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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1917–1933:_Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1917–1933:_Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1917–1933: Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1917–1933:_Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1933–1946:_Early_performing_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1933–1946:_Early_performing_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1933–1946: Early performing career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1933–1946:_Early_performing_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1947–1952:_Lorraine_Gordon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947–1952:_Lorraine_Gordon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1947–1952: Lorraine Gordon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947–1952:_Lorraine_Gordon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1952–1954:_Prestige_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1952–1954:_Prestige_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1952–1954: Prestige Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1952–1954:_Prestige_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1955–1961:_Riverside_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1955–1961:_Riverside_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>1955–1961: Riverside Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1955–1961:_Riverside_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1962–1970:_Columbia_Records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1962–1970:_Columbia_Records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>1962–1970: Columbia Records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1962–1970:_Columbia_Records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1971–1982:_Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1971–1982:_Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.7</span> <span>1971–1982: Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1971–1982:_Later_life_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_myth:_Monk_at_Juilliard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_myth:_Monk_at_Juilliard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.8</span> <span>Posthumous myth: Monk at Juilliard</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_myth:_Monk_at_Juilliard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technique_and_playing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technique_and_playing_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Technique and playing style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technique_and_playing_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tributes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tributes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Tributes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Tributes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tributes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tribute_albums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribute_albums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Tribute albums</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tribute_albums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_references_to_Monk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_references_to_Monk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Other references to Monk</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_references_to_Monk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Discography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_accolades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_accolades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Awards and accolades</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_accolades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Thelonious Monk</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83" title="ثالونيوس منك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثالونيوس منك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="تلانیوس مانک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="تلانیوس مانک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Тэлоніус Монк – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэлоніус Монк" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8A%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Телониъс Монк – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Телониъс Монк" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Sphere_Monk" title="Thelonious Sphere Monk – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Thelonious Sphere Monk" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9" title="تلانیوس مانک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلانیوس مانک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%85%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%8B%88%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EB%AA%BD%ED%81%AC" title="셀로니어스 몽크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="셀로니어스 몽크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD_%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%AF" title="Թելոնիուս Մոնկ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թելոնիուս Մոնկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Sphere_Monk" title="Thelonious Sphere Monk – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Thelonious Sphere Monk" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%27%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A7" title="ת'לוניוס מונק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ת'לוניוס מונק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="თელონიუს მონკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თელონიუს მონკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonius_Monk" title="Thelonius Monk – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Thelonius Monk" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%83" title="ثالونيوس منك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثالونيوس منك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AF" title="セロニアス・モンク – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セロニアス・モンク" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Sphere_Monk" title="Thelonious Sphere Monk – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Thelonious Sphere Monk" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA,_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%83%D1%81" title="Монк, Телониус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Монк, Телониус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Телонијус Манк – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Телонијус Манк" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B9%8C" title="ทีโลเนียส มังค์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทีโลเนียส มังค์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BA" title="Телоніус Монк – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Телоніус Монк" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" title="Thelonious Monk – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thelonious Monk" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9A%86%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AD%9F%E5%85%8B" title="塞隆尼斯·孟克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="塞隆尼斯·孟克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q109612#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American jazz pianist and composer (1917–82)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Thelonious Sphere Monk" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Sphere_Monk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Thelonious Sphere Monk (disambiguation)">Thelonious Sphere Monk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de; font-size: 125%;"><div class="fn">Thelonious Monk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Thelonious_Monk,_Minton%27s_Playhouse,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Sept._1947_(William_P._Gottlieb_06191).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monk at Minton's Playhouse, New York, 1947"><img alt="Monk at Minton's Playhouse, New York, 1947" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06191%29.jpg/220px-Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06191%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06191%29.jpg/330px-Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06191%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06191%29.jpg/440px-Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06191%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4898" data-file-height="5148" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Monk at <a href="/wiki/Minton%27s_Playhouse" title="Minton's Playhouse">Minton's Playhouse</a>, New York, 1947</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de">Background information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Birth name</span></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Thelious Monk Jr.<sup id="cite_ref-Solis_2007_19–20_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solis_2007_19–20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-10-10</span>)</span>October 10, 1917<br /><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina" title="Rocky Mount, North Carolina">Rocky Mount, North Carolina</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">February 17, 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-02-17)</span> (aged 64)<br /><a href="/wiki/Englewood,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood, New Jersey">Englewood, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genres</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Pianist</li><li>composer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Instrument</th><td class="infobox-data note"><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">Piano</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discography</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_discography" title="Thelonious Monk discography">Thelonious Monk discography</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Years active</span></th><td class="infobox-data">1933–1976<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Labels</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records" title="Blue Note Records">Blue Note</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Prestige_Records" title="Prestige Records">Prestige</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Records" title="Riverside Records">Riverside</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theloniousmonkmusic.com/">theloniousmonkmusic.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Musical artist</div> <p><b>Thelonious Sphere Monk</b><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> October 10, 1917 – February 17, 1982) was an American <a href="/wiki/Jazz_piano" title="Jazz piano">jazz pianist</a> and composer. He had a unique <a href="/wiki/Improvisation" title="Improvisation">improvisational</a> style and made numerous contributions to the <a href="/wiki/Jazz_standard" title="Jazz standard">standard</a> jazz repertoire, including "<a href="/wiki/%27Round_Midnight_(song)" title="'Round Midnight (song)">'Round Midnight</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Monk" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue Monk">Blue Monk</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Straight,_No_Chaser_(composition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Straight, No Chaser (composition)">Straight, No Chaser</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Ruby,_My_Dear_(composition)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruby, My Dear (composition)">Ruby, My Dear</a>", "<a href="/wiki/In_Walked_Bud" title="In Walked Bud">In Walked Bud</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Well,_You_Needn%27t" class="mw-redirect" title="Well, You Needn't">Well, You Needn't</a>". Monk is the second-most-recorded jazz composer after <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monk's compositions and improvisations feature <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">dissonances</a> and angular <a href="/wiki/Melodic" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic">melodic</a> twists, often using flat ninths, flat fifths, unexpected chromatic notes together, low bass notes and stride, and fast <a href="/wiki/Whole_tone_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone scale">whole tone</a> runs, combining a highly percussive attack with abrupt, dramatic use of switched key releases, silences, and hesitations. </p><p>Monk's distinct look included suits, hats, and sunglasses. He also had an idiosyncratic habit during performances: while other musicians continued playing, Monk would stop, stand up, and dance for a few moments before returning to the piano.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monk is one of five jazz musicians to have been featured on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time</a></i> (the others being <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dave_Brubeck" title="Dave Brubeck">Dave Brubeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1917–1933:_Early_life"><span id="1917.E2.80.931933:_Early_life"></span>1917–1933: Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1917–1933: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thelonious Sphere Monk was born on October 10, 1917,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mount,_North_Carolina" title="Rocky Mount, North Carolina">Rocky Mount, North Carolina</a>, the son of Thelonious (or Thelious) and Barbara Monk. His sister, Marion, had been born two years earlier. His birth certificate spelled his first name as "Thelious"<sup id="cite_ref-Solis_2007_19–20_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Solis_2007_19–20-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and did not list his middle name, taken from his maternal grandfather, Sphere Batts.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His brother, Thomas, was born in January 1920. In 1922, the family moved to the Phipps Houses, 243 West 63rd Street, in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>; the neighborhood was known as <a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Hill,_Manhattan" title="San Juan Hill, Manhattan">San Juan Hill</a> because of the many African-American veterans of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish%E2%80%93American_War" title="Spanish–American War">Spanish–American War</a> who lived there (urban renewal displaced the long-time residents of the community, who saw their neighborhood replaced by the Amsterdam Housing Projects and <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Center_for_the_Performing_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts">Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts</a>, though the Phipps Houses remained). Monk studied the <a href="/wiki/Trumpet" title="Trumpet">trumpet</a> briefly before switching to the piano at age nine, taking lessons from a neighbor, Alberta Simmons, who taught him in the <a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">stride</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Fats_Waller" title="Fats Waller">Fats Waller</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_P._Johnson" title="James P. Johnson">James P. Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eubie_Blake" title="Eubie Blake">Eubie Blake</a>. Monk's mother also taught him to play some hymns, and he would sometimes accompany her singing at church. He attended <a href="/wiki/Stuyvesant_High_School" title="Stuyvesant High School">Stuyvesant High School</a>, a public school for gifted students, but did not graduate.