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<span>Types of mass communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_of_mass_communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types of mass communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_of_mass_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Advertising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advertising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Advertising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advertising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Journalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Journalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Public relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Audio_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Audio_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Audio media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Audio_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recorded_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recorded_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Recorded music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recorded_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Radio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Convergence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convergence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Convergence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convergence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Integrated communication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Film</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History_of_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.1</span> <span>History of photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_photography_industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_photography_industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9.2</span> <span>Contemporary photography industry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_photography_industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interactive_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interactive_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Interactive media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interactive_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.1</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_in_interactive_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_in_interactive_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10.2</span> <span>Ethics in interactive media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics_in_interactive_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-eBooks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#eBooks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.11</span> <span>eBooks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-eBooks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Majority_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Majority_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Majority theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Majority_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues_and_complications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues_and_complications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Issues and complications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues_and_complications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues and complications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues_and_complications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Attention_span" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attention_span"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Attention span</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attention_span-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mean_world_syndrome" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mean_world_syndrome"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Mean world syndrome</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mean_world_syndrome-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mass_communications_and_health_of_public" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mass_communications_and_health_of_public"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Mass communications and health of public</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mass_communications_and_health_of_public-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_study" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_study"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Methods of study</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_study-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Professional organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mass communication</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="اتصال جماهيري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اتصال جماهيري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97" title="গণযোগাযোগ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গণযোগাযোগ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Масова комуникация – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Масова комуникация" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3_de_masses" title="Comunicació de masses – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Comunicació de masses" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masov%C3%A1_komunikace" title="Masová komunikace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Masová komunikace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massenkommunikation" title="Massenkommunikation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Massenkommunikation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massikommunikatsioon" title="Massikommunikatsioon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Massikommunikatsioon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B7_%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="ارتباط جمعی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ارتباط جمعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communication_de_masse" title="Communication de masse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Communication de masse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunicaci%C3%B3n_de_masas" title="Comunicación de masas – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Comunicación de masas" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EC%A4%91_%EC%A0%84%EB%8B%AC" title="대중 전달 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대중 전달" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D6%81%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Զանգվածային հաղորդակցություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Զանգվածային հաղորդակցություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="जनसंचार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जनसंचार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amas-komunikado" title="Amas-komunikado – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Amas-komunikado" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_massa" title="Komunikasi massa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Komunikasi massa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Массалык коммуникация – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Массалык