Radiation | An Open Access Journal from MDPI

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<option value="microwave" > Microwave </option> <option value="minerals" > Minerals </option> <option value="mining" > Mining </option> <option value="modelling" > Modelling </option> <option value="mmphys" > Modern Mathematical Physics </option> <option value="molbank" > Molbank </option> <option value="molecules" > Molecules </option> <option value="multimedia" > Multimedia </option> <option value="mti" > Multimodal Technologies and Interaction (MTI) </option> <option value="muscles" > Muscles </option> <option value="nanoenergyadv" > Nanoenergy Advances </option> <option value="nanomanufacturing" > Nanomanufacturing </option> <option value="nanomaterials" > Nanomaterials </option> <option value="ndt" > NDT </option> <option value="network" > Network </option> <option value="neuroglia" > Neuroglia </option> <option value="neurolint" > Neurology International </option> <option value="neurosci" > NeuroSci </option> <option value="nitrogen" > Nitrogen </option> <option value="ncrna" > 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their institutions.</li> <li><strong>Rapid Publication:</strong> manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 24.6 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2024).</li> <li><strong>Recognition of Reviewers:</strong> APC discount vouchers, optional signed peer review, and reviewer names published annually in the journal.</li> <li><strong><em>Radiation</em> is a companion journal of <em><a href="https://www.mdpi.com/journal/cancers">Cancers</a></em></strong>.</li> </ul> </div> <div style="margin-bottom: 15px;"> </div> <div> <a href="/journal/radiation/imprint" class="UI_JournalImprintsInfoButton"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">subject</i> Imprint Information </a>    <a href="/journal/radiation/radiation_flyer.pdf" class="UD_JournalFlyer"> <i class="material-icons spaced-link">get_app</i> Journal Flyer </a>     <a class="oa-link" href="https://www.mdpi.com/about/openaccess"> <i class="material icons spaced-link"></i> Open Access </a>     <strong> ISSN: 2673-592X </strong> </div> <div style="clear: both;"></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="content__container content__container--overflow-initial"> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-link active"> <h2 class="no-padding-left">Latest Articles</h2> </div> <div class="custom-accordion-for-small-screen-content"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item no-border"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 13 pages, 984 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/9/pdf?version=1740053286" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Evaluation of Using an Octavius 4D Measuring System for Patient-Specific VMAT Quality Assurance" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/9">Evaluation of Using an Octavius 4D Measuring System for Patient-Specific VMAT Quality Assurance</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yawo Atsu Constantino Fiagan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kodjo Joël Fabrice N‘Guessan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Adama Diakité</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Komlanvi Victor Adjenou</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thierry Gevaert</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Dirk Verellen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 9; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010009">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010009</a> - 20 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Quality assurance (QA) programs are designed to improve the quality and safety of radiation treatments, including patient-specific QA (PSQA). The objective of this study was to investigate the conditions in which pretreatment PSQA is performed, to evaluate the root cause of the <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/9/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Quality assurance (QA) programs are designed to improve the quality and safety of radiation treatments, including patient-specific QA (PSQA). The objective of this study was to investigate the conditions in which pretreatment PSQA is performed, to evaluate the root cause of the implementation of more complex techniques, and to identify areas for potential improvement. Materials/Methods: The Octavius 4D (O4D) system accuracy was evaluated using an O4D homogeneous phantom for different field sizes. Tests of the system response to dose linearity, field sizes, and PDD differences were performed against calculated doses for a 6 MV photon beam. The pretreatment verification of 40 VMAT plans was performed using the PTW VeriSoft software (version 8.0.1) for local and global 3D gamma analysis. The reconstructed 3D dose was compared to the calculated dose using 2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm, 20% of the low-dose threshold, and 95% of the gamma passing rate (%GP) tolerance level. The sensitivity of the O4D system in detecting VMAT delivery and setup errors has been investigated by measuring the variation in %GP values before and after the simulated errors. Results: The O4D system reported good agreement for linearity, field size, and PDD differences with TPS dose, being within ±2% tolerance. The output factors were consistent between the ionization chamber and the O4D detector down to a 4 × 4 cm<sup>2</sup> field size with a maximum deviation less than 1%. The introduction of deliberate errors caused a decrease in %GP values. In most scenarios, the %GP value of the simulated errors was detected with 2%/2 mm. Conclusion: The results indicate that the O4D system is sensitive enough to detect delivery and setup errors with the restrictive global criterion of 2%/2 mm for routine pretreatment verification. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/9">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/179M75W6KH">Innovative Radiation Therapies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/9/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1595746"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1595746"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1595746" data-cycle-prev="#prev1595746" data-cycle-progressive="#images1595746" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1595746-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00009/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00009-g001-550.jpg?1740053580" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1595746" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1595746-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00009/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00009-g002-550.jpg?1740053583'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1595746-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00009/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00009-g003-550.jpg?1740053585'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1595746-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00009/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00009-g004-550.jpg?1740053588'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1595746-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00009/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00009-g001-550.jpg?1740053580" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Linearity between the O4D detector system measured dose and Elekta infinity delivery monitor unit (MU).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00009/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00009-g002-550.jpg?1740053583" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Results of output factor measured with the O4D detector array (in blue) and Semiflex detector (in red).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00009/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00009-g003-550.jpg?1740053585" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>%GP value of VMAT plans for simulated setup and delivery errors using 3%/3 mm and a 95% passing threshold. RS = right shift of couch, LS = left shift of couch, VS = vertical shift of couch, Rot = couch rotation angle, CR = collimator rotation, and MUv = monitor unit variation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00009/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00009-g004-550.jpg?1740053588" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>%GP value of VMAT plans for simulated setup and delivery errors using 2%/2 mm and a 95% passing threshold.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/9'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="extending-content content-ready"> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 12 pages, 5144 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/8/pdf?version=1738747590" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Amplification of Higher-Order Salivary Gland Volume Effects from External Beam Radiotherapy in Normal Tissue Complication Probability Modeling of Radiopharmaceutical Therapy" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/8">Amplification of Higher-Order Salivary Gland Volume Effects from External Beam Radiotherapy in Normal Tissue Complication Probability Modeling of Radiopharmaceutical Therapy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chunming Gu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Robert F. Hobbs</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ana P. Kiess</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Junghoon Lee</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Todd McNutt</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Harry Quon</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Zhuoyao Xin</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tahir I. Yusufaly</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 8; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010008">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010008</a> - 5 Feb 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Salivary glands are common organs at risk in both head and neck external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT), but incidences of xerostomia in RPT are inconsistent with the EBRT Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC) limits. In <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/8/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Salivary glands are common organs at risk in both head and neck external beam radiotherapy (EBRT) and radiopharmaceutical therapy (RPT), but incidences of xerostomia in RPT are inconsistent with the EBRT Quantitative Analysis of Normal Tissue Effects in the Clinic (QUANTEC) limits. In EBRT, salivary glands are usually assumed to be parallel organs, with QUANTEC guidelines based on <inline-formula><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><semantics><msub><mi>D</mi><mrow><mi>m</mi><mi>e</mi><mi>a</mi><mi>n</mi></mrow></msub></semantics></math></inline-formula>, but this is known to be a gross over-simplification of the full complexity of the underlying functional organization. The goal of this work is to combine machine learning of EBRT dose–outcome data with stylized small-scale RPT dosimetry to discover more reliable normal tissue complication probability (NTCP) models of xerostomia across both modalities. A retrospective cohort of 211 EBRT patients was analyzed using a custom-designed in-house machine learning workflow. From this, a hierarchy of three models of increasing complexity was trained, evaluated for performance and generalization, and coupled with stylized small-scale salivary gland dosimetry to assess the influence of model complexity on the predicted NTCP for plausible patterns of RPT dose nonuniformity. The three models in the hierarchy (A, B, C), in increasing order of complexity, associate xerostomia with the following: the mean dose to the whole contralateral parotid (model A), the mean dose to a ductally localized region (model B) and a serial interaction dose term between two ductal sub-compartments (model C). While the difference between the three models for EBRT <i>p</i>-values and AUCs is rather marginal, for physiologically driven ductal dose distributions in RPT, the predicted reduction in TD50 can be as large as a factor of 10. These results provide hints towards a plausible reconciliation of the observed inconsistency of xerostomia in RPT with EBRT dose limits. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/8">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/8/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1583875"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1583875"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1583875" data-cycle-prev="#prev1583875" data-cycle-progressive="#images1583875" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1583875-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g001-550.jpg?1738747713" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1583875" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1583875-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g002-550.jpg?1738747715'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1583875-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g003-550.jpg?1738747715'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1583875-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g004-550.jpg?1738747718'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1583875-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g005-550.jpg?1738747720'><p>Figure 5</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1583875-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g001-550.jpg?1738747713" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>A schematic of our workflow for model training and evaluation, including train–test splitting, bootstrap oversampling to correct for class imbalance, and the iterative regression and selection of three increasingly more complex models, evaluated based on <span class="html-italic">p</span>-values, goodness of fits, and AUCs.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g002-550.jpg?1738747715" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of radiation dose in parotid and submandibular glands across the patient cohort. (<b>Left</b>) mean dose; (<b>middle</b>) standard deviation of dose; (<b>right</b>) mean dose difference between xerostomia patients and non-xerostomia patients.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g003-550.jpg?1738747715" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Cluster and correlation of the cPG ductal voxels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g004-550.jpg?1738747718" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Results for the three trained models. (<b>Left</b>) Visualization of the selected region on the gland for each model. (<b>Middle</b>) NTCP and its confidence interval. (<b>Right</b>) ROC curve for the training and test sets.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00008/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00008-g005-550.jpg?1738747720" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>RPT duct-localized doses amplify differences in the three models. (<b>Left</b>) uniform dose distributions (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>). The shape of the NTCP curve as a function of <math display="inline"><semantics> <msub> <mi>D</mi> <mi>gland</mi> </msub> </semantics></math> is relatively unaffected by the choice of model (A, B, or C). (<b>Right</b>) perfectly duct-localized doses (<math display="inline"><semantics> <mrow> <mi>f</mi> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mo>&gt;</mo> <mn>1</mn> </mrow> </semantics></math>). The shape of the curve and the resulting threshold TD50 dose in the gland can vary by significant factors of as much as 10.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/8'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 245 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/7/pdf?version=1737606881" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Radiomics-Guided Precision Radiation Therapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/7">Radiomics-Guided Precision Radiation Therapy in Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Cuiping Yuan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jessica An</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Seyedmehdi Payabvash</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 7; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010007">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010007</a> - 23 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Radiomics and deep learning computer vision algorithms can extract clinically relevant information from medical images, providing valuable insights for accurate diagnosis of cancerous lesions, tumor differentiation and molecular subtyping, prediction of treatment response, and prognostication of long-term outcomes. In head and neck squamous <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/7/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Radiomics and deep learning computer vision algorithms can extract clinically relevant information from medical images, providing valuable insights for accurate diagnosis of cancerous lesions, tumor differentiation and molecular subtyping, prediction of treatment response, and prognostication of long-term outcomes. In head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), growing evidence supports the potential role of radiomics and deep learning models in predicting treatment response, long-term outcomes, and treatment complications following radiation therapy. This is especially important given the pivotal role of radiotherapy in early-stage and locally advanced HNSCC, as well as in post-operative and concomitant chemoradiotherapy. In this article, we summarize recent studies highlighting the role of radiomics in predicting early post-radiotherapy response, locoregional recurrence, survival outcomes, and treatment-related complications. Radiomics-guided tools have the potential to personalize HNSCC radiation treatment by identifying low-risk patients who may benefit from de-intensified therapy and high-risk individuals who require more aggressive treatment strategies. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/7">Full article</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 1757 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/6/pdf?version=1737358787" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A 3D Superposition Approximation for Gamma Knife Dose Calculation" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/6">A 3D Superposition Approximation for Gamma Knife Dose Calculation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Payton H. Stone</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lam M. Lay</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Raymi Ramirez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniel Neck</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Connel Chu</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Joyoni Dey</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David Solis</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 6; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010006">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010006</a> - 20 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Effective dose calculation is essential for optimizing Gamma Knife (GK) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment plans. Modern GK systems allow independent sector activation, enabling complex dose distributions per shot. This study presents a dose approximation method designed to account for shot flexibility and generate <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/6/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Effective dose calculation is essential for optimizing Gamma Knife (GK) stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) treatment plans. Modern GK systems allow independent sector activation, enabling complex dose distributions per shot. This study presents a dose approximation method designed to account for shot flexibility and generate 3D doses external to GammaPlan. A treatment plan was created with the TMR10 calculation for individual sector activations using a Radiosurgery Head Phantom. The resulting dose arrays established a basis set of sector-specific distributions, which were then referenced by shot parameters from the plan, allowing dose accumulation through superposition. This superposition approximation (SA) was compared to the original TMR10 using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC), 95% Hausdorff Distance (HD95), and GK deliverability metrics: coverage, selectivity, and gradient index, across an isodose normalization range from 10% to 90%. In a cohort of 30 patients with 71 targets, strong agreement was observed between TMR10 and SA in the clinically used 50–60% isodose range, with DSC above 85% and HD95 under 2.18 mm. The average differences for the coverage, selectivity, and gradient index were 0.014, 0.008, and 0.118, respectively. This method accurately approximates TMR10 calculations within clinically relevant ranges, offering an external tool to assess 3D dose distributions for GK treatment plans. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/6">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/6/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1570888"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1570888"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1570888" data-cycle-prev="#prev1570888" data-cycle-progressive="#images1570888" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1570888-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00006/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00006-g001-550.jpg?1737358856" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1570888" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1570888-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00006/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00006-g002-550.jpg?1737358858'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1570888-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00006/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00006-g003-550.jpg?1737358860'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1570888-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00006/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00006-g004-550.jpg?1737358862'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1570888-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00006/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00006-g001-550.jpg?1737358856" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Example sector activations and shot interactions created using the superposition method. (<b>A</b>) is an example of only sector 1 being active to 8 mm, as indicated by the key in the top right of the image. (<b>B</b>) shows all 8 sectors activated to the same collimation setting of 8 mm, forming a classic 8 mm shot. In (<b>C</b>), an example shot with mixed activations is displayed. (<b>D</b>) shows the interaction of the shots in (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>) when separated by a horizontal distance of 1 cm, with the 50% isodose line shown in black. “x” and “+” indicate the shot positions for the shot shown in (<b>B</b>,<b>C</b>), respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00006/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00006-g002-550.jpg?1737358858" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>An example of the full target reconstruction of the dose array using the superposition method. (<b>A</b>) is the TMR10-produced dose array for the treatment of a meningioma. (<b>B</b>) shows the superposition approximation. The black isodose line shown in both (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) highlights the prescription isodose of 52% for each dose distribution. (<b>C</b>) highlights differences between the prescription iso-volumes of (<b>A</b>,<b>B</b>) (shown in black) as an RGB formatted fusion, where green is the TMR10-calculated iso-volume, magenta is the superposition approximation iso-volume, and white is their intersection. The shown Dice Similarity Coefficient is the result of a 3D comparison for this target with these prescription volumes.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00006/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00006-g003-550.jpg?1737358860" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Average Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC) and 95th percentile Hausdorff Distance (HD95) comparisons between the original (TMR10-produced) dose arrays and the superposition approximation (SA) dose arrays for 71 targets at 10 threshold levels. Both metrics are reported at each 10% isodose threshold between 10% and 90%, as well as at each target’s respective prescription isodose level, denoted as “Rx”. The DSC, aligned with the left vertical axis, is shown using black circles and error bars, with a black dashed line marking the 0.85 DSC level. HD95, aligned with the right vertical axis, is illustrated with cyan diamonds and error bars, with a cyan dashed line marking the maximum HD95 value at the prescription (Rx) level. Higher DSC values and lower HD95 scores indicate a closer match between the SA-produced dose and the TMR10-produced dose.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00006/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00006-g004-550.jpg?1737358862" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(Top row) Two-dimensional histograms for the deliverability metric scores achieved by each dose distribution, with the red line representing 1-to-1 correlation. The <span class="html-italic">x</span>-axis corresponds to the original TMR10-produced dose array, while the <span class="html-italic">y</span>-axis corresponds to the SA-produced dose array. (Bottom row) One-dimensional histograms for the target-to-target difference for each of the three metrics. For coverage (<b>A</b>) and selectivity (<b>B</b>), binning was selected as every 1%. For the gradient index (<b>C</b>), bins were assigned every increment of 0.05.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/6'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 6182 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/5/pdf?version=1737103636" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Improving the Accuracy of Bone-Scintigraphy Imaging Analysis Using the Skeletal Count Index: A Study Based on Human Trial Data" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/5">Improving the Accuracy of Bone-Scintigraphy Imaging Analysis Using the Skeletal Count Index: A Study Based on Human Trial Data</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ryosuke Miki</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tatsuya Tsuchitani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yoshiyuki Takahashi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kazuhiro Kitajima</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Yasuyuki Takahashi</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 5; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010005">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010005</a> - 17 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The image quality index for whole-body bone scintigraphy has traditionally relied on the total count (Total-C) with a threshold of ≥1.5 million counts (MC). However, Total-C measurements are susceptible to variability owing to urine retention. This study aimed to develop a skeletal count <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/5/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The image quality index for whole-body bone scintigraphy has traditionally relied on the total count (Total-C) with a threshold of ≥1.5 million counts (MC). However, Total-C measurements are susceptible to variability owing to urine retention. This study aimed to develop a skeletal count (Skel-C)-based index, focusing exclusively on bone regions, to improve the accuracy of image analysis in bone scintigraphy. To determine the optimal Skel-C-based threshold, Skel-C thresholds were set at 0.9, 1.0, 1.1, and 1.2 MC, and Total-C thresholds were set at 1.75, 2.0, and 2.25 MC. Patients were then categorized based on whether their values were above or below these thresholds. The group including all cases was defined as the Total-C 1.5 high group. Sensitivity and specificity were calculated for each group, and receiver operating characteristic analyses and statistical evaluations were conducted. The specificity of the bone scintigraphy image analysis program in the Skel-C < 0.9 MC group was significantly lower than that in the Skel-C ≥ 0.9 MC and Total-C 1.5 high groups. The decrease in specificity was evident only with Skel-C and was not identified based on Total-C levels. These findings highlight the importance of achieving Skel-C ≥ 0.9 MC and suggest that Total-C alone is insufficient for reliable image assessment. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/5">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/radiation/sections/Radiation_Medical_Imaging">Radiation in Medical Imaging</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/5/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1569165"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1569165"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1569165" data-cycle-prev="#prev1569165" data-cycle-progressive="#images1569165" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g001-550.jpg?1737103930" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1569165" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g002-550.jpg?1737103931'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g003-550.jpg?1737103933'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g004-550.jpg?1737103935'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g005-550.jpg?1737103936'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g006-550.jpg?1737103938'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g007-550.jpg?1737103940'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g008-550.jpg?1737103942'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g009-550.jpg?1737103944'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g010-550.jpg?1737103947'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1569165-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g011-550.jpg?1737103949'><p>Figure 11</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1569165-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g001-550.jpg?1737103930" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Calculation regions for total count (Total-C) and skeletal count (Skel-C) are shown. High uptake levels observed in the elbow, knee, and ankle joints are indicative of arthritis. (<b>a</b>) Calculation region for the anterior view of Total-C. (<b>b</b>) Calculation region for the posterior view of Total-C. (<b>c</b>) Calculation region for the anterior view of Skel-C. (<b>d</b>) Calculation region for the posterior view of Skel-C. (<b>e</b>) For anterior view Skel-C calculations, bladder recognition is performed, and the bladder region is excluded from the Skel-C calculation region. (<b>f</b>) For posterior view Skel-C calculations, bladder recognition is performed, and the bladder region is excluded from the Skel-C calculation region.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g002-550.jpg?1737103931" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of Total-C and Skel-C and the results of significance tests. (*: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). Skel-C was lower than Total-C with and without bone metastases.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g003-550.jpg?1737103933" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Sensitivity and significance tests for each group, classified based on the threshold of Skel-C (n.s.: not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g004-550.jpg?1737103935" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Sensitivity and significance tests for each group, classified based on the threshold of Total-C (n.s.: not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g005-550.jpg?1737103936" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Specificity and significance tests for each group, classified based on the threshold of Skel-C (*: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, n.s.: not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g006-550.jpg?1737103938" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Specificity and significance tests for each group, classified based on the threshold of Total-C (n.s.: not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g007-550.jpg?1737103940" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC) of groups classified based on the threshold of Skel-C and (<b>b</b>) area under the curve (AUC) values and results of significance tests for each group (n.s.: not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g008-550.jpg?1737103942" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) ROC curves of groups classified based on the threshold of Total-C and (<b>b</b>) AUC values and results of significance tests for each group (n.s.: not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g009-550.jpg?1737103944" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>A case showing a true negative result in BONENAVI. Total-C: 2.37 million count (MC), Skel-C:1.34 MC. (<b>a</b>): results of BONENAVI analysis (<b>b</b>): computed tomography (CT) image (<b>c</b>): single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) image.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g010-550.jpg?1737103947" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>A patient showing a false-positive result in BONENAVI. Total-C: 3.17 MC, Skel-C: 0.89 MC. (<b>a</b>): results of BONENAVI analysis (<b>b</b>): CT image (<b>c</b>): SPECT image.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00005/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00005-g011-550.jpg?1737103949" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Distribution of post-injection waiting times and results of significance tests for each group stratified by Skel-C threshold. (*: <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05, n.s.: not significant).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/5'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 4756 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/4/pdf?version=1736147752" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Effect of Pacemakers and Defibrillators on Distortion in 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Sequences Commonly Used in Radiation Oncology Practice—3D True Fast Imaging with Steady State Precession (TrueFISP) at 0.35T MR-Linear Accelerator (LINAC) and 3D T1 at 3T MR Simulator" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/4">The Effect of Pacemakers and Defibrillators on Distortion in 2 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) Sequences Commonly Used in Radiation Oncology Practice—3D True Fast Imaging with Steady State Precession (TrueFISP) at 0.35T MR-Linear Accelerator (LINAC) and 3D T1 at 3T MR Simulator</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alireza Omidi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elisabeth Weiss</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Mateb Al Khalifa</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Siyong Kim</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 4; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010004">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010004</a> - 6 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> <b>Background</b>: We aimed to measure the pacemaker- and defibrillator-induced distortion at 0.35T and 3.0T magnetic fields. <b>Methods</b>: The pacemaker/defibrillator was placed at the top center of a water-filled/MagPhan phantom, followed by a T1 scan at 3T and a TrueFISP scan at <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/4/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> <b>Background</b>: We aimed to measure the pacemaker- and defibrillator-induced distortion at 0.35T and 3.0T magnetic fields. <b>Methods</b>: The pacemaker/defibrillator was placed at the top center of a water-filled/MagPhan phantom, followed by a T1 scan at 3T and a TrueFISP scan at 0.35T. The extent of distortion (i.e., the distance from the device to the furthest signal loss/void/rings) in the water-filled phantom was measured in MIM. For geometrical distortion (i.e., dislocation of geometrical structures), the spheres in the MagPhan phantom were contoured and their distortion was calculated based on their manufacturing coordinate positions. <b>Results</b>: The maximum extent of distortion caused by the defibrillator was 18.8 cm at 0.35T and 5.8 cm at 3.0T. Similarly, the maximum extent of distortion caused by the pacemaker was 9.28 cm at 0.35T and 2.8 cm at 3.0T. Geometrical distortion measurements using the MagPhan phantom showed that the maximum distortion caused by the defibrillator was 12.8 mm at 0.35T and 13.2 mm at 3.0T. Likewise, the maximum distortion caused by the pacemaker was 8.7 mm at 0.35T and 6.0 mm at 3.0T. <b>Conclusions</b>: Defibrillators cause larger distortions/signal voids than pacemakers, and require careful consideration when performing MRI-based treatment planning. To minimize distortion, sequences with lower sensitivity to magnetic field inhomogeneity should be used. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/4">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/4/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1560785"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1560785"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1560785" data-cycle-prev="#prev1560785" data-cycle-progressive="#images1560785" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1560785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g001-550.jpg?1736147833" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1560785" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1560785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g002-550.jpg?1736147835'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1560785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g003-550.jpg?1736147838'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1560785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g004-550.jpg?1736147840'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1560785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g005-550.jpg?1736147842'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1560785-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g006-550.jpg?1736147844'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1560785-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g001-550.jpg?1736147833" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) Water-filled plastic box phantom, (<b>b</b>) pacemaker (right) and defibrillator (left) arrangement and their placement on a nylon sheet, (<b>c</b>) CIED placement on phantom’s lid, (<b>d</b>) phantom setup on a 0.35T MR-LINAC, (<b>e</b>) arrangement of coils on the phantom, (<b>f</b>) and water-filled phantom on a 3.0T MR-Simulator.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g002-550.jpg?1736147835" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) The electronic device’s arrangement on a MagPhan phantom on a 3.0T MR-Simulator (<b>b</b>) with a body coil wrapped around the phantom.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g003-550.jpg?1736147838" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Distortion map measured from a water-filled box phantom image acquired using 3D TrueFISP on a 0.35T MR-LINAC. RL, AP, and SI are right-to-left, anterior-to-posterior, and superior-to-inferior directions (shown in orange), respectively. Blue arrows/numbers show the extent of distortion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g004-550.jpg?1736147840" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Distortion map measured from a water-filled box phantom image acquired using 3D T1 on a 3T MR-Simulator. RL, AP, and SI are right-to-left, anterior-to-posterior, and superior-to-inferior directions (shown in orange), respectively. Blue arrows/numbers show the extent of distortion.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g005-550.jpg?1736147842" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Distortion caused by electronic devices on a MagPhan phantom acquired using 3D TrueFISP at 0.35T and 3D T1 at 3.0T.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00004/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00004-g006-550.jpg?1736147844" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Distortion plots of electronic devices from the center of electronic devices on a MagPhan phantom.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/4'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 18 pages, 2112 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/3/pdf?version=1735892315" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Minibeam Spatially-Fractionated Radiation Therapy Is Superior to Uniform Dose Radiation Therapy for Abscopal Effect When Combined with PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy in a Dual Tumor Murine Mammary Carcinoma Model" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/3">Minibeam Spatially-Fractionated Radiation Therapy Is Superior to Uniform Dose Radiation Therapy for Abscopal Effect When Combined with PD-L1 Checkpoint Inhibitor Immunotherapy in a Dual Tumor Murine Mammary Carcinoma Model</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Judith N. Rivera</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Keith Laemont</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Artak Tovmasyan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Stefan Stryker</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Kenneth Young</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Theresa Charity</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gregory M. Palmer</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sha Chang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 3; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010003">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010003</a> - 2 Jan 2025 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) has a long history of treating bulky and hypoxic tumors. Recent evidence suggests that, compared to conventional uniform dose radiation therapy, SFRT may utilize different mechanisms of tumor cell killing, potentially including bystander and immune-activating effects. The abscopal <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/3/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Spatially fractionated radiation therapy (SFRT) has a long history of treating bulky and hypoxic tumors. Recent evidence suggests that, compared to conventional uniform dose radiation therapy, SFRT may utilize different mechanisms of tumor cell killing, potentially including bystander and immune-activating effects. The abscopal effect in radiation therapy refers to the control or even elimination of distant untreated tumors following the treatment of a primary tumor with radiation, a process believed to be immune-mediated. Such effects have been shown to be enhanced by immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibition. In this manuscript, we explore the potential synergy of spatially fractionated radiation therapy, in the form of kV x-ray minibeam, combined with PD-L1 checkpoint inhibition in a murine mammary carcinoma model at conventional dose-rate. We found that minibeam of peak/valley doses of 50 Gy/3.7 Gy performed statistically equivalent but trending better than that of 100 Gy/7.4 Gy in its abscopal effect and so 50 Gy/3.7 Gy was selected for further studies. Our findings indicate that the abscopal effect is significantly greater in the minibeam plus anti-PD-L1 treated animals compared to those receiving uniform dose radiation therapy plus anti-PD-L1 (<i>p</i> = 0.04948). Immune cell profiling in the minibeam plus anti-PD-L1 group compared to uniform dose reveals a consistent trend towards greater immune cell infiltration in the primary tumor, as well as a higher percentage of CD8+ T cells, both systemically and at the abscopal tumor site. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/3">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/3/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1559041"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1559041"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1559041" data-cycle-prev="#prev1559041" data-cycle-progressive="#images1559041" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1559041-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g001-550.jpg?1735892427" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1559041" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1559041-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g002-550.jpg?1735892429'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1559041-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g003-550.jpg?1735892431'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1559041-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g004-550.jpg?1735892433'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1559041-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g005-550.jpg?1735892433'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1559041-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g006-550.jpg?1735892434'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1559041-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g001-550.jpg?1735892427" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The timeline of the study is shown. A single fraction radiation is given two weeks after tumor cell implantation. Anti-PD-L1 immune drug was given in 4 fractions starting on day 0. On day 14 tissues are harvested from n = 5 animals per treatment group for flow cytometry immunophenotypic analysis. The remaining animals are monitored for tumor growth and the study ends on day 20.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g002-550.jpg?1735892429" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Dosimetry beam profiles and percentage depth dose (PDD) for the UniformRT and MinibeamRT treatments by EBT-3 film. The yellow dotted rectangle represents the approximate size of a typical tumor at the time of irradiation and the position in the treatment field. (<b>B</b>) The radiation treatment setup includes (1) an external beam x-ray source, (2) an in-house Cerrobend MinibeamRT or UniformRT collimator, (3) a PC-linked camera provides beam’s-eye-view of the light field on animal skin, and (4) a 6-degree freedom platform for angle and height adjustment. (<b>C</b>) image of an animal treated by 10 Gy UniformRT, photographed approximately 3 weeks post-radiation. A demarcated square patch of white fur is visible, corresponding to the radiation field, indicating a localized radiation-induced epidermal and fur depigmentation disorder (vitiligo). No abscopal effect is observed in this animal.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g003-550.jpg?1735892431" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Normalized tumor volume change post radiation is shown for both the irradiated tumor (<b>left</b>) and the unirradiated tumor (<b>right</b>) in the dual tumor animal model study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g004-550.jpg?1735892433" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Normalized tumor volume change post radiation is shown for both the irradiated tumor (<b>A</b>) and the unirradiated tumor (<b>B</b>) in the dual tumor animal model study. For the unirradiated abscopal tumor, the difference between the 10 Gy UniformRT + anti-PDL1 and the 50 Gy MinibeamRT + anti-PDL1 treatment groups at the end of study is statistically significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.04948). Differences between any other two groups are not statistically significant in this study.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g005-550.jpg?1735892433" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Flow cytometry immunophenotypic analysis of spleen cells that are harvested at 14 days post-radiotherapy. Approximately five animals per study group are harvested and thresholding was applied to categorize cells based on immunofluorescence signal levels. When statistically compared against the Control + isotype arm, the 10 Gy UniformRT + isotope arm is significantly different for CD45+ (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.04378), CD4+ (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.01322), and CD8 (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.02685). In addition, for CD8 cells the 50 Gy MinibeamRT + isotope arm is significantly different from Control + isotype (<span class="html-italic">p</span> = 0.0256).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00003/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00003-g006-550.jpg?1735892434" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Flow cytometry immunophenotypic analysis of cells harvested from the irradiated tumor (<b>top</b>) and unirradiated tumors (<b>bottom</b>) of a dual tumor mouse model of adenocarcinoma. Tumors were harvested from approximately n = 5 animals per treatment group at 14 days and thresholding was applied to categorize cells based on immunofluorescence signal levels.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/3'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 23 pages, 1608 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/2/pdf?version=1736316296" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Reproducing the NIRS-QST Clinical Dose Calculations for Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Using Microdosimetric Probability Density Distributions" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/2">Reproducing the NIRS-QST Clinical Dose Calculations for Carbon Ion Radiotherapy Using Microdosimetric Probability Density Distributions</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alessio Parisi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Keith M. Furutani</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shannon Hartzell</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chris J. Beltran</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 2; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010002">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010002</a> - 30 Dec 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Ion radiotherapy requires accurate relative biological effectiveness (RBE) calculations to account for the markedly different biological effects of ions compared to photons. Microdosimetric RBE models rely on descriptions of the energy deposition at the microscopic scale, either through radial dose distributions (RDDs) or <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/2/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Ion radiotherapy requires accurate relative biological effectiveness (RBE) calculations to account for the markedly different biological effects of ions compared to photons. Microdosimetric RBE models rely on descriptions of the energy deposition at the microscopic scale, either through radial dose distributions (RDDs) or microdosimetric probability density distributions. While RDD approaches focus on the theoretical description of the energy deposition around the ion track, microdosimetric distributions offer the advantage of being experimentally measurable, which is crucial for quality assurance programs. As the results of microdosimetric RBE models depend on whether RDD or microdosimetric distributions are used, the model parameters are not interchangeable between these approaches. This study presents and validates a method to reproduce the published reference biological and clinical dose calculations at NIRS-QST for only carbon ion radiotherapy by using the modified microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM) alongside microdosimetric distributions instead of the reference RDD approach. To achieve this, Monte Carlo simulations were performed to estimate the variation of the radiation quality within and outside the field of pristine and spread-out Bragg peaks. By appropriately optimizing the modified MKM parameters for microdosimetric distributions assessed within water spheres, we successfully reproduced the results of calculations using the reference NIRS-QST RDD, generally within 2%. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/2">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/2/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1557104"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1557104"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1557104" data-cycle-prev="#prev1557104" data-cycle-progressive="#images1557104" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1557104-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g001-550.jpg?1736316472" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1557104" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1557104-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g002-550.jpg?1736316478'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1557104-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g003-550.jpg?1736316482'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1557104-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g004-550.jpg?1736316487'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1557104-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g005-550.jpg?1736316492'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1557104-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g006-550.jpg?1736316497'><p>Figure 6</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1557104-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g001-550.jpg?1736316472" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Comparison of the α values for the HSG cell line calculated using the modified MKM in conjunction with track segment calculations based on the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (NIRS-QST model parameters and optimized model parameters to reproduce the KC RDD results) in the case of <sup>12</sup>C ions. (<b>B</b>) The ratio of the α values computed using the KC RDD and the AMF. The horizontal dashed lines indicate a deviation of ±2%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g002-550.jpg?1736316478" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Comparison of the α values for the HSG cell line calculated using the modified MKM in conjunction with track segment calculations based on the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (optimized model parameters) in the case of <sup>1</sup>H, <sup>4</sup>He, <sup>7</sup>Li, <sup>9</sup>Be, <sup>11</sup>B, and <sup>20</sup>Ne ions. The horizontal dashed lines plots indicate a deviation of ±2%.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g003-550.jpg?1736316482" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) The absorbed dose required to achieve a 10% surviving fraction (D<sub>10%</sub>) for the HSG cell line exposed to helium, carbon, and neon ions: comparison between calculations using the modified MKM in conjunction with the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (optimized model parameters), and in vitro data (reported as a function of the dose-mean unrestricted LET). (<b>B</b>) The ratio of the D<sub>10%</sub> between the modified MKM calculations based on the AMF and the KC RDD.