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For two years, Monk studied <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical</a> piano under Simon Wolf, an Austrian-born pianist and violinist who had studied under <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Eugene_Megerlin" title="Alfred Eugene Megerlin">Alfred Megerlin</a>, the concertmaster of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Philharmonic" title="New York Philharmonic">New York Philharmonic</a>. Monk learned to play pieces by composers such as <a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">Bach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_van_Beethoven" title="Ludwig van Beethoven">Beethoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Amadeus_Mozart" title="Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Liszt</a>, but his favorites were <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Chopin" title="Frédéric Chopin">Chopin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergei_Rachmaninoff" title="Sergei Rachmaninoff">Rachmaninoff</a>. The lessons were discontinued when it became clear that Monk's main focus was jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1933–1946:_Early_performing_career"><span id="1933.E2.80.931946:_Early_performing_career"></span>1933–1946: Early performing career</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1933–1946: Early performing career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monk put his first band together at the age of 16, getting a few restaurant and school gigs.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At 17, Monk toured with an evangelist, playing the church organ, and in his late teens he began to find work playing jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early to mid-1940s, he was the house pianist at <a href="/wiki/Minton%27s_Playhouse" title="Minton's Playhouse">Minton's Playhouse</a>, a Manhattan nightclub.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of Monk's style (in the Harlem <a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">stride</a> tradition) was developed while he performed at Minton's where he participated in after-hours <a href="/wiki/Cutting_contest" title="Cutting contest">cutting contests</a>, which featured many leading jazz soloists of the time. Monk's musical work at Minton's was crucial in the formulation of <a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">bebop</a>, which would be furthered by other musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Dizzy_Gillespie" title="Dizzy Gillespie">Dizzy Gillespie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Christian" title="Charlie Christian">Charlie Christian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Clarke" title="Kenny Clarke">Kenny Clarke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Parker" title="Charlie Parker">Charlie Parker</a>, and, later, <a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis" title="Miles Davis">Miles Davis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monk is believed to be the pianist featured on recordings Jerry Newman made around 1941 at the club. Monk's style at this time was later described as "hard-swinging", with the addition of runs in the style of <a href="/wiki/Art_Tatum" title="Art Tatum">Art Tatum</a>. Monk's stated influences included <a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a>, James P. Johnson, and other early <a href="/wiki/Stride_piano" class="mw-redirect" title="Stride piano">stride pianists</a>. According to the documentary <i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser</a></i>, Monk lived in the same neighborhood in New York City as Johnson and knew him as a teenager. </p><p>In March 1943, Monk reported for his Army Induction physical, but was labeled by the Army psychiatrist as "psychiatric reject" and not inducted into the Armed Forces during WWII.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lou_Williams" title="Mary Lou Williams">Mary Lou Williams</a>, who mentored Monk and his contemporaries, spoke of Monk's rich inventiveness in this period, and how such invention was vital for musicians, since at the time it was common for fellow musicians to incorporate overheard musical ideas into their own works without giving due credit. "So, the boppers worked out a music that was hard to steal. I'll say this for the 'leeches,' though: they tried. I've seen them in Minton's busily writing on their shirt cuffs or scribbling on the tablecloth. And even our own guys, I'm afraid, did not give Monk the credit he had coming. Why, they even stole his idea of the beret and bop glasses."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1944, Monk cut his first commercial recordings with the <a href="/wiki/Coleman_Hawkins" title="Coleman Hawkins">Coleman Hawkins</a> Quartet. Hawkins was one of the earliest established jazz musicians to promote Monk, and the pianist later returned the favor by inviting Hawkins to join him <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_with_John_Coltrane" title="Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane">on a 1957 session</a> with <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1947–1952:_Lorraine_Gordon"><span id="1947.E2.80.931952:_Lorraine_Gordon"></span>1947–1952: Lorraine Gordon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 1947–1952: Lorraine Gordon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thelonious_Monk,_Minton%27s_Playhouse,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._Sept._1947_(William_P._Gottlieb_06221).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06221%29.jpg/220px-Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06221%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06221%29.jpg/330px-Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06221%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06221%29.jpg/440px-Thelonious_Monk%2C_Minton%27s_Playhouse%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._Sept._1947_%28William_P._Gottlieb_06221%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2450" data-file-height="2569" /></a><figcaption>Thelonious Monk at <a href="/wiki/Minton%27s_Playhouse" title="Minton's Playhouse">Minton's Playhouse</a>, 1947</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Ike_Quebec" title="Ike Quebec">Ike Quebec</a> introduced Monk to <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Gordon" title="Lorraine Gordon">Lorraine Gordon</a> and her first husband, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lion" title="Alfred Lion">Alfred Lion</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records" title="Blue Note Records">Blue Note Records</a>. From then on, Gordon preached his genius to the jazz world with unrelenting passion. Shortly after meeting Gordon and Lion, Monk made his first recordings as a leader for Blue Note (later anthologized on <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Genius_of_Modern_Music,_Vol._1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Genius of Modern Music, Vol. 1 (page does not exist)">Genius of Modern Music, Vol. 1</a></i>*), which showcased his talents as a composer of original melodies for improvisation. <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Blue_Note_Sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelonious Monk Blue Note Sessions">Monk Blue Note Sessions</a> were recorded between 1947 and 1952. </p><p>Monk married Nellie Smith in 1947, and on December 27, 1949, the couple had a son, <a href="/wiki/T._S._Monk" title="T. S. Monk">T. S. Monk</a> (called Toot), who became a jazz drummer. A daughter, Barbara (affectionately known as Boo-Boo), was born on September 5, 1953, and died of cancer in 1984. </p><p>In her autobiography, Gordon spoke of the utter lack of interest in Monk's recordings, which translated to poor sales. "I went to Harlem and those record stores didn't want Monk or me. I'll never forget one particular owner, I can still see him and his store on Seventh Avenue and 125th Street. 'He can't play lady, what are you doing up here? The guy has two left hands.' 'You just wait,' I'd say. 'This man's a genius, you don't know anything.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lion" title="Alfred Lion">Alfred Lion</a>, co-owner of <a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records" title="Blue Note Records">Blue Note Records</a>, sales were a secondary consideration. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Cuscuna" title="Michael Cuscuna">Michael Cuscuna</a> relates that Alfred Lion told him that there were three people in his life that when he heard them, he just flipped and had to record everything they did. The first was Monk, the second was <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Nichols" title="Herbie Nichols">Herbie Nichols</a>, and the third was <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hill_(jazz_musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrew Hill (jazz musician)">Andrew Hill</a>, where he didn't care how much money he made or lost. He just had to record this music.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to Monk's reticence, Gordon became his mouthpiece to the public. In February 1948, she wrote to <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ingersoll_(PM_publisher)" title="Ralph Ingersoll (PM publisher)">Ralph Ingersoll</a>, the editor of the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/PM_(newspaper)" title="PM (newspaper)">PM</a>,</i> and described Monk as "a genius living here in the heart of New York, whom nobody knows". As a result, one of <i>PM</i>'s best writers visited Monk to do a feature on him, but Monk wouldn't speak to the reporter unless Gordon was in the room with him. In September of the same year, Lorraine approached <a href="/wiki/Max_Gordon_(Village_Vanguard_founder)" title="Max Gordon (Village Vanguard founder)">Max Gordon</a>, the owner and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Village_Vanguard" title="Village Vanguard">Village Vanguard</a> and secured Monk his first gig there. Monk was showcased at the club for a week, but not a single person came.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 1951, New York City police searched a parked car occupied by Monk and his friend <a href="/wiki/Bud_Powell" title="Bud Powell">Bud Powell</a>. They found narcotics in the car, presumed to have belonged to Powell. Monk refused to testify against his friend, so the police confiscated his <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Cabaret_Card" title="New York City Cabaret Card">New York City Cabaret Card</a>. Without this, Monk was nominally unable to play in any New York venue where liquor was served. Although this severely restricted his ability to perform for several years, a coterie of musicians led by <a href="/wiki/Randy_Weston" title="Randy Weston">Randy Weston</a> introduced Monk to Black-owned bars and clubs in <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Brooklyn</a> that flouted the law, enabling the pianist to play little-advertised, one-night engagements throughout the borough with a modicum of regularity. Monk spent most of the early and mid-1950s composing and performing at theaters, outer borough clubs and out-of-town venues. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1952–1954:_Prestige_Records"><span id="1952.E2.80.931954:_Prestige_Records"></span>1952–1954: Prestige Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 1952–1954: Prestige Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After intermittent recording sessions for <a href="/wiki/Blue_Note_Records" title="Blue Note Records">Blue Note</a> from 1947 to 1952, Monk was under contract to <a href="/wiki/Prestige_Records" title="Prestige Records">Prestige Records</a> for the following two years. With Prestige, he cut several highly significant, but at the time under-recognized, albums, including collaborations with the saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins" title="Sonny Rollins">Sonny Rollins</a> and the drummers <a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Max_Roach" title="Max Roach">Max Roach</a>. In 1954, Monk participated in a Christmas Eve session, which produced most of the albums <i><a href="/wiki/Bags%27_Groove" title="Bags' Groove">Bags' Groove</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis_and_the_Modern_Jazz_Giants" title="Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants">Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants</a></i> by Davis. In his autobiography, <i>Miles</i>, Davis claimed that the alleged anger and tension between them did not take place and that the claims of blows being exchanged were "rumors" and a "misunderstanding".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954, Monk paid his first visit to Paris. As well as performing at concerts, he recorded a solo piano session for French radio (later issued as an album by <a href="/wiki/Disques_Vogue" title="Disques Vogue">Disques Vogue</a>). Backstage, Mary Lou Williams introduced him to Baroness <a href="/wiki/Pannonica_de_Koenigswarter" title="Pannonica de Koenigswarter">Pannonica "Nica" de Koenigswarter</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a> and a patroness of several New York City jazz musicians. She was a close friend for the rest of Monk's life: she "served as a surrogate wife right alongside Monk's equally devoted actual wife, Nellie"<sup id="cite_ref-singer_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "paid Monk's bills, dragged him to an endless array of doctors, put him and his family up in her own home and, when necessary, helped Nellie institutionalize him. In 1958, Monk and the baroness were stopped by the police in Delaware. When a small amount of marijuana was discovered, she took the rap for her friend and even served a few nights in jail."<sup id="cite_ref-singer_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-singer-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1955–1961:_Riverside_Records"><span id="1955.E2.80.931961:_Riverside_Records"></span>1955–1961: Riverside Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1955–1961: Riverside Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Misterioso_(Thelonious_Monk_album)" title="Misterioso (Thelonious Monk album)">Misterioso (Thelonious Monk album)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nachtconcert_van_Thelonious_Monk_in_het_Concertgebouw,_Bestanddeelnr_912-3529.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachtconcert_van_Thelonious_Monk_in_het_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-3529.jpg/220px-Nachtconcert_van_Thelonious_Monk_in_het_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-3529.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachtconcert_van_Thelonious_Monk_in_het_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-3529.jpg/330px-Nachtconcert_van_Thelonious_Monk_in_het_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-3529.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Nachtconcert_van_Thelonious_Monk_in_het_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-3529.jpg/440px-Nachtconcert_van_Thelonious_Monk_in_het_Concertgebouw%2C_Bestanddeelnr_912-3529.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="2479" /></a><figcaption>Thelonious Monk <br />(Amsterdam, 1961)</figcaption></figure> <p>By the time of his signing to <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Records" title="Riverside Records">Riverside</a>, Monk was highly regarded by his peers and by some critics, but his records remained poor sellers and his music was still regarded as too "difficult" for more mainstream acceptance. Indeed, with Monk's consent, Riverside had managed to buy out his previous Prestige contract for a mere $108.24 ($1,273.44 in 2024). He willingly recorded two albums of jazz standards as a means of increasing his profile: <i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Plays_Duke_Ellington" title="Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington">Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington</a></i> (1955) and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Unique_Thelonious_Monk" title="The Unique Thelonious Monk">The Unique Thelonious Monk</a></i> (1956). </p><p>On <i><a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Corners" title="Brilliant Corners">Brilliant Corners</a></i>, recorded in late 1956, Monk mainly performed his own music. The complex title track, which featured Rollins, was so difficult to play that the final version had to be edited together from multiple takes. The album, however, was largely regarded as the first commercial success for Monk. </p><p>After having his <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Cabaret_Card" title="New York City Cabaret Card">cabaret card</a> restored, Monk relaunched his New York career with a landmark six-month residency at the <a href="/wiki/Five_Spot" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Spot">Five Spot</a> Cafe in the East Village neighborhood of New York beginning in June 1957,<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leading a quartet with <a href="/wiki/John_Coltrane" title="John Coltrane">John Coltrane</a> on tenor saxophone, <a href="/wiki/Wilbur_Ware" title="Wilbur Ware">Wilbur Ware</a> on bass, and <a href="/wiki/Shadow_Wilson" title="Shadow Wilson">Shadow Wilson</a> on drums. Little of this group's music was documented owing to contractual problems: Coltrane was signed to Prestige at the time, but Monk refused to return to his former label. One studio session by the quartet was made for Riverside, three tunes which <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_with_John_Coltrane" title="Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane">were not released until 1961</a> by the subsidiary label <a href="/wiki/Jazzland_Records_(1960)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazzland Records (1960)">Jazzland</a> along with outtakes from a larger group recording with Coltrane and Hawkins, those results appearing in 1957 as the album <i><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_Music" title="Monk's Music">Monk's Music</a></i>. An amateur recording from the Five Spot (a later September 1958 reunion with Coltrane sitting in for <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Griffin" title="Johnny Griffin">Johnny Griffin</a>) was issued on Blue Note in 1993; and a recording of the quartet performing at a <a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Hall" title="Carnegie Hall">Carnegie Hall</a> concert on November 29 was recorded in high fidelity by <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> engineers, unearthed in the collection of the Library of Congress <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Quartet_with_John_Coltrane_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="Thelonious Monk Quartet with John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall">and released by Blue Note</a> in 2005. </p><p>"Crepuscule with Nellie", recorded in 1957, was referred to by biographer <a href="/wiki/Robin_D._G._Kelley" class="mw-redirect" title="Robin D. G. Kelley">Robin D. G. Kelley</a> as Monk's "only through-composed composition, meaning that there is no improvising. It is Monk's concerto, if you will, and in some ways it speaks for itself. But he wrote it very, very carefully and very deliberately and really struggled to make it sound the way it sounds. ... it was his love song for Nellie".