коммуникация" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla%C5%A1sazi%C5%86a" title="Plašsaziņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Plašsaziņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacommunicatie" title="Massacommunicatie – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Massacommunicatie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6megkommunik%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Tömegkommunikáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tömegkommunikáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A8" title="मास कम्युनिकेशन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मास कम्युनिकेशन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_massa" title="Komunikasi massa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Komunikasi massa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikasi_massa" title="Komunikasi massa – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Komunikasi massa" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B0" title="Олон түмний харилцаа – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Олон түмний харилцаа" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massacommunicatie" title="Massacommunicatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Massacommunicatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="आम सञ्चार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="आम सञ्चार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E3%83%9F%E3%83%A5%E3%83%8B%E3%82%B1%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3" title="マスコミュニケーション – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マスコミュニケーション" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massekommunikasjon" title="Massekommunikasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Massekommunikasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%84%D9%87_%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%90_%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90" title="ډله ییزې اړیکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډله ییزې اړیکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comunica%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_massa" title="Comunicação de massa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Comunicação de massa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Массовые коммуникации – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Массовые коммуникации" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunikimi_masiv" title="Komunikimi masiv – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Komunikimi masiv" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masov%C3%A1_komunik%C3%A1cia" title="Masová komunikácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Masová komunikácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Масовне комуникације – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Масовне комуникације" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masskommunikation" title="Masskommunikation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Masskommunikation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangmadlang_komunikasyon" title="Pangmadlang komunikasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pangmadlang komunikasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="மக்கள் தகவல் தொடர்பியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மக்கள் தகவல் தொடர்பியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99" title="การสื่อสารมวลชน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การสื่อสารมวลชน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Mass media information exchange</div> <p><b>Mass communication</b> is the process of imparting and exchanging <a href="/wiki/Information" title="Information">information</a> through <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass media</a> to large population segments. It utilizes various forms of media as technology has made the dissemination of information more efficient. Primary examples of platforms utilized and examined include <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>. Mass communication, unlike <a href="/wiki/Interpersonal_communication" title="Interpersonal communication">interpersonal communication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">organizational communication</a>, focuses on particular resources transmitting information to numerous receivers. The study of mass communication is chiefly concerned with how the content and information that is being mass communicated persuades or affects the <a href="/wiki/Behavior" title="Behavior">behavior</a>, <a href="/wiki/Attitude_(psychology)" title="Attitude (psychology)">attitude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opinion" title="Opinion">opinion</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Emotion" title="Emotion">emotion</a> of people receiving the information. </p><p>Narrowly, mass communication is the transmission of messages to many recipients at a time. However, mass communication can be broadly understood as the process of extensive circulation of information within regions and across the globe. </p><p>Through mass communication, information can be transmitted quickly to many people who do not necessarily live near the source. Mass communication is practiced through various channels known as mediums, which include <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Social networking">social networking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billboards" class="mw-redirect" title="Billboards">billboards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers">newspapers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magazines" class="mw-redirect" title="Magazines">magazines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Books">books</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. In this modern era, mass communication is used to disperse information at an accelerated rate, often regarding politics and other polarizing topics. There are major connections between the media that is consumed through mass communication and our culture, which contributes to polarization and dividing people based on consequential issues.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mass communication is a one way communication process </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Field_of_study">Field of study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Field of study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Study"></span><span class="anchor" id="Field"></span><span class="anchor" id="Field_of_study"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Agenda-setting_theory#Model" title="Agenda-setting theory">Models of studying mass communication agenda setting</a></div> <p>In social science, mass communication is related to <a href="/wiki/Communication_studies" title="Communication studies">communication studies</a>, but has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>. Mass communication is "the process by which a person, group of people or organization creates a message and transmits it through some type of medium to a large, anonymous, heterogeneous audience."<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This implies that the audience of mass communication is mostly made up of different cultures and behavior and <a href="/wiki/Belief_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Belief system">belief systems</a>. Mass communication is commonly associated with <a href="/wiki/History_of_media_studies" title="History of media studies">media studies.