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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ecology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pest status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phylogenetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phylogenetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Phylogenetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phylogenetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Common_names" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only 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href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipuloidea" title="Tipuloidea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tipuloidea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipuloidea" title="Tipuloidea – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tipuloidea" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipuloidea" title="Tipuloidea – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tipuloidea" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DA%AF%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="درنامگس‌واران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درنامگس‌واران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipuloidea_(super-famille_de_dipt%C3%A8res)" title="Tipuloidea (super-famille de diptères) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tipuloidea (super-famille de diptères)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tipuloidea" title="Tipuloidea – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tipuloidea" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA" title="טיפולות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טיפולות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbu_miguu-mirefu" title="Mbu miguu-mirefu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mbu miguu-mirefu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="طيثارينات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طيثارينات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalat_kekeria" title="Lalat kekeria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lalat kekeria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stankelbein" title="Stankelbein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stankelbein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harkrankar" title="Harkrankar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harkrankar" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Superfamily of flies</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other arthropods called "daddy longlegs", see <a href="/wiki/Daddy_longlegs_(disambiguation)#Life_forms" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Daddy longlegs (disambiguation)">Daddy longlegs § Life forms</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Crane fly<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">Middle Triassic – Present</span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:17.583076923077px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.22px; width:14.807692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:70.027692307692px; width:7.9470769230769px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:77.974769230769px; width:20.564923076923px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.539692307692px; width:20.294153846154px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.732307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:171.56615384615px; width:26.095384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.540307692308px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20184615385px; width:6.9249230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:136.50153846154px; width:83.498461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:136.50153846154px; width:83.498461538462px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:137.50153846154px; width:81.498461538462px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipulidae_April_2008-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tipulidae_April_2008-2.jpg/220px-Tipulidae_April_2008-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tipulidae_April_2008-2.jpg/330px-Tipulidae_April_2008-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Tipulidae_April_2008-2.jpg/440px-Tipulidae_April_2008-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2794" data-file-height="2028" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><i><a href="/wiki/Nephrotoma_appendiculata" title="Nephrotoma appendiculata">Nephrotoma appendiculata</a></i> (spotted crane fly) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Crane_Fly_Larva_(29146021264).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Crane_Fly_Larva_%2829146021264%29.jpg/220px-Crane_Fly_Larva_%2829146021264%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Crane_Fly_Larva_%2829146021264%29.jpg/330px-Crane_Fly_Larva_%2829146021264%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Crane_Fly_Larva_%2829146021264%29.jpg/440px-Crane_Fly_Larva_%2829146021264%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3178" data-file-height="2384" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Crane fly larva </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Tipuloidea" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Arthropod" title="Arthropod">Arthropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Insect" title="Insect">Insecta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fly" title="Fly">Diptera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Infraorder: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tipulomorpha" title="Tipulomorpha">Tipulomorpha</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tipuloidea</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_Latreille" title="Pierre