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aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Routing_and_resource_discovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routing_and_resource_discovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Routing and resource discovery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routing_and_resource_discovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Unstructured_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unstructured_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Unstructured networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unstructured_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structured_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structured_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Structured networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structured_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Hybrid models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CoopNet_content_distribution_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CoopNet_content_distribution_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>CoopNet content distribution system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CoopNet_content_distribution_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_and_trust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_and_trust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Security and trust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_and_trust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Routing_attacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routing_attacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Routing attacks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routing_attacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corrupted_data_and_malware" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corrupted_data_and_malware"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Corrupted data and malware</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corrupted_data_and_malware-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resilient_and_scalable_computer_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resilient_and_scalable_computer_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Resilient and scalable computer networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resilient_and_scalable_computer_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distributed_storage_and_search" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distributed_storage_and_search"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Distributed storage and search</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distributed_storage_and_search-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Content_delivery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_delivery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Content delivery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_delivery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File-sharing_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File-sharing_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>File-sharing networks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File-sharing_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Copyright_infringements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_infringements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Copyright infringements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_infringements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multimedia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multimedia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Multimedia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multimedia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_P2P_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_P2P_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other P2P applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_P2P_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Social implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Incentivizing_resource_sharing_and_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Incentivizing_resource_sharing_and_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Incentivizing resource sharing and cooperation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Incentivizing_resource_sharing_and_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Privacy_and_anonymity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Privacy_and_anonymity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Privacy and anonymity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Privacy_and_anonymity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Political implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Political_implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Political implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Political_implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intellectual_property_law_and_illegal_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intellectual_property_law_and_illegal_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Intellectual property law and illegal sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intellectual_property_law_and_illegal_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Network_neutrality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Network_neutrality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Network neutrality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Network_neutrality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Current research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Peer-to-peer</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eweknienetwerk" title="Eweknienetwerk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Eweknienetwerk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AF" title="ند لند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ند لند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Еднорангова мрежа – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Еднорангова мрежа" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27igual_a_igual" title="D'igual a igual – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="D'igual a igual" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-Peer" title="Peer-to-Peer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Peer-to-Peer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2P-v%C3%B5rgustik" title="P2P-võrgustik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="P2P-võrgustik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samtavola_komunikado" title="Samtavola komunikado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Samtavola komunikado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2P" title="P2P – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="P2P" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7_(%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87)" title="همتابه‌همتا (رایانه) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="همتابه‌همتا (رایانه)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair-%C3%A0-pair" title="Pair-à-pair – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pair-à-pair" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2P" title="P2P – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="P2P" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80" title="सहकर्मी-से-सहकर्मी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सहकर्मी-से-सहकर्मी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_to_peer" title="Peer to peer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Peer to peer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA" title="עמית לעמית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עמית לעמית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Тегиз тармак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тегиз тармак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vien%C4%81dranga_t%C4%ABkls" title="Vienādranga tīkls – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vienādranga tīkls" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2P" title="P2P – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="P2P" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC-%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%81-%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BC_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="പിയർ-റ്റു-പിയർ നെറ്റ്വർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പിയർ-റ്റു-പിയർ നെറ്റ്വർക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakan-ke-rakan" title="Rakan-ke-rakan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rakan-ke-rakan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_to_peer_computing" title="Peer to peer computing – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Peer to peer computing" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AF%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%B0%E1%80%A1%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="အုပ်စုတူအဆင့်တူအချင်းချင်းများ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အုပ်စုတူအဆင့်တူအချင်းချင်းများ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_to_Peer" title="Peer to Peer – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Peer to Peer" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Like-til-like" title="Like-til-like – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Like-til-like" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84_(%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87)" title="سیال په سیال (شبکه) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سیال په سیال (شبکه)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2P" title="P2P – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="P2P" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Одноранговая сеть – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Одноранговая сеть" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C5%A5_so_vz%C3%A1jomn%C3%BDm_spr%C3%ADstup%C5%88ovan%C3%ADm" title="Sieť so vzájomným sprístupňovaním – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sieť so vzájomným sprístupňovaním" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2P" title="P2P – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="P2P" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2P_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="P2P мрежа – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="P2P мрежа" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_to_peer" title="Peer to peer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Peer to peer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_to_Peer" title="Peer to Peer – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Peer to Peer" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertaisverkko" title="Vertaisverkko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vertaisverkko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/P2P-n%C3%A4tverk" title="P2P-nätverk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="P2P-nätverk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="சமவுரிமைப் பகிர்வு பிணையம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சமவுரிமைப் பகிர்வு பிணையம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer-to-peer" title="Peer-to-peer – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Peer-to-peer" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1_%D9%B9%D9%88_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="پیئر ٹو پیئر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پیئر ٹو پیئر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conpagno_a_conpagno_(informadega)" title="Conpagno a conpagno (informadega) – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Conpagno a conpagno (informadega)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BA%A1ng_ngang_h%C3%A0ng" title="Mạng ngang hàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mạng ngang hàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%AF%B9%E7%82%B9%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C" title="点对点网络 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="点对点网络" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%92_%D7%A6%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%92" title="קאלעג צו קאלעג – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="קאלעג צו קאלעג" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E5%B0%8D%E9%BB%9E" title="點對點 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="點對點" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B0%8D%E7%AD%89%E7%B6%B2%E8%B7%AF" title="對等網路 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="對等網路" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q161410#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of decentralized and distributed network architecture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Peer-to-peer (disambiguation)">Peer-to-peer (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point-to-point_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Point-to-point (disambiguation)">Point-to-point (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/P2P_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="P2P 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Peer-to-peer" title="Special:EditPage/Peer-to-peer">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Peer-to-peer%22">"Peer-to-peer"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Peer-to-peer%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Peer-to-peer%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Peer-to-peer%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Peer-to-peer%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Peer-to-peer%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P2P_network.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/P2P_network.svg/220px-P2P_network.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/P2P_network.svg/330px-P2P_network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/P2P_network.svg/440px-P2P_network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="871" /></a><figcaption>A<b> peer-to-peer (P2P) network</b> in which interconnected nodes ("peers") share resources amongst each other without the use of a centralized administrative system</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Peer-to-peer</b> (<b>P2P</b>) computing or networking is a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_application" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed application">distributed application</a> architecture that partitions tasks or workloads between peers. Peers are equally privileged, <a href="/wiki/Equipotent" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipotent">equipotent</a> participants in the network, forming a peer-to-peer network of <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">nodes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, a <a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">personal area network</a> (PAN) is also in nature a type of <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_computing" title="Decentralized computing">decentralized</a> peer-to-peer network typically between two devices.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Server-based-network.