Carbon removal tech: A promising tool for emissions reductions, but no cure-all

<!doctype html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <script type="text/javascript" async=true> (function() { var host = window.location.hostname; var element = document.createElement('script'); var firstScript = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; var url = 'https://cmp.inmobi.com' .concat('/choice/', '1C3fJ9awG115y', '/', host, '/choice.js?tag_version=V3'); var uspTries = 0; var uspTriesLimit = 3; element.async = true; element.type = 'text/javascript'; element.src = url; firstScript.parentNode.insertBefore(element, firstScript); function makeStub() { var TCF_LOCATOR_NAME = '__tcfapiLocator'; var queue = []; var win = window; var cmpFrame; function addFrame() { var doc = win.document; var otherCMP = !!(win.frames[TCF_LOCATOR_NAME]); if (!otherCMP) { if (doc.body) { var iframe = doc.createElement('iframe'); iframe.style.cssText = 'display:none'; iframe.name = TCF_LOCATOR_NAME; doc.body.appendChild(iframe); } else { setTimeout(addFrame, 5); } } return !otherCMP; } function tcfAPIHandler() { var gdprApplies; var args = arguments; if (!args.length) { return queue; } else if (args[0] === 'setGdprApplies') { if ( args.length > 3 && args[2] === 2 && typeof args[3] === 'boolean' ) { gdprApplies = args[3]; if (typeof args[2] === 'function') { args[2]('set', true); } } } else if (args[0] === 'ping') { var retr = { gdprApplies: gdprApplies, cmpLoaded: false, cmpStatus: 'stub' }; if (typeof args[2] === 'function') { args[2](retr); } } else { if(args[0] === 'init' && typeof args[3] === 'object') { args[3] = Object.assign(args[3], { tag_version: 'V3' }); } queue.push(args); } } function postMessageEventHandler(event) { var msgIsString = typeof event.data === 'string'; var json = {}; try { if (msgIsString) { json = JSON.parse(event.data); } else { json = event.data; } } catch (ignore) {} var payload = json.__tcfapiCall; if (payload) { window.__tcfapi( payload.command, payload.version, function(retValue, success) { var returnMsg = { __tcfapiReturn: { returnValue: retValue, success: success, callId: payload.callId } }; if (msgIsString) { returnMsg = JSON.stringify(returnMsg); } if (event && event.source && event.source.postMessage) { event.source.postMessage(returnMsg, '*'); } }, payload.parameter ); } } while (win) { try { if (win.frames[TCF_LOCATOR_NAME]) { cmpFrame = win; break; } } catch (ignore) {} if (win === window.top) { break; } win = win.parent; } if (!cmpFrame) { addFrame(); win.__tcfapi = tcfAPIHandler; win.addEventListener('message', postMessageEventHandler, false); } }; makeStub(); function makeGppStub() { const CMP_ID = 10; const SUPPORTED_APIS = [ '2:tcfeuv2', '6:uspv1', '7:usnatv1', '8:usca', '9:usvav1', '10:uscov1', '11:usutv1', '12:usctv1' ]; window.__gpp_addFrame = function (n) { if (!window.frames[n]) { if (document.body) { var i = document.createElement("iframe"); i.style.cssText = "display:none"; i.name = n; document.body.appendChild(i); } else { window.setTimeout(window.__gpp_addFrame, 10, n); } } }; window.__gpp_stub = function () { var b = arguments; __gpp.queue = __gpp.queue || []; __gpp.events = __gpp.events || []; if (!b.length || (b.length == 1 && b[0] == "queue")) { return __gpp.queue; } if (b.length == 1 && b[0] == "events") { return __gpp.events; } var cmd = b[0]; var clb = b.length > 1 ? b[1] : null; var par = b.length > 2 ? b[2] : null; if (cmd === "ping") { clb( { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // IAB assigned CMP ID, may be 0 during stub/loading sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "addEventListener") { if (!("lastId" in __gpp)) { __gpp.lastId = 0; } __gpp.lastId++; var lnr = __gpp.lastId; __gpp.events.push({ id: lnr, callback: clb, parameter: par, }); clb( { eventName: "listenerRegistered", listenerId: lnr, // Registered ID of the listener data: true, // positive signal pingData: { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // list of supported APIs sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "removeEventListener") { var success = false; for (var i = 0; i < __gpp.events.length; i++) { if (__gpp.events[i].id == par) { __gpp.events.splice(i, 1); success = true; break; } } clb( { eventName: "listenerRemoved", listenerId: par, // Registered ID of the listener data: success, // status info pingData: { gppVersion: "1.1", // must be “Version.Subversion”, current: “1.1” cmpStatus: "stub", // possible values: stub, loading, loaded, error cmpDisplayStatus: "hidden", // possible values: hidden, visible, disabled signalStatus: "not ready", // possible values: not ready, ready supportedAPIs: SUPPORTED_APIS, // list of supported APIs cmpId: CMP_ID, // CMP ID sectionList: [], applicableSections: [-1], gppString: "", parsedSections: {}, }, }, true ); } else if (cmd === "hasSection") { clb(false, true); } else if (cmd === "getSection" || cmd === "getField") { clb(null, true); } //queue all other commands else { __gpp.queue.push([].slice.apply(b)); } }; window.__gpp_msghandler = function (event) { var msgIsString = typeof event.data === "string"; try { var json = msgIsString ? JSON.parse(event.data) : event.data; } catch (e) { var json = null; } if (typeof json === "object" && json !== null && "__gppCall" in json) { var i = json.__gppCall; window.__gpp( i.command, function (retValue, success) { var returnMsg = { __gppReturn: { returnValue: retValue, success: success, callId: i.callId, }, }; event.source.postMessage(msgIsString ? JSON.stringify(returnMsg) : returnMsg, "*"); }, "parameter" in i ? i.parameter : null, "version" in i ? i.version : "1.1" ); } }; if (!("__gpp" in window) || typeof window.__gpp !== "function") { window.__gpp = window.__gpp_stub; window.addEventListener("message", window.__gpp_msghandler, false); window.__gpp_addFrame("__gppLocator"); } }; makeGppStub(); var uspStubFunction = function() { var arg = arguments; if (typeof window.__uspapi !== uspStubFunction) { setTimeout(function() { if (typeof window.__uspapi !== 'undefined') { window.__uspapi.apply(window.__uspapi, arg); } }, 500); } }; var checkIfUspIsReady = function() { uspTries++; if (window.__uspapi === uspStubFunction && uspTries < uspTriesLimit) { console.warn('USP is not accessible'); } else { clearInterval(uspInterval); } }; if (typeof window.__uspapi === 'undefined') { window.__uspapi = uspStubFunction; var uspInterval = setInterval(checkIfUspIsReady, 6000); } })(); </script> <meta charset="utf-8" /><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge" /><meta name="language" content="en" /><meta name="generator" content="Isle Interactive Ltd" /><meta name="designer" content="Isle Interactive Ltd" /><meta name="viewport" content="initial-scale=1.0, width=device-width" /><meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no" /><meta name="application-name" content="The Parliament Magazine" /><meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#ffffff" /><meta name="msapplication-config" content="/_img/_favicons/browserconfig.xml" /><meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff" /> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow" /> <meta name="revisit-after" content="14 days" /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="/_img/_favicons/apple-touch-icon.