</a> </p><p>In the United States, the study of mass communication is often associated with the practical applications of <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">public relations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corporate" class="mw-redirect" title="Corporate">corporate</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a>. With the diversification of media forms, the study of mass communication has extended to include <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">new media</a>, which both have stronger <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> models than traditional media sources.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/History_of_communication" title="History of communication">history of communication</a> stretches from prehistoric forms of art and writing to modern communication methods such as the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. Mass communication began when humans could transmit messages from a single source to multiple receivers. Mass communication has moved from theories including the <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle_model" title="Hypodermic needle model">hypodermic needle model</a> (or magic bullet theory) to more modern theories such as <a href="/wiki/Computer-mediated_communication" title="Computer-mediated communication">computer-mediated communication</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_mass_communication">Types of mass communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Types of mass communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advertising">Advertising</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advertising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">Advertising</a></div> <p>Advertising, in relation to mass communication, is marketing a product or service in a persuasive manner that encourages the audience to buy the product or use the service. Because advertising generally takes place through some form of mass media, such as television, studying the effects and methods of advertising is relevant to the study of mass communication. Advertising is the paid, impersonal, one-way marketing of persuasive information from a sponsor. Through mass communication channels, the sponsor promotes the adoption of products or ideas. Advertisers have full control of the message being sent to their audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_What_is_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_What_is-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Self-published_sources" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (August 2021)">self-published source?</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Advertising includes the use of paid, earned, or owned media. Paid media is directly through advertising and various business sponsorship campaigns. Earned media occurs through word of mouth and online social media posts or trends. Owned media includes brand websites and other owned content by the business producing the product.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journalism">Journalism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">Journalism</a></div><p>Journalism is the production and distribution of <a href="/wiki/Report" title="Report">reports</a> on events for presentation through the media. The study of journalism involves analyzing the dissemination of information to the public through media outlets such as newspapers, news channels, <a href="/wiki/Radio_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio station">radio stations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television stations</a>. </p><p>Alternative journalism deviates from established or dominant types of media in terms of their content, production, or distribution. Alternative journalism utilizes the same media outlets as mainstream <a href="/wiki/Journalism" title="Journalism">journalism</a> to advocate the interests of those excluded from the mainstream. </p><p>Civic journalism (also known as "public journalism") is the idea of integrating journalism into the democratic process. The media not only informs the public but it also works toward engaging citizens and creating public debate. </p><p>Citizen journalism is based upon public citizens actively producing news and information. <a href="/wiki/Citizen_journalism" title="Citizen journalism">Citizen journalism</a> deals with the distribution of news by the public, often through the Internet or social media. A 2014 study revealed that 40% of participants rely on social media for news and for collecting information.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_relations">Public relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Public relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></div><p>Public relations is the strategic communication process of providing information to the public in order to present a specific view of a product or <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Public_Relations_Society_of_America" title="Public Relations Society of America">Public Relations Society of America</a>, public relations is about influencing and building a relationship between an organization and its viewers across various media platforms.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Public relations differs from advertising in that it is less obtrusive and is aimed at providing a more comprehensive opinion to a large audience in order to shape <a href="/wiki/Public_opinion" title="Public opinion">public opinion</a>. Unlike advertising, public relations professionals only have control until the message is relayed to media gatekeepers, who decide where to pass the information on to the audience.<sup id="cite_ref-Curtis_What_is_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Curtis_What_is-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a>, in its modern use, refers to platforms used on both mobile devices and home computers that allow users to interact through the use of words, images, sounds, and video. Social media includes popular sites such as <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/TikTok" title="TikTok">TikTok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a> as well as sites that can aid in business networking, such as <a href="/wiki/LinkedIn" title="LinkedIn">LinkedIn</a>. The use and importance of social media in communications and public relations has grown drastically over the years and is now a staple in advertisements to mass audiences. For many newer companies and businesses geared towards young people, social media is a tool for advertising purposes and for growing brands. Social media provides additional ways to connect and reach out to a specific, targeted audience. </p><p>Social media platforms have completely changed the way people communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-Perloff_2014_pp._531–556_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perloff_2014_pp._531–556-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the past twenty years, social media has drastically changed with TikTok and Instagram joining Facebook and Twitter as some of the leading global social media platforms. With more platforms targeting younger generations, audiences are growing. TikTok alone announced that it has over 1 billion active global users and receives over 18 million views; this number has been growing exponentially every year.