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Server-based-network.svg/220px-Server-based-network.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Server-based-network.svg/330px-Server-based-network.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Server-based-network.svg/440px-Server-based-network.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="119" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption>The opposite of a peer-to-peer network: based on the <b><a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server model</a></b>, where individual <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)"><i>clients</i></a> request services and resources from centralized <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">servers</a></figcaption></figure><p>Peers make a portion of their resources, such as processing power, disk storage, or <a href="/wiki/Network_bandwidth" class="mw-redirect" title="Network bandwidth">network bandwidth</a>, directly available to other network participants, without the need for central coordination by servers or stable hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peers are both suppliers and consumers of resources, in contrast to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server_model" title="Client–server model">client–server model</a> in which the consumption and supply of resources are divided.<sup id="cite_ref-CP2P_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP2P-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While P2P systems had previously been used in many <a href="/wiki/Application_domain" title="Application domain">application domains</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-D._Barkai,_2002_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Barkai,_2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the architecture was popularized by the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> file sharing system <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>, originally released in 1999.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> P2P is used in many protocols such as <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> file sharing over the Internet<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">personal networks</a> like <a href="/wiki/Miracast" title="Miracast">Miracast</a> displaying and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> radio.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The concept has inspired new structures and philosophies in many areas of human interaction. In such social contexts, <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_(meme)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-peer (meme)">peer-to-peer as a meme</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_network" title="Social network">social networking</a> that has emerged throughout society, enabled by <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> technologies in general. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SETI@home_Multi-Beam_screensaver.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SETI%40home_Multi-Beam_screensaver.png/220px-SETI%40home_Multi-Beam_screensaver.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SETI%40home_Multi-Beam_screensaver.png/330px-SETI%40home_Multi-Beam_screensaver.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/SETI%40home_Multi-Beam_screensaver.png/440px-SETI%40home_Multi-Beam_screensaver.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SETI@home" title="SETI@home">SETI@home</a> was established in 1999.</figcaption></figure> <p>While P2P systems had previously been used in many application domains,<sup id="cite_ref-D._Barkai,_2002_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-D._Barkai,_2002-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the concept was popularized by <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> systems such as the music-sharing application <a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a>. The peer-to-peer movement allowed millions of Internet users to connect "directly, forming groups and collaborating to become user-created search engines, virtual supercomputers, and filesystems".<sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_A._2001_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_A._2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic concept of peer-to-peer computing was envisioned in earlier software systems and networking discussions, reaching back to principles stated in the first <a href="/wiki/Request_for_Comments" title="Request for Comments">Request for Comments</a>, RFC 1.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a>'s vision for the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> was close to a P2P network in that it assumed each user of the web would be an active editor and contributor, creating and linking content to form an interlinked "web" of links. The early Internet was more open than the present day, where two machines connected to the Internet could send packets to each other without firewalls and other security measures.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Oram,_A._2001_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oram,_A._2001-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (March 2018)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This contrasts with the <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>-like structure of the web as it has developed over the years.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Steinmetz,_R._2005_pp._9-16_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmetz,_R._2005_pp._9-16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a precursor to the Internet, <a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a> was a successful peer-to-peer network where "every participating node could request and serve content". However, ARPANET was not self-organized, and it could not "provide any means for context or content-based routing beyond 'simple' address-based routing."<sup id="cite_ref-Steinmetz,_R._2005_pp._9-16_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmetz,_R._2005_pp._9-16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Therefore, <a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a>, a distributed messaging system that is often described as an early peer-to-peer architecture, was established. It was developed in 1979 as a system that enforces a <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_computing" title="Decentralized computing">decentralized model</a> of control.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The basic model is a <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> model from the user or client perspective that offers a self-organizing approach to newsgroup servers. However, <a href="/wiki/News_server" title="News server">news servers</a> communicate with one another as peers to propagate Usenet news articles over the entire group of network servers. The same consideration applies to <a href="/wiki/SMTP" class="mw-redirect" title="SMTP">SMTP</a> email in the sense that the core email-relaying network of <a href="/wiki/Mail_transfer_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail transfer agent">mail transfer agents</a> has a peer-to-peer character, while the periphery of <a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">Email clients</a> and their direct connections is strictly a client-server relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 1999, with millions more people on the Internet, <a href="/wiki/Shawn_Fanning" title="Shawn Fanning">Shawn Fanning</a> introduced the music and file-sharing application called Napster.<sup id="cite_ref-Steinmetz,_R._2005_pp._9-16_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmetz,_R._2005_pp._9-16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napster was the beginning of peer-to-peer networks, as we know them today, where "participating users establish a virtual network, entirely independent from the physical network, without having to obey any administrative authorities or restrictions".<sup id="cite_ref-Steinmetz,_R._2005_pp._9-16_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Steinmetz,_R._2005_pp._9-16-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A peer-to-peer network is designed around the notion of equal <i><a href="/wiki/Peer_group_(computer_networking)" title="Peer group (computer networking)">peer</a></i> nodes simultaneously functioning as both "clients" and "servers" to the other nodes on the network.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This model of network arrangement differs from the <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a> model where communication is usually to and from a central server. A typical example of a file transfer that uses the client-server model is the <a href="/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">File Transfer Protocol</a> (FTP) service in which the client and server programs are distinct: the clients initiate the transfer, and the servers satisfy these requests. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Routing_and_resource_discovery">Routing and resource discovery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Routing and resource discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peer-to-peer networks generally implement some form of virtual <a href="/wiki/Overlay_network" title="Overlay network">overlay network</a> on top of the physical network topology, where the nodes in the overlay form a <a href="/wiki/Subset" title="Subset">subset</a> of the nodes in the physical network.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Data is still exchanged directly over the underlying <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a> network, but at the <a href="/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">application layer</a> peers can communicate with each other directly, via the logical overlay links (each of which corresponds to a path through the underlying physical network). Overlays are used for indexing and peer discovery, and make the P2P system independent from the physical network topology. Based on how the nodes are linked to each other within the overlay network, and how resources are indexed and located, we can classify networks as <i>unstructured</i> or <i>structured</i> (or as a hybrid between the two).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unstructured_networks">Unstructured networks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Unstructured networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unstructured_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Unstructured_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png/300px-Unstructured_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Unstructured_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png/450px-Unstructured_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Unstructured_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png/600px-Unstructured_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="887" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Overlay network diagram for an <b>unstructured P2P network</b>, illustrating the ad hoc nature of the connections between nodes</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Unstructured peer-to-peer networks</i> do not impose a particular structure on the overlay network by design, but rather are formed by nodes that randomly form connections to each other.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gossip_protocol" title="Gossip protocol">Gossip</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a> are examples of unstructured P2P protocols).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because there is no structure globally imposed upon them, unstructured networks are easy to build and allow for localized optimizations to different regions of the overlay.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, because the role of all peers in the network is the same, unstructured networks are highly robust in the face of high rates of "churn"—that is, when large numbers of peers are frequently joining and leaving the network.<sup id="cite_ref-Jin-Unstructured-2010_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jin-Unstructured-2010-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lv-2002_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-2002-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the primary limitations of unstructured networks also arise from this lack of structure. In particular, when a peer wants to find a desired piece of data in the network, the search query must be flooded through the network to find as many peers as possible that share the data. Flooding causes a very high amount of signaling traffic in the network, uses more <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>/memory (by requiring every peer to process all search queries), and does not ensure that search queries will always be resolved. Furthermore, since there is no correlation between a peer and the content managed by it, there is no guarantee that flooding will find a peer that has the desired data. Popular content is likely to be available at several peers and any peer searching for it is likely to find the same thing. But if a peer is looking for rare data shared by only a few other peers, then it is highly unlikely that the search will be successful.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Structured_networks">Structured networks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Structured networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Structured_(DHT)_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Structured_%28DHT%29_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png/300px-Structured_%28DHT%29_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Structured_%28DHT%29_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png/450px-Structured_%28DHT%29_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Structured_%28DHT%29_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png/600px-Structured_%28DHT%29_peer-to-peer_network_diagram.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Overlay network diagram for a <b>structured P2P network</b>, using a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash table</a> (DHT) to identify and locate nodes/resources</figcaption></figure> <p>In <i>structured peer-to-peer networks</i> the overlay is organized into a specific topology, and the protocol ensures that any node can efficiently<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> search the network for a file/resource, even if the resource is extremely rare.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most common type of structured P2P networks implement a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">distributed hash table</a> (DHT),<sup id="cite_ref-CP2P_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CP2P-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which a variant of <a href="/wiki/Consistent_hashing" title="Consistent hashing">consistent hashing</a> is used to assign ownership of each file to a particular peer.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-P2P_API_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-P2P_API-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enables peers to search for resources on the network using a <a href="/wiki/Hash_table" title="Hash table">hash table</a>: that is, (<i>key</i>, <i>value</i>) pairs are stored in the DHT, and any participating node can efficiently retrieve the value associated with a given key.