<sup id="cite_ref-FA_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Five Spot residency ended Christmas 1957; Coltrane left to rejoin Davis's group, and the band was effectively disbanded. Monk did not form another long-term band until June 1958 when he began a second residency at the Five Spot, again with a quartet, this time with Griffin (<a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rouse" title="Charlie Rouse">Charlie Rouse</a> later) on tenor, <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Abdul-Malik" title="Ahmed Abdul-Malik">Ahmed Abdul-Malik</a> on bass, and <a href="/wiki/Roy_Haynes" title="Roy Haynes">Roy Haynes</a> on drums. </p><p>On October 15, 1958, en route to a week-long engagement for the quartet at the Comedy Club in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>, Monk and de Koenigswarter were detained by police in <a href="/wiki/Wilmington,_Delaware" title="Wilmington, Delaware">Wilmington, Delaware</a>. When Monk refused to answer questions or cooperate with the policemen, they beat him with a <a href="/wiki/Blackjack_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackjack (weapon)">blackjack</a>. Although they had authorization to search the vehicle and found narcotics in suitcases held in the trunk of the Baroness's car, Judge Christie of the <a href="/wiki/Delaware_Superior_Court" title="Delaware Superior Court">Delaware Superior Court</a> ruled that the unlawful detention of the pair, and the beating of Monk, rendered the consent to the search void as it was given under duress.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1962–1970:_Columbia_Records"><span id="1962.E2.80.931970:_Columbia_Records"></span>1962–1970: Columbia Records</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 1962–1970: Columbia Records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thelonious_Monk_(jazzpianist)_(Kop)_gaf_nachtconcert_in_Concertgebouw_te_Amsterd,_Bestanddeelnr_916-0544.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thelonious_Monk_%28jazzpianist%29_%28Kop%29_gaf_nachtconcert_in_Concertgebouw_te_Amsterd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0544.jpg/220px-Thelonious_Monk_%28jazzpianist%29_%28Kop%29_gaf_nachtconcert_in_Concertgebouw_te_Amsterd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0544.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thelonious_Monk_%28jazzpianist%29_%28Kop%29_gaf_nachtconcert_in_Concertgebouw_te_Amsterd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0544.jpg/330px-Thelonious_Monk_%28jazzpianist%29_%28Kop%29_gaf_nachtconcert_in_Concertgebouw_te_Amsterd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0544.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Thelonious_Monk_%28jazzpianist%29_%28Kop%29_gaf_nachtconcert_in_Concertgebouw_te_Amsterd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0544.jpg/440px-Thelonious_Monk_%28jazzpianist%29_%28Kop%29_gaf_nachtconcert_in_Concertgebouw_te_Amsterd%2C_Bestanddeelnr_916-0544.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2639" data-file-height="2634" /></a><figcaption>Thelonious Monk, 1964</figcaption></figure> <p>After extended negotiations, Monk signed in 1962 with <a href="/wiki/Columbia_Records" title="Columbia Records">Columbia Records</a>, one of the big four American record labels of the day. Monk's relationship with Riverside had soured over disagreements concerning royalty payments and had concluded with two European live albums; he had not recorded an album for Riverside since April 1960. </p><p>Working with producer <a href="/wiki/Teo_Macero" title="Teo Macero">Teo Macero</a> on his debut for Columbia,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the sessions in the first week of November had a lineup that had been with him for two years: tenor saxophonist Rouse (who worked regularly with Monk from 1959 to 1970), bassist <a href="/wiki/John_Ore" title="John Ore">John Ore</a>, and drummer <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Dunlop" title="Frankie Dunlop">Frankie Dunlop</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_Dream_(Thelonious_Monk_album)" title="Monk's Dream (Thelonious Monk album)">Monk's Dream</a></i>, his first Columbia album, was released in 1963. </p><p>Columbia's resources allowed Monk to receive more promotion than earlier in his career. <i>Monk's Dream</i> became the best-selling LP of his lifetime,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and on February 28, 1964, he appeared on the cover of <i><a href="/wiki/Time_magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Time magazine">Time</a></i> magazine, being featured in the article "The Loneliest Monk".<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cover article was originally intended to run in November 1963, but it was delayed due to the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of President John F. Kennedy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to biographer Kelley, the 1964 <i>Time</i> appearance came because "<a href="/wiki/Barry_Farrell_(journalist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barry Farrell (journalist)">Barry Farrell</a>, who wrote the cover story, wanted to write about a jazz musician and almost by default Monk was chosen, because they thought <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> and Miles Davis were too controversial. ... [Monk] wasn't so political. ... Of course, I challenge that [in the biography]," Kelley wrote.<sup id="cite_ref-FA_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FA-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thelonius_Monk_at_the_Village_Gate_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thelonius_Monk_at_the_Village_Gate_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-Thelonius_Monk_at_the_Village_Gate_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thelonius_Monk_at_the_Village_Gate_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-Thelonius_Monk_at_the_Village_Gate_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Thelonius_Monk_at_the_Village_Gate_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-Thelonius_Monk_at_the_Village_Gate_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="933" /></a><figcaption>Monk at the <a href="/wiki/Village_Gate" title="Village Gate">Village Gate</a>, 1968</figcaption></figure> <p>Monk continued to record studio albums, including <i><a href="/wiki/Criss-Cross_(album)" title="Criss-Cross (album)">Criss Cross</a></i>, also in 1963, and <i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(Thelonious_Monk_album)" title="Underground (Thelonious Monk album)">Underground</a></i>, in 1968. But by the Columbia years his compositional output was limited, and only his final Columbia studio record, <i>Underground</i>, featured a substantial number of new tunes, including his only <a href="/wiki/Triple_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple time"><span class="music-symbol" style="font-family: Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Sans Unicode;"><span class="serif-fonts" style="font-family: 'Georgia Pro', Georgia, 'DejaVu Serif', Times, 'Times New Roman', FreeSerif, 'DejaVu Math TeX', 'URW Bookman L', serif;"><span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:0.85em;font-size:80%;text-align:center"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>3</b></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"><b>4</b></sub></span></span></span></span> time</a> piece, "Ugly Beauty". </p><p>As had been the case with Riverside, his period with Columbia contains multiple live albums, including <i><a href="/wiki/Miles_and_Monk_at_Newport" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles and Monk at Newport">Miles and Monk at Newport</a></i> (1963), <i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_It_Club" title="Live at the It Club">Live at the It Club</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Jazz_Workshop" title="Live at the Jazz Workshop">Live at the Jazz Workshop</a></i>, the latter two recorded in 1964, the last not being released until 1982. After the departure of Ore and Dunlop, the remainder of the rhythm section in Monk's quartet during the bulk of his Columbia period was <a href="/wiki/Larry_Gales" title="Larry Gales">Larry Gales</a> on bass and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Riley" title="Ben Riley">Ben Riley</a> on drums, both of whom joined in 1964. Along with Rouse, they remained with Monk for over four years, his longest-serving band. </p><p>In 1968, Monk, Gales, Rouse, and Riley played a concert at Palo Alto High School in the San Francisco Bay Area, at the invitation of a 16-year-old student charged with organizing school dances. This resulted in the quartet's final recording, <i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_discography#On_other_labels" title="Thelonious Monk discography">Palo Alto</a></i> (2020).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1971–1982:_Later_life_and_death"><span id="1971.E2.80.931982:_Later_life_and_death"></span>1971–1982: Later life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1971–1982: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Monk had disappeared from the scene by the mid-1970s for health reasons and made only a small number of appearances during the final decade of his life. His last studio recordings as a leader were made in November 1971 for the English <a href="/wiki/Black_Lion_Records" title="Black Lion Records">Black Lion</a> label, near the end of a worldwide tour with the Giants of Jazz, a group which included Gillespie, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Winding" title="Kai Winding">Kai Winding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Stitt" title="Sonny Stitt">Sonny Stitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_McKibbon" title="Al McKibbon">Al McKibbon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey" title="Art Blakey">Art Blakey</a>. Bassist McKibbon, who had known Monk for over twenty years and played on his final tour in 1971, later said: "On that tour, Monk said about two words. I mean literally maybe two words. He didn't say 'Good morning,' 'Goodnight,' 'What time?' Nothing. Why, I don't know. He sent word back after the tour was over that the reason he couldn't communicate or play was that Art Blakey and I were so ugly."<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A different side of Monk is revealed in <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Porter" title="Lewis Porter">Lewis Porter</a>'s biography <i>John Coltrane: His Life and Music</i>; Coltrane states: "Monk is exactly the opposite of Miles [Davis]: he talks about music all the time, and he wants so much for you to understand that if, by chance, you ask him something, he'll spend hours if necessary to explain it to you."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blakey reports that Monk was excellent at both chess and <a href="/wiki/Draughts" class="mw-redirect" title="Draughts">checkers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser</a></i> (1988) attributes Monk's quirky behavior to mental illness. In the film, Monk's son says that his father sometimes did not recognize him, and he reports that Monk was hospitalized on several occasions owing to an unspecified mental illness that worsened in the late 1960s. No reports or diagnoses were ever publicized, but Monk would often become excited for two or three days, then pace for days after that, after which he would withdraw and stop speaking. Doctors recommended <a href="/wiki/Electroconvulsive_therapy" title="Electroconvulsive therapy">electroconvulsive therapy</a> as a treatment option for Monk's illness, but his family would not allow it; <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithium_pharmacology" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithium pharmacology">lithium</a> were prescribed instead.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabbard_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabbard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other theories abound: <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Gourse" title="Leslie Gourse">Leslie Gourse</a>, author of the book <i>Straight, No Chaser: The Life and Genius of Thelonious Monk</i> (1997), reported that at least one of Monk's psychiatrists failed to find evidence of <a href="/wiki/Manic_depression" class="mw-redirect" title="Manic depression">manic depression</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bipolar_disorder" title="Bipolar disorder">bipolar disorder</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Schizophrenia" title="Schizophrenia">schizophrenia</a>. Another doctor maintains that Monk was misdiagnosed and prescribed drugs during his hospital stay that may have caused brain damage.<sup id="cite_ref-Gabbard_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gabbard-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As his health declined, Monk's last six years were spent as a guest in the <a href="/wiki/Weehawken,_New_Jersey" title="Weehawken, New Jersey">Weehawken, New Jersey</a>, home of his long-standing patron and friend <a href="/wiki/Pannonica_de_Koenigswarter" title="Pannonica de Koenigswarter">Pannonica de Koenigswarter</a>, who nursed Monk during his final illness. She proved to be a steadfast presence, as did his own wife Nellie, especially as his life descended into further isolation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monk did not play the piano during this time, even though one was present in his room, and he spoke to few visitors. He died of a stroke on February 17, 1982, and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Ferncliff Cemetery">Ferncliff Cemetery</a> (Grave 405, Hillcrest 1 section) at <a href="/wiki/Hartsdale,_New_York" title="Hartsdale, New York">Hartsdale, New York</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thelonious_Monk_Grave_Marker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thelonious_Monk_Grave_Marker.jpg/220px-Thelonious_Monk_Grave_Marker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thelonious_Monk_Grave_Marker.jpg/330px-Thelonious_Monk_Grave_Marker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Thelonious_Monk_Grave_Marker.jpg/440px-Thelonious_Monk_Grave_Marker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1217" data-file-height="869" /></a><figcaption>Thelonious Monk, his daughter and wife, at Ferndale Cemetery, Westchester, New York.