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id="toc-Moștenire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origini" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origini"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Origini</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origini-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ascensiunea_spre_culmile_puterii" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ascensiunea_spre_culmile_puterii"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ascensiunea spre culmile puterii</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ascensiunea_spre_culmile_puterii-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baybars_în_mentalul_colectiv_și_literatură" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baybars_în_mentalul_colectiv_și_literatură"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Baybars în mentalul colectiv și literatură</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baybars_în_mentalul_colectiv_și_literatură-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referințe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referințe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referințe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referințe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Cuprins" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Comută cuprinsul" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Comută cuprinsul</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Baibars I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Mergeți la un articol în altă limbă. Disponibil în 48 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="الظاهر بيبرس – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الظاهر بيبرس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="الظاهر بيبرس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الظاهر بيبرس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Baybars" title="I Baybars – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Baybars" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بیرینجی بایبارس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیرینجی بایبارس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D2%AB_I" title="Бейбарыҫ I – bașkiră" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бейбарыҫ I" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bașkiră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Байбарс – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Байбарс" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8" title="বাইবার্স – bengaleză" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বাইবার্স" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A0ybars_I" title="Bàybars I – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bàybars I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بایبەرس – kurdă centrală" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بایبەرس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="kurdă centrală" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajbars" title="Bajbars – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bajbars" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars_I." title="Baibars I. – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Baibars I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%82" title="Μπαϊμπάρς – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπαϊμπάρς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Baybars" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajbarso" title="Bajbarso – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bajbarso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars_I.a" title="Baibars I.a – bască" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Baibars I.a" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="bască" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="ظاهر رکن‌الدین بیبرس بندقداری – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ظاهر رکن‌الدین بیبرس بندقداری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Baybars" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – irlandeză" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1" title="ביברס – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביברס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="रुकनुद्दीन बेबर्स – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रुकनुद्दीन बेबर्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Az-Z%C3%A1hir_Bajbarsz_egyiptomi_szult%C3%A1n" title="Az-Záhir Bajbarsz egyiptomi szultán – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Az-Záhir Bajbarsz egyiptomi szultán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%A2%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%BD_I" title="Բեյբարս I – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բեյբարս I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Baybars" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="articol bun"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="バイバルス – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バイバルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1_I" title="ბეიბარს I – georgiană" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბეიბარს I" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%B1%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81" title="Сұлтан Бейбарыс – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сұлтан Бейбарыс" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4" title="바이바르스 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바이바르스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajbars" title="Bajbars – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bajbars" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="رکن الدین بیبرس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="رکن الدین بیبرس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="ظاهر بایبارس – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ظاهر بایبارس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81_I" title="Бейбарс I – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бейбарс I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daahir_beebaris" title="Daahir beebaris – somaleză" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Daahir beebaris" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somaleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Бајбарс – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бајбарс" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baibars" title="Baibars – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Baibars" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Baybars" title="I. Baybars – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="I. Baybars" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81" title="Бейбарс – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бейбарс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3" title="بیبرس – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیبرس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars" title="Baybars – uzbecă" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Baybars" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbecă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybars_I" title="Baybars I – vietnameză" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Baybars I" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnameză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1_I" title="ბეიბარს I – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბეიბარს I" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%9C%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="拜巴尔一世 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="拜巴尔一世" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192960#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Baibars_I" title="Vedeți conținutul paginii [a]" accesskey="a"><span>Articol</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie:Baibars_I&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Discuții despre această pagină — pagină inexistentă [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discuție</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">română</span> </label> <div 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accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=history" title="Versiunile anterioare ale paginii și autorii lor. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Unelte" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Unelte</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Unelte</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Mai multe opțiuni" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Acțiuni </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Baibars_I"><span>Lectură</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&veaction=edit" title="Modificați această pagină cu EditorulVizual [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Modificare</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=edit" title="Modificați codul sursă al acestei pagini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modificare sursă</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=history"><span>Istoric</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Ce_se_leag%C4%83_aici/Baibars_I" title="Lista tuturor paginilor wiki care conduc spre această pagină [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Ce trimite aici</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Modific%C4%83ri_corelate/Baibars_I" rel="nofollow" title="Schimbări recente în legătură cu această pagină [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Schimbări corelate</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Trimite_fișier" title="Încărcare fișiere [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Trimite fișier</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&oldid=15585065" title="Legătură permanentă către această versiune a acestei pagini"><span>Legătură permanentă</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=info" title="Mai multe informații despre această pagină"><span>Informații despre pagină</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Citeaz%C4%83&page=Baibars_I&id=15585065&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informații cu privire la modul de citare a acestei pagini"><span>Citează acest articol</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBaibars_I"><span>Obține URL scurtat</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fro.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBaibars_I"><span>Descărcați codul QR</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tipărire/exportare </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Carte&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Baibars+I"><span>Creare carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Baibars_I&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Baibars" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q192960" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirecționat de la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><table class="infocaseta"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="antet regalitate" style="background-color:#CCBBEE;color:#000;">Baibars <br /> بيبرس</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B3_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="2015" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCBBEE;color:#000;">Date personale</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Născut</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1223-07-19"><a href="/wiki/19_iulie" title="19 iulie">19 iulie</a> <a href="/wiki/1223" title="1223">1223</a></time> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P569" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Irbid" title="Irbid">Irbid</a>, azi în <a href="/wiki/Iordania" title="Iordania">Iordania</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Decedat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1277-07-08"><a href="/wiki/1_iulie" title="1 iulie">1 iulie</a> <a href="/wiki/1277" title="1277">1277</a></time> (53 de ani) <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P570" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sultanatul_Mameluc_(Cairo)" title="Sultanatul Mameluc (Cairo)">Sultanatul Mameluc</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P20" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Înmormântat</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618436" class="extiw" title="d:Q618436"><span lang="en">Al-Zahiriyah Library</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Al-Zahiriyah Library</span> (national library)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P119" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Cauza