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DHT_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/DHT_en.svg/250px-DHT_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/DHT_en.svg/375px-DHT_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/DHT_en.svg/500px-DHT_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="352" /></a><figcaption>Distributed hash tables</figcaption></figure> <p>However, in order to route traffic efficiently through the network, nodes in a structured overlay must maintain lists of neighbors<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that satisfy specific criteria. This makes them less robust in networks with a high rate of <i>churn</i> (i.e. with large numbers of nodes frequently joining and leaving the network).<sup id="cite_ref-lv-2002_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lv-2002-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent evaluation of P2P resource discovery solutions under real workloads have pointed out several issues in DHT-based solutions such as high cost of advertising/discovering resources and static and dynamic load imbalance.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notable distributed networks that use DHTs include <a href="/wiki/Tixati" title="Tixati">Tixati</a>, an alternative to <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_(protocol)" class="mw-redirect" title="BitTorrent (protocol)">BitTorrent's</a> distributed tracker, the <a href="/wiki/Kad_network" title="Kad network">Kad network</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Storm_botnet" title="Storm botnet">Storm botnet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/YaCy" title="YaCy">YaCy</a>. Some prominent research projects include the <a href="/wiki/Chord_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord project">Chord project</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kademlia" title="Kademlia">Kademlia</a>, <a href="/wiki/PAST_storage_utility" title="PAST storage utility">PAST storage utility</a>, <a href="/wiki/P-Grid" title="P-Grid">P-Grid</a>, a self-organized and emerging overlay network, and <a href="/wiki/CoopNet_content_distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="CoopNet content distribution system">CoopNet content distribution system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DHT-based networks have also been widely utilized for accomplishing efficient resource discovery<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a> systems, as it aids in resource management and scheduling of applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hybrid_models">Hybrid models</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hybrid models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hybrid models are a combination of peer-to-peer and client–server models.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common hybrid model is to have a central server that helps peers find each other. <a href="/wiki/Spotify" title="Spotify">Spotify</a> was an example of a hybrid model [until 2014].<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> There are a variety of hybrid models, all of which make trade-offs between the centralized functionality provided by a structured server/client network and the node equality afforded by the pure peer-to-peer unstructured networks. Currently, hybrid models have better performance than either pure unstructured networks or pure structured networks because certain functions, such as searching, do require a centralized functionality but benefit from the decentralized aggregation of nodes provided by unstructured networks.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="CoopNet_content_distribution_system">CoopNet content distribution system</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: CoopNet content distribution system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>CoopNet (Cooperative Networking)</b> was a proposed system for off-loading serving to peers who have recently <a href="/wiki/Download" title="Download">downloaded</a> content, proposed by computer scientists Venkata N. Padmanabhan and Kunwadee Sripanidkulchai, working at <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Research" title="Microsoft Research">Microsoft Research</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Mellon_University" title="Carnegie Mellon University">Carnegie Mellon University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">server</a> experiences an increase in load it redirects incoming peers to other peers who have agreed to <a href="/wiki/Mirror_site" title="Mirror site">mirror</a> the content, thus off-loading balance from the server. All of the information is retained at the server. This system makes use of the fact that the bottleneck is most likely in the outgoing bandwidth than the <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a>, hence its server-centric design. It assigns peers to other peers who are 'close in <a href="/wiki/IP_Address" class="mw-redirect" title="IP Address">IP</a>' to its neighbors [same prefix range] in an attempt to use locality. If multiple peers are found with the same <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">file</a> it designates that the node choose the fastest of its neighbors. <a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a> is transmitted by having clients <a href="/wiki/Web_cache" title="Web cache">cache</a> the previous stream, and then transmit it piece-wise to new nodes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_and_trust">Security and trust</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Security and trust"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peer-to-peer systems pose unique challenges from a <a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">computer security</a> perspective. Like any other form of <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a>, P2P applications can contain <a href="/wiki/Vulnerability_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vulnerability (computing)">vulnerabilities</a>. What makes this particularly dangerous for P2P software, however, is that peer-to-peer applications act as servers as well as clients, meaning that they can be more vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Remote_exploits" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote exploits">remote exploits</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-vu-p2p-principles-p8_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vu-p2p-principles-p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Routing_attacks">Routing attacks</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Routing attacks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since each node plays a role in routing traffic through the network, malicious users can perform a variety of "routing attacks", or <a href="/wiki/Denial_of_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of service">denial of service</a> attacks. Examples of common routing attacks include "incorrect lookup routing" whereby malicious nodes deliberately forward requests incorrectly or return false results, "incorrect routing updates" where malicious nodes corrupt the routing tables of neighboring nodes by sending them false information, and "incorrect routing network partition" where when new nodes are joining they bootstrap via a malicious node, which places the new node in a partition of the network that is populated by other malicious nodes.<sup id="cite_ref-vu-p2p-principles-p8_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vu-p2p-principles-p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Corrupted_data_and_malware">Corrupted data and malware</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Corrupted data and malware"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">Data validation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">Malware</a></div> <p>The prevalence of <a href="/wiki/Malware" title="Malware">malware</a> varies between different peer-to-peer protocols.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studies analyzing the spread of malware on P2P networks found, for example, that 63% of the answered download requests on the <a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">gnutella</a> network contained some form of malware, whereas only 3% of the content on <a href="/wiki/OpenFT" class="mw-redirect" title="OpenFT">OpenFT</a> contained malware. In both cases, the top three most common types of malware accounted for the large majority of cases (99% in gnutella, and 65% in OpenFT). Another study analyzing traffic on the <a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a> network found that 15% of the 500,000 file sample taken were infected by one or more of the 365 different <a href="/wiki/Computer_viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer viruses">computer viruses</a> that were tested for.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corrupted data can also be distributed on P2P networks by modifying files that are already being shared on the network. For example, on the <a href="/wiki/FastTrack" title="FastTrack">FastTrack</a> network, the <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a> managed to introduce faked chunks into downloads and downloaded files (mostly <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> files). Files infected with the RIAA virus were unusable afterwards and contained malicious code. The RIAA is also known to have uploaded fake music and movies to P2P networks in order to deter illegal file sharing.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Consequently, the P2P networks of today have seen an enormous increase of their security and file verification mechanisms. Modern <a href="/wiki/Hash_chain" title="Hash chain">hashing</a>, <a href="/wiki/File_verification" title="File verification">chunk verification</a> and different encryption methods have made most networks resistant to almost any type of attack, even when major parts of the respective network have been replaced by faked or nonfunctional hosts.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Resilient_and_scalable_computer_networks">Resilient and scalable computer networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Resilient and scalable computer networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wireless_mesh_network" title="Wireless mesh network">Wireless mesh network</a> and <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></div> <p>The decentralized nature of P2P networks increases robustness because it removes the <a href="/wiki/Reliability_engineering" title="Reliability engineering">single point of failure</a> that can be inherent in a client–server based system.<sup id="cite_ref-ms-overlay-survey_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ms-overlay-survey-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As nodes arrive and demand on the system increases, the total capacity of the system also increases, and the likelihood of failure decreases. If one peer on the network fails to function properly, the whole network is not compromised or damaged. In contrast, in a typical client–server architecture, clients share only their demands with the system, but not their resources. In this case, as more clients join the system, fewer resources are available to serve each client, and if the central server fails, the entire network is taken down. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distributed_storage_and_search">Distributed storage and search</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Distributed storage and search"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yacy-resultados.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yacy-resultados.png/300px-Yacy-resultados.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yacy-resultados.png/450px-Yacy-resultados.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Yacy-resultados.png/600px-Yacy-resultados.png 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Search results for the query "<a href="/wiki/Software_libre" class="mw-redirect" title="Software libre">software libre</a>" using <a href="/wiki/YaCy" title="YaCy">YaCy</a>, a free <a href="/wiki/Distributed_search_engine" title="Distributed search engine">distributed search engine</a> that runs on a peer-to-peer network instead of making requests to centralized index servers</figcaption></figure> <p>There are both advantages and disadvantages in P2P networks related to the topic of data <a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">backup</a>, recovery, and availability. In a centralized network, the system administrators are the only forces controlling the availability of files being shared. If the administrators decide to no longer distribute a file, they simply have to remove it from their servers, and it will no longer be available to users. Along with leaving the users powerless in deciding what is distributed throughout the community, this makes the entire system vulnerable to threats and requests from the government and other large forces. </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a> has been pressured by the <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="MPAA">MPAA</a>, and entertainment industry to filter out copyrighted content. Although server-client networks are able to monitor and manage content availability, they can have more stability in the availability of the content they choose to host. A client should not have trouble accessing obscure content that is being shared on a stable centralized network. P2P networks, however, are more unreliable in sharing unpopular files because sharing files in a P2P network requires that at least one node in the network has the requested data, and that node must be able to connect to the node requesting the data. This requirement is occasionally hard to meet because users may delete or stop sharing data at any point.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a P2P network, the community of users is entirely responsible for deciding which content is available. Unpopular files eventually disappear and become unavailable as fewer people share them. Popular files, however, are highly and easily distributed. Popular files on a P2P network are more stable and available than files on central networks. In a centralized network, a simple loss of connection between the server and clients can cause a failure, but in P2P networks, the connections between every node must be lost to cause a data-sharing failure. In a centralized system, the administrators are responsible for all data recovery and backups, while in P2P systems, each node requires its backup system. Because of the lack of central authority in P2P networks, forces such as the recording industry, <a href="/wiki/RIAA" class="mw-redirect" title="RIAA">RIAA</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPAA" class="mw-redirect" title="MPAA">MPAA</a>, and the government are unable to delete or stop the sharing of content on P2P systems.