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g004-550.jpg?1736316487" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) α for the HSG cell line as a function of the depth in water along the Bragg peak for a single spot (σ<sub>xy</sub> = 2 mm) of a 100 MeV/n carbon ion beam. The results of the modified MKM calculations based on the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (optimized model parameters) were radially integrated between 0 and 50 mm around the axis of the beam. (<b>B</b>–<b>E</b>) Comparison between the calculations using the modified MKM in conjunction with the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (optimized model parameters) as a function of the radial distance from the beam axis at four depths in water along the pristine peak (indicated by the black open squares in panel (<b>A</b>)). The vertical blue dashed lines demarcate voxels receiving at least 1% of the absorbed dose at the Bragg peak maximum.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g005-550.jpg?1736316492" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) α for the HSG cell line as a function of the depth in water along the Bragg peak for a single spot (σ<sub>xy</sub> = 1 mm) of a 430 MeV/n carbon ion beam. The results of the modified MKM calculations based on the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (optimized model parameters) were radially integrated between 0 and 50 mm around the axis of the beam. (<b>B</b>–<b>E</b>) Comparison between the calculations using the modified MKM in conjunction with the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (optimized model parameters) as a function of the radial distance from the beam axis at four depths in water along the pristine peak (indicated by the black open squares in panel (<b>A</b>)). The vertical blue dashed lines demarcate voxels receiving at least 1% of the absorbed dose at the Bragg peak maximum.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00002/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00002-g006-550.jpg?1736316497" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) α for the HSG cell line and the clinical dose as a function of the depth in water in the radially central part of a carbon ion SOBP with initial radius of 30 mm. The results of the modified MKM calculations based on the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (optimized model parameters) were radially integrated between 0 and 10 mm around the axis of the beam. (<b>B</b>–<b>E</b>) Comparison between the calculations using the modified MKM in conjunction with the KC RDD (NIRS-QST model parameters) and the AMF (optimized model parameters) as a function of the radial distance from the beam axis at four depths in water along the pristine peak (indicated by the black open squares in panel (<b>A</b>)).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/2'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1555364" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1555364" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1555364" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/1/s1?version=1735377942"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 94 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 30 pages, 9808 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/1/pdf?version=1735547708" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Examining How Space Radiation Affects Human and Rodent Cognition, 1990–2023" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/5/1/1">A Bibliometric Analysis of Research Examining How Space Radiation Affects Human and Rodent Cognition, 1990–2023</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pilar Simmons</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Chase Swinton</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Simeon Simmons</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Taylor McElroy</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Antiño R Allen</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2025</b>, <em>5</em>(1), 1; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010001">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation5010001</a> - 28 Dec 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The pursuit of exploring the outer space environment for biological research has been a topic of interest for nearly 60 years. The success of the next phase of space exploration depends on the ability to increase crew safety by identifying ways to mitigate <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/1/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The pursuit of exploring the outer space environment for biological research has been a topic of interest for nearly 60 years. The success of the next phase of space exploration depends on the ability to increase crew safety by identifying ways to mitigate these threats. Using a universal scientific citation indexing tool, we extracted data on literature production in terms of the most prolific key terms, authors, countries, institutions, and journals for two distinct topic sets related to space radiation research published from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 2023. The focus of space radiation research in relation to its effects on human health has fluctuated over time, as reflected in the term maps that were generated for each decade. Our bibliometric analysis provides insight into the trends in the top producers in the space radiation research field over the years, as well as into how the focus of such studies has evolved throughout the decades. <a href="/2673-592X/5/1/1">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/5/1/1/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1555364"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1555364"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1555364" data-cycle-prev="#prev1555364" data-cycle-progressive="#images1555364" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g001-550.jpg?1735547783" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1555364" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g002-550.jpg?1735547786'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g003-550.jpg?1735547788'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g004-550.jpg?1735547790'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g005-550.jpg?1735547793'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g006-550.jpg?1735547796'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g007-550.jpg?1735547799'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g008-550.jpg?1735547803'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g009-550.jpg?1735547804'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g010-550.jpg?1735547806'><p>Figure 10</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='10' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g011-550.jpg?1735547807'><p>Figure 11</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='11' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g012-550.jpg?1735547809'><p>Figure 12</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='12' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g013-550.jpg?1735547811'><p>Figure 13</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='13' data-target='article-1555364-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g014-550.jpg?1735547813'><p>Figure 14</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1555364-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g001-550.jpg?1735547783" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Topic set 1 term map for 2010–2019. Cluster 1 is represented by the red region, with 154 terms. Cluster 2 is the green region, with 119 terms. Cluster 3 is the blue region, with 112 terms. Cluster 4 is the yellow region, with 73 terms. Cluster 5 is the purple region, with 64 terms. Cluster 6 is represented by the teal region, with 60 terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g002-550.jpg?1735547786" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Topic set 2 term map for 1990–1999. Cluster 1 is represented by the red region, with 34 terms. Cluster 2 is the green region, with 22 terms. Cluster 3 is the blue region, with 11 terms. Cluster 4 is the yellow region, with 9 terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g003-550.jpg?1735547788" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Topic set 2 term map for 2010–2019. Cluster 1 is represented by the red region, with 29 terms. Cluster 2 is the green region, with 28 terms. Cluster 3 is the blue region, with 24 terms. Cluster 4 is the yellow region, with 320 terms. Cluster 5 is the purple region, with 20 terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g004-550.jpg?1735547790" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Topic set 2 term map for 2020–2023. Cluster 1 is represented by the red region, with 42 terms. Cluster 2 is the green region, with 36 terms. Cluster 3 is the blue region, with 31 terms. Cluster 4 is the yellow region, with 20 terms. Cluster 5 is the purple region, with 18 terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g005-550.jpg?1735547793" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Clustered bar graph of the top ten most productive authors of topic set 1 from 1990 to 2023 showing how many articles each author has published (<b>a</b>). Pie chart of the top ten most productive authors of topic set 1 from 1990 to 2023 shows the percentage of studies each author has produced amongst their peers (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g006-550.jpg?1735547796" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Clustered bar graph of the top ten most productive authors of topic set 2 from 1990 to 2023 showing how many articles each author has published (<b>a</b>). Pie chart of the top ten most productive authors of topic set 2 from 1990 to 2023 showing the percentage of studies each author has produced amongst their peers (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g007-550.jpg?1735547799" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Clustered bar graph of the top ten most productive institutions of topic set 1 from 1990 to 2023 showing how many articles each institution has published (<b>a</b>). Pie chart of the top ten most productive institutions of topic set 1 from 1990 to 2023 showing the percentage of studies each institution has produced amongst their peers (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g008-550.jpg?1735547803" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Clustered bar graph of the top ten most productive institutions of topic set 2 from 1990 to 2023 showing how many articles each institution has published (<b>a</b>). Pie chart of the top ten most productive institutions of topic set 2 from 1990 to 2023 showing the percentage of studies each institution has produced amongst their peers (<b>b</b>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g009-550.jpg?1735547804" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Line graph that shows the exponential growth trend in publication output per year for topic set 1 from 1990 to 2023. Orange line: Data Points of Publication for Each Year. Blue line: Line of Best Fit, represented by R<sup>2</sup> equation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g010-550.jpg?1735547806" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Line graph that shows the exponential growth trend in publication output per year for topic set 2 from 1990 to 2023. Orange line: Data Points of Publication for Each Year. Blue line: Line of Best Fit, represented by R<sup>2</sup> equation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g011-550.jpg?1735547807" title=" <strong>Figure 11</strong><br/> <p>Topic set 1 term map from 1990 to 1999. Cluster 1 is represented by the red region, with 42 terms. Cluster 2 is the green region, with 33 terms. Cluster 3 is the blue region, with 16 terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g012-550.jpg?1735547809" title=" <strong>Figure 12</strong><br/> <p>Topic set 1 term map for 2000–2009. Cluster 1 is represented by the red region, with 65 terms. Cluster 2 is the green region, with 50 terms. Both cluster 3 and 4, blue and yellow, respectively, have 48 terms. Cluster 5 is represented by the purple region, with 38 terms. Cluster 6 is the teal region, with 37 terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g013-550.jpg?1735547811" title=" <strong>Figure 13</strong><br/> <p>Topic set 2 term map for 2000–2009. Clusters 1, 2, and 3, represented by the red, green, and blue regions, respectively, have 42 terms each. Cluster 4 is the yellow region, with 39 terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-05-00001/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-05-00001-g014-550.jpg?1735547813" title=" <strong>Figure 14</strong><br/> <p>Topic set 1 term map for 2020–2023. Cluster 1 is represented by the red region, with 146 terms. Cluster 2 is the green region, with 112 terms. Cluster 3 is the blue region, with 95 terms. Cluster 4 is the yellow region, with 77 terms. Cluster 5 is the purple region, with 64 terms. Cluster 6 is represented by the teal region, with 58 terms.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/5/1/1'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 19 pages, 3748 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/29/pdf?version=1734691192" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Exploring Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Efficacy in Prostate Cancer: In Vitro Insights" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/4/29">Exploring Hypofractionated Radiotherapy Efficacy in Prostate Cancer: In Vitro Insights</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Peter du Plessis</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Pauline Busisiwe Nkosi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shankari Nair</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John Akudugu</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 378-396; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040029">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040029</a> - 20 Dec 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The rising incidence of prostate cancer necessitates innovative treatment approaches, particularly as diseases such as the COVID-19 pandemic can disrupt traditional cancer care. This study aims to evaluate the impact of hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy on prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/29/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The rising incidence of prostate cancer necessitates innovative treatment approaches, particularly as diseases such as the COVID-19 pandemic can disrupt traditional cancer care. This study aims to evaluate the impact of hypofractionated versus conventionally fractionated radiotherapy on prostate cancer cell lines in vitro. Prostate cancer cell lines (PC-3 and DU-145) were exposed to varying doses of radiation alongside non-cancerous BPH-1 cells. We assessed radiation effects on cell proliferation, viability, colony formation, DNA repair, migration, invasion, and cytotoxicity. The results demonstrated that the prostate cell lines exhibited varying responses, with hypofractionation favourably impacting aggressive PC-3 cells while preserving non-cancerous cells. In contrast, conventional fractionation led to increased invasion and cytotoxicity in both prostate cancerous cell lines. These findings advocate for personalised radiation therapy approaches that enhance treatment efficacy by considering the distinct behaviours of differing prostate cancer subtypes. <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/29">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Topic <a href="/topics/179M75W6KH">Innovative Radiation Therapies</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/29/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1548557"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1548557"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1548557" data-cycle-prev="#prev1548557" data-cycle-progressive="#images1548557" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1548557-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00029-g001-550.jpg?1734691256" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1548557" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1548557-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00029-g002-550.jpg?1734691258'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1548557-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00029-g003-550.jpg?1734691259'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1548557-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00029-g004-550.jpg?1734691261'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1548557-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00029-g001-550.jpg?1734691256" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Analysis of prostate cancer cell lines to evaluate (<b>a</b>) γ-H2AX foci formation per cell at different timepoints (0.5 h to 6 h) post-irradiation, for all three prostate cell lines, indicating the presence of DNA double-strand breaks; (<b>b</b>) repair efficiency following 2 Gy radiation exposure, assessed by the number of foci formations at various time intervals; and (<b>c</b>) repair factor determined from 2 Gy split-dose experiments utilising the clonogenic survival assay.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00029-g002-550.jpg?1734691258" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Clonogenic survival comparisons between the fractionation schemes for prostate cancer cell lines, with and without a prime dose. (<b>a</b>) Stained colonies were manually scored; (<b>b</b>) survival fractions were calculated.