decesului</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Omor" title="Omor">omor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Intoxica%C8%9Bie" title="Intoxicație">intoxicație</a>) <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P509" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Copii</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349370" class="extiw" title="d:Q349370"><span lang="en">Al-Said Barakah</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Al-Said Barakah</span> (Mamluk Sultan of Egypt 1277-1279)|]]</span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249074" class="extiw" title="d:Q249074"><span lang="en">Solamish</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Solamish</span> (Mamluk sultan of Egypt 1279)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P40" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Etnie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">egipteancă</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P172" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Religie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">islam</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islamul_sunit" title="Islamul sunit">Islamul sunit</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P140" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Ocupație</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1097498" class="extiw" title="d:Q1097498">conducător</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conduc%C4%83tor_(persoan%C4%83_care_se_afl%C4%83_la_conducerea_anumitei_regiuni_sau_%C8%9B%C4%83ri)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conducător (persoană care se află la conducerea anumitei regiuni sau țări) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span><br /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11545923" class="extiw" title="d:Q11545923">comandant militar</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Comandant_militar_(person_commanding_a_military_force)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comandant militar (person commanding a military force) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P106" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Limbi vorbite</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Limba_arab%C4%83" title="Limba arabă">limba arabă</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P1412" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCBBEE;color:#000;">Apartenență nobiliară</th></tr><tr><th style=";">Titluri</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Familie nobiliară</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q248786" class="extiw" title="d:Q248786">Dinastia Bahri</a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinastia_Bahri_(dinastie)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinastia Bahri (dinastie) — pagină inexistentă"></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="" style="text-align:center;background-color:#CCBBEE;color:#000;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4115925" class="extiw" title="d:Q4115925"><span lang="en">Sultan of Egypt</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Sultan of Egypt</span> (status held by the rulers of Egypt from 1174 to 1517)|]]</span> <span class="mw-valign-text-top" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960#P39" title="Modificați la Wikidata"><img alt="Modificați la Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style=";">Domnie</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><time datetime="1260-10-24">24 octombrie 1260</time> – <time datetime="1277-07-01">1 iulie 1277</time></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Predecesor</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336471" class="extiw" title="d:Q336471"><span lang="en">Qutuz</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Qutuz</span> (3rd Sultan of the Mamluk Sultanate (r. 1259–1260))|]]</span></td></tr><tr><th style=";">Succesor</th><td colspan="1" class="" style=";"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q349370" class="extiw" title="d:Q349370"><span lang="en">Al-Said Barakah</span></a><abbr title="Articolul încă nu există în acest wiki">[*]</abbr><span style="display:none">[[<span lang="en">Al-Said Barakah</span> (Mamluk Sultan of Egypt 1277-1279)|]]</span></td></tr><tr><td class="navigation-only" colspan="2" style="border-top: 2px ##CCBBEE solid; font-size: 80%; background:inherit; color:var(--color-base, #000); text-align: right;"><span class="plainlinks" style="float:left;">Modifică <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192960" class="extiw" title="d:Q192960">date</a> / <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=edit&section=0">text</a></span> <span title="Consultați documentația formatului"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Format:Infocaseta_Regalitate" title="Consultați documentația formatului"><img alt="Consultați documentația formatului" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/12px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Gtk-dialog-info.svg/18px-Gtk-dialog-info.svg.png 1.5x, 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.infobox-below{text-align:center}</style> <p><b>Baibars I</b> (1221 sau 1223 – 1 iulie 1277, <a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a>), pe numele său complet <i>al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-duniya wa-d-Din Baybars al-Bundukdari al-Salih</i> (în arabă: الملك الظاهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a fost <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultanul</a> <a href="/wiki/Mameluc" title="Mameluc">mameluc</a> al <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egiptului</a> și <a href="/wiki/Siria" title="Siria">Siriei</a>, la origine fiind din regiunea <a href="/wiki/Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimea">Crimeei</a>. Este cunoscut pentru faptele mărețe de arme înregistrate pe parcursul expedițiilor <a href="/wiki/Militar" title="Militar">militare</a> în <a href="/wiki/Palestina" class="mw-disambig" title="Palestina">Palestina</a>, Siria, împotriva <a href="/wiki/Mongol" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol">mongolilor</a> dar și a <a