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Content_delivery">Content delivery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Content delivery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In P2P networks, clients both provide and use resources. This means that unlike client–server systems, the content-serving capacity of peer-to-peer networks can actually <i>increase</i> as more users begin to access the content (especially with protocols such as <a href="/wiki/Bittorrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Bittorrent">Bittorrent</a> that require users to share, refer a performance measurement study<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). This property is one of the major advantages of using P2P networks because it makes the setup and running costs very small for the original content distributor.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File-sharing_networks">File-sharing networks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: File-sharing networks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer-to-peer file sharing</a> networks such as <a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">G2</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey network</a> have been useful in popularizing peer-to-peer technologies. These advancements have paved the way for <a href="/wiki/Content_delivery_network" title="Content delivery network">Peer-to-peer content delivery networks</a> and services, including distributed caching systems like Correli Caches to enhance performance.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, peer-to-peer networks have made possible the software publication and distribution, enabling efficient sharing of <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distribution</a> and various games though <a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a> networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Copyright_infringements">Copyright infringements</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Copyright infringements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peer-to-peer networking involves data transfer from one user to another without using an intermediate server. Companies developing P2P applications have been involved in numerous legal cases, primarily in the United States, over conflicts with <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two major cases are <i><a href="/wiki/Grokster" title="Grokster">Grokster</a> vs RIAA</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-news.cnet.com_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.cnet.com-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the last case, the Court unanimously held that defendant peer-to-peer file sharing companies Grokster and Streamcast could be sued for inducing copyright infringement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multimedia">Multimedia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Multimedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/P2PTV" title="P2PTV">P2PTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/PDTP" class="mw-redirect" title="PDTP">PDTP</a> protocols are used in various peer-to-peer applications. Some <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> multimedia applications leverage a peer-to-peer network in conjunction with streaming servers to stream audio and video to their clients. <a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a> is employed for multicasting streams. Additionally, a project called <a href="/w/index.php?title=LionShare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LionShare (page does not exist)">LionShare</a>, undertaken by <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_State_University" title="Pennsylvania State University">Pennsylvania State University</a>, MIT, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_University" title="Simon Fraser University">Simon Fraser University</a>, aims to facilitate file sharing among educational institutions globally. Another notable program, <a href="/wiki/Osiris_(Serverless_Portal_System)" class="mw-redirect" title="Osiris (Serverless Portal System)">Osiris</a>, enables users to create anonymous and autonomous web portals that are distributed via a peer-to-peer network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_P2P_applications">Other P2P applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Other P2P applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torrent_peers.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Torrent_peers.png/220px-Torrent_peers.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Torrent_peers.png/330px-Torrent_peers.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Torrent_peers.png/440px-Torrent_peers.png 2x" data-file-width="1363" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Torrent_file" title="Torrent file">Torrent file</a> connect peers</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Dat_(software)" title="Dat (software)">Dat</a> is a distributed version-controlled publishing platform. <a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a>, is an <a href="/wiki/Overlay_network" title="Overlay network">overlay network</a> used to browse the Internet <a href="/wiki/Internet_anonymity" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet anonymity">anonymously</a>. Unlike the related I2P, the <a href="/wiki/Tor_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor network">Tor network</a> is not itself peer-to-peer<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute"><span title="The material near this tag is possibly inaccurate or nonfactual. (December 2022)">dubious</span></a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Peer-to-peer#Dubious" title="Talk:Peer-to-peer">discuss</a></i>]</sup>; however, it can enable peer-to-peer applications to be built on top of it via <a href="/wiki/Onion_services" class="mw-redirect" title="Onion services">onion services</a>. The <a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">InterPlanetary File System</a> (IPFS) is a <a href="/wiki/Communications_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Communications protocol">protocol</a> and network designed to create a <a href="/wiki/Content-addressable_storage" title="Content-addressable storage">content-addressable</a>, peer-to-peer method of storing and sharing <a href="/wiki/Hypermedia" title="Hypermedia">hypermedia</a> distribution protocol, with nodes in the IPFS network forming a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_file_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Distributed file system">distributed file system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a> is a peer-to-peer chat and <a href="/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a> app. <a href="/wiki/JXTA" title="JXTA">JXTA</a> is a peer-to-peer protocol designed for the <a href="/wiki/Java_platform" class="mw-redirect" title="Java platform">Java platform</a>. <a href="/wiki/Netsukuku" title="Netsukuku">Netsukuku</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Wireless_community_network" title="Wireless community network">Wireless community network</a> designed to be independent from the Internet. <a href="/wiki/Open_Garden" title="Open Garden">Open Garden</a> is a connection-sharing application that shares Internet access with other devices using Wi-Fi or Bluetooth. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Resilio_Sync" title="Resilio Sync">Resilio Sync</a> is a directory-syncing app. Research includes projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Chord_project" class="mw-redirect" title="Chord project">Chord project</a>, the <a href="/wiki/PAST_storage_utility" title="PAST storage utility">PAST storage utility</a>, the <a href="/wiki/P-Grid" title="P-Grid">P-Grid</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/CoopNet_content_distribution_system" class="mw-redirect" title="CoopNet content distribution system">CoopNet content distribution system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Secure_Scuttlebutt" title="Secure Scuttlebutt">Secure Scuttlebutt</a> is a peer-to-peer <a href="/wiki/Gossip_protocol" title="Gossip protocol">gossip protocol</a> capable of supporting many different types of applications, primarily <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking</a>. <a href="/wiki/Syncthing" title="Syncthing">Syncthing</a> is also a directory-syncing app. <a href="/wiki/Tradepal" title="Tradepal">Tradepal</a> l and <a href="/wiki/M-commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="M-commerce">M-commerce</a> applications are designed to power real-time marketplaces. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Defense" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Defense">U.S. Department of Defense</a> is conducting research on P2P networks as part of its modern network warfare strategy.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2003, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Tether" title="Anthony Tether">Anthony Tether</a>, then director of <a href="/wiki/DARPA" title="DARPA">DARPA</a>, testified that the United States military uses P2P networks. <a href="/wiki/WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a> is a P2P <a href="/wiki/Stream_(computing)" title="Stream (computing)">streaming</a> <a href="/wiki/Torrent_client" class="mw-redirect" title="Torrent client">torrent client</a> in <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> for use in <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browsers</a>, as well as in the <a href="/wiki/WebTorrent_Desktop" class="mw-redirect" title="WebTorrent Desktop">WebTorrent Desktop</a> standalone version that bridges WebTorrent and <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> serverless networks. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Windows_10" title="Windows 10">Windows 10</a>, uses a proprietary peer-to-peer technology called "Delivery Optimization" to deploy operating system updates using end-users' PCs either on the local network or other PCs. According to Microsoft's Channel 9, this led to a 30%-50% reduction in Internet bandwidth usage.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Artisoft's <a href="/wiki/LANtastic" title="LANtastic">LANtastic</a> was built as a peer-to-peer operating system where machines can function as both servers and workstations simultaneously. <a href="/wiki/Hotline_Communications" title="Hotline Communications">Hotline Communications</a> Hotline Client was built with decentralized servers and tracker software dedicated to any type of files and continues to operate today. <a href="/wiki/Cryptocurrencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptocurrencies">Cryptocurrencies</a> are peer-to-peer-based <a href="/wiki/Digital_currencies" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital currencies">digital currencies</a> that use <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchains</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptocurrencies" title="List of cryptocurrencies">List of cryptocurrencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blockchains" title="List of blockchains">List of blockchains</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_implications">Social implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Incentivizing_resource_sharing_and_cooperation">Incentivizing resource sharing and cooperation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Incentivizing resource sharing and cooperation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Torrentcomp_small.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Torrentcomp_small.gif/300px-Torrentcomp_small.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Torrentcomp_small.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="357" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption><b>The <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a> protocol</b>: In this animation, the colored bars beneath all of the 7 clients in the upper region above represent the file being shared, with each color representing an individual piece of the file. After the initial pieces transfer from the <a href="/wiki/Seed_(BitTorrent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seed (BitTorrent)">seed</a> (large system at the bottom), the pieces are individually transferred from client to client. The original seeder only needs to send out one copy of the file for all the clients to receive a copy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Cooperation among a community of participants is key to the continued success of P2P systems aimed at casual human users; these reach their full potential only when large numbers of nodes contribute resources. But in current practice, P2P networks often contain large numbers of users who utilize resources shared by other nodes, but who do not share anything themselves (often referred to as the "freeloader problem"). </p><p>Freeloading can have a profound impact on the network and in some cases can cause the community to collapse.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these types of networks "users have natural disincentives to cooperate because cooperation consumes their own resources and may degrade their own performance".<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman,_M._2004,_pp._102-111_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman,_M._2004,_pp._102-111-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Studying the social attributes of P2P networks is challenging due to large populations of turnover, asymmetry of interest and zero-cost identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Feldman,_M._2004,_pp._102-111_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Feldman,_M._2004,_pp._102-111-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A variety of incentive mechanisms have been implemented to encourage or even force nodes to contribute resources.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-vu-p2p-principles-p8_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vu-p2p-principles-p8-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some researchers have explored the benefits of enabling virtual communities to self-organize and introduce incentives for resource sharing and cooperation, arguing that the social aspect missing from today's P2P systems should be seen both as a goal and a means for self-organized virtual communities to be built and fostered.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongoing research efforts for designing effective incentive mechanisms in P2P systems, based on principles from game theory, are beginning to take on a more psychological and information-processing direction. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Privacy_and_anonymity">Privacy and anonymity</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Privacy and anonymity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some peer-to-peer networks (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a>) place a heavy emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a>—that is, ensuring that the contents of communications are hidden from eavesdroppers, and that the identities/locations of the participants are concealed. <a href="/wiki/Public_key_cryptography" class="mw-redirect" title="Public key cryptography">Public key cryptography</a> can be used to provide <a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encryption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_validation" title="Data validation">data validation</a>, authorization, and authentication for data/messages. <a href="/wiki/Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Mix_network" title="Mix network">mix network</a> protocols (e.g. Tarzan) can be used to provide anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Perpetrators of <a href="/wiki/Live_streaming_sexual_abuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Live streaming sexual abuse">live streaming sexual abuse</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Cybercrimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cybercrimes">cybercrimes</a> have used peer-to-peer platforms to carry out activities with anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_implications">Political implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Political implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intellectual_property_law_and_illegal_sharing">Intellectual property law and illegal sharing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Intellectual property law and illegal sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although peer-to-peer networks can be used for legitimate purposes, rights holders have targeted peer-to-peer over the involvement with sharing copyrighted material. Peer-to-peer networking involves data transfer from one user to another without using an intermediate server. Companies developing P2P applications have been involved in numerous legal cases, primarily in the United States, primarily over issues surrounding <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> law.<sup id="cite_ref-Springer_56-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Springer-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two major cases are <i><a href="/wiki/Grokster" title="Grokster">Grokster</a> vs RIAA</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/MGM_Studios,_Inc._v._Grokster,_Ltd." title="MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.">MGM Studios, Inc. v. Grokster, Ltd.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-news.cnet.com_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.cnet.com-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In both of the cases the file sharing technology was ruled to be legal as long as the developers had no ability to prevent the sharing of the copyrighted material. </p><p>To establish criminal liability for the copyright infringement on peer-to-peer systems, the government must prove that the defendant infringed a copyright willingly for the purpose of personal financial gain or commercial advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use">Fair use</a> exceptions allow limited use of copyrighted material to be downloaded without acquiring permission from the rights holders. These documents are usually news reporting or under the lines of research and scholarly work. Controversies have developed over the concern of illegitimate use of peer-to-peer networks regarding public safety and national security. When a file is downloaded through a peer-to-peer network, it is impossible to know who created the file or what users are connected to the network at a given time. Trustworthiness of sources is a potential security threat that can be seen with peer-to-peer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A study ordered by the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> found that illegal downloading <i>may</i> lead to an increase in overall video game sales because newer games charge for extra features or levels. The paper concluded that piracy had a negative financial impact on movies, music, and literature. The study relied on self-reported data about game purchases and use of illegal download sites. Pains were taken to remove effects of false and misremembered responses.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Network_neutrality">Network neutrality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Network neutrality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Peer-to-peer applications present one of the core issues in the <a href="/wiki/Network_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Network neutrality">network neutrality</a> controversy. Internet service providers (<a href="/wiki/ISPs" class="mw-redirect" title="ISPs">ISPs</a>) have been known to throttle P2P file-sharing traffic due to its high-<a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">bandwidth</a> usage.<sup id="cite_ref-newteevee.com_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newteevee.com-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compared to Web browsing, e-mail or many other uses of the internet, where data is only transferred in short intervals and relative small quantities, P2P file-sharing often consists of relatively heavy bandwidth usage due to ongoing file transfers and swarm/network coordination packets. In October 2007, <a href="/wiki/Comcast" title="Comcast">Comcast</a>, one of the largest broadband Internet providers in the United States, started blocking P2P applications such as <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a>. Their rationale was that P2P is mostly used to share illegal content, and their infrastructure is not designed for continuous, high-bandwidth traffic. </p><p>Critics point out that P2P networking has legitimate legal uses, and that this is another way that large providers are trying to control use and content on the Internet, and direct people towards a <a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93server" class="mw-redirect" title="Client–server">client–server</a>-based application architecture. The client–server model provides financial barriers-to-entry to small publishers and individuals, and can be less efficient for sharing large files. As a reaction to this <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_throttling" title="Bandwidth throttling">bandwidth throttling</a>, several P2P applications started implementing protocol obfuscation, such as the <a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_protocol_encryption" title="BitTorrent protocol encryption">BitTorrent protocol encryption</a>. Techniques for achieving "protocol obfuscation" involves removing otherwise easily identifiable properties of protocols, such as deterministic byte sequences and packet sizes, by making the data look as if it were random.<sup id="cite_ref-breaking_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-breaking-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISP's solution to the high bandwidth is <a href="/wiki/P2P_caching" title="P2P caching">P2P caching</a>, where an ISP stores the part of files most accessed by P2P clients in order to save access to the Internet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_research">Current research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Current research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have used computer simulations to aid in understanding and evaluating the complex behaviors of individuals within the network. "Networking research often relies on simulation in order to test and evaluate new ideas. An important requirement of this process is that results must be reproducible so that other researchers can replicate, validate, and extend existing work."<sup id="cite_ref-Basu,_A._2013_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basu,_A._2013-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the research cannot be reproduced, then the opportunity for further research is hindered. "Even though new simulators continue to be released, the research community tends towards only a handful of open-source simulators. The demand for features in simulators, as shown by our criteria and survey, is high. Therefore, the community should work together to get these features in open-source software. This would reduce the need for custom simulators, and hence increase repeatability and reputability of experiments."<sup id="cite_ref-Basu,_A._2013_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Basu,_A._2013-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Popular simulators that were widely used in the past are NS2, OMNeT++, SimPy, NetLogo, PlanetLab, ProtoPeer, QTM, PeerSim, ONE, P2PStrmSim, PlanetSim, GNUSim, and Bharambe.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Besides all the above stated facts, there has also been work done on ns-2 open source network simulators. One research issue related to free rider detection and punishment has been explored using ns-2 simulator here.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output 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.portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portal</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/19px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/29px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg/38px-Crystal_Clear_app_linneighborhood.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="407" data-file-height="407" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Internet" title="Portal:Internet">Internet</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Client-to-client_protocol" title="Client-to-client protocol">Client-to-client protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Client%E2%80%93queue%E2%80%93client" title="Client–queue–client">Client–queue–client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural-historical_activity_theory" title="Cultural-historical activity theory">Cultural-historical activity theory</a> (CHAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Data_Management_Architecture" title="Distributed Data Management Architecture">Distributed Data Management Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_principle" title="End-to-end principle">End-to-end principle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_P2P_protocols" title="List of P2P protocols">List of P2P protocols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_energy_trading" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-peer energy trading">Peer-to-peer energy trading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantic_P2P_networks" title="Semantic P2P networks">Semantic P2P networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing_economy" title="Sharing economy">Sharing economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SponsorChange" title="SponsorChange">SponsorChange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_dead_drop" title="USB dead drop">USB dead drop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_ad_hoc_network" title="Wireless ad hoc network">Wireless ad hoc network</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCope2002" class="citation web cs1">Cope, James (2002-04-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/2588287/networking-peer-to-peer-network.html">"What's a Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Network?"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=What%27s+a+Peer-to-Peer+%28P2P%29+Network%3F&rft.date=2002-04-08&rft.aulast=Cope&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F2588287%2Fnetworking-peer-to-peer-network.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeer-to-peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDesire_Athow2016" class="citation web cs1">Desire Athow (12 July 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.techradar.com/news/why-personal-area-networks-are-the-best-thing-to-happen-to-hotel-wi-fi">"Why personal area networks are the best thing to happen to hotel Wi-Fi"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+personal+area+networks+are+the+best+thing+to+happen+to+hotel+Wi-Fi&rft.date=2016-07-12&rft.au=Desire+Athow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fwhy-personal-area-networks-are-the-best-thing-to-happen-to-hotel-wi-fi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeer-to-peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rüdiger Schollmeier, <i>A Definition of Peer-to-Peer Networking for the Classification of Peer-to-Peer Architectures and Applications</i>, Proceedings of the First International Conference on Peer-to-Peer Computing, IEEE (2002).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CP2P-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CP2P_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CP2P_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandaraA._P._Jayasumana2012" class="citation journal cs1">Bandara, H. 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Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-5482-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-5482-3"><bdi>978-1-4614-5482-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Structured+P2P+Systems%3A+Fundamentals+of+Hierarchical+Organization%2C+Routing%2C+Scaling%2C+and+Security&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-5482-3&rft.aulast=Korzun&rft.aufirst=Dmitry&rft.au=Gurtov%2C+Andrei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.springer.com%2Fgp%2Fbook%2F9781461454823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeer-to-peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjanHarwoodBuyya2006" class="citation web cs1">Ranjan, Rajiv; Harwood, Aaron; Buyya, Rajkumar (1 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110514055004/http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/%7Erranjan/pgrid.pdf">"A Study on Peer-to-Peer Based Discovery of Grid Resource Information"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.mu.oz.au/%7Erranjan/pgrid.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Study+on+Peer-to-Peer+Based+Discovery+of+Grid+Resource+Information&rft.date=2006-12-01&rft.aulast=Ranjan&rft.aufirst=Rajiv&rft.au=Harwood%2C+Aaron&rft.au=Buyya%2C+Rajkumar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.mu.oz.au%2F%257Erranjan%2Fpgrid.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeer-to-peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRanjanChanHarwoodKarunasekera" class="citation web cs1">Ranjan, Rajiv; Chan, Lipo; Harwood, Aaron; Karunasekera, Shanika; Buyya, Rajkumar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080910170417/http://gridbus.org/papers/DecentralisedDiscoveryGridFed-eScience2007.pdf">"Decentralised Resource Discovery Service for Large Scale Federated Grids"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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In Steinmetz, Ralf; Wehrle, Klaus (eds.). <i>Peer-to-Peer Systems and Applications</i>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783540291923" title="Special:BookSources/9783540291923"><bdi>9783540291923</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hybrid+Peer-to-Peer+Systems&rft.btitle=Peer-to-Peer+Systems+and+Applications&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9783540291923&rft.aulast=Darlagiannis&rft.aufirst=Vasilios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA8CLZ1FB4qoC%26pg%3DPA353&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeer-to-peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYangGarcia-Molina2001" class="citation journal cs1">Yang, Beverly; Garcia-Molina, Hector (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infolab.stanford.edu/~byang/pubs/hybridp2p_long.pdf">"Comparing Hybrid Peer-to-Peer Systems"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Very Large Data Bases</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 October</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Very+Large+Data+Bases&rft.atitle=Comparing+Hybrid+Peer-to-Peer+Systems&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Beverly&rft.au=Garcia-Molina%2C+Hector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfolab.stanford.edu%2F~byang%2Fpubs%2Fhybridp2p_long.