André Latreille">Latreille</a>, 1802</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Families </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cylindrotomidae" title="Cylindrotomidae">Cylindrotomidae</a> <small>Kertész, 1902</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae</a> <small>Speiser, 1909</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pediciidae" title="Pediciidae">Pediciidae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipulidae" title="Tipulidae">Tipulidae</a> <small>Latreille, 1802</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p>A <b>crane fly</b> is any member of the <a href="/wiki/Dipteran" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipteran">dipteran</a> <a href="/wiki/Superfamily_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Superfamily (biology)">superfamily</a> <b>Tipuloidea</b>, which contains the living families <a href="/wiki/Cylindrotomidae" title="Cylindrotomidae">Cylindrotomidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pediciidae" title="Pediciidae">Pediciidae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tipulidae" title="Tipulidae">Tipulidae</a>, as well as several extinct families. "Winter crane flies", members of the family <a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceridae</a>, are sufficiently different from the typical crane flies of Tipuloidea to be excluded from the superfamily Tipuloidea, and are placed as their sister group within <a href="/wiki/Tipulomorpha" title="Tipulomorpha">Tipulomorpha</a>. </p><p>The classification of crane flies has been varied in the past, with some or all of these families treated as subfamilies,<sup id="cite_ref-Byers1981_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Byers1981-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the following classification is currently accepted.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2016_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolcsár2021_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolcsár2021-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oosterbroek2023_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oosterbroek2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2019_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2019-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bugguide_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bugguide-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Species counts are approximate, and vary over time.)<sup id="cite_ref-Oosterbroek2023_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oosterbroek2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Infraorder <a href="/wiki/Tipulomorpha" title="Tipulomorpha">Tipulomorpha</a></dt> <dd>Superfamily Tipuloidea (Typical Crane Flies) <dl><dd>Family <a href="/wiki/Cylindrotomidae" title="Cylindrotomidae">Cylindrotomidae</a> (Cylindrotomid or Long-Bodied Crane Flies, 67 species)</dd> <dd>Family <a href="/wiki/Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae</a> (Limoniid Crane Flies, 10,786 species, possibly <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>)</dd> <dd>Family <a href="/wiki/Pediciidae" title="Pediciidae">Pediciidae</a> (Hairy-eyed Crane Flies, 498 species)</dd> <dd>Family <a href="/wiki/Tipulidae" title="Tipulidae">Tipulidae</a> (Large Crane Flies, 4,351 species)</dd></dl></dd> <dd>Family <a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceridae</a> (Winter Crane Flies)</dd></dl> <p>In colloquial speech, crane flies are known as <b>mosquito hawks</b> or "<b>skeeter-eaters</b>", though they do not actually prey on adult <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a> or other insects.<sup id="cite_ref-delta_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also sometimes called "<b>daddy longlegs</b>",<sup id="cite_ref-delta_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a name which is also used for arachnids of the family <a href="/wiki/Pholcidae" title="Pholcidae">Pholcidae</a> and the order <a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">Opiliones</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets.<sup id="cite_ref-delta_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crane flies first appeared during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Triassic" title="Middle Triassic">Middle Triassic</a>, around 245 million years ago, making them one of the oldest known groups of flies,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Cosmopolitan_distribution" title="Cosmopolitan distribution">are found worldwide</a>, though individual species usually have limited ranges. They are most diverse in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a> but are also common in northern latitudes and high elevations.<sup id="cite_ref-pritch_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More than 15,500 species and over 500 <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genera</a> of crane flies have been described, the majority by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Paul_Alexander" title="Charles Paul Alexander">Charles Paul Alexander</a>, who published descriptions of 10,890 new species and subspecies, and 256 new genera and subgenera over a period of 71 years, from 1910 to 1981.<sup id="cite_ref-Oosterbroek2023_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oosterbroek2023-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oo_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crane_Fly_-_(Tipula).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Crane_Fly_-_%28Tipula%29.jpg/220px-Crane_Fly_-_%28Tipula%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Crane_Fly_-_%28Tipula%29.jpg/330px-Crane_Fly_-_%28Tipula%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Crane_Fly_-_%28Tipula%29.jpg/440px-Crane_Fly_-_%28Tipula%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>Head of a <i><a href="/wiki/Tipula" title="Tipula">Tipula</a></i> sp.