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With content reaching more audiences than ever, brands, companies, and individuals are able to communicate with millions of people all at once. </p><p>Social media have introduced new difficulties into relationships. One way this has occurred is through <a href="/wiki/Catfishing" title="Catfishing">catfishing</a>. The term catfish refers to a person who uses a false online profile on a social media platform. Most commonly, a catfish communicates with another online profile to get them to fall in love with the false persona they created. The MTV reality show <a href="/wiki/Catfish:_The_TV_Show" title="Catfish: The TV Show">Catfish: The TV Show</a> has brought mainstream attention to this issue. The goal of these episodes is to keep track of people who have fallen in love with someone they interacted with online but who have never met in person. As catfishing has become a mainstream term, people have begun to wonder how and why it continues to happen. <a href="/wiki/Nev_Schulman" title="Nev Schulman">Nev Schulman</a>, host of the show, has said, "I think people will always be looking to fall in love. People will always hope for things to get better. For better or worse, there will always be people who may or may not look to take advantage of that." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Audio_media">Audio media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Audio media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Recorded_music">Recorded music</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Recorded music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Recordings, developed in the 1870s, became the first non-print form of mass communication. The invention of the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">phonograph</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a> in the late 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Graphophone" title="Graphophone">graphophone</a> by <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Tainter</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Phonograph" title="Phonograph">gramophone</a> by The <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor Talking Machine Company</a> were the first competing mass media forms that brought recorded music to the masses. Recording changed once again in the 1950s with the invention of the LP (long play) vinyl record, followed eight track-tapes, then vinyl, and finally cassettes in 1965. Compact discs (CDs) followed and were seen as the biggest invention in recorded arts since Thomas Edison. Nowadays, recorded music is usually listened to using streaming platforms such as <a href="/wiki/Apple_Music" title="Apple Music">Apple Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/YouTube_Music" title="YouTube Music">YouTube Music</a>, <a href="/wiki/SoundCloud" title="SoundCloud">Soundcloud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a>, which are becoming the primary sources of music recordings. Even with the progression into digital music, vinyl and cassettes remain popular physical forms of music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Radio">Radio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Radio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio is considered the most widely accessible form of mass communication in the world and the medium used to the greatest degree in the United States. <a href="/wiki/Internet_radio" title="Internet radio">Internet radio</a> has now become increasingly more popular as radio stations are streaming content through their websites and other applications. Music streaming services such as Apple Music and Spotify have also integrated radio features into their platforms. Spotify Radio is a feature that allows Spotify to continuously create a playlist for its users with tracks and podcast segments based on any artist or playlist they wish. </p><p><b>Podcasts</b> </p><p>A podcast is an audio file that is recorded and digitally uploaded to an online platform in order to be downloaded and listened to by the general public. Podcasting, as a form of mass communication, has steadily rose in popularity over the past few years. From 2014 to 2019, podcasts have doubled in listeners and podcasting itself has grown by 122%.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following trends in radio and recorded music, podcasts are available to stream on numerous online platforms such as Spotify, Youtube, and Apple Music. Some podcasts are recorded in front of a live audience and then uploaded, enabling the public to listen to their favorite podcast hosts live. With the introduction of podcasts in the 2000s, people can now share niche interests, news, and conversations to a larger audience than was possible using traditional radio. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convergence">Convergence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Convergence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Convergence refers to the coming together of telecommunications as forms of mass communication in a digital media environment. There is no clear definition of convergence and its effects; however, it can be viewed through three lenses: <a href="/wiki/Technological_convergence" title="Technological convergence">technological convergence</a>, cultural convergence, and economic convergence.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Technological convergence is the action of two or more media companies merging in a digital platform and can lead to companies developing new commodities or becoming part of new sectors and/or economies.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural convergence deals with the blending of different beliefs, values, and traditions between groups of people and may occur through the globalization of content. <i>Sex and the City</i>, an American television show set in New York City, was viewed internationally and became popular among female workers in Thailand.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A study conducted on the consumption of YouTube by the Information Technology Department and Sociology Department at Cornell University concluded that cultural convergence occurs more frequently in advanced cosmopolitan areas.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_communication">Integrated communication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Integrated communication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Integrated communication refers to the process of bringing together several types of mass communication to function across the mediascape. Integrated communication unifies all mass communication elements, such as social media, public relations, and advertising. This ensures that the ways in which a company communicates follow the company's business goals and remain consistent across all media channels. This brings value to brand loyalty and to maintaining brand identity.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Film">Film</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">Film</a></div> <p>The film industry began with the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Kinetoscope" title="Kinetoscope">kinetoscope</a> by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>. His failure to patent it resulted in two brothers, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Louis Lumière">Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste Lumière">Auguste Lumiere</a>, creating a portable <a href="/wiki/Camera" title="Camera">camera</a> that could process film and project images.