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="/_img/_favicons/favicon-32x32.png" /><link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="/_img/_favicons/favicon-16x16.png" /><link rel="manifest" href="/_img/_favicons/manifest.json" /><link rel="mask-icon" href="/_img/_favicons/safari-pinned-tab.svg" color="#231f20" /><link rel="shortcut icon" href="/favicon.ico" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_styles/core2.css?v14" media="screen" /><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_styles/layout2.css?v26" media="screen" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com" /><link rel="preconnect" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com" crossorigin="" />  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Cardo:ital,wght@0,400;0,700;1,400&family=Open+Sans:wght@400;700&family=Roboto:ital,wght@0,400;0,500;0,700;1,400;1,500;1,700&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /> <script src="//ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/2.2.4/jquery.min.js"></script> <script>!window.jQuery && document.write('<script src="/_scripts/jquery.js"><\/script>')</script> <script src="/_scripts/modernizr.js"></script> <script src="/_scripts/core.js?11"></script> <script src="/_scripts/plugins.js?2a"></script>  <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script> <script> window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []}; </script> <script> // define variables to hold gpt slot objects var gptSlots = []; var slot1,slot2,slot3,slot4,slot5,slot6,slot7; googletag.cmd.push(function() { headerMapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]). addSize([320, 0], [[320, 50], [320, 100]]). addSize([801, 0], [[468, 60], [728, 90]]). addSize([1201, 0], [[970, 90], [970, 250], [728, 90]]). build(); lmpuMapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]). addSize([300, 0], [300, 250]). addSize([801, 0], [[300, 600], [300, 250]]). addSize([1201, 0], [[300, 1050], [300, 600], [300, 250]]). build(); rmpuMapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]). addSize([300, 0], [300, 250]). addSize([801, 0], [[300, 600], [300, 250]]). build(); inartMapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([0, 0], [1, 1]). addSize([300, 0], [300, 250]). build(); skinMapping = googletag.sizeMapping(). addSize([1201, 0], [1, 1]). build(); slot1 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_header', [[320, 50], [970, 250], [970, 90], [320, 100], [1, 1], [728, 90]], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-0').defineSizeMapping(headerMapping).setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot2 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_left-side-top', [[300, 600], [300, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-1').defineSizeMapping(rmpuMapping).setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot3 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_right-side-top', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-2').setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot4 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_right-side-bot', [[300, 1050], [300, 600], [300, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-3').defineSizeMapping(lmpuMapping).setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot5 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_teads', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-4').setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot6 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_inarticle', [[1, 1], [300, 250]], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-5').defineSizeMapping(inartMapping).setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); slot7 = googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_skin', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-6').defineSizeMapping(skinMapping).setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_pixel-1', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-7').setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/1048162/pm/news-article_pixel-2', [1, 1], 'div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-8').setTargeting('lazyload').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.pubads().collapseEmptyDivs(); googletag.pubads().enableLazyLoad({ fetchMarginPercent: 200, renderMarginPercent: 100, mobileScaling: 2.0 }); googletag.enableServices();googletag.pubads().setTargeting("environment","production"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("articletype","Features"); googletag.pubads().setTargeting("topic",["Energy & Environment"]); gptSlots.push(slot1, slot2, slot3, slot4, slot5, slot6, slot7); }); </script>   <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-WHDKTSQ');</script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var _elqQ = _elqQ || []; _elqQ.push(['elqSetSiteId', '1690315']); _elqQ.push(['elqTrackPageView']); (function () { function async_load() { var s = document.createElement('script'); s.type = 'text/javascript'; s.async = true; s.src = '//img06.en25.com/i/elqCfg.min.js'; var x = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; x.parentNode.insertBefore(s, x); } if (window.addEventListener) window.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', async_load, false); else if (window.attachEvent) window.attachEvent('onload', async_load); })(); </script><script type="text/javascript" src='https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api.js'></script> <script id="poool-engage" src="https://assets.poool.fr/engage.min.js" async></script> <script> const script = document.getElementById('poool-engage'); script.addEventListener('load', function() { Engage.init('B7H7E-5SALK-J1YCN-ZNZ63') .autoCreate(); }); </script> <script src="https://cdn.p-n.io/pushly-sdk.min.js?domain_key=W6PndT8I8jSyIKDSivrEQYBdUvzu4EXy4W82" async></script> <script> window.PushlySDK = window.PushlySDK || []; function pushly() { window.PushlySDK.push(arguments) } pushly('load', { domainKey: 'W6PndT8I8jSyIKDSivrEQYBdUvzu4EXy4W82', sw: '/assets/pushly/pushly-sdk-worker.js' }); </script> <meta property="og:site_name" content="The Parliament Magazine" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_GB" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Carbon removal tech: A promising tool for emissions reductions, but no cure-all " /> <meta property="og:description" content="Carbon removal technologies are advancing, offering potential for capturing emissions that are difficult to reduce. But experts warn they must not ..