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Summary">Summary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Summary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An adult crane fly, resembling an oversized male <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquito</a>, typically has a slender body and long, <a href="/wiki/Stilts" title="Stilts">stilt-like</a> legs that are deciduous, easily coming off the body.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen,_M.J._2010_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen,_M.J._2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2016_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like other insects, their wings are marked with wing interference patterns which vary among species, thus are useful for species identification.<sup id="cite_ref-Conrow2022_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conrow2022-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They occur in moist, temperate environments such as vegetation near lakes and streams.<sup id="cite_ref-Zhang2016_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2016-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They generally do not feed, but some species consume nectar, pollen and/or water.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodrigues2019_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodrigues2019-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wingspan" title="Wingspan">wingspan</a> is generally about <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.0 to 6.5 cm (<span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> to <span class="frac">2<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in), though some species of <i><a href="/wiki/Holorusia" title="Holorusia">Holorusia</a></i> can reach <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />11 cm (<span class="frac">4<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span> in).<sup id="cite_ref-scmp_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scmp-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> have up to 19 segments.<sup id="cite_ref-delta_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also characterized by a V-shaped suture or groove on the back of the <a href="/wiki/Thorax_(insect_anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thorax (insect anatomy)">thorax</a> (mesonotum) and by its wing venation.<sup id="cite_ref-pritch_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Rostrum_(anatomy)" title="Rostrum (anatomy)">rostrum</a> is long and in some species as long as the head and thorax together.<sup id="cite_ref-de_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larvae occur in various habitats including marshes, springs, decaying wood, moist soil, leaf litter, fungi, vertebrate nests and vegetation. They usually feed on decaying plant matter and microbes associated with this, but some species instead feed on living plants, fungi or other invertebrates.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen,_M.J._2010_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen,_M.J._2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formal">Formal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For terms, see <a href="/wiki/Morphology_of_Diptera" title="Morphology of Diptera">Morphology of Diptera</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crane_Fly_wing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crane_Fly_wing.jpg/150px-Crane_Fly_wing.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crane_Fly_wing.jpg/225px-Crane_Fly_wing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Crane_Fly_wing.jpg/300px-Crane_Fly_wing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a><figcaption>Wing of a crane fly</figcaption></figure> <p>Tipuloidea are medium to large-sized flies (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027" />7–35 mm, <span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>–<span class="frac">1<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> in) with elongated legs, wings, and abdomen. Their colour is yellow, brown or grey. <a href="/wiki/Ocelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocelli">Ocelli</a> are absent. The <i>rostrum</i> (a snout) is short to very short with a beak-like point called the <i>nasus</i> (rarely absent). The apical segment of the maxillary palpi is flagelliform (<a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">whip</a>-like) and much longer than the subapical segment. The antennae have 13 segments (exceptionally 14–19). These are whorled, serrate, or ctenidial (<a href="/wiki/Comb" title="Comb">comb</a>-like). There is a distinct V-shaped suture between the mesonotal <i>prescutum</i> and <i>scutum</i> (near the level of the wing bases). The wings are monochromatic, longitudinally striped or marbled. In females the wings are sometimes rudimentary. The sub-costal vein (Sc) joins through Sc2 with the radial vein, Sc1 is at most a short stump. There are four, rarely (when R2 is reduced) three branches of the radial vein merging into the alar margin. The discoidal wing cell is usually present. The wing has two anal veins. Sternite 9 of the male genitalia has, with few exceptions, two pairs of appendages. Sometimes appendages are also present on sternite 8. The female ovipositor has sclerotized valves and the cerci have a smooth or dentate lower margin. The valves are sometimes modified into thick bristles or short teeth. </p><p>The larva is elongated, usually cylindrical. The posterior two-thirds of the head capsule is enclosed or retracted within the prothoracic segment. The larva is metapneustic (with only one pair of <a href="/wiki/Spiracle_(arthropods)" title="Spiracle (arthropods)">spiracles</a>, these on the anal segment of the abdomen), but often with vestigial lateral spiracles (rarely apneustic). The head capsule is sclerotized anteriorly and deeply incised ventrally and often dorsolaterally. The mandibles are opposed and move in the horizontal or oblique plane. The abdominal segments have transverse creeping welts. The terminal segments of the abdomen are <a href="/wiki/Glabrousness_(entomology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glabrousness (entomology)">glabrous</a>, often partially sclerotized and bearing posterior spiracles. The spiracular disc is usually surrounded by lobe-like projections and anal papillae or lobes. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:608px;max-width:608px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipulidae_wing_veins-1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tipulidae_wing_veins-1.svg/300px-Tipulidae_wing_veins-1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tipulidae_wing_veins-1.svg/450px-Tipulidae_wing_veins-1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Tipulidae_wing_veins-1.svg/600px-Tipulidae_wing_veins-1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Tipulidae</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:302px;max-width:302px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipulidae_wing_veins-2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tipulidae_wing_veins-2.svg/300px-Tipulidae_wing_veins-2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tipulidae_wing_veins-2.svg/450px-Tipulidae_wing_veins-2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tipulidae_wing_veins-2.svg/600px-Tipulidae_wing_veins-2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Dolichopeza</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biology">Biology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Biology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:203px;max-width:203px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipulidae_crane_fly_mating.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tipulidae_crane_fly_mating.jpg/201px-Tipulidae_crane_fly_mating.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tipulidae_crane_fly_mating.jpg/302px-Tipulidae_crane_fly_mating.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tipulidae_crane_fly_mating.jpg/402px-Tipulidae_crane_fly_mating.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2292" data-file-height="1572" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A pair of crane flies (Tipulidae) mating</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:105px;max-width:105px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cranefly_molting_(3)_6june2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cranefly_molting_%283%29_6june2014.jpg/103px-Cranefly_molting_%283%29_6june2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="103" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cranefly_molting_%283%29_6june2014.jpg/155px-Cranefly_molting_%283%29_6june2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Cranefly_molting_%283%29_6june2014.jpg/206px-Cranefly_molting_%283%29_6june2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1472" data-file-height="1968" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Crane fly exiting pupa</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm/220px-seek%3D45-Cranefles_mating.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="184" data-mwtitle="Cranefles_mating.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Cranefles_mating.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm/Cranefles_mating.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm/Cranefles_mating.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm/Cranefles_mating.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm/Cranefles_mating.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm/Cranefles_mating.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm/Cranefles_mating.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4a/Cranefles_mating.webm/Cranefles_mating.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Mating craneflies<span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>— the light brown one with bipectinate <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Antenna (biology)">antennae</a> is male</figcaption></figure> <p>Adults have a lifespan of 10 to 15 days.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The adult female usually contains mature eggs as she emerges from her <a href="/wiki/Pupa" title="Pupa">pupa</a>, and often mates immediately if a male is available. Males also search for females by walking or flying. Copulation takes a few minutes to hours and may be accomplished in flight. The female immediately <a href="/wiki/Ovipositor" title="Ovipositor">oviposits</a>, usually in wet soil or mats of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a>. Some lay eggs on the surface of a water body or in dry soils, and some reportedly simply drop them in flight. Most crane fly eggs are black in color. They often have a filament, which may help anchor the egg in wet or aquatic environments.<sup id="cite_ref-oo_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crane fly larvae (leatherjackets) have been observed in many habitat types on dry land and in water,<sup id="cite_ref-oo_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">marine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brackish" class="mw-redirect" title="Brackish">brackish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are cylindrical in shape, but taper toward the front end, and the head capsule is often retracted into the thorax. The abdomen may be smooth, lined with hairs, or studded with projections or welt-like spots. Projections may occur around the spiracles.