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00029-g003-550.jpg?1734691259" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>(<b>a</b>) BPH-1 (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia-1) cell line migration with error bars showing the standard deviation (SD) of each measurement and (<b>b</b>) cancerous prostate cell line invasion capacity with error bars showing the standard deviation (SD) of each measurement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00029/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00029-g004-550.jpg?1734691261" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Percentage of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release from three different prostate cell lines following treatment with hypofractionated and conventional fractionated radiation. The results are presented as mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/29'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 371 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/28/pdf?version=1733473756" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Fluoroscopy Dose and Time During Vertebral Augmentation for Spine Pain Due to Malignant Fractures" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/4/28">Fluoroscopy Dose and Time During Vertebral Augmentation for Spine Pain Due to Malignant Fractures</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carlos J. Roldan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Thomas Chai</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Lei Feng</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Ian Huh</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Billy Huh</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 369-377; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040028">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040028</a> - 6 Dec 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Vertebral augmentation (VA) procedures are used to treat painful vertebral fractures caused by malignancies, but there are few data on the radiation exposure for patients and proceduralists during these VA procedures. We retrospectively examined the radiation dose exposure during VA procedures and <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/28/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Vertebral augmentation (VA) procedures are used to treat painful vertebral fractures caused by malignancies, but there are few data on the radiation exposure for patients and proceduralists during these VA procedures. We retrospectively examined the radiation dose exposure during VA procedures and defined the characteristics of patients who underwent such procedures. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational cohort study including patients with cancer who experienced axial back pain from compression fractures caused by malignancies. Participants were identified using an electronic medical records database and must have had evidence of stable vertebral compression fractures upon imaging and documentation of a clinical evaluation. We collected data on patient demographics, fluoroscopy time (FT) and dose (FD) during the procedure, the volume of polymethylmethacrylate injected, and reported complications. Results: Overall, 140 patients were included. Their median age was 69, and they were mostly men (n = 79). The most common diagnosis was multiple myeloma (41.4%). Most patients had a single-level compression fracture of the thoracolumbar spine. The mean FT was 233.80 s, with higher FTs for patients with an elevated body mass index and patients younger than 60 years. The average FD was 157.98 mGy, with higher FDs for patients with an elevated BMI and for male patients. Pain relief was not associated with FT or FD. Conclusions: Patients with cancer who underwent VA experienced longer FT and higher FD compared to their non-cancer counterparts in the literature. However, we found multiple confounders for this relationship. <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/28">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/28/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1537993-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00028-g001-550.jpg?1733473824" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div></div></div><div id="article-1537993-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00028/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00028-g001-550.jpg?1733473824" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flow chart. FT, fluoroscopy time; FD, fluoroscopy dose.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/28'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <a data-dropdown="drop-supplementary-1536459" aria-controls="drop-supplementary-1536459" aria-expanded="false" title="Supplementary Material"> <i class="material-icons">attachment</i> </a> <div id="drop-supplementary-1536459" class="f-dropdown label__btn__dropdown label__btn__dropdown--wide" data-dropdown-content aria-hidden="true" tabindex="-1"> Supplementary material: <br/> <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/27/s1?version=1733306000"> Supplementary File 1 (ZIP, 1163 KiB) </a><br/> </div> </div> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 14 pages, 1960 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/27/pdf?version=1733305999" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Predicting Tumor Progression in Patients with Cervical Cancer Using Computer Tomography Radiomic Features" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/4/27">Predicting Tumor Progression in Patients with Cervical Cancer Using Computer Tomography Radiomic Features</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Shopnil Prasla</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniel Moore-Palhares</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Daniel Dicenzo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>LaurentiusOscar Osapoetra</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Archya Dasgupta</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eric Leung</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Elizabeth Barnes</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexander Hwang</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Amandeep S. Taggar</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gregory Jan Czarnota</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 355-368; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040027">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040027</a> - 4 Dec 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing radiomic features from radiation planning computed tomography (CT) scans in predicting tumor progression among patients with cervical cancers. A retrospective analysis was conducted on individuals who underwent radiotherapy for cervical cancer <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/27/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of utilizing radiomic features from radiation planning computed tomography (CT) scans in predicting tumor progression among patients with cervical cancers. A retrospective analysis was conducted on individuals who underwent radiotherapy for cervical cancer between 2015 and 2020, utilizing an institutional database. Radiomic features, encompassing first-order statistical, morphological, Gray-Level Co-Occurrence Matrix (GLCM), Gray-Level Run Length Matrix (GLRLM), and Gray-Level Dependence Matrix (GLDM) features, were extracted from the primary cervical tumor on the CT scans. The study encompassed 112 CT scans from patients with varying stages of cervical cancer ((FIGO Staging of Cervical Cancer 2018): 24% at stage I, 47% at stage II, 21% at stage III, and 10% at stage IV). Of these, 31% (<i>n</i> = 35/112) exhibited tumor progression. Univariate feature analysis identified three morphological features that displayed statistically significant differences (<i>p</i> < 0.05) between patients with and without progression. Combining these features enabled a classification model to be developed with a mean sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and AUC of 76.1% (CI 1.5%), 70.4% (CI 4.1%), 73.6% (CI 2.1%), and 0.794 (CI 0.029), respectively, employing nested ten-fold cross-validation. This research highlights the potential of CT radiomic models in predicting post-radiotherapy tumor progression, offering a promising approach for tailoring personalized treatment decisions in cervical cancer. <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/27">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/27/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1536459"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1536459"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1536459" data-cycle-prev="#prev1536459" data-cycle-progressive="#images1536459" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1536459-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00027-g001-550.jpg?1733306079" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1536459" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1536459-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00027-g002-550.jpg?1733306083'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1536459-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00027-g003-550.jpg?1733306086'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1536459-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00027-g004-550.jpg?1733306088'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1536459-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00027-g001-550.jpg?1733306079" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Flowchart showing the study methodology. General steps include patient selection, data acquisition, feature extraction, and analysis and development of machine learning models.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00027-g002-550.jpg?1733306083" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Representative radiomics feature maps overlaid on axial CT anatomical images of cervical tumors from recurrence (R) and non-recurrence (NR) groups. The representative maps are those that contribute to the best-performing seven features. The white scale bar indicates 2 cm. The color bar indicates −1.20 to 0.35 for the GLCM lmc 1 parameter, −1.20 to 0.35 for the GLCM lmc 2 parameter, −1.20 to 1.50 for the Skewness parameter, −0.30 to 0.30 for the GLCM Correlation parameter, −2.00 to 2.00 for the GLDM Dependence Non-Uniformity parameter, and −20,000.00 to 20,000.00 for the GLDM Large Dependence High Gray-Level Emphasis parameter. These are the original ranges of the parameters, prior to the feature normalization procedure. These texture parameters and their representation as parametrized images reflect the tumor structure and heterogeneity. Differences can be subtle and require machine learning approaches for interpretation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00027-g003-550.jpg?1733306086" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Box and scatter plots for selected radiomic features from the recurrence (‘R’) and the non-recurrence (‘NR’) groups. These demonstrate the presence of discriminating features potentially useful for building a classification model to separate recurrence samples from non-recurrence ones. The asterisk (*) mark demonstrates a statistical significant difference (<span class="html-italic">p</span>-value &lt; 0.05). Blue indicates non-recurrence. Orange indicates recurrence.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00027/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00027-g004-550.jpg?1733306088" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Correlation between image texture features using the Random Forest classifier model for determining the best classifying feature. This figure displays inter-feature correlation. We observed the presence of highly correlated features as indicated by the lighter coloring. If there was more than one feature that was highly correlated, we selected only a single feature from this pool of correlated features. Redundant features do not add quality to the classification model. <a href="#app1-radiation-04-00027" class="html-app">Figure S2</a> (1: GLCM Dependence Non-Uniformity, 2: Shape Maximum 2D Diameter Slice, 3: First Order Energy, 4: Shape Maximum 2D Diameter Column, 5: Shape Major Axis Length, 6: First Order Kurtosis, 7: First Order Maximum, 8: Shape Least Axis Length, 9: GLDM Large Area High Gray-Level Emphasis, 10: GLDM Large Area Emphasis, 11: GLSZM Gray-Level Non-uniformity Normalized, 12: GLDM Gray-Level Non-Uniformity, 13: GLSZM Size Zone Non-uniformity, 14: GLCM Imc1, 15: First Order 10 percentile, 16: First Order Mean, 17: First Order Skewness, 18: First Order Minimum, 19: First Order Entropy, 20: GLSZM Zone Entropy, 21: GLSZM Size Non-uniformity Normalized, 22: GLCM Difference Average, 23: Shape Surface Volume Ratio, 24: GLDM Small Dependence High Gray-Level Emphasis, 25: GLDM Dependence Entropy, 26:GLCM Contrast, 27: GLDM Large Dependence Low Gray-Level Emphasis, 28: GLCM Correlation, 29: First Order Interquartile Range, 30: First Order 90 percentile, 31: GLCM Imc2, 32: GLCM Autocorrelation, 33: GLDM Large Dependence High Gray-Level Emphasis, 34: Shape Elongation, 35: Shape Flatness, and 36: Shape Sphericity).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/27'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 9 pages, 827 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/26/pdf?version=1732170921" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Percutaneous Computed Tomography-Guided Cryoablation as a Treatment Option in Patients with Small Renal Masses: A 10 Year Experience in a Single Center" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/4/26">Percutaneous Computed Tomography-Guided Cryoablation as a Treatment Option in Patients with Small Renal Masses: A 10 Year Experience in a Single Center</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luca Marinelli</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sara Mercogliano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Oscar Selvaggio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Giuseppe Carrieri</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Raffaele Sorrentino</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paola Mangano</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Gianluca Prencipe</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Luca Macarini</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Grazia Casavecchia</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Matteo Gravina</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 346-354; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040026">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040026</a> - 21 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: To evaluate p-Cry in 10 years as a feasible and radical approach in patients with small renal masses (<5 cm), we evaluated technical success, side effects, and survival rates. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 421 patients with small renal masses (<5 <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/26/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: To evaluate p-Cry in 10 years as a feasible and radical approach in patients with small renal masses (<5 cm), we evaluated technical success, side effects, and survival rates. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 421 patients with small renal masses (<5 cm) with a median age of 70 years (47–92 C.I.) between June 2014 and July 2024 at our department. We also evaluated side effects, surgical radicality, and therapeutic outcomes of renal functions. Survivals were also evaluated in terms of disease-free, metastasis-free, and cancer-related survival rates. Results: Median follow-up was 90 months (1–120 months C.I.), and median size of the tumor was 3.85 cm (1–4 C.I.). Two cryoprobes were used in median, and two 10-min freeze–thaw cycles were performed. The technical efficacy rate was 100%, whereas only one of 121 lesions required retreatment. No impact on the renal function was registered after p-Cry. Cancer-free survival and metastases-free survival was reached. Conclusions: Compared to surgery, p-Cry is a feasible treatment option in patients with small renal masses, as it does not affect renal function and gives patients good survival rates. <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/26">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/26/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1525691"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1525691"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1525691" data-cycle-prev="#prev1525691" data-cycle-progressive="#images1525691" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1525691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00026-g001-550.jpg?1732170994" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1525691" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1525691-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00026-g002-550.jpg?1732170996'><p>Figure 2</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1525691-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00026-g001-550.jpg?1732170994" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Overall survival of 421 patients.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00026/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00026-g002-550.jpg?1732170996" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Disease-free survival of 421 patients.