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeer-to-peer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmanabhanSripanidkulchai2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Padmanabhan, Venkata N.; Sripanidkulchai, Kunwadee (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peertopeersystem0000iptp/page/178"><i>The Case for Cooperative Networking (PostScript with addendum)</i></a>. Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Vol. Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Peer-to-Peer Systems. Cambridge, MA: Springer (published March 2002). pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/peertopeersystem0000iptp/page/178">178</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45748-8_17">10.1007/3-540-45748-8_17</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44179-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-44179-3"><bdi>978-3-540-44179-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Case+for+Cooperative+Networking+%28PostScript+with+addendum%29&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.series=Lecture+Notes+in+Computer+Science&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F3-540-45748-8_17&rft.isbn=978-3-540-44179-3&rft.aulast=Padmanabhan&rft.aufirst=Venkata+N.&rft.au=Sripanidkulchai%2C+Kunwadee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpeertopeersystem0000iptp%2Fpage%2F178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeer-to-peer" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/projects/CoopNet/papers/iptps02-with-addendum.pdf">PDF (Microsoft, with addendum)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070417140616/http://research.microsoft.com/projects/CoopNet/papers/iptps02-with-addendum.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-04-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F3-540-45748-8_17">PDF (Springer, original, fee may be required)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230101095443/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/3-540-45748-8_17">Archived</a> 2023-01-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.microsoft.com/projects/CoopNet/">"CoopNet: Cooperative Networking"</a>. Microsoft Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CoopNet%3A+Cooperative+Networking&rft.pub=Microsoft+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.microsoft.com%2Fprojects%2FCoopNet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APeer-to-peer" class="Z3988"></span> Project home page.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vu-p2p-principles-p8-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vu-p2p-principles-p8_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vu-p2p-principles-p8_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vu-p2p-principles-p8_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVu2010" class="citation book cs1">Vu, Quang H.; et al. (2010). <i>Peer-to-Peer Computing: Principles and Applications</i>. 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class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A Bhakuni, P Sharma, R Kaushal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=6779311&tag=1">"Free-rider detection and punishment in BitTorrent based P2P networks"</a>, International Advanced Computing Conference, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FIAdCC.2014.6779311">10.1109/IAdCC.2014.6779311</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peer-to-peer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External 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.refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Ghosh Debjani, Rajan Payas, Pandey Mayank <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-319-07350-7_19">P2P-VoD Streaming: Design Issues & User Experience Challenges</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170219011236/http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-07350-7_19">Archived</a> 2017-02-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Springer Proceedings, June 2014</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090922214835/http://www.p2pna.com/glossary.html">Glossary</a> of P2P terminology</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090217141525/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/issue/5624-2008-999689997-678759">Foundation of Peer-to-Peer Computing</a>, Special Issue, Elsevier Journal of Computer Communication, (Ed) Javed I. 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Khan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medianet.kent.edu/techreports/TR2006-11-01-p2pvuln-EK.pdf">Vulnerabilities of P2P systems and a critical look at their solutions</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615192323/http://www.medianet.kent.edu/techreports/TR2006-11-01-p2pvuln-EK.pdf">Archived</a> 2007-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 2006</li> <li>Stephanos Androutsellis-Theotokis and Diomidis Spinellis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spinellis.gr/pubs/jrnl/2004-ACMCS-p2p/html/AS04.html">A survey of peer-to-peer content distribution technologies</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201109023714/http://www.spinellis.gr/pubs/jrnl/2004-ACMCS-p2p/html/AS04.html">Archived</a> 2020-11-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. ACM Computing Surveys, 36(4):335–371, December 2004.</li> <li>Biddle, Peter, Paul England, Marcus Peinado, and Bryan Willman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crypto.stanford.edu/DRM2002/darknet5.doc">The Darknet and the Future of Content Distribution</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727174231/http://crypto.stanford.edu/DRM2002/darknet5.doc">Archived</a> 2011-07-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In <i>2002 ACM Workshop on Digital Rights Management</i>, November 2002.</li> <li>John F. Buford, Heather Yu, Eng Keong Lua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090211135759/http://p2pna.com/">P2P Networking and Applications</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0123742145" title="Special:BookSources/0123742145">0123742145</a>, Morgan Kaufmann, December 2008</li> <li>Djamal-Eddine Meddour, Mubashar Mushtaq, and Toufik Ahmed, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://multicomm.polito.it/proc_multicomm06_8.pdf">Open Issues in P2P Multimedia Streaming</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822171602/http://multicomm.polito.it/proc_multicomm06_8.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-08-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>", in the proceedings of the 1st Multimedia Communications Workshop MULTICOMM 2006 held in conjunction with IEEE ICC 2006 pp 43–48, June 2006, Istanbul, Turkey.</li> <li>Detlef Schoder and Kai Fischbach, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econbiz.de/archiv1/2008/42151_concepts_peer-to-peer_networking.pdf">Core Concepts in Peer-to-Peer (P2P) Networking</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110915100115/http://www.econbiz.de/archiv1/2008/42151_concepts_peer-to-peer_networking.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-09-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". In: Subramanian, R.; Goodman, B. (eds.): <i>P2P Computing: The Evolution of a Disruptive Technology</i>, Idea Group Inc, Hershey. 2005</li> <li>Ramesh Subramanian and Brian Goodman (eds), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928224509/http://www.igi-pub.com/books/details.asp?ID=4635">Peer-to-Peer Computing: Evolution of a Disruptive Technology</a></i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59140-429-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-59140-429-0">1-59140-429-0</a>, Idea Group Inc., Hershey, PA, United States, 2005.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuman_Ghosemajumder" title="Shuman Ghosemajumder">Shuman Ghosemajumder</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8438">Advanced Peer-Based Technology Business Models</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013004555/http://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/8438">Archived</a> 2012-10-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Sloan_School_of_Management" title="MIT Sloan School of Management">MIT Sloan School of Management</a>, 2002.</li> <li>Silverthorne, Sean. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4206&t=innovation">Music Downloads: Pirates- or Customers?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060630024153/http://hbswk.hbs.edu/item.jhtml?id=4206&t=innovation">Archived</a> 2006-06-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Business_School_Working_Knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard Business School Working Knowledge">Harvard Business School Working Knowledge</a>, 2004.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://broadband.mpi-sws.org/transparency/bttest.php">Glasnost</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141005000618/http://broadband.mpi-sws.org/transparency/bttest.php">Archived</a> 2014-10-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> test P2P <a href="/wiki/Traffic_shaping" title="Traffic shaping">traffic shaping</a> (<a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_for_Software_Systems" title="Max Planck Institute for Software Systems">Max Planck Institute for Software Systems</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Andresen" title="Gavin Andresen">Gavin Andresen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Antonopoulos" title="Andreas Antonopoulos">Andreas Antonopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Armstrong_(CEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brian Armstrong (CEO)">Brian Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Back" title="Adam Back">Adam Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wences_Casares" title="Wences Casares">Wences Casares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Draper" title="Tim Draper">Tim Draper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Finney_(computer_scientist)" title="Hal Finney (computer scientist)">Hal Finney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Dai" title="Wei Dai">Wei Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Karpel%C3%A8s" title="Mark Karpelès">Mark Karpelès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satoshi_Nakamoto" title="Satoshi Nakamoto">Satoshi Nakamoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Shrem" title="Charlie Shrem">Charlie Shrem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Szabo" title="Nick Szabo">Nick Szabo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalik_Buterin" title="Vitalik Buterin">Vitalik Buterin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Ulbricht" title="Ross Ulbricht">Ross Ulbricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ver" title="Roger Ver">Roger Ver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cody_Wilson" title="Cody Wilson">Cody Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameron_Winklevoss" title="Cameron Winklevoss">Cameron Winklevoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyler_Winklevoss" title="Tyler Winklevoss">Tyler Winklevoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craig_Steven_Wright" title="Craig Steven Wright">Craig Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Kleiman" title="Dave Kleiman">Dave Kleiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihan_Wu" title="Jihan Wu">Jihan Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Voorhees" title="Erik Voorhees">Erik Voorhees</a></li></ul> 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Client</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Unlimited" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitcoin Unlimited">Bitcoin Unlimited</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Cash" title="Bitcoin Cash">Bitcoin Cash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Gold" title="Bitcoin Gold">Bitcoin Gold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td 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Rise of Bitcoin</a></i> (2014 film)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deep_Web_(film)" title="Deep Web (film)">Deep Web</a></i> (2015 film)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal entities<br /><small>(not exchanges)</small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Foundation" title="Bitcoin Foundation">Bitcoin Foundation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Magazine" title="Bitcoin Magazine">Bitcoin Magazine</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitGo" title="BitGo">BitGo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitmain" title="Bitmain">Bitmain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaan_Creative" title="Canaan Creative">Canaan Creative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CoinDesk" title="CoinDesk">CoinDesk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHash.io" title="GHash.io">GHash.io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuri_(company)" title="Nuri (company)">Nuri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_in_El_Salvador" title="Bitcoin in El Salvador">Bitcoin in El Salvador</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_Law" title="Bitcoin Law">Bitcoin Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playa_El_Zonte" title="Playa El Zonte">Bitcoin Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitcoin_City" title="Bitcoin City">Bitcoin City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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onion services">List</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Tor_onion_services" title="Category:Tor onion services">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Search_engine" title="Search engine">Search engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmia" title="Ahmia">Ahmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_Search" title="Brave Search">Brave Search</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DuckDuckGo" title="DuckDuckGo">DuckDuckGo</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cliqz" title="Cliqz">Cliqz</a>*</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grams_(search)" title="Grams (search)">Grams</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetaGer" title="MetaGer">MetaGer</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Searx" title="Searx">Searx</a>*</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/News" title="News">News</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingcat" title="Bellingcat">Bellingcat</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_Time_TV" title="Current Time TV">Current Time TV</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die_Tageszeitung" title="Die Tageszeitung">Die Tageszeitung</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Stormer" title="The Daily Stormer">The Daily Stormer</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Darknetlive" title="Darknetlive">Darknetlive</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DeepDotWeb" title="DeepDotWeb">DeepDotWeb</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Asia" title="Radio Free Asia">Radio Free Asia</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indymedia" title="Indymedia">Independent Media Center</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Intercept" title="The Intercept">The