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first public kinetoscope demonstration took place in 1893. By 1894, the Kinetoscope had become a commercial success, with public parlours established around the world. The invention quickly gained notoriety when the Lumiere brothers debuted a series of 60-second clips screened outdoors to a Parisian audience. Despite the ever-growing popularity of moving images, the Lumiere brothers did not seek to revolutionize the style of the film but instead stuck to documenting daily life in <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. This set the grounds for future film revolutionaries, including <a href="/wiki/Georges_M%C3%A9li%C3%A8s" title="Georges Méliès">Georges Méliès</a>, who sought to create narrative sequences in his films through the use of special effects.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first 30 years of cinema were characterized by the growth and consolidation of an industrial base, the establishment of the narrative form, and refinement of the technology. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">Television</a></div> <p>In the 1970s, television began to change to include more complicated and three-dimensional characters and plots. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> launched in 1970, becoming the home for programming that would not be suitable for network television. It operates primarily on donations, with little government funding, rather than having commercials. On January 12, 1971, the sitcom <i><a href="/wiki/All_in_the_Family" title="All in the Family">All in the Family</a></i> premiered on <a href="/wiki/CBS" title="CBS">CBS</a>, covering the issues of the time and portraying a bigot named <a href="/wiki/Archie_Bunker" title="Archie Bunker">Archie Bunker</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1972, the sales of color television sets surpassed that of black-and-white sets. In the 1980s, television became geared towards what has become known as the <a href="/wiki/MTV" title="MTV">MTV</a> Generation, with a surge in the number of cable channels.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of all the mass media today, television attracts the largest number of viewers. Its audience is greater in size than that of any other media audience. Since television is able to attract the audiences of all age groups, literate and illiterate and of all strata of society, it has attracted an enormous audience. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography">Photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">Photography</a></div> <p>Photography plays a role in the field of technology and mass communication by demonstrating facts or reinforcing ideas. Although photos can be altered digitally, it is still considered<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag may use weasel words or too-vague attribution. (December 2018)">by whom?</span></a></i>]</sup> as proof to expose and communicate.<sup id="cite_ref-:03_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:03-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Photography establishes the basic roles: recording great historic events, documenting sociological and journalistic researches, and dynamically influencing the mobilization of public opinion toward social and legislative reforms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="History_of_photography">History of photography</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: History of photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Camera_obscura" title="Camera obscura">Camera obscura</a> was one of the first techniques that led to creating photos. It could create an image on a wall or piece of paper. <a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_Ni%C3%A9pce" title="Nicéphore Niépce">Joseph Niepce</a> was the French inventor who took the first photo in 1827; the photo required 8 hours of exposure. In 1839, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Daguerre" title="Louis Daguerre">Louis Daguerre</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>, which reduced exposure time to about thirty minutes. Over time, photography techniques progressed, including the advancement of image quality, the ability to add color to an image, and reductions in exposure time. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Contemporary_photography_industry">Contemporary photography industry</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary photography industry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modern industry has dramatically changed with the development of digital photography as phones and digital cameras have made film-based cameras a niche product. <a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Kodak</a> discontinued making a color film in 1999 and declared bankruptcy in 2012. Other companies, such as <a href="/wiki/Fujifilm" title="Fujifilm">Fujifilm</a>, have adapted, despite a downturn in sales.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interactive_media">Interactive media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interactive media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_games">Video games</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_video_game_genres" title="List of video game genres">List of video game genres</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a> genres are classifications assigned to video games based on their game play rather than visual or storytelling differences. A video game genre is defined by a set of game play challenges; genres are classified independently of when and where the game takes place. Video games have massed a huge audience, with the industry grossing over 90 billion dollars in 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only are videos games a channel for mass communication but also the online platforms used in part with the game. Streamers can now go online and broadcast their games on <a href="/wiki/Twitch_(service)" title="Twitch (service)">Twitch</a> and Youtube, allowing players to reach over 140 million users.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethics_in_interactive_media">Ethics in interactive media</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethics in interactive media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interactive media is a form of communication technique that refers to services on digital computer-based systems. This requires two or more parties who respond to each other through text, moving images, animation, video, audio, and video games.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ethics in interactive media mainly focus on violence in video games in addition to advertising being influenced in different ways and <a href="/wiki/Behavioral_targeting" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral targeting">behavioral targeting</a>. </p><p>The violence of video games relates to ethics in interactive media because it has the ability to bring on aggressive attitude and behavior that impacts the social lives of people playing these video games.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, behavioral targeting ties into the ethics of interactive media as these websites and apps on our phones contain personal information which allow the owners or those running the companies to receive and use the information.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interactive media influences advertising because social media and websites show that there is advertising in everything we view. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="eBooks">eBooks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: eBooks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebook</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">eBooks</a> have changed how people read. People are able to download books onto their devices, allowing consumers to track what they read, to annotate, and to search for definitions of words on the internet.