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/26'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 10 pages, 308 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/25/pdf?version=1730706225" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="The Effects of Proton and Photon Radiation Therapy on the Development of Pediatric Dermatitis" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label feature" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-feature" aria-expanded="false">Feature Paper</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/4/25">The Effects of Proton and Photon Radiation Therapy on the Development of Pediatric Dermatitis</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Sandra Kumar</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Angelica Gonzalez</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>David Farbo</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Karen Albritton</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Anish Ray</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 336-345; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040025">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040025</a> - 3 Nov 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Although radiation therapy is the leading option for effective cancer treatment, a prevalent side effect associated with it is dermatitis. Despite some available literature on this topic, there remain many gaps that need to be addressed. The goal of this study is to <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/25/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Although radiation therapy is the leading option for effective cancer treatment, a prevalent side effect associated with it is dermatitis. Despite some available literature on this topic, there remain many gaps that need to be addressed. The goal of this study is to determine the incidence of radiation-induced dermatitis (RID) among children receiving proton and photon therapies; a retrospective chart review, at a single institution, was conducted on oncology patients who underwent proton or photon therapy radiation between 2018 and 2023. Significant differences were found between the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) score and the total radiation dose (<i>p</i> = 0.04). The median total dose of radiation received by those with an RTOG score of l was 5040.0 mGy and increased to 7600 mGy for those with a score of 3. A significant association was found between those who received chemotherapy and dermatitis (<i>p</i> = 0.04). No significance was found between the incidence of dermatitis in photon and proton therapy (<i>p</i> = 1.00). The study showed that multiple factors, including total radiation dose and chemotherapy, can affect RID. These relationships can be used to determine the modality, dose, and additional treatment options best suited to treat cancer patients in the pediatric population. <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/25">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/25/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1513118"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1513118"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1513118" data-cycle-prev="#prev1513118" data-cycle-progressive="#images1513118" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1513118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00025-g001-550.jpg?1730706289" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1513118" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1513118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00025-g002-550.jpg?1730706290'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1513118-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00025-g003-550.jpg?1730706292'><p>Figure 3</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1513118-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00025-g001-550.jpg?1730706289" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>This bar graph presents the incidence of dermatitis seen with different radiation therapy types.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00025-g002-550.jpg?1730706290" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>This bar graph presents the incidence of dermatitis in different therapy types categorized by the RTOG dermatitis scale.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00025/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00025-g003-550.jpg?1730706292" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>This bar graph presents the incidence of dermatitis seen with additional oncological intervention.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/25'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 1779 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/24/pdf?version=1729831094" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Combining Vascular Targeting Agents with Radiation: An Effective Anti-Tumor Treatment but Associated with Radiation-Induced Systemic Toxicity" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/4/24">Combining Vascular Targeting Agents with Radiation: An Effective Anti-Tumor Treatment but Associated with Radiation-Induced Systemic Toxicity</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Miwako Nomura</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Rumi Murata</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Line Brøndum</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Eva Ehrnrooth</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Brita S. Sørensen</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael R. Horsman</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 325-335; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040024">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040024</a> - 25 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> This study investigated the effect of combining radiation with an angiogenesis inhibitor and vascular disrupting agent on tumor response and systemic toxicity. CDF1 mice with 200 mm<sup>3</sup> foot implanted C3H mammary carcinomas were treated with TNP-470 (100 mg/kg every second day for <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/24/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> This study investigated the effect of combining radiation with an angiogenesis inhibitor and vascular disrupting agent on tumor response and systemic toxicity. CDF1 mice with 200 mm<sup>3</sup> foot implanted C3H mammary carcinomas were treated with TNP-470 (100 mg/kg every second day for 2 weeks; s.c.) and combretastatin A-4 phosphate (CA4P; 1 × 250 mg/kg, i.p.). Radiation (230-kV X-rays) was locally administered to tumors of restrained non-anesthetized mice. Response was tumor growth delay and change in mouse body weight. Radiation induced changes in serum levels of 10 cytokines up to 72-h after irradiation were measured using a Luminex assay. The results showed that TNP-470 (100 mg/kg × 7) or CA4P (250 mg/kg × 1) significantly (Student’s <i>t</i>-test; <i>p</i> < 0.05) inhibited tumor growth; the greatest effect when these two drugs were combined. TNP-470 and CA4P, alone or together, also significantly enhanced tumor response to radiation. No systemic toxicity occurred with drugs administered alone or in combination, but toxicity was observed when TNP-470 was combined with radiation. Serum cytokine levels only showed a significant transient increase in IL-6 1-h after irradiating. In conclusion, combining different acting vascular targeting agents with radiation increased anti-tumor activity. However, this benefit may sometimes be associated with a radiation-induced inflammatory response increasing systemic toxicity. <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/24">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/24/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1506151"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1506151"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1506151" data-cycle-prev="#prev1506151" data-cycle-progressive="#images1506151" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1506151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00024-g001-550.jpg?1729831218" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1506151" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1506151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00024-g002-550.jpg?1729831219'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1506151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00024-g003-550.jpg?1729831219'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1506151-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00024-g004-550.jpg?1729831220'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1506151-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00024-g001-550.jpg?1729831218" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The effect of VTA treatment on the growth of a C3H mammary carcinoma. Mice bearing 200 mm<sup>3</sup> foot tumors were given either no drug treatments (<b>◯</b>); CA4P (⬤; 1 × 250 mg/kg; i.p.); TNP470 (<b>△</b>; 6 × 100 mg/kg; s.c.); or CA4DP + TNP-470 (▲). Changes in tumor volume from the start of treatment are shown as means (±1 S.E.) for at least 7 mice/group; lines drawn by eye.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00024-g002-550.jpg?1729831219" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>The effect of combining radiation ± VTA treatment on the growth of a C3H mammary carcinoma. Mice bearing 200 mm<sup>3</sup> foot tumors were given either radiation alone (<b>◯</b>); radiation + CA4P (⬤; 1 × 250 mg/kg; i.p.); radiation + TNP-470 (<b>△</b>; 7 × 100 mg/kg; s.c.); or radiation + CA4P + TNP-470 (▲). Results show means (±1 S.E.) of the time for tumors to reach 3 × treatment volume for at least 8 mice/group; lines drawn following regression analysis using individual tumor growth time values.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00024-g003-550.jpg?1729831219" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>The effect of VTA treatment on body weight of CDF1 mice. Animals with 200 mm<sup>3</sup> foot implanted C3H mammary carcinomas were given either no treatment (shaded area); CA4P (<b>△</b>; 1 × 250 mg/kg; i.p.); TNP-470 (<b>◯</b>; 5 × 100 mg/kg; s.c.); or CA4P + TNP-470 (⬤). Changes in body weight from the start of treatment are shown as means (±1 S.E.) for at least 7 mice/group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00024/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00024-g004-550.jpg?1729831220" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The effect of radiation ± VTA treatment on body weight of CDF1 mice. Animals with 200 mm<sup>3</sup> foot implanted C3H mammary carcinomas were given either radiation alone (shaded area; 10 Gy), radiation + CA4P (<b>△</b>; 1 × 250 mg/kg; i.p.); radiation + TNP-470 (<b>◯</b>; 7 × 100 mg/kg; s.c.); or radiation + CA4P + TNP-470 (⬤). Changes in body weight from the start of treatment are shown as means (±1 S.E.) for at least 8 mice/group.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/24'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 16 pages, 1045 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/23/pdf?version=1729748758" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Exploring the Role of p53 in Radiosensitivity: A Key Player in Cancer Therapy" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/4/23">Exploring the Role of p53 in Radiosensitivity: A Key Player in Cancer Therapy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Tusher- Al-Arafat</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aihong Mao</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Takanori Katsube</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Bing Wang</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(4), 309-324; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040023">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4040023</a> - 24 Oct 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Radiotherapy remains a cornerstone in cancer treatment, leveraging ionizing radiation to eradicate malignant cells. Its efficacy, however, is frequently challenged by the heterogeneous sensitivity of tumors and surrounding tissues to radiation. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying radiosensitivity is crucial for improving treatment <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/23/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Radiotherapy remains a cornerstone in cancer treatment, leveraging ionizing radiation to eradicate malignant cells. Its efficacy, however, is frequently challenged by the heterogeneous sensitivity of tumors and surrounding tissues to radiation. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying radiosensitivity is crucial for improving treatment outcomes. Among the myriad of molecular players involved, the tumor suppressor protein p53 stands out as a central regulator with significant implications for radiosensitivity. Known as the “guardian of the genome”, p53 plays a pivotal role in maintaining genomic stability and orchestrating cellular responses such as cell cycle arrest, DNA repair, apoptosis, and senescence in response to various stress signals, including radiation-induced DNA damage. Activation of p53 triggers the transcription of target genes involved in DNA repair pathways, such as p21, MDM2, and GADD45, facilitating the repair of radiation-induced DNA damage or the elimination of irreparably damaged cells. This, in turn, influences the overall radiosensitivity of tissues. Mutations in the <i>TP53</i> gene, which encodes p53, are among the most frequent genetic alterations in human cancers. Loss or dysfunction of p53 can compromise the cellular response to radiation, leading to increased resistance to therapy and poorer clinical outcomes. Conversely, intact p53 function is associated with enhanced radiosensitivity due to its ability to promote cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to radiation-induced DNA damage. In conclusion, elucidating the molecular mechanisms by which p53 influences radiosensitivity is essential for advancing our understanding of the radiation response in cancer cells and developing more effective therapeutic approaches to cancer treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the multifaceted role of p53 in modulating cellular responses to radiation, emphasizing its influence on radiosensitivity. <a href="/2673-592X/4/4/23">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/4/23/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1505266"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1505266"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1505266" data-cycle-prev="#prev1505266" data-cycle-progressive="#images1505266" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1505266-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00023-g001-550.jpg?1729748902" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1505266" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1505266-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00023-g002-550.jpg?1729748903'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1505266-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00023-g003-550.jpg?1729748905'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1505266-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00023-g004-550.jpg?1729748906'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1505266-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00023-g001-550.jpg?1729748902" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>The tetrameric transcription factor p53 is activated upon cellular stress through multiple phosphorylation events. Depending on the type of stress, such as DNA damage, oxidative stress, or oncogenic signals, this activation leads to the upregulation or repression of various target genes involved in critical cellular processes, including cell cycle arrest, senescence, DNA repair, apoptosis, and autophagy. In unstressed cells, p53 protein levels are tightly regulated via a negative-feedback loop mediated by MDM2, which promotes p53 degradation. This regulation ensures that p53 remains at low levels under normal conditions, preventing unintended activation. Upon stress, post-translational modifications stabilize p53, allowing it to function as a key regulator of the cellular response to stress and maintaining genomic integrity. Abbreviations: Atg10, Autophagy-related 10; Bax, BCL-2-associated X protein; Btg2, B cell translocation gene-2, Cdkn1α, Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor-1α; Ddb2, Damage-specific DNA-binding protein-2; Foxo3, Forkhead box O3; Gadd45α, Growth arrest and DNA damage-inducible 45α; Noxa, NADPH oxidase activator; Pai1, Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; Pig3, p53-inducible protein-3; Pml, Promyelocytic leukemia; P53r2, p53-inducible ribonucleotide reductase; Puma, p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis; Tpp1, Tripeptidyl peptidase-1; Tsc2, Tuberous sclerosis-2. Sharp arrow heads and blunt arrow heads indicate activation and inhibition respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00023-g002-550.jpg?1729748903" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Mutant p53 promotes adaptive responses to cancer-related stress conditions, facilitating tumor progression. Unlike WT p53, which typically induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to stress, mutant p53 can enhance cellular resilience by modulating various signaling pathways. This alteration allows tumor cells to survive and proliferate under adverse conditions such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and chemotherapeutic treatments. Additionally, mutant p53 can promote metabolic reprogramming, angiogenesis, and immune evasion, further contributing to the aggressive behavior of tumors. By supporting these adaptive responses, mutant p53 plays a crucial role in the development and maintenance of cancer. Abbreviations: NOX4, NADPH oxidase 4; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; Akt/mTOR, Protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR); DDR, DNA damage response; UCP2, Uncoupling protein 2; PGC-1α, Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha; SESNs, Sestrin; AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase. Sharp arrow heads and blunt arrow heads indicate activation and inhibition respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00023-g003-550.jpg?1729748905" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>A model for radiosensitivity upon inactivation of ribosomal protein S27l (red circle represents inactivated S271). This inactivation affects cellular responses mediated by the MDM2–p53 and MDM2–MRN–ATM signaling axes. The loss of S27L leads to altered MDM2 activity, which can disrupt p53 function, resulting in an impaired DNA damage response and increased radiosensitivity. Additionally, the MDM2–MRN–ATM pathway is influenced, affecting the cellular repair mechanisms in response to radiation-induced damage. This interplay highlights the critical role of ribosomal proteins in maintaining genomic stability and cellular resilience under radiation stress. Upward arrow heads and downward arrow heads indicate increase and decrease respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00023/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00023-g004-550.jpg?1729748906" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>The relationship between p53 and miRNAs in response to radiation involves a complex interplay where miRNAs can either activate or inhibit p53 function. Certain miRNAs may promote p53 activity by targeting negative regulators of p53 or enhancing its transcriptional output, thereby facilitating the cellular response to radiation stress. Conversely, other miRNAs can inhibit p53 by targeting its mRNA or interfering with its signaling pathways, leading to reduced p53 activity and potentially compromising the cell’s ability to repair radiation-induced damage. This dual role of miRNAs underscores their significance in modulating the p53 network and influencing cellular outcomes following radiation exposure. Sharp arrow heads and blunt arrow heads indicate activation and inhibition respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/4/23'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 