Intercept</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ProPublica" title="ProPublica">ProPublica</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File storage</a> and <a class="mw-selflink selflink">peer-to-peer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/File_sharing" title="File sharing">file sharing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BTDigg" title="BTDigg">BTDigg</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Hosting" title="Freedom Hosting">Freedom Hosting</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Free_Haven_Project" title="Free Haven Project">Free Haven Project</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/KickassTorrents" title="KickassTorrents">KickassTorrents</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_Bay" title="The Pirate Bay">The Pirate Bay</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_provider" title="Mailbox provider">Email</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">instant messaging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage.ch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keybase" title="Keybase">Keybase</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton_Mail" title="Proton Mail">Proton Mail</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riseup" title="Riseup">Riseup</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tor_Mail" title="Tor Mail">Tor Mail</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TorChat" title="TorChat">TorChat</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">Social media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet_forum" title="Internet forum">forums</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8chan" title="8chan">8chan</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark0de" title="Dark0de">Dark0de</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dread_(forum)" title="Dread (forum)">Dread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_onion_address" title="Facebook onion address"> Facebook</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/HackBB" title="HackBB">HackBB</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hub_(forum)" title="The Hub (forum)">The Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reddit" title="Reddit">Reddit</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_Farms" title="Kiwi Farms">Kiwi Farms</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hidden_Wiki" title="The Hidden Wiki">The Hidden Wiki</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Financial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blockchain.com" title="Blockchain.com">Blockchain.com</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grams_(search)#Helix" title="Grams (search)">Helix</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Darknet_market" title="Darknet market">Darknet markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Agora_(online_marketplace)" title="Agora (online marketplace)">Agora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/AlphaBay" title="AlphaBay">AlphaBay</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_(market)" title="Atlantis (market)">Atlantis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archetyp_Market" title="Archetyp Market">Archetyp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_Market_Reloaded" title="Black Market Reloaded">Black Market Reloaded</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dream_Market" title="Dream Market">Dream Market</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evolution_(marketplace)" title="Evolution (marketplace)">Evolution</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Farmer%27s_Market" title="The Farmer's Market">The Farmer's Market</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hansa_(market)" title="Hansa (market)">Hansa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_Market" title="Hydra Market">Hydra Market</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheep_Marketplace" title="Sheep Marketplace">Sheep Marketplace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_(marketplace)" title="Silk Road (marketplace)">Silk Road</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TheRealDeal" title="TheRealDeal">TheRealDeal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Russian_Anonymous_Marketplace" title="Russian Anonymous Marketplace">Russian Anonymous Marketplace</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tor_Carding_Forum" title="Tor Carding Forum">Tor Carding Forum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Utopia_(marketplace)" title="Utopia (marketplace)">Utopia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Market" title="White House Market">White House Market</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Document archives</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">Archive.today</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Doxbin_(darknet)" title="Doxbin (darknet)">Doxbin (darknet)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sci-Hub" title="Sci-Hub">Sci-Hub</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-Library" title="Z-Library">Z-Library</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nonprofit_organization" title="Nonprofit organization">Nonprofit organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_Press_Foundation" title="Freedom of the Press Foundation">Freedom of the Press Foundation</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Line_Defenders" title="Front Line Defenders">Front Line Defenders</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Quadrature_du_Net" title="La Quadrature du Net">La Quadrature du Net</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privacy_International" title="Privacy International">Privacy International</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecomix" title="Telecomix">Telecomix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DivestOS" title="DivestOS">DivestOS</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubes_OS" title="Qubes OS">Qubes OS</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whonix" title="Whonix">Whonix</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Whistleblowing" title="Whistleblowing">Whistleblowing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_Denial_of_Secrets" title="Distributed Denial of Secrets">Distributed Denial of Secrets</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Whistleblowing_Press#Filtrala" title="Associated Whistleblowing Press">Filtrala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GlobaLeaks" title="GlobaLeaks">GlobaLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_Whistleblowing_Press#Ljost" title="Associated Whistleblowing Press">Ljost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nawaat#Nawaatleaks" title="Nawaat">NawaatLeaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SecureDrop" title="SecureDrop">SecureDrop</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elephant_Action_League#WildLeaks_Project" title="Elephant Action League">WildLeaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pornography" title="Pornography">Pornography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Boystown_(website)" title="Boystown (website)">Boystown</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Childs_Play_(website)" title="Childs Play (website)">Childs Play</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lolita_City" title="Lolita City">Lolita City</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Playpen_(website)" title="Playpen (website)">Playpen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pornhub" title="Pornhub">Pornhub</a>*</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Welcome_to_Video_case" title="Welcome to Video case">Welcome to Video</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1.1.1.1" title="1.1.1.1">1.1.1.1</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brave_(web_browser)" title="Brave (web browser)">Brave</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DEF_CON" title="DEF CON">DEF CON</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F-Droid" title="F-Droid">F-Droid</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailpile" title="Mailpile">Mailpile</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mullvad" title="Mullvad">Mullvad</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njalla" title="Njalla">Njalla</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terms_of_Service;_Didn%27t_Read" title="Terms of Service; Didn't Read">Terms of Service; Didn't Read</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Sites in <i>italics</i> are now offline or discontinued (not counting ambiguously <a href="/wiki/Fork_(software_development)" title="Fork (software development)">forked</a> sites). <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)#Onion_services" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.onion" title=".onion">.onion domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor2web" title="Tor2web">Tor2web</a></li> <li> *Maintains additional presence on the surface web </li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cryptographic_software" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cryptographic_software" title="Template:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cryptographic_software" title="Template talk:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptographic_software" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cryptographic software"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cryptographic_software" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Encryption_software" title="Encryption software">Cryptographic software</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Email_client" title="Email client">Email clients</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Apple Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autocrypt" title="Autocrypt">Autocrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claws_Mail" title="Claws Mail">Claws Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enigmail" title="Enigmail">Enigmail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNU_Privacy_Guard" title="GNU Privacy Guard">GPG</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gpg4win" title="Gpg4win">Gpg4win</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontact" title="Kontact">Kontact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Outlook" title="Microsoft Outlook">Outlook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Easy_privacy" title="Pretty Easy privacy">p≡p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pretty_Good_Privacy" title="Pretty Good Privacy">PGP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylpheed" title="Sylpheed">Sylpheed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozilla_Thunderbird" title="Mozilla Thunderbird">Thunderbird</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secure_communication" title="Secure communication">Secure<br />communication</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Off-the-Record_Messaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Off-the-Record Messaging">OTR</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adium" title="Adium">Adium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitlBee" title="BitlBee">BitlBee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centericq" title="Centericq">Centericq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climm" title="Climm">climm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kopete" title="Kopete">Kopete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Profanity_(instant_messaging_client)" title="Profanity (instant messaging client)">Profanity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dropbear_(software)" title="Dropbear (software)">Dropbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lsh" title="Lsh">lsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSH" title="OpenSSH">OpenSSH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PuTTY" title="PuTTY">PuTTY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SecureCRT" title="SecureCRT">SecureCRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinSCP" title="WinSCP">WinSCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WolfSSH" title="WolfSSH">wolfSSH</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS & SSL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBM_Enterprise" title="BBM Enterprise">BBM Enterprise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bouncy_Castle_(cryptography)" title="Bouncy Castle (cryptography)">Bouncy Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL#BoringSSL" title="OpenSSL">BoringSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botan_(programming_library)" title="Botan (programming library)">Botan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptlib" title="Cryptlib">cryptlib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnuTLS" title="GnuTLS">GnuTLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Secure_Socket_Extension" title="Java Secure Socket Extension">JSSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LibreSSL" title="LibreSSL">LibreSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MatrixSSL" title="MatrixSSL">MatrixSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Security_Services" title="Network Security Services">NSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenSSL" title="OpenSSL">OpenSSL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbed_TLS" title="Mbed TLS">mbed TLS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BSAFE" title="BSAFE">BSAFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_Support_Provider_Interface" title="Security Support Provider Interface">SChannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SSLeay" title="SSLeay">SSLeay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stunnel" title="Stunnel">stunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TeamNote" title="TeamNote">TeamNote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WolfSSL" title="WolfSSL">wolfSSL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_Point_VPN-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Check Point VPN-1">Check Point VPN-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LogMeIn_Hamachi" title="LogMeIn Hamachi">Hamachi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Openswan" title="Openswan">Openswan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenVPN" title="OpenVPN">OpenVPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SoftEther_VPN" title="SoftEther VPN">SoftEther VPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StrongSwan" title="StrongSwan">strongSwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinc_(protocol)" title="Tinc (protocol)">Tinc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WireGuard" title="WireGuard">WireGuard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ZRTP" title="ZRTP">ZRTP</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jitsi" title="Jitsi">Jitsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linphone" title="Linphone">Linphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jami_(software)" title="Jami (software)">Jami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zfone" title="Zfone">Zfone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">P2P</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bitmessage" title="Bitmessage">Bitmessage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Briar_(software)" title="Briar (software)">Briar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RetroShare" class="mw-redirect" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tox_(protocol)" title="Tox (protocol)">Tox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Double_Ratchet_Algorithm" title="Double Ratchet Algorithm">DRA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matrix_(protocol)" title="Matrix (protocol)">Matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OMEMO" title="OMEMO">OMEMO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptocat" title="Cryptocat">Cryptocat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ChatSecure" title="ChatSecure">ChatSecure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_Swiss" title="Wire Swiss">Proteus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Session_(software)" title="Session (software)">Session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_Protocol" title="Signal Protocol">Signal Protocol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Facebook_Messenger" class="mw-redirect" title="Facebook Messenger">Facebook Messenger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Allo" title="Google Allo">Google Allo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Google_Messages" title="Google Messages">Google Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_(messaging_app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal (messaging app)">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextSecure" title="TextSecure">TextSecure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Disk_encryption" title="Disk encryption">Disk encryption</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_disk_encryption_software" title="Comparison of disk encryption software">Comparison</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BestCrypt" title="BestCrypt">BestCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitLocker" title="BitLocker">BitLocker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CrossCrypt" title="CrossCrypt">CrossCrypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cryptoloop" title="Cryptoloop">Cryptoloop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dm-crypt" title="Dm-crypt">dm-crypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DriveSentry" title="DriveSentry">DriveSentry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E4M" title="E4M">E4M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreeOTFE" title="FreeOTFE">FreeOTFE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GBDE" title="GBDE">GBDE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geli_(software)" title="Geli (software)">geli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup">LUKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PGPDisk" title="PGPDisk">PGPDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_Disk" title="Private Disk">Private Disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scramdisk" title="Scramdisk">Scramdisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sentry_2020" title="Sentry 2020">Sentry 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt" title="TrueCrypt">TrueCrypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/TrueCrypt_version_history" title="TrueCrypt version history">History</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VeraCrypt" title="VeraCrypt">VeraCrypt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anonymity#Anonymity_on_the_Internet" title="Anonymity">Anonymity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet#File_sharing" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Anon_Proxy" title="Java Anon Proxy">Java Anon Proxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidalia_(software)" title="Vidalia (software)">Vidalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RetroShare" class="mw-redirect" title="RetroShare">RetroShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricochet_(software)" title="Ricochet (software)">Ricochet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wickr" title="Wickr">Wickr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">File systems</a> <span style="font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/List_of_cryptographic_file_systems" title="List of cryptographic file systems">List</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EncFS" title="EncFS">EncFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encrypting_File_System" title="Encrypting File System">EFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECryptfs" title="ECryptfs">eCryptfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Unified_Key_Setup" title="Linux Unified Key Setup">LUKS</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PEFS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PEFS (page does not exist)">PEFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rubberhose_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rubberhose (file system)">Rubberhose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/StegFS" title="StegFS">StegFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahoe-LAFS" title="Tahoe-LAFS">Tahoe-LAFS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Security-focused_operating_system" title="Security-focused operating system">Security-focused<br />operating system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tails_(operating_system)" title="Tails (operating system)">Tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qubes" class="mw-redirect" title="Qubes">Qubes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service providers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freenet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tresorit" title="Tresorit">Tresorit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuala" title="Wuala">Wuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NordLocker" title="NordLocker">NordLocker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Educational</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CrypTool" title="CrypTool">CrypTool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anti%E2%80%93computer_forensics" title="Anti–computer forensics">Anti–computer forensics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USBKill" title="USBKill">USBKill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BusKill" title="BusKill">BusKill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_cryptography" title="Outline of cryptography">Outline of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography" title="Timeline of cryptography">Timeline of cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash functions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hash_functions" title="List of hash functions">List of hash functions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homomorphic_encryption" title="Homomorphic encryption">Homomorphic encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">End-to-end encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S/MIME" title="S/MIME">S/MIME</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Cryptographic_software" title="Category:Cryptographic software">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cryptographic_software" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cryptographic software">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:File_sharing" title="Template:File sharing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:File_sharing" title="Template talk:File sharing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:File_sharing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:File sharing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_file_sharing" title="Peer-to-peer file sharing">Peer-to-peer file sharing</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">protocols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Centralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Direct_Connect_(protocol)" title="Direct Connect (protocol)">Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soribada" title="Soribada">Soribada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulseek" title="Soulseek">Soulseek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decentralized</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent" title="BitTorrent">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dat_(software)" title="Dat (software)">DAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDonkey_network" title="EDonkey network">eDonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FastTrack" title="FastTrack">FastTrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fopnu" class="mw-redirect" title="Fopnu">Fopnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphanet" title="Hyphanet">Hyphanet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GNUnet" title="GNUnet">GNUnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella2" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2P" title="I2P">I2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">IPFS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kad_network" title="Kad network">Kad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LBRY" title="LBRY">LBRY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GiFT#OpenFT_protocol" title="GiFT">OpenFT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OnionShare" title="OnionShare">OnionShare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfect_Dark_(P2P)" title="Perfect Dark (P2P)">Perfect Dark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroshare" title="Retroshare">Retroshare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_(P2P)" title="Share (P2P)">Share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribler" title="Tribler">Tribler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WinMX" title="WinMX">WinMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winny" title="Winny">Winny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audiogalaxy" title="Audiogalaxy">Audiogalaxy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CuteMX" title="CuteMX">CuteMX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazaa" title="Kazaa">Kazaa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LimeWire" title="LimeWire">LimeWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morpheus_(software)" title="Morpheus (software)">Morpheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napster" title="Napster">Napster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scour_Inc." title="Scour Inc.">Scour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WASTE" title="WASTE">WASTE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons<br />of <a href="/wiki/Client_(computing)" title="Client (computing)">clients</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ADC_Software#Client_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Comparison of ADC Software">Advanced Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_BitTorrent_clients" title="Comparison of BitTorrent clients">BitTorrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Direct_Connect_software" title="Comparison of Direct Connect software">Direct Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_eDonkey_software" title="Comparison of eDonkey software">eDonkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella#Gnutella_features" title="Gnutella">Gnutella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnutella2#Comparison" title="Gnutella2">Gnutella2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebTorrent" title="WebTorrent">WebTorrent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hyperlinks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed2k_URI_scheme" title="Ed2k URI scheme">eD2k</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnet_URI_scheme" title="Magnet URI scheme">Magnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metalink" title="Metalink">Metalink</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Uses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backup" title="Backup">Backup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcatching" title="Broadcatching">Broadcatching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shared_resource" title="Shared resource">Disk sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">Game and video sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_sharing" title="Image sharing">Image sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_download" title="Music download">Music sharing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peercasting" title="Peercasting">Peercasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seedbox" title="Seedbox">Seedboxes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharing#In_computer_and_Internet_culture" title="Sharing">Sharing software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_web_hosting" title="Peer-to-peer web hosting">Web hosting</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freenet#Freesite" class="mw-redirect" title="Freenet">Freesite</a>, <a href="/wiki/InterPlanetary_File_System" title="InterPlanetary File System">IPFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZeroNet" title="ZeroNet">ZeroNet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_aspects_of_file_sharing" title="Legal aspects of file sharing">Legal aspects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Privacy" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Privacy_in_file_sharing_networks" title="Privacy in file sharing networks">Privacy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anonymous_P2P" title="Anonymous P2P">Anonymous P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darknet" title="Darknet">Darknet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darkweb" class="mw-redirect" title="Darkweb">Darkweb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friend-to-friend" title="Friend-to-friend">Friend-to-friend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_music_model" title="Open music model">Open music model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_P2P" class="mw-redirect" title="Private P2P">Private P2P</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_(network)" title="Tor (network)">Tor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Internal<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_hash_table" title="Distributed hash table">Distributed hash table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merkle_tree" title="Merkle tree">Merkle tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAT_traversal" title="NAT traversal">NAT traversal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peer_exchange" title="Peer exchange">Peer exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_protocol_encryption" title="BitTorrent protocol encryption">BitTorrent protocol encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHA-1" title="SHA-1">SHA-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SHA-2" title="SHA-2">SHA-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super-seeding" title="Super-seeding">Super-seeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BitTorrent_tracker" title="BitTorrent tracker">BitTorrent tracker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UDP_hole_punching" title="UDP hole punching">UDP hole punching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micro_Transport_Protocol" title="Micro Transport Protocol">Micro Transport Protocol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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