<sup id="cite_ref-de_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larvae may eat algae, microflora, and living or decomposing plant matter, including wood. Some are predatory.<sup id="cite_ref-pritch_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pritch-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-oo_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecology">Ecology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ecology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_collection_of_crane_flies_hanging_from_their_nest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_collection_of_crane_flies_hanging_from_their_nest.jpg/220px-A_collection_of_crane_flies_hanging_from_their_nest.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_collection_of_crane_flies_hanging_from_their_nest.jpg/330px-A_collection_of_crane_flies_hanging_from_their_nest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/A_collection_of_crane_flies_hanging_from_their_nest.jpg/440px-A_collection_of_crane_flies_hanging_from_their_nest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>A collection of crane flies</figcaption></figure> <p>Larval habitats include all kinds of freshwater, semiaquatic environments. Some Tipuloidea, including <i>Dolichopeza</i>, are found in moist to wet cushions of mosses or liverworts. <i>Ctenophora</i> species are found in decaying wood or sodden logs. <i>Nephrotoma</i> and <i>Tipula</i> larvae are found in dry soils of pasturelands, lawns, and steppe. Tipuloidea larvae are also found in rich organic earth and mud, in wet spots in woods where the humus is saturated, in <a href="/wiki/Leaf_litter" class="mw-redirect" title="Leaf litter">leaf litter</a> or mud, decaying plant materials, or fruits in various stages of putrefaction. </p><p>Larvae can be important in the soil ecosystem, because they process organic material and increase microbial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-oo_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oo-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Larvae and adults are also valuable prey items for many animals, including insects, <a href="/wiki/Spider" title="Spider">spiders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">amphibians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-de_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-de-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adult crane flies may be used for transport by aquatic species of the <a href="/wiki/Mite" title="Mite">mite</a> family <a href="/wiki/Ascidae" title="Ascidae">Ascidae</a>. This is known as <a href="/wiki/Phoresis" title="Phoresis">phoresis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pest_status">Pest status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pest status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipulidae_Luc_Viatour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tipulidae_Luc_Viatour.jpg/220px-Tipulidae_Luc_Viatour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tipulidae_Luc_Viatour.jpg/330px-Tipulidae_Luc_Viatour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Tipulidae_Luc_Viatour.jpg/440px-Tipulidae_Luc_Viatour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>The thorax of a crane fly</figcaption></figure> <p>Some members of the tipulid genus <i><a href="/wiki/Tipula" title="Tipula">Tipula</a></i>, such as the European crane fly, <i><a href="/wiki/Tipula_paludosa" title="Tipula paludosa">Tipula paludosa</a></i> and the marsh crane fly <i><a href="/wiki/Tipula_oleracea" title="Tipula oleracea">T. oleracea</a></i> are agricultural pests in Europe. The larvae of these species live in the top layers of soil where they feed on the <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fine_root" title="Fine root">root hairs</a>, crown, and sometimes the leaves of crops, stunting their growth or killing the plants. They are pests on a variety of commodities. Since the late 1900s, <i>T. paludosa</i> and <i>T. oleracea</i> have become <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The larvae have been observed on many crops, including vegetables, fruits, cereals, pasture, lawn grasses, and <a href="/wiki/Ornamental_plant" title="Ornamental plant">ornamental plants</a>. </p><p>In 1935, <a href="/wiki/Lord%27s_Cricket_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord's Cricket Ground">Lord's Cricket Ground</a> in London was among venues affected by leatherjackets. Several thousand were collected by ground staff and burned, because they caused bald patches on the <a href="/wiki/Cricket_pitch" title="Cricket pitch">pitch</a> and the pitch took unaccustomed spin for much of the season.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phylogenetics">Phylogenetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Phylogenetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tipulidae_large_antennas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tipulidae_large_antennas.jpg/220px-Tipulidae_large_antennas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tipulidae_large_antennas.jpg/330px-Tipulidae_large_antennas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Tipulidae_large_antennas.jpg/440px-Tipulidae_large_antennas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2169" data-file-height="2415" /></a><figcaption>Tipulidae with large antennae</figcaption></figure> <p>The phylogenetic position of the Tipuloidea remains uncertain. The classical viewpoint that they are an early branch of Diptera<sup id="cite_ref-Rohdendorf1974_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rohdendorf1974-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Savchenko1966_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savchenko1966-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—perhaps (with the <a href="/wiki/Trichoceridae" title="Trichoceridae">Trichoceridae</a>) the <a href="/wiki/Cladistics" title="Cladistics">sister group</a> of all other Diptera—is giving way to modern views that they are more highly derived.