33 pages, 4196 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/22/pdf?version=1726477781" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Radiobiological Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy: A Review of Analyses of Ionising Radiation Effects in Biology and Medicine" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Review</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/3/22">Radiobiological Applications of Vibrational Spectroscopy: A Review of Analyses of Ionising Radiation Effects in Biology and Medicine</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Jade F. Monaghan</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hugh J. Byrne</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Fiona M. Lyng</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Aidan D. Meade</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 276-308; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4030022">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4030022</a> - 16 Sep 2024 </div> <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/22#metrics">Cited by 1</a> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption and Raman spectroscopy (RS), offer unique and detailed biochemical fingerprints by detecting specific molecular vibrations within samples. These techniques provide profound insights into the molecular alterations induced by ionising radiation, which are both <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/3/22/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Vibrational spectroscopic techniques, such as Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) absorption and Raman spectroscopy (RS), offer unique and detailed biochemical fingerprints by detecting specific molecular vibrations within samples. These techniques provide profound insights into the molecular alterations induced by ionising radiation, which are both complex and multifaceted. This paper reviews the application of rapid and label-free vibrational spectroscopic methods for assessing biological radiation responses. These assessments span from early compartmentalised models such as DNA, lipid membranes, and vesicles to comprehensive evaluations in various living biological models, including tissues, cells, and organisms of diverse origins. The review also discusses future perspectives, highlighting how the field is overcoming methodological limitations. RS and FTIR have demonstrated significant potential in detecting radiation-induced biomolecular alternations, which may facilitate the identification of radiation exposure spectral biomarkers/profiles. <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/22">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Special Issue <a href=" /journal/radiation/special_issues/VZ2WJ8V42M ">Vibrational Spectroscopy in Radiobiology</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/3/22/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1479176"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1479176"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1479176" data-cycle-prev="#prev1479176" data-cycle-progressive="#images1479176" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-ag-550.jpg?1727102191" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Graphical abstract</p></div><script id="images1479176" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g001-550.jpg?1726477903'><p>Figure 1</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g002-550.jpg?1726477904'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g003-550.jpg?1726477905'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g004-550.jpg?1726477907'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g005-550.jpg?1726477908'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g006-550.jpg?1726477909'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g007-550.jpg?1726477910'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g008-550.jpg?1726477912'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1479176-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g009-550.jpg?1726477915'><p>Figure 9</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1479176-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-ag-550.jpg?1727102191" title=" <strong>Graphical abstract</strong><br/><strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g001-550.jpg?1726477903" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>Basic principles of vibrational spectroscopy. (<b>A</b>) Interactions of incident light with a biological sample resulting in scattering (Mie, Raman (photons gain or lose energy), and Rayleigh (no change in photon energy)), reflection, absorption, and transmission of photons. (<b>B</b>) Graphical representation of stretching and bending vibrational modes of biomolecules due to interaction with the incident beam. (<b>C</b>) Energy-level diagram of IR (absorption, transmission and reflectance) and Raman scattering processes: Hν<sub>0</sub> = incident laser energy, hν<sub>ve</sub> = vibrational energy, ν<sub>ve</sub> = vibrational frequencies and Δν= Raman shift (energy difference between the incident beam and scattered photons; expressed as wavenumbers). At room temperature, the majority of molecules are in the S0 state. Thus, a larger proportion of molecules will exhibit Stokes Raman scattering. Typical Raman (<b>D</b>) and FTIR (<b>E</b>) spectra of a cell, where ν = stretching vibrations, δ = bending vibrations, s = symmetric vibrations, as = asymmetric vibrations, phe = phenylalanine, tyr = tyrosine and trp = tryptophan.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g002-550.jpg?1726477904" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Schematic diagrams of the experimental set of a Raman (<b>A</b>) and FTIR (<b>B</b>) spectrometer.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g003-550.jpg?1726477905" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Example of a pre-processing workflow for cell and plasma Raman spectra and cell FTIR spectra.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g004-550.jpg?1726477907" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Effect of X-ray irradiation (2.3 Gy) on EBV+ and EBV- NPC cells. Comparison of mean LTs-RS spectra from (<b>A</b>) control group and radiated groups of CNE2 cells, (<b>B</b>) control group and radiated group of C666-1 cells [<a href="#B131-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">131</a>]. The shaded areas (grey) indicate the standard deviations of means. The difference spectrum (2.3 Gy minus control) is shown at the bottom (black lines). Post-irradiation, radiosensitive CNE2 cells exhibited statistically significant DNA alterations, evidenced by changes in nucleic acid-related spectral bands (752, 1264, 1335 cm<sup>−1</sup>), amide I and II (1264 cm<sup>−1</sup> and 1655 cm<sup>−1</sup>), and lipid bands (1065, 1297, and 1655 cm<sup>−1</sup>).</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g005-550.jpg?1726477908" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>PCA of UVW Raman spectra 24 h post-irradiation. (<b>A</b>) Box plots of PC5 scores and irradiation dose and (<b>B</b>) PC loadings for PC5. Box plot compares control cells and 6 Gy irradiated cells for unsynchronised UVW cells and synchronised UVW cells [<a href="#B133-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">133</a>]. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-way ANOVA with Wilcoxon rank sum test at 99% confidence interval (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &gt; 0.05 = ns (not significant) band, <span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.0001 = ****). Data points are represented as ⬡.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g006-550.jpg?1726477909" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>RS of H460 NSCLC cells and xenograft models detects radiation-induced glycogen accumulation. (<b>Ai</b>) Raman spectra of an irradiated (10 Gy) and unirradiated H460 cell (0 Gy) at 3 days post-irradiation demonstrating Raman spectroscopic detection of increased intracellular glycogen. The Raman spectrum of glycogen is shown for comparison with the difference spectrum and PC1 loading plot. (<b>Aii</b>) The mean PCA scores of H460 cell spectra for the first PCA component indicate statistically significant (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05 by unpaired two-tailed <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test) increases in intracellular glycogen over time relative to same day unirradiated cells [<a href="#B149-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">149</a>]. (<b>Bi</b>) The black line represents PC 1 from PCA of H460 xenograft spectra in a single dose group (0 and 15 Gy) and time point (2 h and 1, 3, and 10 days post-irradiation). The dashed red trace represents the Raman spectrum of pure glycogen and (<b>Bii</b>) corresponding box plots of median PC1 scores [<a href="#B166-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">166</a>]. Statistical analysis was performed using a two-sided Wilcoxon rank sum test to a 5% significance level. Statistical significance: **** <span class="html-italic">p</span> ≤ 0.0001.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g007-550.jpg?1726477910" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Mean and difference in Raman spectra of unirradiated lymphocytes from grade 0 to 1 (G0) and grade 2+ (G2+) high-risk prostate cancer patients; (<b>A</b>) The shaded region around each mean spectrum indicates the SE on the mean for each class. (<b>B</b>) Difference spectrum with grey shading represents regions of the spectrum that were found to be significantly different using a two-tailed <span class="html-italic">t</span>-test (<span class="html-italic">p</span> &lt; 0.05). Phe = phenylalanine, C = carbohydrates, L = lipids, N = nucleic acids and P = proteins (amide I) [<a href="#B76-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">76</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g008-550.jpg?1726477912" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Raman and LDA analysis of a hematoxylin and eosin stained tissue biopsy from poor and good responding colorectal cancer patients to preoperative radiotherapy. (<b>A</b>) Example of a tissue section from colorectal cancer patients annotated for subsequent Raman analysis. (<b>B</b>) Histogram of the LDA scores [<a href="#B88-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">88</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00022/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00022-g009-550.jpg?1726477915" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Examples of recent advancements in vibrational spectroscopy within biomedical and diagnostic contexts. (<b>A</b>) OCTAVSS graphical toolbox pre-processing flowchart for vibrational spectroscopy imaging data [<a href="#B66-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">66</a>]. (<b>B</b>) Needle core biopsy integrated with a Raman spectrometer. Biopsy window magnified for clarity [<a href="#B288-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">288</a>]. (<b>C</b>) Portable ATR–FTIR spectrometer integrated with cloud-based analytics for malaria diagnosis under tropical field conditions [<a href="#B279-radiation-04-00022" class="html-bibr">279</a>].</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/22'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 15 pages, 3661 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/21/pdf?version=1726402876" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Development of a Real-Time Radiation Exposure Estimation Method Using a Depth Camera for Radiation Protection Education" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Article</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/3/21">Development of a Real-Time Radiation Exposure Estimation Method Using a Depth Camera for Radiation Protection Education</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Toshioh Fujibuchi</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Hiroyuki Arakawa</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Choirul Anam</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 261-275; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4030021">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4030021</a> - 15 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> X-ray fluoroscopy causes relatively high radiation exposure to physicians, radiation professionals, and patients. Understanding the behavior of scattered radiation is crucial for reducing occupational exposure. We developed a system for estimating radiation exposure during fluoroscopy by monitoring the position of the physician using <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/3/21/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> X-ray fluoroscopy causes relatively high radiation exposure to physicians, radiation professionals, and patients. Understanding the behavior of scattered radiation is crucial for reducing occupational exposure. We developed a system for estimating radiation exposure during fluoroscopy by monitoring the position of the physician using a depth camera for radiation protection education. The dose distribution of scattered radiation in an X-ray room was simulated using Monte Carlo code. The data were displayed using augmented reality markers, and the dose at each joint point location was estimated using body tracking. Additional functions were created, such as displaying arbitrary two-dimensional cross-sections. The system performance ranged from 9.0 to 11.0 FPS with or without motion and a protective apron. The estimated doses were 0.93 to 1.21 times the measured doses for all joint points, except for the chest and pelvis. The estimated doses for the chest and pelvis were lower than the measured dose, with the minimum values being 0.72 and 0.60 times lower for the chest and pelvis, respectively. The system provides valuable insight into the estimation of radiation dose at joint points based on the physician’s position and movements, the physician’s optimal fluoroscopy location, and warning of dangerous exposure doses. <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/21">Full article</a> </div> </div> <div class="belongsTo" style="margin-bottom: 10px;"> (This article belongs to the Section <a href="/journal/radiation/sections/Radiation_Application_Oncology_Radiation_Protection">Radiation and Its Application in Oncology and Radiation Protection</a>)<br/> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/3/21/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1478946"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1478946"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1478946" data-cycle-prev="#prev1478946" data-cycle-progressive="#images1478946" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g001-550.jpg?1726403019" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1478946" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g002-550.jpg?1726403020'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g003-550.jpg?1726403021'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g004-550.jpg?1726403023'><p>Figure 4</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g005-550.jpg?1726403026'><p>Figure 5</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='5' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g006-550.jpg?1726403031'><p>Figure 6</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='6' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g007-550.jpg?1726403031'><p>Figure 7</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='7' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g008-550.jpg?1726403033'><p>Figure 8</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='8' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g009-550.jpg?1726403036'><p>Figure 9</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='9' data-target='article-1478946-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g010-550.jpg?1726403037'><p>Figure 10</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1478946-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g001-550.jpg?1726403019" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>System components and overview. The AR marker information is captured using Azure Kinect’s color image and superimposed in virtual space with the scattered ray distribution in the X-ray room calculated in advance using a Monte Carlo simulation. Furthermore, the body tracking of the physician is performed using Azure Kinect’s depth image. These are integrated with Unity to estimate the radiation exposure of the physician in real time.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g002-550.jpg?1726403020" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>Model geometry. The X-ray device is an over-couch X-ray tube type, with a 20 cm thick water phantom placed above the bed to simulate the patient.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g003-550.jpg?1726403021" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p>Equipment geometry and measurement positions. The upper field AR marker of the X-ray tube was fixed and placed. The Azure Kinect was placed at a height of 200 cm using a tripod. Numbers 1 to 6 are dose assessment points that assume the physician’s position at 100 cm intervals. Tripods were set up here and dosimeters were placed.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g004-550.jpg?1726403023" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p>Body tracking a physician wearing a protective apron.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g005-550.jpg?1726403026" title=" <strong>Figure 5</strong><br/> <p>Screenshot of the developed system in use.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g006-550.jpg?1726403031" title=" <strong>Figure 6</strong><br/> <p>Arrangement of equipment in the X-ray room when using the system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g007-550.jpg?1726403031" title=" <strong>Figure 7</strong><br/> <p>Ratio of simulated and measured values at each position and height in the X-ray room.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g008-550.jpg?1726403033" title=" <strong>Figure 8</strong><br/> <p>Difference between the distance estimated by the system and the measured value of each joint point from the AR marker.