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/carbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/siteimg/share/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24807/24535_original.jpg" /> <meta property="og:image:type" content="image/jpeg" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2024-11-07 10:17:04" /> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-11-14 10:14:59" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/carbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" /><meta name="Description" content="Carbon removal technologies are advancing, offering potential for capturing emissions that are difficult to reduce. But experts warn they must not rep..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@parlimag" /> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/news/article/carbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Carbon removal tech: A promising tool for emissions reductions, but no cure-all " /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Carbon removal technologies are advancing, offering potential for capturing emissions that are difficult to reduce. But experts warn they must not replace essential emissions cuts. " /> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/siteimg/share/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24807/24535_original.jpg?v1" /> <title> Carbon removal tech: A promising tool for emissions reductions, but no cure-all </title></head> <body >  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-WHDKTSQ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>  <form method="post" action="/news/article/carbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" id="form1"> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTTARGET" id="__EVENTTARGET" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__EVENTARGUMENT" id="__EVENTARGUMENT" value="" /> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATE" id="__VIEWSTATE" value="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" /> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ var theForm = document.forms['form1']; if (!theForm) { theForm = document.form1; } function __doPostBack(eventTarget, eventArgument) { if (!theForm.onsubmit || (theForm.onsubmit() != false)) { theForm.__EVENTTARGET.value = eventTarget; theForm.__EVENTARGUMENT.value = eventArgument; theForm.submit(); } } //]]> </script> <script src="/WebResource.axd?d=Z6H9xMIlvyL3CntSP0RUQ2RoiZrPLCPNLqj1SwZk_bp3I663kp8bWldCSTkypXZQ5VmtzuTMW06WuULwL-0MnQDq-PJzyWq4-5wHJgsW2cY1&t=638563308220000000" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/ScriptResource.axd?d=YH05l78KeK8eaVTwL8OCmqH87AJXyqNFsxb8JSr2dYTx3O90_kf_o6FS1UiSoMyPht7mB9LYkgHwxs-jdGdHETIdCvPQTjTuKYxdazco3-mxkoijuLVKxa-EQzUpHfvY6dKy15qZB2xH7B9LNA56fZ-1J-PcrlL0MXoP-iI98tQ1&t=ffffffffc820c398" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/ScriptResource.axd?d=mk5b-_CofLPrVExdUD7Fe-eWGk5yCsU42S2HuBk7P_NWXJxFr7tN5PWSXRbIgU8NtU3vnHY17uqPzRdbJs3O6ISdP63yANjFZJcjpYadBFZjmIATiT6w9srdNRraKhmG2pwem0LYLalC_pYN8agQGh9zhvBE8hIIZ4IIX9Eg-V4Wg1efJTmVm-btScZBxwVY0&t=ffffffffc820c398" type="text/javascript"></script> <header> <noscript> <div class="msg msgError nojavascript"> <p> This site requires JavaScript for certain functions and interactions to work. Please turn on JavaScript for the best possible experience.</p> </div> </noscript> <div class="hdr-ad"> <div class="row--ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-0'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hdr-top">  <div class="hdr-topRight"> <div class="hdr-register"> <a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" class="hdr-reg">Register for our newsletter</a> </div> <div class="burger"> <div class="hamburger"> <span></span> </div> <div class="b-label">Menu</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hdr-main"> <div class="hdr-social"> <a href="http://www.facebook.com/TheParliamentMagazine/" target="_blank" class="icon icon--facebook"></a> <a href="https://x.com/parlimag" target="_blank" class="icon icon--x"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 512 462.799"><path fill-rule="nonzero" d="M403.229 0h78.506L310.219 196.04 512 462.799H354.002L230.261 301.007 88.669 462.799h-78.56l183.455-209.683L0 0h161.999l111.856 147.88L403.229 0zm-27.556 415.805h43.505L138.363 44.527h-46.68l283.99 371.278z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-parliament-magazine/" target="_blank" class="icon icon--linkedIn"></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/theparliamentmagazineeu/" target="_blank" class="icon icon--instagram"></a> </div> <a href="/" class="logo hideText">The Parliament Magazine</a> <div class="hdr-promo"> <div class="promo-text"> <p class="oswald">Subscribe to The Parliament</p> <a href="https://www.tpgroupshop.com/store/products,the-parliament_21.htm" target="_blank" class="btn btn--dark btn--xsmall" >Subscribe now</a> </div> <div class="promo-img"> <img alt="Subscribe now" src="/ugc-1/uploads/pageblocks/8521/35eb6d930ca1db1fae28cfa99b5c26af.jpg"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hdr-nav"> <div class="nav-main"> <nav class="menu"> <ul><li><a href="/the-green-deal.htm" title="The Green Deal"><span>The EU's green transition</span></a></li><li><a href="/eu-institutions.htm" title="EU Institutions"><span>EU Institutions</span></a></li><li><a href="/foreign-and-security-policy.htm" title="Foreign & Security Policy"><span>Foreign & Security Policy</span></a></li><li><a href="/economics.htm" title="Economics"><span>Economics</span></a></li><li><a href="/technology.htm" title="Technology"><span>Technology</span></a></li><li><a href="/energy-and-environment.htm" title="Energy & Environment"><span>Energy & Environment</span></a></li><li><a href="/culture-and-arts.htm" title="Culture & Arts"><span>Culture & Arts</span></a></li><li class="navDisableClick navMobToggle liHasChildren"><a href="/more.htm" title="More"><span>More</span></a><ul><li><a href="/more/about-us.htm" title="About The Parliament Magazine | The Parliament Magazine"><span>About</span></a></li><li><a href="/magazine.htm" title="Print magazine"><span>Print magazine</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" title="Newsletters & Registration | The Parliament Magazine"><span>Newsletter</span></a></li><li><a href="https://events.theparliamentmagazine.eu/" title="Events"><span>Events</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/training.htm" title="Professional Development Training"><span>Training</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/commercial-opportunities.htm" title="Commercial Opportunities | The Parliament Magazine"><span>Commercial Opportunities</span></a></li><li><a href="/members/directory.htm" title="Members Directory"><span>Members Directory</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/the-european-parliament-committee-guide-2024.htm" title="The