<sup id="cite_ref-anic_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anic-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is thanks to evidence from molecular studies, which is consistent with the more <a href="/wiki/Synapomorphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Synapomorphy">derived</a> larval characters similar to those of 'higher' Diptera.<sup id="cite_ref-Gullan2014_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gullan2014-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Pediciidae" title="Pediciidae">Pediciidae</a> and Tipulidae are sister groups (the "limoniids" are a paraphyletic <a href="/wiki/Clade" title="Clade">clade</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen,_M.J._2010_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen,_M.J._2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Specifically, <a href="/wiki/Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae</a> has recently been treated by numerous authors at the rank of family, but subsequent <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phylogenetic">phylogenetic</a> analyses revealed that the remaining groups of tipulids render the group <a href="/wiki/Paraphyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paraphyletic">paraphyletic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Petersen,_M.J._2010_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersen,_M.J._2010-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Cylindrotomidae" title="Cylindrotomidae">Cylindrotomidae</a> appear to be a relict group that was much better represented in the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary" title="Tertiary">Tertiary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hennig1950_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hennig1950-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tipulidae probably evolved from ancestors in the Upper <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a>, the Architipulidae, and representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Limoniidae" title="Limoniidae">Limoniidae</a> are known from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Triassic">Upper Triassic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Common_names">Common names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Common names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous common names have been applied to the crane fly. Many of the names are more or less regional in the U.S., including mosquito hawk, mosquito eater, gallinipper, and gollywhopper.<sup id="cite_ref-DARE_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DARE-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also known as "daddy longlegs" in English-speaking countries outside the U.S.,<sup id="cite_ref-delta_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> not to be confused with the U.S. usages of "daddy long legs" that refer to either <a href="/wiki/Arachnid" title="Arachnid">arachnids</a> of the order <a href="/wiki/Opiliones" title="Opiliones">Opiliones</a> or the family <a href="/wiki/Pholcidae" title="Pholcidae">Pholcidae</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a> of crane flies are known commonly as leatherjackets.<sup id="cite_ref-delta_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-delta-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They are also known as <i>Jenny long legs</i> in Scotland.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_22_Sept_2021_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_22_Sept_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Ireland, they are generally called 'daddy long legs' in English, whereas in <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> they are commonly known as <i>Pilib an Gheataire</i>, which means Skinny Philip.<sup id="cite_ref-Guardian_22_Sept_2021_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guardian_22_Sept_2021-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Misconceptions">Misconceptions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Misconceptions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an enduring <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">urban legend</a> that crane flies are the most venomous insects in the world; however, they have neither venom nor the ability to bite.<sup id="cite_ref-newsround_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newsround-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The myth probably arose due to their being confused with the <a href="/wiki/Cellar_spider" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellar spider">cellar spider</a> as they are also informally called "daddy longlegs", and although the arachnid <a href="/wiki/Pholcidae#Misconceptions" title="Pholcidae">does possess venom</a>, it is not especially potent.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite widely held beliefs that adult crane flies (or "mosquito hawks") prey on mosquito populations, the adult crane fly is anatomically incapable of killing or consuming other insects.<sup id="cite_ref-ET_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ET-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the adults of some species may feed on nectar, the adults of many species have such short lifespans that they do not eat at all.