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{"work":{"id":7020489,"created_at":"2014-05-12T02:31:03.844-07:00","from_world_paper_id":null,"updated_at":"2022-02-14T16:59:31.012-08:00","_data":{"more_info":"Undergraduate paper on De Re Militari, focusing on order of battle"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"An Analysis of Vegetius, De Re Militari","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [11921380]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container 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class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">An Analysis of Vegetius, De Re Militari</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11921380" href="https://maryvillecollege.academia.edu/RobertWard"><img alt="Profile image of Robert Ward" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Robert Ward</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">11 pages</p></div><div 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data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81621205/Technical_Training_of_the_Athenian_Cavalry_375_350_BC_Journal_of_Ancient_History_and_Archaeology_2022">Technical Training of the Athenian Cavalry (375 -350 BC) Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 2022</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2681148" href="https://ru-nl.academia.edu/AnneliesKoolen">Annelies Koolen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Technical Training of the Athenian Cavalry (375 -350 BC) JAHA, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cavalry tactics require a well-thought-out horse and rider training on a regular basis as well as a cavalry led by a commander who has tactical skill, sufficient horsemanship and knowledge of horses. As a cavalry commander and horseman Xenophon studied the developments on the battlefield during the 5th and 4th century BC. He carefully analysed cavalry tactics of various enemies of Athens and he put forward recommendations on how the Athenians should train their cavalry. His works On Horsemanship and On the Cavalry Commander therefore show the most modern cavalry requirements of that time. They are important documents showing how the different styles of cavalry deployment came to influence each other. This paper wants to explain which foreign tactics he studied and why Xenophon advised specific horse training exercises to the Athenians.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Technical Training of the Athenian Cavalry (375 -350 BC) Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology 2022","attachmentId":87639140,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81621205/Technical_Training_of_the_Athenian_Cavalry_375_350_BC_Journal_of_Ancient_History_and_Archaeology_2022","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81621205/Technical_Training_of_the_Athenian_Cavalry_375_350_BC_Journal_of_Ancient_History_and_Archaeology_2022"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="43148996" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43148996/Introducing_Archeophysiology_Studying_the_tactical_athlete_of_the_ancient_world_physical_performance_and_comfort_of_a_Bronze_age_panoply_wearer_warrior_during_different_combinations_of_weapon_fighting_techniques_in_a_stimulated_combat_environment_of_the_Trojan_war_">Introducing Archeophysiology. "Studying the tactical athlete of the ancient world: physical performance and comfort of a Bronze age panoply wearer warrior, during different combinations of weapon fighting techniques in a stimulated combat environment of the Trojan war."</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="101546341" href="https://independent.academia.edu/PetmezasBStavros">Stavros Petmezas</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Keywords: archaeophysiology, archaeology, physiology, physical performance, tactical athletes, panoply, armor, armour, ancient swordsmanship, battle, combat, combat stimulation, battle mode, Bronze Age, Homer’s “Iliad”, weapon use, sword, xiphos, spear, horse carriage, shield, helmet, bow, warrior, fighter, soldier, battle physiology, theatre of operations, battle environment, Greeks, Achaeans, Trojans, Trojan War, Mycenean civilization, history, marines, Greek Army, Hellenic Army, special forces, dietary, nutrition, battle psychology, reflexes, body temperature, target deflection, fatigue, glucose, visual stimulation, hearing stimulation, reaction time. The purpose of this research is to study the manner of battle and the use of weapons by a Greek warrior who was fully armored during archaic times and more specifically in the Bronze Age (Trojan War period). The main question of the research was whether the "Dedra panoply" was useful battle equipment or was an artifact for use only in the rituals and celebrations of the time. Due to the originality of the research and the lack of precedent data, a new branch of science was required: the "Archeophysiology" ®, that is, the combination of archeology (through archaeological findings and ancient texts) and physiology (through the creation of specific physical performance protocols, manufacturing of equipment and taking measurements in a simulated combat environment). Measurements were required to be made, to assess the various factors affecting the human physiology of already trained and professional fighters (warriors), who are now identified as “tactical athletes”. For the most realistic approach to the battle, noncommissioned officers and privates of the Hellenic Armed Forces (HAF) and in particular from the Special Forces (SF) of the Marines were used, who executed, a Trojan War-based combat protocol created by studying the Homeric Epic of the "Iliad" (Maronitiw D.N., 2016) (Asimoglou P., Petmezas S., Flouris A., Koutedakis Y.2, Fatouros I.2, Giakas I.2, Jamurtas AZ2, Wardle K. & D.3,2017). The creation of the battle protocol