European Parliament Committee Guide 2024"><span>The European Parliament Committee Guide 2024</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </nav> <div class="nav-search icon icon--search"><span>Search</span></div> </div> <div class="nav-sub"> <nav class="greedy-nav"> <ul><li class="noSub"><a href="/news.htm" title="News | The Parliament Magazine"><span>News analysis</span></a></li><li><a href="/features.htm" title="Features"><span>Feature</span></a></li><li><a href="/q-a.htm" title="Q+A"><span>Q+A</span></a></li><li><a href="/opinion.htm" title="Opinion | The Parliament Magazine"><span>Opinion</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" title="Newsletters & Registration | The Parliament Magazine"><span>Newsletter</span></a></li></ul> <ul class="hidden-links hidden"></ul> <div class="gn-more"> <span class="icon icon--minusSlim">More</span> </div> </nav> </div> <div class="nav-bottom"> <div class="nav-social"> <p>Follow us:</p> <a href="https://x.com/parlimag" target="_blank" class="icon icon--x"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 512 462.799"><path fill-rule="nonzero" d="M403.229 0h78.506L310.219 196.04 512 462.799H354.002L230.261 301.007 88.669 462.799h-78.56l183.455-209.683L0 0h161.999l111.856 147.88L403.229 0zm-27.556 415.805h43.505L138.363 44.527h-46.68l283.99 371.278z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/PoliticsHomeUK/" target="_blank" class="icon icon--facebook"></a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-parliament-magazine/" target="_blank" class="icon icon--linkedIn"></a> <a href="https://www.instagram.com/theparliamentmagazineeu/" target="_blank" class="icon icon--instagram"></a> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="sticky-header clearFix"> <a class="logo-sticky" href="/"> <img src="/_img/logo_the_parliament_white.svg" /> </a> <nav class="sticky-nav"> <ul><li><a href="/the-green-deal.htm" title="The Green Deal"><span>The EU's green transition</span></a></li><li><a href="/eu-institutions.htm" title="EU Institutions"><span>EU Institutions</span></a></li><li><a href="/foreign-and-security-policy.htm" title="Foreign & Security Policy"><span>Foreign & Security Policy</span></a></li><li><a href="/economics.htm" title="Economics"><span>Economics</span></a></li><li><a href="/technology.htm" title="Technology"><span>Technology</span></a></li><li><a href="/energy-and-environment.htm" title="Energy & Environment"><span>Energy & Environment</span></a></li><li><a href="/culture-and-arts.htm" title="Culture & Arts"><span>Culture & Arts</span></a></li><li class="navDisableClick navMobToggle liHasChildren"><a href="/more.htm" title="More"><span>More</span></a><ul><li><a href="/more/about-us.htm" title="About The Parliament Magazine | The Parliament Magazine"><span>About</span></a></li><li><a href="/magazine.htm" title="Print magazine"><span>Print magazine</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/newsletter-registration.htm" title="Newsletters & Registration | The Parliament Magazine"><span>Newsletter</span></a></li><li><a href="https://events.theparliamentmagazine.eu/" title="Events"><span>Events</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/training.htm" title="Professional Development Training"><span>Training</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/commercial-opportunities.htm" title="Commercial Opportunities | The Parliament Magazine"><span>Commercial Opportunities</span></a></li><li><a href="/members/directory.htm" title="Members Directory"><span>Members Directory</span></a></li><li><a href="/more/the-european-parliament-committee-guide-2024.htm" title="The European Parliament Committee Guide 2024"><span>The European Parliament Committee Guide 2024</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </nav> <div class="sticky-srch"></div> <div class="burger"> <div class="hamburger"> <span></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-overlay"> <div id="hdr_pnlSearch" class="hdr-searchBar" onkeypress="javascript:return WebForm_FireDefaultButton(event, 'hdr_btnSearch')"> <input name="ctl00$hdr$txtSearch" type="text" id="hdr_txtSearch" class="text sb-keyword" placeholder="Enter keyword/s" /> <input type="submit" name="ctl00$hdr$btnSearch" value="Search" id="hdr_btnSearch" class="btn btn--medium sb-btn" /> </div> <span class="search-close icon icon--close"></span> </div> <main> <div class="template template--1col "> <div class="main-content"> <div class="container"> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; window.dataLayer.push({ "ArticleType":[{"name":"Features", "id" :3344}], "Category":[{"name":"Energy & Environment", "id" :3351}], "Tagging":[{"name":"carbon capture and storage", "id" :801}, {"name":"Emissions", "id" :1384}, {"name":"EU", "id" :3326}, {"name":"carbon removal", "id" :3504}, {"name":"carbon dioxide", "id" :3505}] }); </script> <div class="article-view "> <div class="av-inner"> <div class="av-title"> <h1>Carbon removals offer promise but no silver bullet</h1> <div class="av-standFirst playfair">Emerging technologies to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere will be crucial to offset hard-to-abate emissions, but they risk being used as an excuse to keep emitting. </div> </div> <div class="av-image"> <div class="av-main-img"> <img class="lazyload" data-src="/siteimg/news-main/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24807/24535_original.jpg"> </div> <div class="img-caption">The Swiss company Climeworks are its running modular carbon capture unit in Hinwil, Switzerland.</div> </div> <div class="av-author"> <div class="av-authImg"> <a href="/news/author/linda-a-thompson"> <img data-src="/siteimg/authorimg/ugc-1/fullnews/author/4639/606_original.jpg" class="lazyload" alt="Linda A Thompson"> </a> </div> <div class="av-authInfo"> <p class="av-authName"> By <a href="/news/author/linda-a-thompson">Linda A Thompson</a> </p> <p class="av-authBio">Linda A Thompson is a Belgian journalist who writes on EU policy and legal activism</p> <p class="av-date">07 Nov 2024</p> <p class="av-authTwitter"> <a target="_blank" class="icon icon--x" href="https://x.com/thompsonbxl"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 512 462.799"><path fill-rule="nonzero" d="M403.229 0h78.506L310.219 196.04 512 462.799H354.002L230.261 301.007 88.669 462.799h-78.56l183.455-209.683L0 0h161.999l111.856 147.88L403.229 0zm-27.556 415.805h43.505L138.363 44.527h-46.68l283.99 371.278z"/></svg> thompsonbxl</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="av-main">  <div class="av-share-bottom clearFix share-buttons-wrap"> <span class="icon icon--right-arrow">Share this page</span> <div class="share-buttons"> <a class="share-button-item share-button-item--twitter" href="https://x.com/intent/tweet?text=Carbon+removals+offer+promise+but+no+silver+bullet&url=https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu%2fnews%2farticle%2fcarbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label=""> <svg