<sup id="cite_ref-DepartmentOfEntomology_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DepartmentOfEntomology-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tipularia_discolor" title="Tipularia discolor">Tipularia discolor</a></i>, the crane fly orchid</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Byers1981-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Byers1981_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander C.P., Byers G.W. (1981) Tipulidae. in: McAlpine J.F. et al. (Ed.), <i>Manual of Nearctic Diptera</i>. Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, pp. 153–1902 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-10731-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-10731-7">0-660-10731-7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmono.php">pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131201030220/http://www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmono.php">Archived</a> 2013-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zhang2016-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2016_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2016_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Zhang2016_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangKangMaoLi2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang, Xiao; 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Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20511-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-20511-6"><bdi>978-0-674-20511-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+American+Regional+English&rft.pub=Belknap+Press+of+Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-674-20511-6&rft.aulast=Cassidy&rft.aufirst=Frederic+Gomes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtRICoQEACAAJ%26q%3Ddictionary%2Bof%2Bamerican%2Bregional%2Benglish&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrane+fly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian_22_Sept_2021-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_22_Sept_2021_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian_22_Sept_2021_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHelena_Horton2021" class="citation web cs1">Helena Horton (2021-09-22). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/22/is-the-uk-really-seeing-a-record-daddy-long-legs-invasion">"Is the UK really seeing a record daddy long legs invasion?"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Is+the+UK+really+seeing+a+record+daddy+long+legs+invasion%3F&rft.date=2021-09-22&rft.au=Helena+Horton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fenvironment%2F2021%2Fsep%2F22%2Fis-the-uk-really-seeing-a-record-daddy-long-legs-invasion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrane+fly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teanglann.ie/en/fgb/Crane-fly">"Foclóir Gaeilge–Béarla (Ó Dónaill): Crane-fly"</a>. <i>www.teanglann.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Could+record+200+billion+daddy-long-legs+hit+UK%3F+-+CBBC+Newsround&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnewsround%2F37308044&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrane+fly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan2013" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Nicky (2013-10-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournal.ie/daddy-long-legs-longlegs-poison-venom-world-1137769-Oct2013/">"Debunked: Are Daddy Longlegs the most poisonous spiders in the world?"</a>. <i>TheJournal.ie</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheJournal.ie&rft.atitle=Debunked%3A+Are+Daddy+Longlegs+the+most+poisonous+spiders+in+the+world%3F&rft.date=2013-10-20&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Nicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournal.ie%2Fdaddy-long-legs-longlegs-poison-venom-world-1137769-Oct2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrane+fly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ET-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ET_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMertz2015" class="citation web cs1">Mertz, Leslie (August 17, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://entomologytoday.org/2015/08/17/mosquito-hawk-skeeter-eater-giant-mosquito-no-no-and-no/">"Mosquito Hawk? Skeeter Eater? Giant Mosquito? No, No, and No"</a>. <i>Entomology Today</i>. <a href="/wiki/Entomological_Society_of_America" title="Entomological Society of America">Entomological Society of America</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Entomology+Today&rft.atitle=Mosquito+Hawk%3F+Skeeter+Eater%3F+Giant+Mosquito%3F+No%2C+No%2C+and+No&rft.date=2015-08-17&rft.aulast=Mertz&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fentomologytoday.org%2F2015%2F08%2F17%2Fmosquito-hawk-skeeter-eater-giant-mosquito-no-no-and-no%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrane+fly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DepartmentOfEntomology-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DepartmentOfEntomology_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBlake_Newton" class="citation web cs1">Blake Newton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.uky.edu/Ag/CritterFiles/casefile/insects/flies/craneflies/craneflies.htm">"Crane Flies of Kentucky – University of Kentucky Entomology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Crane+Flies+of+Kentucky+%E2%80%93+University+of+Kentucky+Entomology&rft.au=Blake+Newton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uky.edu%2FAg%2FCritterFiles%2Fcasefile%2Finsects%2Fflies%2Fcraneflies%2Fcraneflies.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrane+fly" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Identification</dt></dl> <ul><li>R. L. Coe, Paul Freeman & P. F. Mattingly Nematocera: families Tipulidae to Chironomidae (Tipulidae). <i><a href="/wiki/Royal_Entomological_Society_Handbooks" title="Royal Entomological Society Handbooks">Handbooks for the Identification of British Insects</a></i> Vol 9 Part 2 i. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140209094357/http://www.royensoc.co.uk/content/out-print-handbooks">pdf</a></li> <li>J.F. McAlpine, B.V. Petersen, G.E. Shewell, H.J. Teskey, J.R. Vockeroth, D.M. Wood. Eds. 1987 Manual of Nearctic Diptera Volume 1 Research Branch Agriculture Canada, 1987 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131201030220/http://www.esc-sec.ca/aafcmono.php">pdf</a> key to Nearctic genera</li> <li>Pierre C.,1924, Diptères: Tipulidae <i>Faune de France</i> n° 8 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014031511/http://www.faunedefrance.org/BibliothequeVirtuelleNumerique">Bibliotheque Virtuelle Numerique</a> Out of date but online at no cost. In French.</li> <li>E. N. Savchenko Family Tipulidae in <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Bey-Bienko" title="Grigory Bey-Bienko">Bei-Bienko, G. Ya</a>, 1988 <i>Keys to the insects of the European Part of the USSR</i> Volume 5 (Diptera) Part 2 English edition. Keys to Palaearctic species but now needs revision.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/crane_fly" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:crane fly">crane fly</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tipulidae" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tipulidae">Tipulidae</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tipulidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tipulidae">Tipulidae</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040207133629/http://ohioline.osu.edu/hyg-fact/2000/2129.html">Ohioline.osu.edu</a>, Ohio State University Fact Sheet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eol.org/pages/514/media">Family Tipulidae at EOL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.invertebratezoology.org/CraneFly2/default.asp?uid=Guest">IZ.carnegiemnh.org</a>, Crane Flies of Pennsylvania, Extensive Specimen Collection, Carnegie Museum of Natural History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccw.naturalis.nl/">https://ccw.naturalis.nl/</a>, Catalog of Craneflies of the World</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diptera.info/photogallery.php?album_id=54">Diptera.info</a>, Image Gallery</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bugguide.net/node/view/183/bgimage">BugGuide.net</a>, photo gallery, many species</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://texasinsects.tamu.edu/crane-fly/">Crane Fly</a>, Field Guide to Common Texas Insects</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nature.mdc.mo.gov/discover-nature/field-guide/crane-fly-larvae#:~:text=The%20aquatic%20larvae%20often%20eat,other%20insects%2C%20including%20mosquito%20larvae.&text=Like%20mayflies%2C%20the%20winged%20adult,time%20mating%20and%20laying%20eggs.">"CRANE FLY LARVAE"</a>. <i>Missouri Department of Conservation</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Missouri+Department+of+Conservation&rft.atitle=CRANE+FLY+LARVAE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnature.mdc.mo.gov%2Fdiscover-nature%2Ffield-guide%2Fcrane-fly-larvae%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520aquatic%2520larvae%2520often%2520eat%2Cother%2520insects%252C%2520including%2520mosquito%2520larvae.%26text%3DLike%2520mayflies%252C%2520the%2520winged%2520adult%2Ctime%2520mating%2520and%2520laying%2520eggs.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACrane+fly" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Species_lists">Species lists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Species lists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051223135348/http://www.faunaeur.org/full_results.php?id=11636">West Palaearctic including Russia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbs.bishopmuseum.org/aocat/Tipulidae.html">Australasian/Oceanian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nearctica.com/nomina/main.htm">Nearctic</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190527005729/http://konchudb.agr.agr.kyushu-u.ac.jp/mokuroku/">Japan</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers2146" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers2146" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Tipuloidea</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1228564" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q1228564">Q1228564</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Tipuloidea" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Tipuloidea">Tipuloidea</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">BioLib: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biolib.cz/en/taxon/id17384">17384</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:11632">11632</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/35406909-092f-4f67-85d8-3dec59914502">35406909-092f-4f67-85d8-3dec59914502</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4789092">4789092</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/51226">51226</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=118833">118833</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://species.nbnatlas.org/species/NBNSYS0100017067">NBNSYS0100017067</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=41829">41829</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/424ab564-5537-4a77-b575-fea32fa5db83">424ab564-5537-4a77-b575-fea32fa5db83</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=212239">212239</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&oldid=1262186014">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crane_fly&oldid=1262186014</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tipuloidea" 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