took into account: the morphology of the terrain, the environmental conditions, the time constraints of the different phases of the battle (transition - engagement - return), the respective geographical distances traveled by the warriors daily, as well as the different combinations of weapons and fighting techniques of the corresponding time period described in the Iliad (Petmezas S., Asimoglou P., Flouris A., Koutedakis Y.2, Fatouros I.2, Giakas I.2, Jamurtas A.2, Wardle K. & D.3, 2017). The combat equipment used by the volunteers of the HAF consisted of a complete armor replica of the Mycenaean era, a helmet and replicas of the weapons of the era (shape-weight-materials-construction techniques). The weapons used in the various techniques of armor were: spear (throws – thrusts/close combat blows), Mycenaean sword 85 cm long (thrusts/slashing blows - cuts), Mycenaean bow (close range shots) and other materials found on battlefield, in our case medium /small stone (throws). A study was also carried out and measurements were taken of the use of a two-horse battle carriage and its effect on the physiology of the user as well as on the nutrition and other habits of the ancient tactical athletes during a whole day in battle engagement. At the same time, measurements were performed of the effect of fatigue on warrior psychology, its effect on target accuracy and fighter’s reflexes (speed) using visual and auditory stimuli equipment. A total of 13 healthy adult men volunteers (Hellenic Army Special Forces) (age 29.2 ± 7.9 years, height 172.7 ± 4.5 cm, weight 74.1 ± 6.8 kg) participated in the research. The physiology measurements performed throughout the protocol were: skin temperature, produced force (total and mean value) of blows in each different combination of battle techniques, stroke (target) deviation (total and mean value) of the hits in each different type of combat, the difference in the deviation of volunteers’ blows from the target center by type of combat, the subjective perception of warriors’ fatigue, blood glucose concentration, urine specific gravity and color at the beginning and end of the protocol, reaction time to visual and auditory stimuli throughout the protocol. Results showed a positive low power correlation (r = 0.119, p <0.001) between skin temperature and protocol steps. The total force output of the volunteers’ blows in each different type of battle showed a statistically significant positive high force correlation (r = 0.802, p <0.001) between the total force produced and the blows numbers. The difference in mean power produced by battle type showed statistically significant changes [F (3, 503) = 18.6; p <0.001] by type of battle. Also, the analysis of the total deviation of the volunteer blows from the target in each different type of battle showed statistically significant changes in the total blow number deviation [F (3, 503) = 96.0; p <0.001] by type of battle. The difference in the deviation of volunteer blows from the target based on the type of battle did not show any statistically significant changes in the mean deviation of volunteer blows from the target (p> 0.05). The total force produced, the mean generated force, the total deviation of the blows from the target, as well as the mean deviation of the blows from the target during the different phases of the protocol in battle “1vs1” showed that the total produced force [F (30, 372) = 1.5; p = 0.047] decreased from start to the end of protocol. The total force produced, the mean produced force, the total stroke deviation from the target, and the mean deviation of the strokes from the target during the different phases of the protocol in the “chariot vs chariot” battle did not show statistically significant differences in some of the variables considered (p> 0.05) between the variables considered and the protocol stage. Subjective perception of volunteer fatigue showed a positive high force correlation (r = 0.603, p <0.001) which was statistically significant. The blood glucose concentration of the volunteers showed a statistically significant decrease in glucose concentration [F (7, 95) = 3.0; p = 0.007] which was statistically significant (r = -0.234, p = 0.017). Urine specific gravity analysis and urine color at the beginning and end of the protocol showed no statistically significant differences in any of the variables examined (p> 0.05). The same analysis showed a statistically significant positive correlation between urine specific gravity and urine color (r = 0.683, p <0.001). The reaction time to visual stimulus showed no statistically significant changes (p> 0.05). The reaction time to auditory stimuli showed an increase in reaction time which was judged to be close to statistical significance [F (7, 96) = 1.94; p = 0.07]. Through this research and the science of archeophysiology, it turned out that the particular type of armor used was useful (combat) warfare equipment and not only for ritual use. It was carried on the battlefield by important military agents (commanders/army chiefs) providing maximum protection to the warrior who wore it from the Bronze Age weapons throughout the battle. The similarity of archaic period battle equipment in form, weight and use, to its modern combat equipment, proves the functional perfection achieved by the ancestors of the Greeks some 3500 years ago, both in the manufacture of the equipment and in the manner of training the human body to fully utilize personal combat equipment.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Introducing Archeophysiology. \"Studying the tactical athlete of the ancient world: physical performance and comfort of a Bronze age panoply wearer warrior, during different combinations of weapon fighting techniques in a stimulated combat environment of the Trojan war.