href="/wiki/Crucia%C8%9Bi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cruciați">cruciaților</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deși de origine <a href="/wiki/Turc" class="mw-redirect" title="Turc">turcică</a>, mai precis <a href="/wiki/Cuman" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuman">cumană</a>, Baibars este considerat un erou național al <a href="/wiki/Cerkezi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerkezi">cerkezilor</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Moștenire"><span id="Mo.C8.99tenire"></span>Moștenire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Moștenire" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Moștenire"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Baybars al-Bunduqdari a fost un lider militar influent care a fondat guvernarea mamelucă în <a href="/wiki/Egipt" title="Egipt">Egipt</a>. Acesta a demonstrat a fi un om de stat abil, un <a href="/wiki/Strateg" title="Strateg">strateg</a> iscusit precum și un războinic determinat.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Din șirul realizărilor militare ale lui Baybars, se pot enumera cuceriri de teritorii ale cruciaților, ocuparea Siriei și a regiunii <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hijaz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hijaz — pagină inexistentă">Hijaz</a>, raiduri în <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> Mică (Cilicia) dar și lansarea de expediții în sudul Egiptului spre <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudanul</a> de astăzi.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nu doar viața militară l-a preocupat pe Baybars, acesta a întreprins un număr de reforme administrative, proiecte de infrastructură precum și organizarea unor fundații în scopuri sociale, cu scopul de a conduce reformele lui Baybars.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origini">Origini</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Origini" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Origini"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Există o dezbatere pe marginea originii lui Baybars. Versiunea preferată este aceea că s-a născut în Cumania (Dasht-i-Kipchak), la nord de <a href="/wiki/Marea_Neagr%C4%83" title="Marea Neagră">Marea Neagră</a>. Istoricul egiptean de secol XIV, al-Aini, menționa că originile lui Abdullah bin Baybars erau unele turcice. Din cauza invaziei mongolilor, Baybars și familia sa au părăsit Crimeea în 1243, când acesta avea 24 de ani. Cronicile arabe relatează că Baybars s-a refugiat în Vlachia (awalāq) la regele (malik) "A-n-s-khān" (de fapt la Asan, <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aar" title="Țar">țarul</a> imperiului Vlaho-bulgar)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Țarul l-a vândut apoi ca sclav pe Baybars la <a href="/wiki/Alep" title="Alep">Alep</a>. Ajunge mai târziu în <a href="/wiki/Damasc" title="Damasc">Damasc</a> dar Baybars nu rămâne sclav pentru mult timp, fiind adoptat de o văduvă înstărită ce vedea în Baybars o asemănare cu fiul ei decedat. Ea îl numește pe tânărul sclav, Baybars, și îi pune la dispoziție întreaga sa avere.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În timpul cât a fost <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>, Baybars trimitea daruri locuitorilor din orașul crimeean Solkat, unde a comisionat construirea unei moschei. Ruinele celei mai vechi moschei din <a href="/wiki/Crimeea" title="Crimeea">Crimeea</a>, numită câteodată și „moscheea lui Baybars” există și astăzi în Crimeea.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ascensiunea_spre_culmile_puterii">Ascensiunea spre culmile puterii</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Ascensiunea spre culmile puterii" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Ascensiunea spre culmile puterii"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ulterior acestei acomodări Baybars pleacă spre Cairo unde avansează rapid în societatea egipteană, la început comandantul unui regiment mameluc, guvernator într-un număr de provincii, ca într-un final să ajungă în apropierea familiei sultanului al-Salih și a soției acestuia Shajarat al-Durr. Apogeul vieții lui Baybars este reprezentat de asasinarea sultanului egiptean Qutuz, regicid care a pavat drumul fondării statului mameluc. Din acest motiv, s-au scris un număr de lucrări pe marginea vieții fabuloase a lui Baybars.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>„După ce a recucerit Alep la începutul lui octombrie 1260 și a respins fără dificultate o contraofensivă a lui Hulegu, mamelucii iau în considerare organizarea unor raiduri punitive împotriva lui Bohemond din Antiohia și Hethum din Armenia, principalii aliați ai mongolilor. Dar în sânul armatei egiptene izbucnește o luptă pentru putere. Baibars ar vrea să se stabilească la Alep, în calitate de guvernator semi-independentș Qutuz, care se teme de ambițiile locotenentului său, refuză. Nu vrea o putere concurentă în Siria. Pentru a pune capăt acestui conflict, sultanul adună armata și își reia drumul spre Egipt. Ajuns la trei zile de mers spre Cairo, acordă soldaților o zi de repaus, pe 23 octombrie, și decide să se ocupe de sportul său favorit, vânătoarea de iepuri, în compania principalilor șefi ai armatei. Are grijă să fie însoțit și de Baibars, de teamă că acesta din urmă să nu profite de absența sa pentru a declanșa o rebeliune. Mica trupă se îndepărtează de tabără. După două ore, se oprește pentru a face o mică pauză. Un emir se apropie de Qutuz și îi ia mâna ca pentru a i-o săruta. În același moment, Baibars își scoate sabia și i-o înfige în spate sultanului, care se prăbușește. Fără a pierde o clipă, cei doi conjurați sar pe cai și se întorc spre tabără în galop. Se prezintă în fața emirului Aqtai, un bătrân ofițer unanim respectat în armată, și îl anunță: „L-am omorât pe Qutuz”. Aqtai care nu pare prea mirat, întreabă: „Care dintre voi l-a omorât cu mâna lui ?” Baibars nu ezită: „Eu !” Bătrânul mameluc se apropie de el și i se înclină pentru a-i aduce un omagiu. Imediat, întreaga armată îl aclamă pe noul sultan.”