">Internasionale</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liga_Komunis" title="Liga Komunis">Liga Komunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asosiasi_Buruh_Internasional" class="mw-redirect" title="Asosiasi Buruh Internasional">Internasionale Pertama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Kedua" class="mw-redirect" title="Internasionale Kedua">Internasionale Kedua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Komintern">Internasionale Ketiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internasionale_Keempat" class="mw-redirect" title="Internasionale Keempat">Internasionale Keempat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:gold;">Tokoh penting</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gracchus_Babeuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Gracchus Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kropotkin" title="Pyotr Kropotkin">Pyotr Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stalin" title="Josef Stalin">Josef Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Enver Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il-Sung" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Il-Sung">Kim Il-Sung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D.N._Aidit" title="D.N. Aidit">D.N. Aidit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#CC0000; color:gold;">Hal terkait</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarkisme" title="Anarkisme">Anarkisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antikapitalisme" title="Antikapitalisme">Antikapitalisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antikomunisme" title="Antikomunisme">Antikomunisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perang_Dingin" title="Perang Dingin">Perang Dingin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritik_terhadap_komunisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritik terhadap komunisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Kritik terhadap komunisme</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kritik_terhadap_kekuasaan_partai_komunis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kritik terhadap kekuasaan partai komunis (halaman belum tersedia)">Kritik terhadap kekuasaan partai komunis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentralisme_demokratis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sentralisme demokratis">Sentralisme demokratis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diktatur_proletariat" class="mw-redirect" title="Diktatur proletariat">Diktatur proletariat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_komunisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah komunisme (halaman belum tersedia)">Sejarah komunisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politik_sayap_kiri" title="Politik sayap kiri">Politik sayap kiri</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelas_baru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelas baru (halaman belum tersedia)">Kelas baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiri_baru" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiri baru">Kiri baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosialisme" title="Sosialisme">Sosialisme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekonomi_sosialis" title="Ekonomi sosialis">Ekonomi sosialis</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uni Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komunisme_dan_homoseksualitas" title="Komunisme dan homoseksualitas">Homoseksualitas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#CC0000; color:gold;"><div><a href="/wiki/Portal:Komunisme" title="Portal:Komunisme"><span style="color:gold"><b>Portal Komunisme</b></span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r23782733"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r25847331"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Negara_di_Eropa_Timur_dan_Tengah_di_bawah_Komunisme" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background:#CC0000; color:gold;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r18590415"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-lihat"><a href="/wiki/Templat:Communist_Eastern_Europe" title="Templat:Communist Eastern Europe"><abbr title="Lihat templat ini" style="color:gold">l</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-bicara"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pembicaraan_Templat:Communist_Eastern_Europe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pembicaraan Templat:Communist Eastern Europe (halaman belum tersedia)"><abbr title="Diskusikan templat ini" style="color:gold">b</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-sunting"><a class="external text" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Templat:Communist_Eastern_Europe&action=edit"><abbr title="Sunting templat ini" style="color:gold">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Negara_di_Eropa_Timur_dan_Tengah_di_bawah_Komunisme" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Negara di Eropa Timur dan Tengah di bawah <a href="/wiki/Komunisme" title="Komunisme"><span style="color:gold">Komunisme</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Logo Pakta Warsawa"><img alt="Logo Pakta Warsawa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/90px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/135px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg/180px-Warsaw_Pact_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="721" data-file-height="860" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Sosialis_Albania" title="Republik Rakyat Sosialis Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Bulgaria" title="Republik Rakyat Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Cekoslowakia" title="Republik Sosialis Cekoslowakia">Cekoslowakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerman_Timur" title="Jerman Timur">Jerman Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Hungaria" title="Republik Rakyat Hungaria">Hungaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Rakyat_Polandia" title="Republik Rakyat Polandia">Polandia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Rumania" title="Republik Sosialis Rumania">Rumania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Federal_Sosialis_Yugoslavia" title="Republik Federal Sosialis Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Berkas:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Peta Perang Dingin Eropa"><img alt="Peta Perang Dingin Eropa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/90px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/135px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg/180px-NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="456" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Federasi_Soviet_Rusia" title="Republik Sosialis Federasi Soviet Rusia">Soviet Rusia</a> / <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Uni Soviet</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Soviet_Rusia_dan_Uni_Soviet_(1917%E2%80%931927)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Soviet Rusia dan Uni Soviet (1917–1927)">1917–1927</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Soviet_(1927%E2%80%931953)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet (1927–1953)">1927–1953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sejarah_Uni_Soviet_(1953%E2%80%931964)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet (1953–1964)">1953–1964</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sejarah_Uni_Soviet_(1964%E2%80%931982)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sejarah Uni Soviet (1964–1982) (halaman belum tersedia)">1964–1982</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pembubaran_Uni_Soviet" title="Pembubaran Uni Soviet">1982–1991</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Byelorusia" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Byelorusia">Byelorusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republik_Sosialis_Soviet_Ukraina" title="Republik Sosialis Soviet Ukraina">Ukraina</a><br /></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0.25em 0; line-height:1.4em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blok_Timur" title="Blok Timur">Blok Timur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakta_Warsawa" title="Pakta Warsawa">Pakta Warsawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comecon" title="Comecon">Comecon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diperoleh dari "<a dir="ltr" href="https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&oldid=26468369">https://id.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Uni_Soviet&oldid=26468369</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Daftar_kategori" title="Istimewa:Daftar kategori">Kategori</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategori:Artikel_Wikipedia_yang_mengandung_kutipan_dari_Encyclopedia_Americana_dengan_referensi_Wikisource&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategori:Artikel Wikipedia yang mengandung kutipan dari Encyclopedia Americana dengan referensi Wikisource (halaman belum tersedia)">Artikel Wikipedia yang mengandung kutipan dari Encyclopedia Americana dengan referensi Wikisource</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Uni_Soviet" title="Kategori:Uni Soviet">Uni Soviet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Komunis" title="Kategori:Komunis">Komunis</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Kategori tersembunyi: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_Rusia" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara Rusia">Artikel mengandung aksara Rusia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_teks_IPA_polos" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan teks IPA polos">Halaman dengan teks IPA polos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_dengan_rujukan_yang_menggunakan_parameter_yang_tidak_didukung" title="Kategori:Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung">Halaman dengan rujukan yang menggunakan parameter yang tidak didukung</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_editors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: editors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_dengan_pranala_luar_nonaktif_permanen" title="Kategori:Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen">Artikel dengan pranala luar nonaktif permanen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pemeliharaan_CS1:_Banyak_nama:_authors_list" title="Kategori:Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list">Pemeliharaan CS1: Banyak nama: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Halaman_yang_menggunakan_pranala_magis_ISBN" title="Kategori:Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN">Halaman yang menggunakan pranala magis ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pages_using_infobox_country_with_unknown_parameters" title="Kategori:Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters">Pages using infobox country with unknown parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Pages_using_infobox_country_or_infobox_former_country_with_the_symbol_caption_or_type_parameters" title="Kategori:Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters">Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Artikel_mengandung_aksara_non-Indonesia" title="Kategori:Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia">Artikel mengandung aksara non-Indonesia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategori:Templat_Portal_dengan_pranala_merah" title="Kategori:Templat Portal dengan pranala merah">Templat Portal dengan pranala merah</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Halaman ini terakhir diubah pada 27 Oktober 2024, pukul 12.50.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teks tersedia di bawah <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Lisensi Atribusi-BerbagiSerupa Creative Commons</a>; 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