\"","attachmentId":63409510,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43148996/Introducing_Archeophysiology_Studying_the_tactical_athlete_of_the_ancient_world_physical_performance_and_comfort_of_a_Bronze_age_panoply_wearer_warrior_during_different_combinations_of_weapon_fighting_techniques_in_a_stimulated_combat_environment_of_the_Trojan_war_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43148996/Introducing_Archeophysiology_Studying_the_tactical_athlete_of_the_ancient_world_physical_performance_and_comfort_of_a_Bronze_age_panoply_wearer_warrior_during_different_combinations_of_weapon_fighting_techniques_in_a_stimulated_combat_environment_of_the_Trojan_war_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="86442734" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/86442734/Technical_Training_of_the_Athenian_Cavalry_375_350_BC_JAHA_9_2_2022_5_25">Technical Training of the Athenian Cavalry 375 - 350 BC JAHA 9.2 (2022) 5 - 25</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2681148" href="https://ru-nl.academia.edu/AnneliesKoolen">Annelies Koolen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Ancient History and Archaeology, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Cavalry tactics require a well-thought-out horse and rider training on a regular basis as well as a cavalry led by a commander who has tactical skill, sufficient horsemanship and knowledge of horses. As a cavalry commander and horseman Xenophon studied the developments on the battlefield during the 5th and 4th century BC. He carefully analysed cavalry tactics of various enemies of Athens and he put forward recommendations on how the Athenians should train their cavalry. His works On Horsemanship and On the Cavalry Commander therefore show the most modern cavalry requirements of that time. They are important documents showing how the different styles of cavalry deployment came to influence each other. This paper wants to explain which foreign tactics he studied and</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Technical Training of the Athenian Cavalry 375 - 350 BC JAHA 9.2 (2022) 5 - 25","attachmentId":90895604,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/86442734/Technical_Training_of_the_Athenian_Cavalry_375_350_BC_JAHA_9_2_2022_5_25","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/86442734/Technical_Training_of_the_Athenian_Cavalry_375_350_BC_JAHA_9_2_2022_5_25"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="71827676" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/71827676/Of_Horses_And_Men_Developments_in_Greek_Cavalry_Training_and_Warfare_550_350_BC_with">Of Horses And Men Developments in Greek Cavalry Training and Warfare (550-350 BC) with</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2681148" href="https://ru-nl.academia.edu/AnneliesKoolen">Annelies Koolen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Of Horses And Men - Developments in Greek Cavalry Training and Warfare (550 - 350 BC) with a Focus on Athens and Xenophon, 2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Xenophon analysed cavalry practises of several city states when he saw that the Athenians lost their battles against specifically the Boeotians who grew stronger with their hamippoi formations, cavalry intermingled with infantry. He therefore put recommendations forward to the city of Athens to improve their cavalry. He wanted them to adopt the Boeotian tactics which required them to improve their horsemanship on the level that they would be able to 'collect' their horses on the battlefield so they would be able to control them in even very slow paces but also be able to accelerate really fast. He describes several exercises and formations to practise this. He hoped that by doing so the Athenians would be able to gain back their hegemony as a counter weight to the rise of Thebes. This thesis offers an overview of cavalry tactics, cavalry training and a history of military horsemanship, which is the technology of cavalry warfare.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Of Horses And Men Developments in Greek Cavalry Training and Warfare (550-350 BC) with","attachmentId":84373741,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/71827676/Of_Horses_And_Men_Developments_in_Greek_Cavalry_Training_and_Warfare_550_350_BC_with","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/71827676/Of_Horses_And_Men_Developments_in_Greek_Cavalry_Training_and_Warfare_550_350_BC_with"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="91300755" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/91300755/The_Ancient_Art_of_Armatura_Evidence_for_Greco_Roman_Fencing">The Ancient Art of Armatura: Evidence for Greco-Roman Fencing</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5976392" href="https://winthrop.academia.edu/EvanSchultheis">Evan Schultheis</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Ancient Warfare Magazine, 2022</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In his description of the ancient legion, Vegetius makes a brief mention of the "partly forgotten" art of armatura, or the Roman method of hand-to-hand combat. Looking at the very limited evidence, some fundamentals of Roman combat can be determined by looking at soldiers' steles, body mechanics, the weapons themselves, and can be brought together to reconstruct how Roman soldiers were trained.