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the use of eBooks in education, the increased demand for mobile access to course materials and eBooks for students corresponds with the increased number of smartphones.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> E-readers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Kindle" title="Amazon Kindle">Amazon Kindle</a>, have advanced over the years — since its launch in 2007, the Kindle has expanded its memory from 4 GB to 8 GB. In addition, the Kindle has added accessories including games, movies, and music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Majority_theories">Majority theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Majority theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communication researchers have identified several major theories associated with the study of mass communication. <a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a> addresses the processes and mechanisms that enable communication. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultivation_theory" title="Cultivation theory">Cultivation theory</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">George Gerbner</a> and Marshall McLuhan, discusses the long-term effects of watching television and hypothesizes that the more television an individual consumes, the more likely that person is to believe that the real world is similar to what they have seen on television.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultivation is closely related to the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">mean world syndrome</a>, which asserts people who watch the news frequently are more likely to believe the world is a "mean" place.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contingency_Theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingency Theory">Contingency theory</a> informs organizations of how to communicate ethically with their publics, especially during times of crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_setting_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Agenda setting theory">Agenda setting theory</a> centers around the idea that media outlets tell the public "not what to think, but what to think about." Agenda setting hypothesizes that the media has the power to influence public discourse and to tell people what important issues are facing society.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_spiral_of_silence" class="mw-redirect" title="The spiral of silence">The spiral of silence</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_Noelle-Neumann" title="Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann">Elisabeth Noelle-Neumann</a>, hypothesizes that people are more likely to reveal their opinion in public if they believe that they are of the <a href="/wiki/Majority_opinion" title="Majority opinion">majority opinion</a> for fear that revealing an unpopular opinion would subject them to being a social outcast. This theory is relevant to mass communication because it hypothesizes that mass media has the power to shape people's opinions as well as relay opinions that are believed to be the majority opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a> hypothesizes that individuals are shaped by their interactions with media<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that communication and media profoundly affect how individuals view and interact with their environment.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">Semiotics</a> considers language to be a system that has many different individual parts, which are called signs (words, images, gestures, and situations). The system of language changes over time, but semiotics analyses a system at a certain place in time.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues_and_complications">Issues and complications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Issues and complications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary studies have developed to complicate and critique the societal impact of mass communication. Theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Neil Postman</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">George Gerbner</a> as well as authors such as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas Carr</a> have argued that the overindulged and over-reliant have become consumed by mass communication and the mediums it utilizes. This reliance, they continue, produces notable complications and issues that have seeped into an increasingly technical and connected society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attention_span">Attention span</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Attention span"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the multitude of mass communication outlets increases daily, the availability of very niche and broad outlets has also increased. This availability and the countless opinions being accessed can lead to a skimming activity <sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where authors such as <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_G._Carr" title="Nicholas G. Carr">Nicholas Carr</a> have noticed that they have a shorter attention span and are more prone to only skimming an outlet rather than being attentive. This habit is very common as the multitude of sources permit us to only take things at face value. Mass communication began as a term covering radio, print, and television, but it was coined before the creation of the Internet, or the “Universal Medium.”<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Internet has taken all the risks and complications of the three aforementioned mediums and has incorporated and built further upon them. The ability to have infinite sources of information has created a Peek-A-Boo World<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> effect in which the constant flow and availability of information causes certain events become very popular but quickly fizzle out. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mean_world_syndrome"><a href="/wiki/Mean_world_syndrome" title="Mean world syndrome">Mean world syndrome</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Mean world syndrome"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This method of perception was coined by communications scholar <a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">George Gerbner</a> and is associated with the impact of mass communication on one's thoughts of the world they live in.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was characterized to explain how people who are constantly subjected to the evils of the world, now made readily available through mass communication, have the belief that the world is only evil. Gerbner specifies that the context of violence within a story is also important; it is not the quantity that is the issue but rather how it adds up to tell said story.