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_myth:_Monk_at_Juilliard">Posthumous myth: Monk at Juilliard</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Posthumous myth: Monk at Juilliard"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There have been numerous published references since the 1980s in Monk biographies claiming that he attended the <a href="/wiki/Juilliard_School" title="Juilliard School"> Juilliard School of Music</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an error that continues to be disseminated in online biographies of Monk.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Monk's funeral service in 1982, it was mentioned in his eulogy that he took classes in harmony and arrangement at Juilliard.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1988 documentary film <i>Thelonious Monk: Straight No Chaser</i>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_E._Wright" title="Samuel E. Wright">Samuel E. Wright</a> narrates that "Monk began playing piano without formal training. Later, he took lessons and studied music theory at the Juilliard School of Music."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The complete lack of documented evidence connecting Monk with attending Juilliard was noted by Monk biographer Thomas Fitterling in the first German edition of his Monk biography published in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Juilliard canard may have its early source in the fact that Monk's sister Marion thought that her piano teacher, a Mr. Wolfe (sic), who briefly taught Thelonious around 1930, may have been connected to Juilliard as a teacher or student.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In fact, the Monk family piano teacher had been trained by the concertmaster of the New York Philharmonic and has no known connection to Juilliard.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monk biographer Laurent de Wilde believed that the apocryphal Juilliard story may have stemmed from Monk's late 1950s collaboration with Juilliard instructor <a href="/wiki/Hall_Overton" title="Hall Overton">Hall Overton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main source of the Juilliard misunderstanding is probably that Monk participated in a music contest <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1942</span>–1943 at the Columbus Hill Community Center in his neighborhood, which had a Juilliard scholarship as the first prize. Monk entered the contest but placed second and thus failed to get the scholarship. According to Monk's wife Nellie, when the prize winner later encountered Monk during a 1958 engagement and told him that Monk should rightfully have been awarded the Juilliard scholarship, Monk replied: "I'm glad I didn't go to the conservatory. Probably would've ruined me."<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique_and_playing_style">Technique and playing style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Technique and playing style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25%; border-width: 2px; font-size: 89%;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>Monk's music has profound humanity, disciplined economy, balanced virility, dramatic nobility, and innocently exuberant wit. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lacy_(saxophonist)" title="Steve Lacy (saxophonist)">Steve Lacy</a><sup id="cite_ref-Lacy_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lacy-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></p> </div> <p>Monk once said, "The piano ain't got no wrong notes."<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> According to <i>Bebop: The Music and Its Players</i> author Thomas Owens:</p><blockquote><p>Monk's usual piano touch was harsh and percussive, even in ballads. He often attacked the keyboard anew for each note, rather than striving for any semblance of legato. Often seemingly unintentional seconds embellish his melodic lines, giving the effect of someone playing while wearing work gloves. ... He hit the keys with fingers held flat rather than in a natural curve, and held his free fingers high above the keys. ... Sometimes he hit a single key with more than one finger, and divided single-line melodies between the two hands.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>In contrast with this unorthodox approach to playing, he could play runs and arpeggios with great speed and accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had good finger independence, allowing him to play a melodic line and a trill simultaneously in his right hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monk's style was not universally appreciated: for example, the poet and jazz critic <a href="/wiki/Philip_Larkin" title="Philip Larkin">Philip Larkin</a> described him as "the elephant on the keyboard".<sup id="cite_ref-Larkin_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Larkin-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Monk often used parts of <a href="/wiki/Whole_tone_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Whole tone scale">whole tone scales</a>, played either ascending or descending, and covering several octaves.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had extended improvisations that featured parallel <a href="/wiki/Major_sixth" title="Major sixth">sixths</a> (he also used these in the themes of some of his compositions).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996142_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996142-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His solos also feature space and long notes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unusually for a bebop-based pianist, as an accompanist and on solo performances he often employed a left-hand <a href="/wiki/Stride_(music)" title="Stride (music)">stride</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further characteristic of his work as an accompanist was his tendency to stop playing, leaving a soloist with just bass and drums for support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monk had a particular proclivity for the key of B flat. All of his many <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> compositions, including "Blue Monk", "Misterioso", "Blues Five Spot", and "Functional", were composed in B flat; in addition, his signature theme, "Thelonious", largely consists of an incessantly repeated B-flat tone.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tributes">Tributes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tributes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_in_Monk_Time" title="Music in Monk Time">Music in Monk Time</a></i> is a 1983 documentary film about Monk and his music that was widely praised by music and film critics.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Soprano saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lacy_(saxophonist)" title="Steve Lacy (saxophonist)">Steve Lacy</a> performed as Monk's accompanist in 1960. Monk's tunes became a permanent part of his repertoire in concert and on albums. Lacy recorded many albums entirely focused on Monk's compositions.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunther_Schuller" title="Gunther Schuller">Gunther Schuller</a> wrote the work "Variants on a Theme of Thelonious Monk (Criss-Cross)" in 1960. It first appeared on Schuller's album <i><a href="/wiki/Jazz_Abstractions" title="Jazz Abstractions">Jazz Abstractions</a></i> (1961) and was later performed and recorded by other artists, including <a href="/wiki/Ornette_Coleman" title="Ornette Coleman">Ornette Coleman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dolphy" title="Eric Dolphy">Eric Dolphy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Evans" title="Bill Evans">Bill Evans</a>.</li> <li><i>Round Midnight Variations</i> is a collection of variations on the song "<a href="/wiki/%27Round_Midnight_(song)" title="'Round Midnight (song)">'Round Midnight</a>" premiered in 2002. Composers contributing included <a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Bolcom" title="William Bolcom">William Bolcom</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Crumb" title="David Crumb">David Crumb</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Crumb" title="George Crumb">George Crumb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Daugherty" title="Michael Daugherty">Michael Daugherty</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Harbison" title="John Harbison">John Harbison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joel_Hoffman_(composer)" title="Joel Hoffman (composer)">Joel Hoffman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Jay_Kernis" title="Aaron Jay Kernis">Aaron Jay Kernis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Levinson" title="Gerald Levinson">Gerald Levinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobias_Picker" title="Tobias Picker">Tobias Picker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Rzewski" title="Frederic Rzewski">Frederic Rzewski</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Read_Thomas" title="Augusta Read Thomas">Augusta Read Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Torke" title="Michael Torke">Michael Torke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Thelonious" Repertory Ensemble: <a href="/wiki/Buell_Neidlinger" title="Buell Neidlinger">Buell Neidlinger</a>'s tribute band (1981–1989).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Benni" title="Stefano Benni">Stefano Benni</a>'s 2005 <i>Misterioso, A Journey into the Silence of Thelonious Monk</i> was staged as a theatre production featuring Monk's music, directed by <a href="/wiki/Filomena_Campus" title="Filomena Campus">Filomena Campus</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Edinburgh Festival">Edinburgh Festival</a> in 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Studios" title="Riverside Studios">Riverside Studios</a> in 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at a variety of venues in the following years.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, an <a href="/wiki/Arts_Council_England" title="Arts Council England">Arts Council England</a>-sponsored international Monk Misterioso Tour was launched at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> in October,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> culminating with a new dramatised production of <i>Misterioso: A Journey into the Silence of Thelonious Monk</i> at <a href="/wiki/Kings_Place" title="Kings Place">Kings Place</a> to close the <a href="/wiki/London_Jazz_Festival" title="London Jazz Festival">London Jazz Festival</a>'s celebration of the centenary of Monk's birth, featuring Campus alongside <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Watkiss" title="Cleveland Watkiss">Cleveland Watkiss</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pat_Thomas_(pianist)" title="Pat Thomas (pianist)">Pat Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rowland_Sutherland" title="Rowland Sutherland">Rowland Sutherland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orphy_Robinson" title="Orphy Robinson">Orphy Robinson</a>, Dudley Phillips and <a href="/wiki/Mark_Mondesir" title="Mark Mondesir">Mark Mondesir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Beasley_(musician)" title="John Beasley (musician)">John Beasley</a> founded the big band group <a href="/wiki/John_Beasley_(musician)" title="John Beasley (musician)">MONK'estra</a>, which celebrates Monk's and other classic compositions with a contemporary twist incorporating <a href="/wiki/Afro-Cubans" title="Afro-Cubans">Afro-Cuban</a> rhythms, modern jazz playing, hip hop and traditional big band instrumentation, along with originals by Beasley.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Beck" title="Jeff Beck">Jeff Beck</a>'s 1975 album <i><a href="/wiki/Blow_by_Blow" title="Blow by Blow">Blow by Blow</a></i> contains the track "Thelonious", a tribute to Monk written by <a href="/wiki/Stevie_Wonder" title="Stevie Wonder">Stevie Wonder</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tribute_albums">Tribute albums</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Tribute albums"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following <a href="/wiki/Tribute_album" class="mw-redirect" title="Tribute album">tribute albums</a> to Monk have been released: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Reflections_(Steve_Lacy_album)" title="Reflections (Steve Lacy album)">Reflections</a></i> (1958) by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lacy_(saxophonist)" title="Steve Lacy (saxophonist)">Steve Lacy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lookin%27_at_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lookin' at Monk (page does not exist)">Lookin' at Monk</a></i> (1961) by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Griffin" title="Johnny Griffin">Johnny Griffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Lockjaw_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eddie Lockjaw Davis">Eddie Lockjaw Davis</a> Quintet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Evidence_(Steve_Lacy_album)" title="Evidence (Steve Lacy album)">Evidence</a></i> (1962) by Steve Lacy and <a href="/wiki/Don_Cherry_(trumpeter)" title="Don Cherry (trumpeter)">Don Cherry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Portrait_of_Thelonious" title="A Portrait of Thelonious">A Portrait of Thelonious</a></i> (1965) by the <a href="/wiki/Bud_Powell" title="Bud Powell">Bud Powell</a> Trio</li> <li><i>Bennie Wallace Plays Monk</i> (1981) by saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Bennie_Wallace" title="Bennie Wallace">Bennie Wallace</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Four_in_One_(Sphere_album)" title="Four in One (Sphere album)">Four in One</a></i> (1982) by <a href="/wiki/Sphere_(American_band)" title="Sphere (American band)">Sphere</a>: features former Monk sidemen Charlie Rouse (ten sax), Ben Riley (drums), Buster Williams (bass) and Kenny Barron (piano).</li> <li><i>Sings Thelonious Monk</i> (1982) by singer Soesja Citroen, featuring the Cees Slinger Octet</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonica" title="Thelonica">Thelonica</a></i> (1983), by pianist <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Flanagan" title="Tommy Flanagan">Tommy Flanagan</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Light_Blue:_Arthur_Blythe_Plays_Thelonious_Monk" title="Light Blue: Arthur Blythe Plays Thelonious Monk">Light Blue: Arthur Blythe Plays Thelonious Monk</a></i> (1983) by saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Blythe" title="Arthur Blythe">Arthur Blythe</a></li> <li><i>That's The Way I Feel Now: A Tribute to Thelonious Monk</i> (1984), an album featuring different groupings of rock and jazz musicians on each song including Steve Lacy, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Fagen" title="Donald Fagen">Donald Fagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todd_Rundgren" title="Todd Rundgren">Todd Rundgren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Frampton" title="Peter Frampton">Peter Frampton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carla_Bley" title="Carla Bley">Carla Bley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Jackson_(musician)" title="Joe Jackson (musician)">Joe Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gil_Evans" title="Gil Evans">Gil Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Was_Not_Was" class="mw-redirect" title="Was Not Was">Was Not Was</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk_Suite:_Kronos_Quartet_Plays_Music_of_Thelonious_Monk" title="Monk Suite: Kronos Quartet Plays Music of Thelonious Monk">Monk Suite: Kronos Quartet Plays Music of Thelonious Monk</a></i> (1985) by <a href="/wiki/Kronos_Quartet" title="Kronos Quartet">Kronos Quartet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Ron_Carter" title="Ron Carter">Ron Carter</a> on bass.