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Ancient Art of Armatura: Evidence for Greco-Roman Fencing","attachmentId":94626020,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/91300755/The_Ancient_Art_of_Armatura_Evidence_for_Greco_Roman_Fencing","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/91300755/The_Ancient_Art_of_Armatura_Evidence_for_Greco_Roman_Fencing"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="44336932" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44336932/_The_Hoplite_Shield_Spear_and_Ancient_Greek_Combat_A_Black_Belts_Perspective_">"The Hoplite Shield, Spear, and Ancient Greek Combat: A Black Belt's Perspective"</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="61232570" href="https://hws.academia.edu/LeahHimmelhoch">Leah Himmelhoch</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">CAAS Presentation, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Though much of a hoplite's gear changed over time, his spear and round double-grip aspis remained a constant that defined him. Unfortunately, however, we remain unsure how they were used. Scholars debate whether the aspis's weight and breadth restricted movement, thereby making it suitable only for compact phalanx tactics, or whether it was lighter than many have estimated, thereby allowing enough mobility for single combat and a looser phalanx. But this debate suffers from three critical problems: First, it invariably discusses the aspis independently from the spear, when they likely worked together (which changes the aspis's handling). Certainly, the evidence supports treating them as a unit. Second, the scholars debating what is feasible for hoplite combat have little practical experience with ancient weapons (understandably enough). Thirdly, scholars often reverse engineer the aspis's use from ancient sources that can be interpreted different ways (again, understandably). This presentation attempts to address these problems. Starting from (researched reconstructions of) the aspis and spear, I investigate their use with an eye to combat practicality, drawing upon my training with ancient weapons. (Though proficient in "Eastern" styles, I am conversant with "Western" traditions, and my approach uses principles basic to both). In particular, I factor the spear's complementary role into the aspis's defensive posture and suggest a new understanding of their use and design. Finally, after verifying that my results conform to our ancient sources, I propose that: 1) the aspis and spear work together well in single combat; 2) the double-grip aspis design does allow for a gradual transition between single- and phalanx- combat styles; thus, 3) early phalanxes, at least, may have been loosely arranged. Finally, 4) the early styrax (butt-spike) may even owe its pointy design to the possibility of single combat -- as a deterrent to attacks from behind.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"The Hoplite Shield, Spear, and Ancient Greek Combat: A Black Belt's Perspective\"","attachmentId":64727419,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44336932/_The_Hoplite_Shield_Spear_and_Ancient_Greek_Combat_A_Black_Belts_Perspective_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44336932/_The_Hoplite_Shield_Spear_and_Ancient_Greek_Combat_A_Black_Belts_Perspective_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="11619137" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619137/Arte_Gladiatorie_The_ancient_Roman_institution_and_its_perpetuation_in_Western_martial_culture">Arte Gladiatorie: The ancient Roman institution and its perpetuation in Western martial culture</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2970781" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JamieAcutt">Jamie Acutt</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2015</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper traces the seven core characteristics which defined the Ancient Roman Schools of Arms (the Ludi Gladiatorii), and how those characteristics may be found across Europe in the Germanic, French, English and Italian institutions of martial culture. The paper begs the question to what extent these characteristics were inherited from the ancient period, or posthumously recreated in the High Medieval period.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Arte Gladiatorie: The ancient Roman institution and its perpetuation in Western martial culture","attachmentId":57156082,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/11619137/Arte_Gladiatorie_The_ancient_Roman_institution_and_its_perpetuation_in_Western_martial_culture","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/11619137/Arte_Gladiatorie_The_ancient_Roman_institution_and_its_perpetuation_in_Western_martial_culture"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="37142083" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37142083/Combat_Training_for_Horse_and_Rider_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages">Combat Training for Horse and Rider in the Early Middle Ages</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="6359462" href="https://independent.academia.edu/JurgGassmann">Jurg Gassmann</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">– The cavalry horse, tactics and training in Western Europe – the Euro-pean provinces of the Roman Empire of the West and the Frankish Empire – during the Early Middle Ages (c. 500-1000) are still subject to many myths in both popular media and academic literature. Source material is admittedly thin, yet it is specific enough to allow us to correct many of these misconceptions and outright errors. The article initially summarises the current state of knowledge on the war horse of the period, by reference to the archaeological record. It then reviews the cavalry's battlefield tactics, derives the skill level required to execute the manoeuvres described in the sources, and analyses where and how this training could have been provided. The information gleaned provides an insight into the skills and expertise necessary to achieve the requisite sophisticated level of horsemanship. We shall argue that these imply a considerable investment in organisational infrastructure, personnel and institutional memory, which has so far not received much academic attention, and has wider implications for our view of the era.