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This conditioning can provoke a reaction of displeasure with the world as it can alter world views and it represents the power and darker side of mass communication. The ability to have any form of information to reach anybody around the world in minutes through the Internet has only amplified this lens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mass_communications_and_health_of_public">Mass communications and health of public</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Mass communications and health of public"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Mass communication is necessary for improving awareness and education surrounding public health issues. Amidst the COVID-19 pandemic, mass communication has been crucial for educating the general public regarding precautionary measures needed to combat the spread of illness. Mass communication methods surrounding the establishment of effective public health programs include news stories, paid media, and social and digital media. </p><p>Components for an effective communications campaign, as per the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">CDC</a>'s requirements, include specific individualized training, guidance, and technical assistance. Included in those is the development of a plan for communication, analysis and awareness of key audiences, the development and preliminary testing of messages and materials, the selection of <a href="/wiki/Communication_channel" title="Communication channel">communication channels:</a> print, broadcast, or digital, and communication categories: earned, paid, or social or digital media. This further includes providing training for the spokesperson and conducting audience research.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods_of_study">Methods of study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Methods of study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Communication researchers study communication through various methods that have been verified through repetitive, cumulative processes. Both <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_research" title="Quantitative research">quantitative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qualitative_research" title="Qualitative research">qualitative</a> methods have been used in the study of mass communication. The main focus of mass communication research is to learn how the content of mass communication affects the attitudes, opinions, emotions, and ultimately behaviors of the people who receive the message. Several prominent methods of study are as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Studying cause and effect relationships in communication can only be done through an experiment. This quantitative method regularly involves exposing participants to various media content and recording their reactions. To show the cause, mass communication researchers must isolate the variable they are studying, show that it occurs before the observed effect, and prove that it is the only variable that could cause the observed effect.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Survey_methodology" title="Survey methodology">Surveying</a>, another quantitative method, involves asking individuals to respond to a set of questions in order to generalize their responses to a larger population.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Content_analysis" title="Content analysis">Content analysis</a> (sometimes known as textual analysis) refers to the process of identifying the categorical properties of a piece of communication, such as a newspaper <a href="/wiki/Article_(publishing)" title="Article (publishing)">article</a>, book, television program, film, or broadcast news script. This process allows researchers to see what the content of communication looks like.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnography" title="Ethnography">Ethnography</a>, a qualitative methodology, allows a researcher to immerse themselves into a culture to observe and record the qualities of communication that exist there.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Professional_organizations">Professional organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Professional organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Education_in_Journalism_and_Mass_Communication" title="Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication">Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication</a> is the major membership organization for academics in the field,<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> offering regional and national conferences and refereed publications. It is a non-profit, educational association for educators, students, and media professionals with annual conferences that specialize in education, research, and public services of various facets of journalism and mass communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American Society of Journalists and Authors is the largest organization of independent nonfiction authors, and offers professional development services: which include benefits, conferences, workshops, and advocacy for the entirety of the freelance and publishing communities to develop adequate ethical standards within this field.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/National_Communication_Association" title="National Communication Association">National Communication Association</a> is another major professional organization, which aids scholars and researchers within the field by promoting free and ethical communication, and recognizing the study of all forms of communication through inquiry rooted in <a href="/wiki/Humanism" title="Humanism">humanist</a>, social science-based, and aesthetic means.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of these organizations<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> publishes a different refereed academic journal that reflects the research that is being performed in the field of mass communication and offers resources for researchers and academics within the field. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_rights" title="Communication rights">Communication rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory_as_a_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Communication theory as a field">Communication theory as a field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercultural_communication" title="Intercultural communication">Intercultural communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proactive_communications" title="Proactive communications">Proactive communications</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCampbell2015" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Richard (2015). <i>Media & Culture: Mass Communication in a Digital Age</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Communication+Association&rft.atitle=What+is+NCA%3F&rft.date=2016-04-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.natcom.org%2Fabout-nca%2Fwhat-nca&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusie_Skarl" class="citation web cs1">Susie Skarl, Urban Affairs Librarian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.library.unlv.edu/c.php?g=332881&p=2243292">"LibGuides: Journalism and Media Studies: Professional Organizations and Associations"</a>. <i>guides.library.unlv.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.library.unlv.edu&rft.atitle=LibGuides%3A+Journalism+and+Media+Studies%3A+Professional+Organizations+and+Associations&rft.aulast=Susie+Skarl&rft.aufirst=Urban+Affairs+Librarian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.library.unlv.edu%2Fc.php%3Fg%3D332881%26p%3D2243292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMass+communication" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mass_communication&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Hartley, J.: "Mass communication", in O'Sullivan; Fiske (eds): <i>Key Concepts in Communication and Cultural Studies</i> (Routledge, 1997).