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Six_Monk%27s_Compositions_(1987)" title="Six Monk's Compositions (1987)">Six Monk's Compositions (1987)</a></i> (1987) by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Braxton" title="Anthony Braxton">Anthony Braxton</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Only_Monk" title="Only Monk">Only Monk</a></i> (1987) by Steve Lacy</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carmen_Sings_Monk" title="Carmen Sings Monk">Carmen Sings Monk</a></i> (1988) by <a href="/wiki/Carmen_McRae" title="Carmen McRae">Carmen McRae</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rumba_Para_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rumba Para Monk (page does not exist)">Rumba Para Monk</a></i> (1988), by <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Gonzalez" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerry Gonzalez">Jerry Gonzalez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk_in_Motian" title="Monk in Motian">Monk in Motian</a></i> (1989) by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Motian" title="Paul Motian">Paul Motian</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lovano" title="Joe Lovano">Joe Lovano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Frisell" title="Bill Frisell">Bill Frisell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geri_Allen" title="Geri Allen">Geri Allen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dewey_Redman" title="Dewey Redman">Dewey Redman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Sphere_Monk:_Dreaming_of_the_Masters_Series_Vol._2" title="Thelonious Sphere Monk: Dreaming of the Masters Series Vol. 2">Thelonious Sphere Monk: Dreaming of the Masters Series Vol. 2</a></i>, by <a href="/wiki/Art_Ensemble_of_Chicago" title="Art Ensemble of Chicago">Art Ensemble of Chicago</a> with <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Taylor" title="Cecil Taylor">Cecil Taylor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epistrophy_(Ran_Blake_album)" title="Epistrophy (Ran Blake album)">Epistrophy</a></i> (1991) by pianist <a href="/wiki/Ran_Blake" title="Ran Blake">Ran Blake</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/We_See" title="We See">We See</a></i> (1993) by Steve Lacy</li> <li><i>Monk's Modern Music</i><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1994) by pianist Rick Roe with <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Whitaker" title="Rodney Whitaker">Rodney Whitaker</a> on bass and Greg Hutchinson on drums <sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Fo%27tet_Plays_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Fo'tet Plays Monk (page does not exist)">The Fo'tet Plays Monk</a></i> (1995) by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Peterson,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph Peterson, Jr.">Ralph Peterson, Jr.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=E.s.t._Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson_Trio_Plays_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E.s.t. Esbjörn Svensson Trio Plays Monk (page does not exist)">e.s.t. Esbjörn Svensson Trio Plays Monk</a></i> (1996) by <a href="/wiki/Esbj%C3%B6rn_Svensson_Trio" title="Esbjörn Svensson Trio">e.s.t.</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk_on_Monk" title="Monk on Monk">Monk on Monk</a></i> (1997) by <a href="/wiki/T.S._Monk" class="mw-redirect" title="T.S. Monk">T.S. Monk</a>, featuring <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock" title="Herbie Hancock">Herbie Hancock</a>, Ron Carter, <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Shorter" title="Wayne Shorter">Wayne Shorter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grover_Washington_Jr." title="Grover Washington Jr.">Grover Washington Jr.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Hargrove" title="Roy Hargrove">Roy Hargrove</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Terry" title="Clark Terry">Clark Terry</a>, Geri Allen and others</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Brilliant_Corners:_The_Music_of_Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brilliant Corners: The Music of Thelonious Monk (page does not exist)">Brilliant Corners: The Music of Thelonious Monk</a></i> (1997) by <a href="/wiki/Bill_Holman_(musician)" title="Bill Holman (musician)">Bill Holman</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious:_Fred_Hersch_Plays_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thelonious: Fred Hersch Plays Monk (page does not exist)">Thelonious: Fred Hersch Plays Monk</a></i> (1997) by <a href="/wiki/Fred_Hersch" title="Fred Hersch">Fred Hersch</a></li> <li><i>Interpretations of Monk Vol. 1</i> (1997) by <a href="/wiki/Muhal_Richard_Abrams" title="Muhal Richard Abrams">Muhal Richard Abrams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barry_Harris" title="Barry Harris">Barry Harris</a></li> <li><i>Interpretations of Monk Vol. 2</i> (1998) by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Davis_(composer)" title="Anthony Davis (composer)">Anthony Davis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mal_Waldron" title="Mal Waldron">Mal Waldron</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Green_Chimneys:_The_Music_of_Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Green Chimneys: The Music of Thelonious Monk (page does not exist)">Green Chimneys: The Music of Thelonious Monk</a></i> (1999) by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Summers" title="Andy Summers">Andy Summers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_the_Key_of_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In the Key of Monk (page does not exist)">In the Key of Monk</a></i> (1999) by <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Williams_(musician)" title="Jessica Williams (musician)">Jessica Williams (musician)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Standard_Time,_Vol._4:_Marsalis_Plays_Monk" title="Standard Time, Vol. 4: Marsalis Plays Monk">Standard Time, Vol. 4: Marsalis Plays Monk</a></i> (1999) by Wynton Marsalis</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=School_Days_(Steve_Lacy_album)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="School Days (Steve Lacy album) (page does not exist)">School Days</a></i> (2002), recorded in 1963, by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Lacy_(saxophonist)" title="Steve Lacy (saxophonist)">Steve Lacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roswell_Rudd" title="Roswell Rudd">Roswell Rudd</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Henry_Grimes" title="Henry Grimes">Henry Grimes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Charles" class="mw-redirect" title="Dennis Charles">Dennis Charles</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Moog&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thelonious Moog (page does not exist)">Thelonious Moog</a></i> (2003) by Steve Million and Joe "Guido" Welsh</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_Casino" title="Monk's Casino">Monk's Casino</a></i> (2005) by pianist <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Schlippenbach" title="Alexander von Schlippenbach">Alexander von Schlippenbach</a>; a triple CD set that includes every composition by Monk. According to the album's liner notes by critic <a href="/wiki/John_Corbett_(writer)" title="John Corbett (writer)">John Corbett</a>, this is the first comprehensive recording of all Monk's songs.</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Open_Letter_to_Thelonious&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Open Letter to Thelonious (page does not exist)">An Open Letter to Thelonious</a></i> (2008) by <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Marsalis_Jr." title="Ellis Marsalis Jr.">Ellis Marsalis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=In_Monk%27s_Mood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="In Monk's Mood (page does not exist)">In Monk's Mood</a></i> (2009) by <a href="/wiki/John_Tchicai" title="John Tchicai">John Tchicai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Friday_the_13th:_The_Micros_Play_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Friday the 13th: The Micros Play Monk (page does not exist)">Friday the 13th: The Micros Play Monk</a></i> (2010) by <a href="/wiki/The_Microscopic_Septet" title="The Microscopic Septet">The Microscopic Septet</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melodious_Monk:_A_New_Look_at_An_Old_Master&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melodious Monk: A New Look at An Old Master (page does not exist)">Melodious Monk: A New Look at An Old Master</a></i> (2011) by <a href="/wiki/Kim_Pensyl" title="Kim Pensyl">Kim Pensyl</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phil_DeGreg" title="Phil DeGreg">Phil DeGreg</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Monk_Project&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Monk Project (page does not exist)">The Monk Project</a></i> (2012) by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Owens_(musician)" title="Jimmy Owens (musician)">Jimmy Owens</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baritone_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baritone Monk (page does not exist)">Baritone Monk</a></i> (2012) by The <a href="/wiki/Claire_Daly" title="Claire Daly">Claire Daly</a> Quartet</li> <li><i>Talk Thelonious</i> (2015) by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Adams_(musician)" title="Terry Adams (musician)">Terry Adams</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joey._Monk._Live!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joey. Monk. Live! (page does not exist)">Joey. Monk. Live!</a></i> (2017) by <a href="/wiki/Joey_Alexander" title="Joey Alexander">Joey Alexander</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Beasley_presents_MONK%27estra_vol._1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Beasley presents MONK'estra vol. 1 (page does not exist)">John Beasley presents MONK'estra vol. 1</a></i> (2016), by <a href="/wiki/John_Beasley_(musician)" title="John Beasley (musician)">John Beasley</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Beasley_presents_MONK%27estra_vol._2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Beasley presents MONK'estra vol. 2 (page does not exist)">John Beasley presents MONK'estra vol. 2</a></i> (2017) by John Beasley</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duck_Baker_Plays_Monk&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duck Baker Plays Monk (page does not exist)">Duck Baker Plays Monk</a></i> (2017) by <a href="/wiki/Duck_Baker" title="Duck Baker">Duck Baker</a>, featuring solo fingerstyle acoustic guitar arrangements of Monk's work</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Monk:_Live_at_Bimhuis" title="The Monk: Live at Bimhuis">The Monk: Live at Bimhuis</a></i> (2018) by <a href="/wiki/Miho_Hazama" title="Miho Hazama">Miho Hazama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metropole_Orkest" title="Metropole Orkest">Metropole Orkest Big Band</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Work:_the_complete_composition_of_Thelonious_Monk,_solo_guitar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Work: the complete composition of Thelonious Monk, solo guitar (page does not exist)">Work: the complete composition of Thelonious Monk, solo guitar</a></i> (2018) by <a href="/wiki/Miles_Okazaki" title="Miles Okazaki">Miles Okazaki</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Sphere_Monk_(MAST_album)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thelonious Sphere Monk (MAST album) (page does not exist)">Thelonious Sphere Monk</a></i> (2018) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tim_Conley_(musician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tim Conley (musician) (page does not exist)">MAST</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_Dreams:_The_Complete_Compositions_of_Thelonious_Sphere_Monk" title="Monk's Dreams: The Complete Compositions of Thelonious Sphere Monk">Monk's Dreams: The Complete Compositions of Thelonious Sphere Monk</a></i> (2018) by <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kimbrough" title="Frank Kimbrough">Frank Kimbrough</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monks_(album)" title="Monks (album)">Monks</a></i> (2019) by <a href="/wiki/Borah_Bergman" title="Borah Bergman">Borah Bergman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilber_Morris" title="Wilber Morris">Wilber Morris</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sunny_Murray" title="Sunny Murray">Sunny Murray</a></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monk:_fifteen_piano_reflections&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monk: fifteen piano reflections (page does not exist)">Monk: fifteen piano reflections</a></i> (2020) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stefano_Travaglini&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stefano Travaglini (page does not exist)">Stefano Travaglini</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_references_to_Monk">Other references to Monk</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Other references to Monk"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Comedian <a href="/wiki/Felonious_Munk" title="Felonious Munk">Felonious Munk</a> and music producer <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Martin" title="Thelonious Martin">Thelonious Martin</a> both adopted stage names based on Monk's name.</li> <li>Other things named after Monk include punk rock band <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monster" title="Thelonious Monster">Thelonious Monster</a> and the 2021 novel <i>Felonious Monk</i> by <a href="/wiki/William_Kotzwinkle" title="William Kotzwinkle">William Kotzwinkle</a>. Footballer <a href="/wiki/Thelo_Aasgaard" title="Thelo Aasgaard">Thelo Aasgaard</a> is also named after Monk, as his father, cellist Jonathan Aasgaard, is a fan.</li> <li>The protagonist of both the 2001 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Erasure_(novel)" title="Erasure (novel)">Erasure</a></i>, and its 2023 film adaptation <i><a href="/wiki/American_Fiction_(film)" title="American Fiction (film)">American Fiction</a></i> share the first name Thelonious and are referred to by the nickname "Monk".</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discography">Discography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Discography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_discography" title="Thelonious Monk discography">Thelonious Monk discography</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Thelonious_Monk" title="List of compositions by Thelonious Monk">List of compositions by Thelonious Monk</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_accolades">Awards and accolades</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Awards and accolades"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1993, he was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Grammy_Lifetime_Achievement_Award" title="Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award">Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2006, he was awarded a <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards" title="Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards">special Pulitzer Prize</a> for "a body of distinguished and innovative musical composition that has had a significant and enduring impact on the evolution of jazz".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Institute_of_Jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz">Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz</a> was established in 1986 by the Monk family and Maria Fisher. Its mission is to offer public school-based jazz education programs for young people around the globe, helping students develop imaginative thinking, creativity, curiosity, a positive self-image, and a respect for their own and others' cultural heritage. In addition to hosting an annual International Jazz Competition since 1987, the institute also helped, through its partnership with <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, designate April 30, 2012, as the first annual International Jazz Day. It was renamed the <a href="/wiki/Herbie_Hancock_Institute_of_Jazz" title="Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz">Herbie Hancock Institute of Jazz</a> in 2019. </p><p>Monk was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="North Carolina Music Hall of Fame">North Carolina Music Hall of Fame</a> in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Solis_2007_19–20-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Solis_2007_19–20_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Solis_2007_19–20_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSolis2007" class="citation book cs1">Solis, Gabriel (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BZqWxvNKGSYC&pg=PA19"><i>Monk's Music: Thelonious Monk and Jazz History in the Making</i></a>. University of California Press. pp. 19–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520940963" title="Special:BookSources/9780520940963"><bdi>9780520940963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monk%27s+Music%3A+Thelonious+Monk+and+Jazz+History+in+the+Making&rft.pages=19-20&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780520940963&rft.aulast=Solis&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBZqWxvNKGSYC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelley, Robin (2009), pp. 35, 442.