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Combat Training for Horse and Rider in the Early Middle Ages","attachmentId":57092389,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37142083/Combat_Training_for_Horse_and_Rider_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37142083/Combat_Training_for_Horse_and_Rider_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="6943994" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/6943994/Of_Horses_And_Men_Developments_in_Greek_Cavalry_Training_and_Warfare_550_350_BC_with_a_Focus_on_Athens_and_Xenophon_PhD_thesis_2012_">Of Horses And Men - Developments in Greek Cavalry Training and Warfare (550 - 350 BC) with a Focus on Athens and Xenophon (PhD thesis 2012)</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2681148" href="https://ru-nl.academia.edu/AnneliesKoolen">Annelies Koolen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2012</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Xenophon analysed cavalry practises of several city states when he saw that the Athenians lost their battles against specifically the Boeotians who grew stronger with their hamippoi formations, cavalry intermingled with infantry. He therefore put recommendations forward to the city of Athens to improve their cavalry. He wanted them to adopt the Boeotian tactics which required them to improve their horsemanship on the level that they would be able to 'collect' their horses on the battlefield so they would be able to control them in even very slow paces but also be able to accelerate really fast. He describes several exercises and formations to practise this. He hoped that by doing so the Athenians would be able to gain back their hegemony as a counter weight to the rise of Thebes. This thesis offers an overview of cavalry tactics, cavalry training and a history of military horsemanship, which is the technology of cavalry warfare.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Of Horses And Men - Developments in Greek Cavalry Training and Warfare (550 - 350 BC) with a Focus on Athens and Xenophon (PhD thesis 2012)","attachmentId":81699629,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/6943994/Of_Horses_And_Men_Developments_in_Greek_Cavalry_Training_and_Warfare_550_350_BC_with_a_Focus_on_Athens_and_Xenophon_PhD_thesis_2012_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/6943994/Of_Horses_And_Men_Developments_in_Greek_Cavalry_Training_and_Warfare_550_350_BC_with_a_Focus_on_Athens_and_Xenophon_PhD_thesis_2012_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="115491891" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115491891/The_Art_of_Single_Combat_in_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire">The Art of Single Combat in the Eastern Roman Empire</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4080329" href="https://independent.academia.edu/MattiaCaprioli">Mattia Caprioli</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Nuova Antologia Militare, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Though we do not usually associate the art of single combat with the Eastern Roman Empire, we know from the sources that Eastern Roman soldiers were well trained for single fight – indeed, a needed skill in any professional army – and that they often engaged in duels, both with enemy’s “champions” or in the heat of battle. This article has the aim to analyze the extant evidence concerning training, feats of arms and the evidence of single combat itself in the Eastern Roman Empire (from Late Antiquity to the Middle Ages).</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Art of Single Combat in the Eastern Roman Empire","attachmentId":111883908,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115491891/The_Art_of_Single_Combat_in_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115491891/The_Art_of_Single_Combat_in_the_Eastern_Roman_Empire"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":33679229,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":33679229,"attachmentType":"doc","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_33679229" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="83294058" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/83294058/Of_horses_and_men_developments_in_Greek_cavalry_training_and_warfare_550_350_BC_with_a_focus_on_Athens_and_Xenophon">Of horses and men - developments in Greek cavalry training and warfare (550-350 BC) with a focus on Athens and Xenophon</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2681148" href="https://ru-nl.academia.edu/AnneliesKoolen">Annelies Koolen</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2006</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Of horses and men - 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BUSETTO, War as training, war as spectacle: the hippika gymnasia from Xenophon to Arrian, in G. LEE – H. WHITTAKER – G. WRIGHTSON (eds.), Ancient Warfare: Introducing Current Research. Volume I, Newcastle-upon-Tyne, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2015, pp. 147-171.</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2917702" href="https://unito.academia.edu/AnnaBusetto">Anna Busetto</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"A. BUSETTO, War as training, war as spectacle: the hippika gymnasia from Xenophon to Arrian, in G. LEE – H. WHITTAKER – G. WRIGHTSON (eds.), Ancient Warfare: Introducing Current Research. 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Studia nad wojskowością antyczną tom II” (2015), s. 69-91, ISBN 978-83-63374-37-2</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1960723" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GrzegorzKlejnowski">Grzegorz Klejnowski</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Res Militaris. Studia nad wojskowością antyczną tom II (2015), s. 69-91, ISBN 978-83-63374-37-2, 2015</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hasta Velitaris - The first edge of the Roman army, „Res Militaris. 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