viewBox="0 0 14 12" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" xml:space="preserve" style="fill-rule:evenodd;clip-rule:evenodd;stroke-linejoin:round;stroke-miterlimit:2"><path d="M11.026 0h2.146L8.483 5.083 14 12H9.68L6.296 7.805 2.425 12H.276l5.017-5.437L0 0h4.43l3.058 3.834L11.026 0Zm-.754 10.781h1.19L3.783 1.155H2.507l7.765 9.626Z" style="fill:#fff;fill-rule:nonzero"/></svg> </a> <a class="share-button-item share-button-item--whatsapp" href="whatsapp://send?text=Carbon+removals+offer+promise+but+no+silver+bullet%20https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu%2fnews%2farticle%2fcarbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label=""> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M20.1 3.9C17.9 1.7 15 .5 12 .5 5.8.5.7 5.6.7 11.9c0 2 .5 3.9 1.5 5.6L.6 23.4l6-1.6c1.6.9 3.5 1.3 5.4 1.3 6.3 0 11.4-5.1 11.4-11.4-.1-2.8-1.2-5.7-3.3-7.8zM12 21.4c-1.7 0-3.3-.5-4.8-1.3l-.4-.2-3.5 1 1-3.4L4 17c-1-1.5-1.4-3.2-1.4-5.1 0-5.2 4.2-9.4 9.4-9.4 2.5 0 4.9 1 6.7 2.8 1.8 1.8 2.8 4.2 2.8 6.7-.1 5.2-4.3 9.4-9.5 9.4zm5.1-7.1c-.3-.1-1.7-.9-1.9-1-.3-.1-.5-.1-.7.1-.2.3-.8 1-.9 1.1-.2.2-.3.2-.6.1s-1.2-.5-2.3-1.4c-.9-.8-1.4-1.7-1.6-2-.2-.3 0-.5.1-.6s.3-.3.4-.5c.2-.1.3-.3.4-.5.1-.2 0-.4 0-.5C10 9 9.3 7.6 9 7c-.1-.4-.4-.3-.5-.3h-.6s-.4.1-.7.3c-.3.3-1 1-1 2.4s1 2.8 1.1 3c.1.2 2 3.1 4.9 4.3.7.3 1.2.5 1.6.6.7.2 1.3.2 1.8.1.6-.1 1.7-.7 1.9-1.3.2-.7.2-1.2.2-1.3-.1-.3-.3-.4-.6-.5z" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-button-item share-button-item--linkedin" href="https://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&url=https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu%2fnews%2farticle%2fcarbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet&title=Carbon+removals+offer+promise+but+no+silver+bullet&summary=Carbon+removals+offer+promise+but+no+silver+bullet&source=https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu%2fnews%2farticle%2fcarbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label=""> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M6.5 21.5h-5v-13h5v13zM4 6.5C2.5 6.5 1.5 5.3 1.5 4s1-2.4 2.5-2.4c1.6 0 2.5 1 2.6 2.5 0 1.4-1 2.5-2.6 2.5zm11.5 6c-1 0-2 1-2 2v7h-5v-13h5V10s1.6-1.5 4-1.5c3 0 5 2.2 5 6.3v6.7h-5v-7c0-1-1-2-2-2z" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-button-item share-button-item--email" href="mailto:?subject=Carbon+removals+offer+promise+but+no+silver+bullet&body=https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu%2fnews%2farticle%2fcarbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" target="_self" rel="noopener" aria-label=""> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M22 4H2C.9 4 0 4.9 0 6v12c0 1.1.9 2 2 2h20c1.1 0 2-.9 2-2V6c0-1.1-.9-2-2-2zM7.25 14.43l-3.5 2c-.08.05-.17.07-.25.07-.17 0-.34-.1-.43-.25-.14-.24-.06-.55.18-.68l3.5-2c.24-.14.55-.06.68.18.14.24.06.55-.18.68zm4.75.07c-.1 0-.2-.03-.27-.08l-8.5-5.5c-.23-.15-.3-.46-.15-.7.15-.22.46-.3.7-.14L12 13.4l8.23-5.32c.23-.15.54-.08.7.15.14.23.07.54-.16.7l-8.5 5.5c-.08.04-.17.07-.27.07zm8.93 1.75c-.1.16-.26.25-.43.25-.08 0-.17-.02-.25-.07l-3.5-2c-.24-.13-.32-.44-.18-.68s.44-.32.68-.18l3.5 2c.24.13.32.44.18.68z" /> </svg> </a> <a class="share-button-item share-button-item--facebook" href="https://facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu%2fnews%2farticle%2fcarbon-removals-offer-promise-but-no-silver-bullet" target="_blank" rel="noopener" aria-label=""> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path d="M18.77 7.46H14.5v-1.9c0-.9.6-1.1 1-1.1h3V.5h-4.33C10.24.5 9.5 3.44 9.5 5.32v2.15h-3v4h3v12h5v-12h3.85l.42-4z" /> </svg> </a> </div> </div> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{9}" paraid="1744491044">Carbon removals are full of tantalising promise. Once the technology matures, it should be able to suck gigatonnes of carbon dioxide from the air and permanently store it in underground reserves, counteracting hard-to-abate emissions from sectors like agriculture, transport and industry.  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{19}" paraid="235165437">The obvious risk is that polluters treat it as a magical solution and an excuse to keep emitting CO2 at unsustainable levels. It’s up to regulators in the EU and elsewhere to ensure that the technology is used as a supplement, and not an alternative, to emissions reductions.  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{39}" paraid="1213511860">“Removals are not a silver bullet. They will not solve everything,” says Wijnand Stoefs, a Brussels-based researcher at Carbon Market Watch, a not-for-profit watchdog that focuses on carbon markets. “Removals need to be on top of emission reductions, not instead of.”  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{63}" paraid="1237162074">There is currently no known technology to produce cement, raise cattle, or operate commercial flights – among other things – without causing harmful emissions. Carbon removals will be necessary to offset the emissions from these applications – but are insufficient for the EU to achieve its net-zero emissions goal by 2050.  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{89}" paraid="977270347">For many industries, reducing or directly capturing emissions is economical only up to a certain point, beyond which carbon removals are a better solution. Hydro, a Norwegian aluminium producer, currently captures about 80 per cent of the carbon dioxide emitted during its manufacturing process and is in the market for removals to offset the remaining 20 per cent, says its director Liv Rathe.  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{101}" paraid="450310612">At the same time, carbon removal technology is unlikely to scale up enough to offset emissions at current levels. According to one estimate, the nascent global carbon removal industry will need to grow by more than 40 per cent per year for the next 26 years. That’s a hugely ambitious figure even with emissions reductions in play.  </p> <h2 paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{117}" paraid="1917817619">New tech, new regulation  </h2> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{129}" paraid="1298332806">Some carbon removal technology involves creating natural carbon sinks, for example by planting forests or encouraging the growth of algae. But with limits to how much these methods can be scaled, most of the industry buzz is around novel approaches such as “biochar” which locks carbon into dead plant matter.  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{143}" paraid="1094306672">Currently, these new methods are limited to scattered projects worldwide and have yet to demonstrate they can operate at scale. North America contributes an estimated 48 per cent of carbon removals with biochar, with Europe following at 17 per cent, according to a recent report mapping the state of the carbon removal industry across the globe.     </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{167}" paraid="987041497">As the technological landscape evolves, so too are the regulatory frameworks that will govern carbon removals. The EU is furthest along, with the Carbon Removals Certification Framework (CRCF) nearing completion. It was adopted by the European Parliament in April this year and is ready to enter into force within weeks of being approved by national governments in the Council of the EU.  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{179}" paraid="1133885035">“There's a need to establish a regulation for carbon removals,” says Tobias Haas, a political scientist at the Research Institute for Sustainability at the Helmholtz Centre in Potsdam. “The EU CRCF is the first important step in that direction.”  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{191}" paraid="172645004">The CRCF is a voluntary scheme that will make it clear what can count as carbon removal and what can’t, while also seeking to put numbers on the climate benefit of various types of carbon removal technologies. Only certified projects would count toward a country’s progress in meeting the EU’s emissions reduction targets.   </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{191}" paraid="172645004">The new EU framework has nevertheless been criticised for failing to address whether companies will be able to buy carbon removal credits or certificates and use them for offsetting purposes. This would allow a steel producer, for instance, to offset the gases released during the manufacturing process.  </p> <p paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{231}" paraid="531317444">Stoefs describes this offsetting model as the “worst possible” option. “Removals cannot just pick up the tab for everything at the end,” he says, stressing the need for a continued regulatory pressure on industries to decarbonise.  </p> <h2 paraeid="{e43c415f-6ae6-4710-b3d2-0509bf9ad51a}{249}" paraid="1608424887">Emerging market  </h2> <p paraeid="{64bac5da-fc94-4101-9d29-2b3ad443e26d}{6}" paraid="1988716061">Despite the current lack of a regulatory framework or financial incentive to pursue carbon removals, some tech companies have begun to do so. Last year Microsoft, Stripe and Shopify became the first companies in the world to pay a carbon removal company, Swiss-based Climeworks, to filter their carbon emissions out of the air and store them underground.  </p> <p paraeid="{64bac5da-fc94-4101-9d29-2b3ad443e26d}{22}" paraid="870216449">Still, many companies outside the tech sector have less cash on hand and would need the regulatory environment to provide the right incentives for carbon removals.  </p> <p paraeid="{64bac5da-fc94-4101-9d29-2b3ad443e26d}{61}" paraid="360686669">“You don't have a business case in Europe,” says Rathe, adding that Hydro is already the greenest aluminium producer in the world but risks losing out against overseas competitors with less stringent environmental requirements. “The EU is moving too slow in this area because it's been looking at it for many, many years, but it doesn't move.”  </p> <p paraeid="{64bac5da-fc94-4101-9d29-2b3ad443e26d}{73}" paraid="1664236844">She urges EU lawmakers to move more quickly: “The regulations for how to use carbon removals need to be in place as soon as possible.”  </p> <p paraeid="{64bac5da-fc94-4101-9d29-2b3ad443e26d}{85}" paraid="699414519">For its part, the European Commission says it’s “providing funding for research, development, and deployment of permanent carbon removals under our funding programmes to help mature the technologies and lower their costs.”  </p> <p paraeid="{64bac5da-fc94-4101-9d29-2b3ad443e26d}{105}" paraid="1588254146">But Stoefs says that a clear regulatory framework would also encourage investment in the carbon removal sector itself by giving clarity about the size of the potential market and how much money could be made. That way, he says, “the sector knows what it's working towards: We are taking a commitment on, we are actually going to be doing this stuff.”  </p> <p paraeid="{64bac5da-fc94-4101-9d29-2b3ad443e26d}{121}" paraid="1919735261">For Haas, however, EU policymakers are right not to rush into a policy that might not be fit for purpose, for example by allowing certificates to be issued for low-quality removals. “If there’s very fast implementation, there's also a high risk that there will be mistakes in the [design],” he says. “So, I think we aren’t too slow with the timeline.”  </p> <div class="midarticle-ads">  <div id="adsuiteScrollAd"></div> <div class="col--ad col--ad-inArticle"> <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-5'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-5'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="hide js-newsview-related"> <div class="av-related"> <div class="avr-title"> <span class="avr-cat">Related</span> </div> <div class="news-item news-item--related"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/news/article/how-ai-energy-consumption-challenges-eu-climate-policy"> <img class="lazyload" data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24777/24499_original.jpg"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">04 Oct</span> <span class="ni-cat"><a href="/eu-institutions.htm">EU Institutions</a></span> </div> <div class="ni-title h3"> <a href="/news/article/how-ai-energy-consumption-challenges-eu-climate-policy">How AI energy consumption challenges EU climate policy</a> </div> <div class="ni-author">by <a href="/news/author/william-noah-glucroft">William Noah Glucroft</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="av-most-recent"> <p>Read the most recent articles written by <b>Linda A Thompson</b> - <a href="/news/article/ai-bias-will-europes-race-for-efficiency-reinforce-discrimination">What can the EU learn from the Dutch algorithm scandal?