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/389556/Thelonious-Monk">"Thelonious Monk (American musician)"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thelonious+Monk+%28American+musician%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F389556%2FThelonious-Monk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giddins, Gary; DeVeaux, Scott (2009). <i>Jazz</i>. New York: W.W. Norton; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06861-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-06861-0">978-0-393-06861-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2017" class="citation news cs1">Graham, David (October 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/thelonious-monks-quiet-slow-conquest-of-the-jazz-world/542937/">"Thelonious Monk's Quiet, Slow Conquest of the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 4,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Thelonious+Monk%27s+Quiet%2C+Slow+Conquest+of+the+World&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2017%2F10%2Fthelonious-monks-quiet-slow-conquest-of-the-jazz-world%2F542937%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLea2023" class="citation web cs1">Lea, Nick (April 21, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jazzfuel.com/the-cover-of-time-magazine">"Jazz on The Cover of TIME Magazine"</a>. <i>Jazzfuel</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jazzfuel&rft.atitle=Jazz+on+The+Cover+of+TIME+Magazine&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft.aulast=Lea&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjazzfuel.com%2Fthe-cover-of-time-magazine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley, Robin</a> (2010). <i>Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original</i>. London: JR Books. p. 1. The source identifies the date of Monk's fortieth birthday in 1957.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieson2012" class="citation book cs1">Mathieson, Kenny (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Azl-2jRD5B4C&pg=PT127"><i>Giant Steps: Bebop and the Creators of Modern Jazz, 1945–65</i></a>. Canongate Books. p. 127. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857866172" title="Special:BookSources/9780857866172"><bdi>9780857866172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giant+Steps%3A+Bebop+and+the+Creators+of+Modern+Jazz%2C+1945%E2%80%9365&rft.pages=127&rft.pub=Canongate+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780857866172&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAzl-2jRD5B4C%26pg%3DPT127&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Robin (2009). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theloniousmonkli0000kell"><i>Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original</i></a></span>. Free Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theloniousmonkli0000kell/page/13">13</a>, 31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83190-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-83190-9"><bdi>978-0-684-83190-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2013</span>. <q>thelonious monk stuyvesant.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thelonious+Monk%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+an+American+Original&rft.pages=13%2C+31&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-684-83190-9&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Robin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheloniousmonkli0000kell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKu" class="citation web cs1">Ku, Jaein. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stuyspec.com/article/in-memoriam-thelonious-monk">"In Memoriam: Thelonious Monk"</a>. <i>stuyspec.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stuyspec.com&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Thelonious+Monk&rft.aulast=Ku&rft.aufirst=Jaein&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstuyspec.com%2Farticle%2Fin-memoriam-thelonious-monk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelley, Robin (2009), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelley, Robin (2009), p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2017" class="citation news cs1">Graham, David A. (October 18, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180518163803/https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/thelonious-monks-quiet-slow-conquest-of-the-jazz-world/542937/">"Thelonious Monk's Quiet, Slow Conquest of the World"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Atlantic" title="The Atlantic">The Atlantic</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2017/10/thelonious-monks-quiet-slow-conquest-of-the-jazz-world/542937/">the original</a> on May 18, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Thelonious+Monk%27s+Quiet%2C+Slow+Conquest+of+the+World&rft.date=2017-10-18&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2017%2F10%2Fthelonious-monks-quiet-slow-conquest-of-the-jazz-world%2F542937%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliek2001" class="citation book cs1">Bliek, Rob van der (February 22, 2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/theloniousmonkre00robv"><i>The Thelonious Monk Reader</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199761470" title="Special:BookSources/9780199761470"><bdi>9780199761470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thelonious+Monk+Reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001-02-22&rft.isbn=9780199761470&rft.aulast=Bliek&rft.aufirst=Rob+van+der&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftheloniousmonkre00robv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thelonious Monk The Life and Times of an American Original p.244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2006" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Lorraine (2006). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aliveatvillageva00gord"><i>Alive at the Village Vanguard: My Life in and Out of Jazz Time</i></a></span>. Hal Leonard Corporation. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aliveatvillageva00gord/page/63">63</a>–65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61774-916-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61774-916-2"><bdi>978-1-61774-916-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alive+at+the+Village+Vanguard%3A+My+Life+in+and+Out+of+Jazz+Time&rft.pages=63-65&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-61774-916-2&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faliveatvillageva00gord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mosaicrecords.com/the-great-jazz-artists/thelonious-monk/">"Thelonious Monk: Expert insights and analysis of the artist & albums"</a>. <i>Mosaic Records - Home for Jazz fans!</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 21,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mosaic+Records+-+Home+for+Jazz+fans%21&rft.atitle=Thelonious+Monk%3A+Expert+insights+and+analysis+of+the+artist+%26+albums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mosaicrecords.com%2Fthe-great-jazz-artists%2Fthelonious-monk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis, Miles, with <a href="/wiki/Quincy_Troupe" title="Quincy Troupe">Quincy Troupe</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Miles:_The_Autobiography" title="Miles: The Autobiography">Miles: The Autobiography</a></i>, 1989, p. 80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-singer-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-singer_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-singer_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger2008" class="citation web cs1">Singer, Barry (October 17, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/19/arts/music/19sing.html">"The Baroness of Jazz"</a>. <i>NY Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=The+Baroness+of+Jazz&rft.date=2008-10-17&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2008%2F10%2F19%2Farts%2Fmusic%2F19sing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FA-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FA_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FA_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/transcript/transcript.php?storyId=132133171">"Looking At The Life And Times Of Thelonious Monk"</a>, transcript of interview with Robin D. G. Kelley by <a href="/wiki/Terry_Gross" title="Terry Gross">Terry Gross</a> on <i><a href="/wiki/Fresh_Air" title="Fresh Air">Fresh Air</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>; conducted in 2009, replayed December 17, 2010. Retrieved December 22, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>State v. De Koenigswarter</i>, 177 A.2d 344 (Del. Super. 1962).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Marmorstein, Gary. <i>The Label The Story of Columbia Records.</i> New York: Thunder's Mouth, 2007, pp. 314–315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Monk, Thelonious. <i>Monk's Dream.</i> Columbia reissue CK 63536, 2002. Liner notes, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbard,_Krin1964" class="citation magazine cs1">Gabbard, Krin (February 28, 1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071122193839/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873856,00.html">"The Loneliest Monk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Vol. 83, no. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,873856,00.html">the original</a> on November 22, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=The+Loneliest+Monk&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=9&rft.date=1964-02-28&rft.au=Gabbard%2C+Krin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C873856%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsby2020" class="citation news cs1">Goldsby, John (November 11, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bassmagazine.com/lessons/jazz-concepts-high-school-jazz">"Jazz Concepts: High School Jazz"</a>. <i>Bass Magazine - the Future of Bass</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 31,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bass+Magazine+-+the+Future+of+Bass&rft.atitle=Jazz+Concepts%3A+High+School+Jazz&rft.date=2020-11-11&rft.aulast=Goldsby&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbassmagazine.com%2Flessons%2Fjazz-concepts-high-school-jazz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoce2005" class="citation news cs1">Voce, Steve (August 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070311052203/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050801/ai_n14828122">"Obituary: Al McKibbon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Findarticles.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20050801/ai_n14828122">the original</a> on March 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Al+McKibbon&rft.date=2005-08-01&rft.aulast=Voce&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.findarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4158%2Fis_20050801%2Fai_n14828122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Porter" title="Lewis Porter">Porter, Lewis</a> (1998). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johncoltranehisl00port/page/109"><i>John Coltrane: His Life and Music</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johncoltranehisl00port/page/109">109</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10161-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10161-7"><bdi>0-472-10161-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Coltrane%3A+His+Life+and+Music&rft.pages=109&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-472-10161-7&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohncoltranehisl00port%2Fpage%2F109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Litweiler, John B., "Art Blakey: Bu's Delights and Laments," <i><a href="/wiki/DownBeat" title="DownBeat">DownBeat</a></i> magazine, March 25, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gabbard-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbard_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gabbard_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabbard1999" class="citation journal cs1">Gabbard, Krin (Autumn 1999). "Evidence: Monk as Documentary Subject". <i>Black Music Research Journal</i>. <b>19</b> (2). Center for Black Music Research — Columbia College Chicago: 207–225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F779343">10.2307/779343</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/779343">779343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Black+Music+Research+Journal&rft.atitle=Evidence%3A+Monk+as+Documentary+Subject&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=207-225&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F779343&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F779343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gabbard&rft.aufirst=Krin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpence,_Sean_A1998" class="citation journal cs1">Spence, Sean A (October 24, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114134">"Thelonious Monk: His Life and Music"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/British_Medical_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="British Medical Journal">British Medical Journal</a></i>. <b>317</b> (7166). BMJ Publishing Group: 1162A. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.317.7166.1162a">10.1136/bmj.317.7166.1162a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1114134">1114134</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9784478">9784478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Thelonious+Monk%3A+His+Life+and+Music&rft.volume=317&rft.issue=7166&rft.pages=1162A&rft.date=1998-10-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1114134%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9784478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.317.7166.1162a&rft.au=Spence%2C+Sean+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1114134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Publications claiming Monk attended Juilliard include Alyn Shipland: <i>Jazz Makers: Vanguards of Sound</i>, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, 2002, p. 153; Douglas K. Ramsey: <i>Jazz Matters: Reflections on the Music & Some of Its Makers</i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Arkansas_Press" title="University of Arkansas Press">University of Arkansas Press</a>, 1989, p. 154; <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>, Volume 19, 1999, p. 370, et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">References of Monk attending Juilliard on the English Wikipedia page were discredited and removed years ago, but they are still present on Wikipedia in (referenced September 16, 2021) on <a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonius_Monk" class="extiw" title="ca:Thelonius Monk">Catalan</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" class="extiw" title="fr:Thelonious Monk">French</a>, and <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thelonious_Monk" class="extiw" title="it:Thelonious Monk">Italian</a>. A fragmentary list of websites claiming Monk attended Juilliard includes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.encyclopedia.com/humanities/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/monk-thelonious-sphere">encyclopedia.com</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/monk-thelonious-1917-1982/">BlackPast</a>, et al.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitterling, Thomas: <i>Thelonious Monk: His Life and Music</i>, Berkeley Hills Books, 1997, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See film <i>Thelonious Monk: Straight No Chaser</i>, from 03:20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fitterling (1997), p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gourse, Leslie: <i>Straight no Chaser: The Life and Genius of Thelonious Monk</i>, London: Books with Attitude, 1997, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelley, Robin (2010), p. 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lacy-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lacy_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2006" class="citation book cs1">Weiss, Jason (July 19, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=poIr4OLF9ZQC"><i>Steve Lacy: Conversations</i></a>. Duke University Press. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822388586" title="Special:BookSources/9780822388586"><bdi>9780822388586</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steve+Lacy%3A+Conversations&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2006-07-19&rft.isbn=9780822388586&rft.aulast=Weiss&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpoIr4OLF9ZQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goodreads.com/quotes/307789-the-piano-ain-t-got-no-wrong-notes">Thelonious Monk quotes</a> at Goodreads.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996141_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwens1996">Owens 1996</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Larkin-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Larkin_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Larkin, P. <i>All What Jazz: A Record Diary 1961-1971</i>. London: Faber and Faber. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13476-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-571-13476-2">978-0-571-13476-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996142-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996142_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwens1996">Owens 1996</a>, p. 142.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwens1996143_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwens1996">Owens 1996</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2009" class="citation book cs1">Kelley (2009). <i>Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original</i>. The Free Press. p. 574.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thelonious+Monk%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+an+American+Original&rft.pages=574&rft.pub=The+Free+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Kelley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeather1983" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Feather" title="Leonard Feather">Feather, Leonard</a> (May 14, 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67446581">"Affectionate Tribute to Monk"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a></i>. Vol. CII, no. 162. p. Calendar-4 (archive p. 68) – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Affectionate+Tribute+to+Monk&rft.volume=CII&rft.issue=162&rft.pages=Calendar-4+%28archive+p.+68%29&rft.date=1983-05-14&rft.aulast=Feather&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F67446581&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714045743/http://www.matthewquayle.com/Pieces/Round_Midnight_Variations.html">"Matthew Quayle: Introduction to the Round Midnight Variations"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.matthewquayle.com/Pieces/Round_Midnight_Variations.html">the original</a> on July 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+Quayle%3A+Introduction+to+the+Round+Midnight+Variations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.matthewquayle.com%2FPieces%2FRound_Midnight_Variations.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yardley, Erminia (October 28, 2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jazzineurope.mfmmedia.nl/2017/10/filomena-campus-expect-the-unexpected/">"Filomena Campus – Expect the Unexpected!"</a>, <i>Jazz in Europe</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quinn, Peter (November 27, 2015), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jazzwisemagazine.com/pages/live-jazz-music-reviews/13971-filomena-campus-s-spellbinding-monk-homage-at-theatralia-jazz-fest">"Filomena Campus’ spellbinding Monk homage at Theatralia Jazz Fest"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jazzwise" title="Jazzwise">Jazzwise</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackhistorymonth.org.uk/article/listings/region/camden/thelonious-monk/">"Thelonious Monk"</a>, Blackhistorymonth.org.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monkmisterioso.com/">"Monk Misterioso"</a>. <i>Monkmisterioso.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 23,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Monkmisterioso.com&rft.atitle=Monk+Misterioso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.monkmisterioso.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serious.org.uk/events/monk-misterioso-a-journey-into-the-silence-of-thelonious-monk">"MONK MISTERIOSO – a journey into the silence of Thelonious Monk"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201034056/http://serious.org.uk/events/monk-misterioso-a-journey-into-the-silence-of-thelonious-monk">Archived</a> December 1, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Serious.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Zara_McFarlane" title="Zara McFarlane">macfarlane, Zara</a>, John Cumming, <a href="/wiki/John_Fordham_(jazz_critic)" title="John Fordham (jazz critic)">John Fordham</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/music/musicblog/2017/nov/09/london-jazz-festival-2017-must-see-gigs">"London jazz festival: this year's must-see gigs"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>, November 9, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://johnbeasleymusic.com/monkestra-my-new-big-band/">"MONK'estra – my new BIG BAND ‹ John Beasley"</a>. <i>Johnbeasleymusic.com</i>. 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 12,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Johnbeasleymusic.com&rft.atitle=MONK%27estra+%E2%80%93+my+new+BIG+BAND+%E2%80%B9+John+Beasley&rft.date=2020&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjohnbeasleymusic.com%2Fmonkestra-my-new-big-band%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Monks-Modern-Music-Rick-Roe/dp/B008PW0ZXW">"Monk's Modern Music"</a>. <i>Amazon</i>. 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Amazon&rft.atitle=Monk%27s+Modern+Music&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2FMonks-Modern-Music-Rick-Roe%2Fdp%2FB008PW0ZXW&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://annarborobserver.com/pianist-rick-roe/">https://annarborobserver.com/pianist-rick-roe/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060207022240/http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/">"GRAMMY.com — Lifetime Achievement Award"</a>. <i>Past Recipients</i>. <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Recording_Arts_and_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences">National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grammy.com/Recording_Academy/Awards/Lifetime_Awards/">the original</a> on February 7, 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Past+Recipients&rft.atitle=GRAMMY.com+%E2%80%94+Lifetime+Achievement+Award&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grammy.com%2FRecording_Academy%2FAwards%2FLifetime_Awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pulitzer.org/citation/2006-Special-Awards-and-Citations">"The 2006 Pulitzer Prize winners: Special Awards and Citations"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Pulitzer_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pulitzer Prize">The Pulitzer Prize</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 12,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+2006+Pulitzer+Prize+winners%3A+Special+Awards+and+Citations&rft.pub=The+Pulitzer+Prize&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pulitzer.org%2Fcitation%2F2006-Special-Awards-and-Citations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://northcarolinamusichalloffame.org/category/inductees/2009-inductees/">"2009 Inductees"</a>. North Carolina Music Hall of Fame<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 10,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2009+Inductees&rft.pub=North+Carolina+Music+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnorthcarolinamusichalloffame.org%2Fcategory%2Finductees%2F2009-inductees%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBliek2010" class="citation book cs1">Bliek, Rob (2010). <i>The Thelonious Monk Reader</i>. Oxford University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0190283964" title="Special:BookSources/978-0190283964"><bdi>978-0190283964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thelonious+Monk+Reader&rft.pub=Oxford+University&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0190283964&rft.aulast=Bliek&rft.aufirst=Rob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaoudi2018" class="citation book cs1">Daoudi, Youssef (2018). <i>Monk: Thelonious, Pannonica, and the Friendship Behind a Musical Revolution</i>. First Second. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1626724341" title="Special:BookSources/978-1626724341"><bdi>978-1626724341</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monk%3A+Thelonious%2C+Pannonica%2C+and+the+Friendship+Behind+a+Musical+Revolution&rft.pub=First+Second&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1626724341&rft.aulast=Daoudi&rft.aufirst=Youssef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitterling1997" class="citation book cs1">Fitterling, Thomas (1997). <i>Thelonious Monk: His Life and Music</i>. Berkeley Hills Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780965377416" title="Special:BookSources/9780965377416"><bdi>9780965377416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thelonious+Monk%3A+His+Life+and+Music&rft.pub=Berkeley+Hills+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780965377416&rft.aulast=Fitterling&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiddins2018" class="citation book cs1">Giddins, Gary (2018). <i>Rhythm-a-ning: Jazz Tradition and Innovation</i>. Hachette. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0306809873" title="Special:BookSources/978-0306809873"><bdi>978-0306809873</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythm-a-ning%3A+Jazz+Tradition+and+Innovation&rft.pub=Hachette&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0306809873&rft.aulast=Giddins&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon2006" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Lorraine (2006). <i>Alive at the Village Vanguard: My Life in and Out of Jazz Time</i>. Hal Leonard Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61774-916-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61774-916-2"><bdi>978-1-61774-916-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alive+at+the+Village+Vanguard%3A+My+Life+in+and+Out+of+Jazz+Time&rft.pub=Hal+Leonard+Corporation.&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-61774-916-2&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Lorraine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourse1997" class="citation book cs1">Gourse, Leslie (1997). <i>Straight no Chaser: The Life and Genius of Thelonious Monk</i>. Books with Attitude. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0028646565" title="Special:BookSources/978-0028646565"><bdi>978-0028646565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straight+no+Chaser%3A+The+Life+and+Genius+of+Thelonious+Monk&rft.pub=Books+with+Attitude&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0028646565&rft.aulast=Gourse&rft.aufirst=Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2010" class="citation book cs1">Kelley, Robin D. G. (2010). <i>Thelonious Monk: The Life and Times of an American Original</i>. Free Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1439190463" title="Special:BookSources/978-1439190463"><bdi>978-1439190463</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thelonious+Monk%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+an+American+Original&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1439190463&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=Robin+D.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathieson2012" class="citation book cs1">Mathieson, Kenny (2012). <i>Giant Steps: Bebop and the Creators of Modern Jazz, 1945–65</i>. Canongate Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857866172" title="Special:BookSources/9780857866172"><bdi>9780857866172</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Giant+Steps%3A+Bebop+and+the+Creators+of+Modern+Jazz%2C+1945%E2%80%9365&rft.pub=Canongate+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780857866172&rft.aulast=Mathieson&rft.aufirst=Kenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwens1996" class="citation book cs1">Owens, Thomas (1996). <i>Bebop – The Music and Its Players</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510651-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510651-0"><bdi>978-0-19-510651-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bebop+%E2%80%93+The+Music+and+Its+Players&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510651-0&rft.aulast=Owens&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1998" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Lewis (1998). <i>John Coltrane: His Life and Music</i>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-472-10161-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-472-10161-7"><bdi>0-472-10161-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Coltrane%3A+His+Life+and+Music&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-472-10161-7&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolis2007" class="citation book cs1">Solis, Gabriel (2007). <i>Monk's Music: Thelonious Monk and Jazz History in the Making</i>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780520940963" title="Special:BookSources/9780520940963"><bdi>9780520940963</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monk%27s+Music%3A+Thelonious+Monk+and+Jazz+History+in+the+Making&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780520940963&rft.aulast=Solis&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThelonious+Monk" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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So Misterioso: Robert Christgau on Monk</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.discogs.com/artist/Thelonious+Monk">Thelonious Monk</a> discography at <a href="/wiki/Discogs" title="Discogs">Discogs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0598243/">Thelonious Monk</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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aria-labelledby="Thelonious_Monk" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks vcard hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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Monk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thelonious_Monk" class="fn" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thelonious Monk</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_discography" title="Thelonious Monk discography">Discography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Thelonious_Monk" title="List of compositions by Thelonious Monk">Compositions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As leader</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_of_Modern_Music,_Vols._One_%26_Two" title="Genius of Modern Music, Vols. One & Two">Genius of Modern Music: Volume 1</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wizard_of_the_Vibes" class="mw-redirect" title="Wizard of the Vibes">Wizard of the Vibes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genius_of_Modern_Music:_Volume_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Genius of Modern Music: Volume 2">Genius of Modern Music: Volume 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Trio" title="Thelonious Monk Trio">Thelonious Monk Trio</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk_(1956_album)" title="Monk (1956 album)">Monk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_and_Sonny_Rollins" title="Thelonious Monk and Sonny Rollins">Thelonious Monk and Sonny Rollins</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piano_Solo_(Thelonious_Monk_album)" title="Piano Solo (Thelonious Monk album)">Piano Solo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Plays_Duke_Ellington" title="Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington">Thelonious Monk Plays Duke Ellington</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Unique_Thelonious_Monk" title="The Unique Thelonious Monk">The Unique Thelonious Monk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brilliant_Corners" title="Brilliant Corners">Brilliant Corners</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Himself" title="Thelonious Himself">Thelonious Himself</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Art_Blakey%27s_Jazz_Messengers_with_Thelonious_Monk" title="Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers with Thelonious Monk">Art Blakey's Jazz Messengers with Thelonious