</li> <li>Mackay, H.; O'Sullivan T.: <i>The Media Reader: Continuity and Transformation</i> (Sage, 1999).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_McQuail" title="Denis McQuail">McQuail, D.</a>: <i>McQuail's Mass Communication Theory (fifth edition)</i> (Sage, 2005).</li> <li>Thompson, John B.: <i>The Media and Modernity</i> (<a href="/wiki/Polity_(publisher)" title="Polity (publisher)">Polity</a>, 1995).</li> <li>Griffin, E. (2009). A first look at communication theory. McGraw Hill: New York, NY. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338502-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-338502-0">978-0-07-338502-0</a></li> <li>Babbie, E. (2007). The practice of social research. Thomas Higher Education: Belmont, California. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-495-09325-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-495-09325-4">0-495-09325-4</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_(philosophy_of_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meaning (philosophy of language)">Meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_(communication)" title="Media (communication)">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_ecology" title="Media ecology">Media ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-communication" title="Meta-communication">Meta-communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_communication" title="Models of communication">Models of communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media" title="New media">New media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonverbal_communication" title="Nonverbal communication">Nonverbal communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolent_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent communication">Nonviolent communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_relations" title="Public relations">Public relations</a></li> <li><a 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/180px-Encoding_communication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Encoding_communication.jpg/240px-Encoding_communication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subfields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Closed-loop_communication" title="Closed-loop communication">Closed-loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_design" title="Communication design">Communication design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communication_theory" title="Communication theory">Communication theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communicology" title="Communicology">Communicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_communication" title="Crisis communication">Crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_communication" title="Climate communication">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cultural_communication" title="Cross-cultural communication">Cross-cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_communication" title="Development communication">Developmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discourse_analysis" title="Discourse analysis">Discourse analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_communication" title="Environmental communication">Environmental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_global_communication" title="Study of global communication">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_communication" title="Health communication">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_communication" title="International communication">International</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_studies" title="Media studies">Media studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediated_cross-border_communication" title="Mediated cross-border communication">Mediated cross-border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organizational_communication" title="Organizational communication">Organizational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_communication" title="Political communication">Political</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_communication" title="Risk communication">Risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_communication" title="Science communication">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_communication" title="Technical communication">Technical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_communication" title="Visual communication">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._Adorno" title="Theodor W. Adorno">Adorno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Barthes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Bateson" title="Gregory Bateson">Bateson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Burke" title="Kenneth Burke">Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Craig" title="Robert T. Craig">Craig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Ellul" title="Jacques Ellul">Ellul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fisher_(professor)" title="Walter Fisher (professor)">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vil%C3%A9m_Flusser" title="Vilém Flusser">Flusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ortega_y_Gasset" title="José Ortega y Gasset">Gasset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gerbner" title="George Gerbner">Gerbner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erving_Goffman" title="Erving Goffman">Goffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Habermas" title="Jürgen Habermas">Habermas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Horkheimer" title="Max Horkheimer">Horkheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldous_Huxley" title="Aldous Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Innis" title="Harold Innis">Innis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Jakobson" title="Roman Jakobson">Jakobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Janis" title="Irving Janis">Janis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Johnson" title="Wendell Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Lawrence_Kincaid" title="D. Lawrence Kincaid">Kincaid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Lippman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklas_Luhmann" title="Niklas Luhmann">Luhmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Marcuse" title="Herbert Marcuse">Marcuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_McLuhan" title="Marshall McLuhan">McLuhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Herbert_Mead" title="George Herbert Mead">Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Morgan" title="Nick Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_J._Ong" title="Walter J. Ong">Ong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vance_Packard" title="Vance Packard">Packard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sanders_Peirce" title="Charles Sanders Peirce">Peirce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Postman" title="Neil Postman">Postman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_C._Quebral" title="Nora C. Quebral">Quebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I._A._Richards" title="I. A. Richards">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Rogers" title="Everett Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Schramm" title="Wilbur Schramm">Schramm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Tankard_Jr." title="James W. 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