</a> </p> </div> <div class="av-tags"> <p class="av-tagTitle">Tags</p> <a href="/news/tag.htm?filter=801">carbon capture and storage</a> <a href="/news/tag.htm?filter=1384">Emissions</a> <a href="/news/tag.htm?filter=3326">EU</a> <a href="/news/tag.htm?filter=3504">carbon removal</a> <a href="/news/tag.htm?filter=3505">carbon dioxide</a> </div> <div class="av-tags av-tags--categories"> <p class="av-tagTitle">Categories</p> <a href="/energy-and-environment.htm">Energy & Environment</a> </div> </div> <div class="av-rc"> <div class="col-ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-2' class="peu-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-2'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="news-title"> <span class="nt-cat h6">Related articles</span> </div> <div class="news-list news-list--sqThumb news-list--sqThumb--members"> <div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/news/article/eu-summit-climate-falls-off-agenda"> <img data-src="/siteimg/news-memb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24690/24378_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Alt"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/news/article/eu-summit-climate-falls-off-agenda">Climate ambition falls off the Council’s agenda</a> </div> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">02 Jul</span> <span class="ni-author">by <a href="/news/author/julia-kaiser">Julia Kaiser</a></span> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/news/article/oped-why-renewables-must-replace-nuclear"> <img data-src="/siteimg/news-memb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24854/24588_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Alt"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/news/article/oped-why-renewables-must-replace-nuclear">Op-ed: Why renewables must replace nuclear</a> </div> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">22 Nov</span> <span class="ni-author">by <a href="/news/author/jutta-paulus">Jutta Paulus</a></span> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/news/article/oped-its-time-to-end-europes-antinuclear-dogma"> <img data-src="/siteimg/news-memb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24853/24585_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Alt"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/news/article/oped-its-time-to-end-europes-antinuclear-dogma">Op-ed: It’s time to end Europe’s anti-nuclear dogma</a> </div> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">20 Nov</span> <span class="ni-author">by <a href="/news/author/christophe-grudler">Christophe Grudler</a></span> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/partner/article/the-path-to-climate-neutrality-what-is-the-role-of-carbon-removals-and-cleantech-innovation"> <img data-src="/siteimg/news-memb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24835/24566_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Alt"> <span class="ni-tag">Partner Content</span> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/partner/article/the-path-to-climate-neutrality-what-is-the-role-of-carbon-removals-and-cleantech-innovation">The path to climate neutrality: what is the role of carbon removals and cleantech innovation?</a> </div> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">19 Nov</span> <span class="ni-author">by <a href="https://www.theparliamentmagazine.eu/pm-plus.htm">The Parliament Partner Content</a></span> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/news/article/oped-riskbased-2040-target-is-key-to-keeping-climate-momentum"> <img data-src="/siteimg/news-memb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24850/24583_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Alt"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/news/article/oped-riskbased-2040-target-is-key-to-keeping-climate-momentum">Op-ed: Risk-based 2040 target is key to keeping climate momentum</a> </div> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">18 Nov</span> <span class="ni-author">by <a href="/news/author/conall-heussaff">Conall Heussaff</a></span> </div> </div> </div><div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/partner/article/redefining-europes-industrial-landscape"> <img data-src="/siteimg/news-memb/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24848/24580_original.jpg" class=" lazyload" alt="Alt"> <span class="ni-tag">Partner Content</span> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-title"> <a href="/partner/article/redefining-europes-industrial-landscape">Redefining Europe’s industrial landscape</a> </div> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-date">18 Nov</span> <span class="ni-author">by <a href="">The Parliament Events</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="col-ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-3' class="peu-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-3'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div class="av-lc"> <div class="col-ad">  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-1' class="peu-ad"> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-1'); }); </script> </div> </div> <div class="col-next"> <div class="news-title news-title--next"> <span class="nt-cat h6">Read Next:</span> </div> <div class="news-list news-list--readNext"> <div class="news-item"> <div class="ni-image"> <a href="/news/article/a-digital-model-of-earth-can-digital-twins-transport-climate-science-to-the-future"> <img data-src="/siteimg/list-x-four/ugc-1/fullnews/news/24780/24502_original.jpg" class=" lazyload"> </a> </div> <div class="ni-content"> <div class="ni-meta"><span class="ni-cat"><a href="/technology.htm">Technology</a></span></div> <div class="ni-title h6 sans"> <a href="/news/article/a-digital-model-of-earth-can-digital-twins-transport-climate-science-to-the-future">Can digital twins transport climate science to the future?</a> </div> <div class="ni-meta"> <span class="ni-author">by <a href="/news/author/matt-lynes">Matt Lynes</a></span> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="avantisDiv"></div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-4'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-4'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> <footer> <div class="container"> <div class="ftr-col ftr-col--left clearFix"> <div class="ftr-subsWrap"> <div class="h3">A monthly magazine packed with timely features, news analyses and opinion articles on EU policy.</div> <div class="ftr-subs"> <a class="clearFix" href="https://www.tpgroupshop.com/store/products,the-parliament_21.htm" target="_blank"> <div class="ftrs-img"> <img class="lazyload" data-src="/ugc-1/uploads/pageblocks/8524/d09bbaf39f7fbf7d29c92926e8c585f6.jpg" alt="Subscribe" > </div> <div class="ftrs-text"> <p><strong>Subscribe to The Parliament</strong></p> <p><span class="btn btn--yellow btn--xsmall">Subscribe now</span></p> </div> </a> </div> </div> <div class="ftr-social"> <div class="h3 nato">Follow us</div> <a href="http://www.twitter.com/parlimag" target="_blank" class="icon icon--x"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" shape-rendering="geometricPrecision" text-rendering="geometricPrecision" image-rendering="optimizeQuality" fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" viewBox="0 0 512 462.799"><path fill-rule="nonzero" d="M403.229 0h78.506L310.219 196.04 512 462.799H354.002L230.261 301.007 88.669 462.799h-78.56l183.455-209.683L0 0h161.999l111.856 147.88L403.229 0zm-27.556 415.805h43.505L138.363 44.527h-46.68l283.99 371.278z"/></svg> </a> <a href="https://www.linkedin.com/company/the-parliament-magazine/" target="_blank" class="icon icon--linkedIn"></a> </div> <div class="ftr-copyWrap"> <p>Registered in England & Wales under No. 07291783</p> <p>© Political Holdings Limited <script>document.write(new Date().getFullYear());</script></p> </div> </div> <div class="ftr-col ftr-col--right clearFix flx flx--wr">  <div class="ftr-subcol ftr-subcol--1"> <div class="h5 sans">Services</div> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/media/" target="_blank">Media</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/events/" target="_blank">Events</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/training/" target="_blank">Training</a></li> </ul> <span class="icon icon--chevDown"></span> </div> <div class="ftr-subcol ftr-subcol--1"> <div class="h5 sans">Media & Publishing</div> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.politicshome.com/" target="_blank">PoliticsHome</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.holyrood.com" target="_blank">Holyrood</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.civilserviceworld.com/" target="_blank">Civil Service World</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse" target="_blank">The House Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.publictechnology.net/" target="_blank">PublicTechnology</a></li> <li><a href="http://www.trainingjournal.com" target="_blank">Training Journal</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.tpgroupshop.com/" target="_blank">Subscribe to Total Politics media titles</a></li> </ul> <span class="icon icon--chevDown"></span> </div> <div class="ftr-subcol ftr-subcol--1 ftr-subcol--last"> <div class="h5 sans">About Us</div> <ul> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/" target="_blank">Total Politics Group</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/docs/privacy-policy.pdf" target="_blank">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.totalpolitics.com/docs/Website_Terms_and_Conditions_of_Use.pdf" target="_blank">Terms & Conditions</a></li> </ul> <span class="icon icon--chevDown"></span> </div>   </div> </div> </footer>   <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-6'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-6'); }); </script> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-7'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-7'); }); </script> </div>  <div id='div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-8'> <script> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1608230013890-8'); }); </script> </div> <script type="text/javascript"> //<![CDATA[ Sys.WebForms.PageRequestManager._initialize('ctl00$ajax', 'form1', [], [], [], 90, 'ctl00'); //]]> </script>  <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=UA-2383253-1"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'UA-2383253-1'); </script> <script> (function(h,o,t,j,a,r){ h.hj=h.hj||function(){(h.hj.q=h.hj.q||[]).push(arguments)}; h._hjSettings={hjid:1499290,hjsv:6}; a=o.getElementsByTagName('head')[0]; r=o.createElement('script');r.async=1; r.src=t+h._hjSettings.hjid+j+h._hjSettings.hjsv; a.appendChild(r); })(window,document,'https://static.hotjar.com/c/hotjar-','.js?sv='); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> _linkedin_partner_id = "1282260"; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids = window._linkedin_data_partner_ids || []; window._linkedin_data_partner_ids.push(_linkedin_partner_id); </script><script type="text/javascript"> (function(){var s = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript";b.async = true; b.src = "https://snap.licdn.com/li.lms-analytics/insight.min.js"; s.parentNode.insertBefore(b, s);})(); </script><noscript> <img height="1" width="1" style="display:none;" alt="" src="https://px.ads.linkedin.com/collect/?pid=1282260&fmt=gif" /> </noscript>  <script async type="text/javascript"> function dodsCheckQuantCast () { if (typeof(window.__tcfapi) !== 'function') { setTimeout(function () { dodsCheckQuantCast(); }, 250); } else { __tcfapi('getTCData', 2, function(tcData, success) { if (!success || tcData.cmpStatus != "loaded") { setTimeout(function () { dodsCheckQuantCast(); }, 250); } else { __tcfapi('addEventListener', 2, function(tcData, success) { if (success) { dodsGetVendorConsents(tcData); } }); } }); } } dodsCheckQuantCast(); function dodsGetVendorConsents(tcData) { // Google GDPR checks console.log('Google GDPR checks', tcData.eventStatus, tcData.gdprApplies); if(tcData.eventStatus === 'tcloaded' || tcData.eventStatus === 'useractioncomplete') { if (!tcData.gdprApplies) { console.log('GDPR does not apply'); // Do nothing as all ads allowed } else { console.log('GDPR applies'); // GDPR applies // Purpose 1 refers to the storage and/or access of information on a device. var hasDeviceStorageAndAccessConsent = tcData.purpose.consents[1] || false; // Google Requires Consent for Purpose 1 console.log('Storage consent', hasDeviceStorageAndAccessConsent); if (hasDeviceStorageAndAccessConsent) { var hasGoogleAdvertisingProductsConsent = tcData.vendor.consents[755] || false; // Google Advertising (IAB Vendor ID 755) console.log('Google consent', hasGoogleAdvertisingProductsConsent); if (hasGoogleAdvertisingProductsConsent) { var hasPersonalizedProfileConsent = tcData.purpose.consents[3] || false; var hasPersonalizedAdsConsent = tcData.purpose.consents[4] || false; // Check if have add personalization consent Purpose 3 and 4 console.log('Google personalization consent', hasPersonalizedAdsConsent, hasPersonalizedProfileConsent); if( hasPersonalizedAdsConsent && hasPersonalizedProfileConsent ) { // Set request non-personalized ads to false. (do nothing as default) } else { // Set request non-personalized ads to true. googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(1); }); } } } } // Refresh the ads after the consent has been configured googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.pubads().refresh(); }); } } </script> <div class="aspNetHidden"> <input type="hidden" name="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" id="__VIEWSTATEGENERATOR" value="90059987" /> </div></form> <form id="Form_Eloqua" method="post" action="https://s438870623.t.eloqua.com/e/f2"> <input type="hidden" name="elqCustomerGUID" value=""> <input type="hidden" name="elqCookieWrite" value="0"> </form> <script type='text/javascript'> var _elqQ = _elqQ || []; _elqQ.push(['elqSetSiteId', '438870623']); _elqQ.push(['elqTrackPageView']); (function () { function a() { var b = document.createElement("script"); b.type = "text/javascript"; b.async = !0; b.src = "//img.en25.com/i/elqCfg.min.js"; var a = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; a.parentNode.insertBefore(b, a) } window.addEventListener ? window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", a, !1) : window.attachEvent && window.attachEvent("onload", a) })(); </script> <script type='text/javascript'></script> <script type='text/javascript'></script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Carbon removal tech: A promising tool for emissions reductions, but no cure-all