Monk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_Music" title="Monk's Music">Monk's Music</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_with_John_Coltrane" title="Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane">Thelonious Monk with John Coltrane</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mulligan_Meets_Monk" title="Mulligan Meets Monk">Mulligan Meets Monk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Quartet_with_John_Coltrane_at_Carnegie_Hall" title="Thelonious Monk Quartet with John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall">Thelonious Monk Quartet with John Coltrane at Carnegie Hall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Complete_1957_Riverside_Recordings" title="The Complete 1957 Riverside Recordings">The Complete 1957 Riverside Recordings</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_in_Action" title="Thelonious in Action">Thelonious in Action</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Misterioso_(Thelonious_Monk_album)" title="Misterioso (Thelonious Monk album)">Misterioso</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Thelonious_Monk_Orchestra_at_Town_Hall" title="The Thelonious Monk Orchestra at Town Hall">The Thelonious Monk Orchestra at Town Hall</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/5_by_Monk_by_5" title="5 by Monk by 5">5 by Monk by 5</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Alone_in_San_Francisco" title="Thelonious Alone in San Francisco">Thelonious Alone in San Francisco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_at_the_Blackhawk" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelonious Monk at the Blackhawk">Thelonious Monk at the Blackhawk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk_in_France" title="Monk in France">Monk in France</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_in_Italy" title="Thelonious Monk in Italy">Thelonious Monk in Italy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_Dream_(Thelonious_Monk_album)" title="Monk's Dream (Thelonious Monk album)">Monk's Dream</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Criss-Cross_(album)" title="Criss-Cross (album)">Criss-Cross</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk_in_Tokyo" title="Monk in Tokyo">Monk in Tokyo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miles_%26_Monk_at_Newport" title="Miles & Monk at Newport">Miles & Monk at Newport</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Big_Band_and_Quartet_in_Concert" title="Big Band and Quartet in Concert">Big Band and Quartet in Concert</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/It%27s_Monk%27s_Time" title="It's Monk's Time">It's Monk's Time</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk_(1964_album)" title="Monk (1964 album)">Monk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Monk" title="Solo Monk">Solo Monk</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_It_Club" title="Live at the It Club">Live at the It Club</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Live_at_the_Jazz_Workshop" title="Live at the Jazz Workshop">Live at the Jazz Workshop</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Misterioso_(Recorded_on_Tour)" title="Misterioso (Recorded on Tour)">Misterioso (Recorded on Tour)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Straight,_No_Chaser_(Thelonious_Monk_album)" title="Straight, No Chaser (Thelonious Monk album)">Straight, No Chaser</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Nonet_Live_in_Paris_1967" title="Thelonious Monk Nonet Live in Paris 1967">Thelonious Monk Nonet Live in Paris 1967</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Underground_(Thelonious_Monk_album)" title="Underground (Thelonious Monk album)">Underground</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monk%27s_Blues" title="Monk's Blues">Monk's Blues</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">With others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Midnight_at_Minton%27s" title="Midnight at Minton's">Midnight at Minton's</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bird_and_Diz" title="Bird and Diz">Bird and Diz</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bags%27_Groove" title="Bags' Groove">Bags' Groove</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Miles_Davis_and_the_Modern_Jazz_Giants" title="Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants">Miles Davis and the Modern Jazz Giants</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moving_Out_(album)" title="Moving Out (album)">Moving Out</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sonny_Rollins,_Vol._2" title="Sonny Rollins, Vol. 2">Sonny Rollins, Vol. 2</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nica%27s_Tempo" title="Nica's Tempo">Nica's Tempo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_Orbit_(Clark_Terry_album)" title="In Orbit (Clark Terry album)">In Orbit</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_compositions_by_Thelonious_Monk" title="List of compositions by Thelonious Monk">Compositions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/In_Walked_Bud" title="In Walked Bud">In Walked Bud</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/%27Round_Midnight_(song)" title="'Round Midnight (song)">'Round Midnight</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Blue_Note_Sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelonious Monk Blue Note Sessions">Blue Note Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk_Institute_of_Jazz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz">Thelonious Monk Institute of Jazz</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thelonious_Monk:_Straight,_No_Chaser" title="Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser">Thelonious Monk: Straight, No Chaser</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rewind_%26_Play" title="Rewind & Play">Rewind & Play</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:PulitzerPrize_SpecialCitations" title="Template:PulitzerPrize SpecialCitations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:PulitzerPrize_SpecialCitations" title="Template talk:PulitzerPrize SpecialCitations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize_SpecialCitations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:PulitzerPrize SpecialCitations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize_Special_Citations_and_Awards" title="Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards">Pulitzer Prize Special Citations and Awards</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Journalism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_I._Cobb" title="Frank I. Cobb">Frank I. Cobb</a>* (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_O._Dapping" title="William O. Dapping">William O. Dapping</a> (1930)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edmonton_Journal" title="Edmonton Journal">Edmonton Journal</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_Price" title="Byron Price">Byron Price</a> (1944)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Louis_Post-Dispatch" title="St. Louis Post-Dispatch">St. Louis Post-Dispatch</a></i> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Leo_Sulzberger_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrus Leo Sulzberger II">Cyrus L. Sulzberger</a>/<a href="/wiki/Arthur_Krock" title="Arthur Krock">Arthur Krock</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Kase" title="Max Kase">Max Kase</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/The_Kansas_City_Star" title="The Kansas City Star">The Kansas City Star</a></i> (1952)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lippmann" title="Walter Lippmann">Walter Lippmann</a> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Newspapers</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lee_Strout" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lee Strout">Richard Lee Strout</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herb_Caen" title="Herb Caen">Herb Caen</a> (1996)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette" title="Capital Gazette">Capital Gazette</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells</a> (2020, posthumous)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darnella_Frazier" title="Darnella Frazier">Darnella Frazier</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_obverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="1110" /></a></span><br /><br /> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/60px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/90px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png/120px-Pulitzer_Medal_-_reverse.png 2x" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1101" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Letters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Love Songs</i> by <a href="/wiki/Sara_Teasdale" title="Sara Teasdale">Sara Teasdale</a> (1918)</li> <li><i>Corn Huskers</i> by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sandburg" title="Carl Sandburg">Carl Sandburg</a>/<i>Old Road to Paradise</i> by <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Widdemer" title="Margaret Widdemer">Margaret Widdemer</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Roberts_(author)" title="Kenneth Roberts (author)">Kenneth Roberts</a> (1957)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Defeat_of_the_Spanish_Armada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Defeat of the Spanish Armada">The Defeat of the Spanish Armada</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Garrett_Mattingly" title="Garrett Mattingly">Garrett Mattingly</a> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Heritage_Picture_History_of_the_Civil_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War (page does not exist)">American Heritage Picture History of the Civil War</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i>George Washington, Vols. I-IV</i> by <a href="/wiki/James_Thomas_Flexner" title="James Thomas Flexner">James Thomas Flexner</a> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Roots:_The_Saga_of_an_American_Family" title="Roots: The Saga of an American Family">Roots</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Alex_Haley" title="Alex Haley">Alex Haley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/E.B._White" class="mw-redirect" title="E.B. White">E.B. White</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dr._Seuss" title="Dr. Seuss">Theodor Seuss Geisel</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_Spiegelman" title="Art Spiegelman">Art Spiegelman</a> for <i><a href="/wiki/Maus" title="Maus">Maus</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_S._Morgan" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund S. Morgan">Edmund S. Morgan</a> (2006)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers" title="Richard Rodgers">Richard Rodgers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Hammerstein_II" title="Oscar Hammerstein II">Oscar Hammerstein II</a>. A special award for <i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_(musical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oklahoma (musical)">Oklahoma!</a></i> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Sessions" title="Roger Sessions">Roger Sessions</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Babbitt" title="Milton Babbitt">Milton Babbitt</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gershwin" title="George Gershwin">George Gershwin</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_Ellington" title="Duke Ellington">Duke Ellington</a> (1999)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Thelonious Monk</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Bradbury" title="Ray Bradbury">Ray Bradbury</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Williams" title="Hank Williams">Hank Williams</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Service</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Allen_White" title="William Allen White">William Allen White</a>* (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Graduate_School_of_Journalism" title="Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism">Graduate School of Journalism</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_D._Fackenthal" title="Frank D. Fackenthal">Frank D. Fackenthal</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hohenberg" title="John Hohenberg">John Hohenberg</a> (1976)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Pulitzer,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.">Joseph Pulitzer, Jr.</a> (1985)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>* indicates award given to widow in year after his death</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109612#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109612#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q109612#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120249127">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44485892">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/104794/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtxjjgvrY6fMFvFF67GpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118826158">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82218969">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13897622g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13897622g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621146">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Monk, Thelonious"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/LO1V173543">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35691086">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ola2002158013&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX843371">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070812373">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1007624">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000068328&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000050859&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=339992">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000035440">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC2018M8909">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/sq468dsb0dzl6tq">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810637304505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007314961705171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000196993">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515217806706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14683463">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0344108X?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/8e8c7417-c905-46b1-b42a-5260b4274ed4">MusicBrainz</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grammy.com/artists/thelonious-monk/4905">Grammy Awards</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1044369">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118826158.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118826158">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02946112X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10570010">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6j38zvn">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&oldid=1258810141">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thelonious_Monk&oldid=1258810141</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Thelonious_Monk" title="Category:Thelonious Monk">Thelonious Monk</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1917_births" title="Category:1917 births">1917 births</a></li><li><a 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winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Riverside_Records_artists" title="Category:Riverside Records artists">Riverside Records artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stuyvesant_High_School_alumni" title="Category:Stuyvesant High School alumni">Stuyvesant High School alumni</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:The_Giants_of_Jazz_members" title="Category:The Giants of Jazz members">The Giants of Jazz members</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Ferncliff_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery">Burials at Ferncliff Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DownBeat_Jazz_Hall_of_Fame_members" title="Category:DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame members">DownBeat Jazz Hall of Fame members</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback 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