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g009-550.jpg?1726403036" title=" <strong>Figure 9</strong><br/> <p>Measured and estimated doses at seven joint points (right eye, left eye, neck, chest, pelvis, right hand, and left hand). (<b>a</b>) shows the dose at 1 in <a href="#radiation-04-00021-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, (<b>b</b>) shows the dose at 2 in <a href="#radiation-04-00021-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>, and (<b>c</b>) shows the dose at 3 in <a href="#radiation-04-00021-f003" class="html-fig">Figure 3</a>. The vertical axis unit is the individual dose equivalent of each site per 1 mGy of the entrance surface dose to the patient.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00021/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00021-g010-550.jpg?1726403037" title=" <strong>Figure 10</strong><br/> <p>Variation in dose across the thickness at chest height. The red line shows the radiation dose at a position 90 cm away, and the light blue line shows the radiation dose at a position 90 cm away.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/21'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 8 pages, 1339 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/20/pdf?version=1726038411" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Evaluating the Utility of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Pre-Clinical Radiation Dose Estimation" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Technical Note</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/3/20">Evaluating the Utility of Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Pre-Clinical Radiation Dose Estimation</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Njenga R. Kamau</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael S. Petronek</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 253-260; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4030020">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4030020</a> - 11 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Nanotechnology has provided considerable advancements in an array of disciplines. Recently, it has been shown that ferumoxytol, a magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticle, can be oxidized by ionizing radiation. Ferumoxytol nanoparticles have high stability, and thus can be hypothesized that they <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/3/20/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Nanotechnology has provided considerable advancements in an array of disciplines. Recently, it has been shown that ferumoxytol, a magnetite (Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) nanoparticle, can be oxidized by ionizing radiation. Ferumoxytol nanoparticles have high stability, and thus can be hypothesized that they have dosimetric potential. In this study, it has been observed that xylenol orange, a colorimetric detector of Fe<sup>3+</sup> used for conventional Fricke dosimetry, was not able to detect radiolytic changes in ferumoxtyol. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy was more readily able to evaluate the oxidation of ferumoxytol. EPR spectroscopy revealed that oxidation of 500 nM ferumoxytol in H<sub>2</sub>O was linear up to 20 Gy. This concentration, however, was unable to estimate the delivered dose from a Small Animal Radiation Research Platform system, as a 6 Gy dose was estimated to be 1.37 Gy, which represents a 79.2% underestimation of the dose delivered. Thus, while the high stability of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles is attractive for use in pre-clinical radiation dosimetry, further radiochemical evaluation may be required before considering them for this application. <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/20">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/3/20/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1475635"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1475635"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1475635" data-cycle-prev="#prev1475635" data-cycle-progressive="#images1475635" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1475635-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00020-g001-550.jpg?1726038506" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1475635" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1475635-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00020-g002-550.jpg?1726038508'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1475635-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00020-g003-550.jpg?1726038509'><p>Figure 3</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1475635-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00020-g004-550.jpg?1726038510'><p>Figure 4</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1475635-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00020-g001-550.jpg?1726038506" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p><b>Evaluation of xylenol orange changes following nanoparticle irradiation</b>. (<b>A)</b>. Structural schematic of the radio-oxidation of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>. (<b>B)</b>. Increasing concentrations of FMX (50 nm–1 µM) were prepared in a 0.1 mM xylenol orange concentration and irradiated with 4 Gy to determine potential colorimetric changes associated with the release of Fe<sup>3+</sup> from FMX following radiation.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00020-g002-550.jpg?1726038508" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p><b>Electron paramagnetic resonance evaluation of nanoparticle irradiation.</b> Increasing concentrations of FMX (50 nM–1 µM) were prepared in a 0.1 mM xylenol orange concentration and irradiated with 4 Gy and evaluated using EPR spectroscopy. (<b>A</b>). Representative EPR spectra of FMX nanoparticles prior to (blue) and following (red) 4 Gy irradiation. Due to the high iron content of FMX, signal saturation occurred at 500 nM and 1 µM. Thus, the instrument gain had to be decreased from 5.02 × 10<sup>4</sup> to 2 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 1 × 10<sup>4</sup>, respectively. (<b>B</b>). The peak-to-peak signal intensity of the major, symmetric peak at <span class="html-italic">g</span> ≈ 2 (≈3500 G) was used for quantification. (<b>C</b>). To quantify the effects of 4 Gy on FMX the change in signal intensity (ΔSI = SI(4 Gy) − SI (0 Gy)) was calculated.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00020-g003-550.jpg?1726038509" title=" <strong>Figure 3</strong><br/> <p><b>Linearity of electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis</b>. FMX nanoparticles in H<sub>2</sub>O at 150 nM (<b>A</b>) and 500 nM (<b>B</b>) were irradiated with increasing doses from 0 to 20 Gy and evaluated using EPR spectroscopy. The instrument gain used was 5.02 × 10<sup>4</sup> and 2 × 10<sup>4</sup>, respectively.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00020/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00020-g004-550.jpg?1726038510" title=" <strong>Figure 4</strong><br/> <p><b>Evaluating FMX radiation dose prediction with a pre-clinical irradiation system.</b> (<b>A</b>). A 500 nM FMX sample was irradiated using a SARRP platform following a cone-beam CT (left panel) with a single prescribed isocenter and beam (center panel). The prescribed dose was 6 Gy and the estimated mean dose using the Muriplan software generated dose volume histrogram analysis was 6.25 Gy (right panel). (<b>B</b>). EPR spectroscopic analysis of 500 nM FMX following 6 Gy irradiation using the prescribed treatment plan. (<b>C</b>). EPR spectroscopic analysis of 500 nM FMX following 10 and 20 Gy irradiation using the SARRP system.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/20'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expanding-div collapsed"> <div class="generic-item article-item"> <div class="article-content"> <div class="label right label__btn"> <span style="font-size: 12px; color: #1a1a1a;"> 11 pages, 15129 KiB   </span> <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/19/pdf?version=1725597654" class="UD_Listings_ArticlePDF" title="Article PDF" data-name="Rectal Spacer Placement for Anorectal Reirradiation of De Novo Rectal or Anal Cancer Following Prostate Radiation Therapy" data-journal="radiation"> <i class="material-icons custom-download"></i> </a> </div> <div class="article-icons"><span class="label openaccess" data-dropdown="drop-article-label-openaccess" aria-expanded="false">Open Access</span><span class="label articletype">Case Report</span></div> <a class="title-link" href="/2673-592X/4/3/19">Rectal Spacer Placement for Anorectal Reirradiation of De Novo Rectal or Anal Cancer Following Prostate Radiation Therapy</a> <div class="authors"> by <span class="inlineblock "><strong>Alexandra D. Dreyfuss</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>John P. Navilio</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Neal Kim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Andy Shim</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Paul B. Romesser</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Marsha Reyngold</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Michael J. Zelefsky</strong>, </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Christopher H. Crane</strong> and </span><span class="inlineblock "><strong>Carla Hajj</strong></span> </div> <div class="color-grey-dark"> <em>Radiation</em> <b>2024</b>, <em>4</em>(3), 242-252; <a href="https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4030019">https://doi.org/10.3390/radiation4030019</a> - 6 Sep 2024 </div> <div class="abstract-div"> <a href="#" onclick="$(this).next('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> <strong>Abstract </strong> </a> <div class="abstract-cropped inline"> Background: Pelvic reirradiation of de novo rectal or anal cancer after prior prostate cancer RT poses a significant risk of urinary and rectal fistula. In this report we describe the use of a rectal spacer to improve dosimetry and reduce this risk. Methods: <a href="#" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/3/19/more" onclick="$(this).parents('.abstract-cropped').toggleClass('inline').next('.abstract-full').toggleClass('inline'); return false;"> [...] Read more.</a> </div> <div class="abstract-full "> Background: Pelvic reirradiation of de novo rectal or anal cancer after prior prostate cancer RT poses a significant risk of urinary and rectal fistula. In this report we describe the use of a rectal spacer to improve dosimetry and reduce this risk. Methods: Patients undergoing anorectal radiotherapy (RT) after prior prostate RT who had a rectal spacer placed prior to RT were identified in a prospective database. Patient, disease, and treatment characteristics were collected for these patients. Survival data were calculated from the end of RT. Radiation was delivered with intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) or proton beam therapy (PBT) following rectal spacer placement. Results: Rectal spacer placement with hydrogel injected transperineally under transrectal ultrasound guidance was successful in all five patients. MR/CT simulation 1–2 weeks post-spacer placement and IMRT or PBT delivered to a dose of 36–50 Gy in 24–30 fractions once or twice daily were tolerated well by all patients. The V100% of the PTV ranged from 62–100% and mean rectal and bladder dose ranged from 39–46 Gy and 16–40 Gy, respectively. At the last follow-up, three patients were alive and without evidence of disease up to 48 months out from treatment. There were no acute or late grade 3 or higher toxicities observed, but acute grade 2 proctitis was observed in all patients. Conclusions: The use of a rectal spacer placement to improve dosimetry of IMRT and PBT after prior prostate RT is safe and feasible in appropriately selected anorectal cancer patients. <a href="/2673-592X/4/3/19">Full article</a> </div> </div> <a href="#" class="abstract-figures-show" data-counterslink = "https://www.mdpi.com/2673-592X/4/3/19/show" ><span >►</span><span style=" display: none;">▼</span> Show Figures </a><div class="abstract-image-preview "><div class="arrow left-arrow" id="prev1472474"><i class="fa fa-caret-left"></i></div><div class="arrow right-arrow" id="next1472474"><i class="fa fa-caret-right"></i></div><div class="absgraph cycle-slideshow manual" data-cycle-fx="scrollHorz" data-cycle-timeout="0" data-cycle-next="#next1472474" data-cycle-prev="#prev1472474" data-cycle-progressive="#images1472474" data-cycle-slides=">div" data-cycle-log="false"><div class='openpopupgallery cycle-slide' data-imgindex='0' data-target='article-1472474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs=" data-src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g001a-550.jpg?1725597730" alt="" style="border: 0;"><p>Figure 1</p></div><script id="images1472474" type="text/cycle" data-cycle-split="---"><div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='1' data-target='article-1472474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g001b-550.jpg?1725597732'><p>Figure 1 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='2' data-target='article-1472474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g002a-550.jpg?1725597735'><p>Figure 2</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='3' data-target='article-1472474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g002b-550.jpg?1725597739'><p>Figure 2 Cont.</p></div> --- <div class='openpopupgallery' data-imgindex='4' data-target='article-1472474-popup'><span class="helper"></span><img src='https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g002c-550.jpg?1725597741'><p>Figure 2 Cont.</p></div></script></div></div><div id="article-1472474-popup" class="popupgallery" style="display: inline; line-height: 200%"><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g001a-550.jpg?1725597730" title=" <strong>Figure 1</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Pretreatment PET/CT images demonstrating a hypermetabolic anal mass. (<b>B</b>) Most recent post-treatment PET/CT images demonstrating post-treatment nonspecific anal hypermetabolism without evidence of disease.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g001b-550.jpg?1725597732" title=" <strong>Figure 1 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Pretreatment PET/CT images demonstrating a hypermetabolic anal mass. (<b>B</b>) Most recent post-treatment PET/CT images demonstrating post-treatment nonspecific anal hypermetabolism without evidence of disease.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g002a-550.jpg?1725597735" title=" <strong>Figure 2</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Representative axial T1 post-contrast and T2 images from MR simulation showing enhancement in the anal canal and hyperintense rectal spacer gel, respectively. (<b>B</b>) Rectal spacer creating 1.71 cm between the prostate and rectum shown on CT planning scan. (<b>C</b>) Representative slices of RT plan for a patient who received 48 Gy to the anal canal and 36 Gy to the pelvic nodes in 24 fractions following rectal spacer placement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g002b-550.jpg?1725597739" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Representative axial T1 post-contrast and T2 images from MR simulation showing enhancement in the anal canal and hyperintense rectal spacer gel, respectively. (<b>B</b>) Rectal spacer creating 1.71 cm between the prostate and rectum shown on CT planning scan. (<b>C</b>) Representative slices of RT plan for a patient who received 48 Gy to the anal canal and 36 Gy to the pelvic nodes in 24 fractions following rectal spacer placement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a><a href="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/radiation/radiation-04-00019/article_deploy/html/images/radiation-04-00019-g002c-550.jpg?1725597741" title=" <strong>Figure 2 Cont.</strong><br/> <p>(<b>A</b>) Representative axial T1 post-contrast and T2 images from MR simulation showing enhancement in the anal canal and hyperintense rectal spacer gel, respectively. (<b>B</b>) Rectal spacer creating 1.71 cm between the prostate and rectum shown on CT planning scan. (<b>C</b>) Representative slices of RT plan for a patient who received 48 Gy to the anal canal and 36 Gy to the pelvic nodes in 24 fractions following rectal spacer placement.</p> <strong style='display: block; margin-top: 10px; font-size: 18px;'><a style='color: #fff' href='/2673-592X/4/3/19'>Full article</a></strong> "></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="generic-item last-item"> <a class="bold" href="/search?q=&journal=radiation&sort=pubdate&page_count=50">More Articles...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="left-column" class="content__column large-3 large-pull-6 medium-3 medium-pull-6 small-12 columns"> <div id="js-large-main-top-container"> <div id="js-main-top-container" class="content__container"> <a href="/journal/radiation"> <img src="https://pub.mdpi-res.com/img/journals/radiation-logo.png?6881083ba38906b7" alt="radiation-logo" title="Radiation" style="max-height: 60px; margin: 0 0 0 0;"> </a> <div class="generic-item no-border" style="position: relative;"> <div class=""> <a class="button button--color button--color-journal button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link js-journal-active-only-submit-link UC_JournalSubmitButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/user/manuscripts/upload?form[journal_id]=411" data-disabledmessage="creating new submissions is not possible."> Submit to <i>Radiation</i> </a> <a class="button button--color button--full-width js-journal-active-only-link UC_JournalReviewButton" href="https://susy.mdpi.com/volunteer/journals/review" data-disabledmessage="volunteering as journal reviewer is not possible."> Review for <em>Radiation</em> </a> </div> <div class="journal-share-links"> <div class="journal-share-links-social"> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://twitter.com/MDPIOpenAccess"> <svg width="25" height="26" viewBox="0 0 1200 1227" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="padding: 6px;"> <path d="M714.163 519.284L1160.89 0H1055.03L667.137 450.887L357.328 0H0L468.492 681.821L0 1226.37H105.866L515.491 750.218L842.672 1226.37H1200L714.137 519.284H714.163ZM569.165 687.828L521.697 619.934L144.011 79.6944H306.615L611.412 515.685L658.88 583.579L1055.08 1150.3H892.476L569.165 687.854V687.828Z" fill="black" /> </svg> </a> <a class="button button--color UA_JournalShareButtons" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer" href="https://www.facebook.com/MDPIOpenAccessPublishing"> <svg width="26" height="26" viewBox="0 0 26 26" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" style="margin-top: 1px; 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Radiation | An Open Access Journal from MDPI