</i><sup id="cite_ref-:8_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Baybars_în_mentalul_colectiv_și_literatură"><span id="Baybars_.C3.AEn_mentalul_colectiv_.C8.99i_literatur.C4.83"></span>Baybars în mentalul colectiv și literatură</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifică secțiunea: Baybars în mentalul colectiv și literatură" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Baybars în mentalul colectiv și literatură"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>În biografia oficială, scrisă de Muhyi al-Din ibn `Abd al-Zahir, Baybars este prezentat ca un lider infailibil, în ciuda părerii unor alți autori din sec. XIV, ca Shafi ibn Ali, Al-Mansuri și Al-Nuwayri, care au menționat și aspectele tiranice ale domniei lui Baybars. Istorici mameluci, ca Al-Maqrisi, Al-Ayni sau Ibn Taghribirdi îl prezintă pe Baybars ca fiind un orator excelent dar menționează și anumite defecte provenite din excesul de putere. Ibn `Abd al-Zahir, autorul bibliografiei oficiale îl prezintă ca pe un lider și războinic ideal, ignorând se pare evenimente mai obscure care i-ar fi putut păta reputația, povestea lui al-Zahir fiind concentrată în jurul victoriilor militare ale lui Baybars, precum și a pietății acestuia față de islam. Baybars a condus și campanii sociale nu doar militare, ca cea din 1267 / 665, când în Cairo s-a instituit prohibiția asupra unui număr de vicii.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>În numele lui Baybars au fost construite două moschei și o școală (madrasa) la Husayniyya și o moschee mai mare în <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, în anul 1273. Nu doar atât, statul mameluc a reconstruit și recondiționat un număr de moschei în Cairo, avariate de cutremurul din 1303. Povestea lui Baybars a călătorit prin istorie până în timpurile noastre, un film „Sultan Baybars” a fost realizat de regizorul tătar Bulat Mansurov în 1989 și produs de Kazakhfilm Studio. </p><p>Tot Baybars este și protagonistul unor romane cu autori englezi ca Robin Young în cărți precum „Secret Brotherhood” (2006) sau „Crusade” (2007). </p><p>În încheiere, o copie a <a href="/wiki/Coran" title="Coran">Coranului</a>, în 7 volume și scrisă în aur, comisionată de Baybars este prezentă în arhiva „British Library”, printre alte reproduceri faimoase ale textului coranic în onoarea unui personaj important al istoriei, Baybars I, mamelucul. </p><p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referințe"><span id="Referin.C8.9Be"></span>Referințe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifică secțiunea: Referințe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Referințe"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Baibars in Concise Britannica Online</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Howard, Jonathan (2011). The Crusades: A History of One of the Most Epic Military Campaigns of All Time</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:2_3-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Zahiriyya Madrasa and Mausoleum of Sultan al-Zahir Baybars</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:3_4-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">The Crusaders in the East quoting El-Aini ii. 220; Makrizi i, ii. 8. 1987. p. 338.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-5"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:4_5-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">The Later Crusades, 1189-1311. Univ of Wisconsin Press. 1969. p. 557. <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9780299048440" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-299-04844-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Dimitri Korobeinikov, A broken mirror: the Kipçak world in the thirteenth century. In the volume: The other Europe from the Middle Ages, Edited by Florin Curta, Brill 2008, p. 387 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_7-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">arabacademy.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_8-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Young, Robyn (2007). Crusade. Dutton. p. 484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:7_9-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">100 Decisive Battles: From Ancient Times to the Present By Paul K. Davis, pg. 141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-10"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:8_10-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">MAALOUF Amin, Cruciadele văzute de arabi</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-11"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:9_11-0">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Al-Maqrizi,p. 99/vol.2</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografie">Bibliografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifică secțiunea: Bibliografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baibars_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografie"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate">Control de autoritate</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibsys" title="Bibsys">BIBSYS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90750118">90750118</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12162520b">cb12162520b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12162520b">(data)</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118665839">118665839</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">ISNI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isni.org/isni/0000000105981299">0000 0001 0598 1299</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n85197862">n85197862</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Australia">NLA</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49885884">49885884</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_universitaire_de_documentation" title="Système universitaire de documentation">SUDOC</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030151694">030151694</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Virtual_International_Authority_File" title="Virtual International Authority File">VIAF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/23581685">23581685</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"> <a href="/wiki/WorldCat_Identities" class="mw-redirect" title="WorldCat Identities">WorldCat Identities</a> (via VIAF): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/identities/containsVIAFID/23581685">23581685</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/Ajutor:Control_de_autoritate" title="Ajutor:Control de autoritate"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg/40px-OOjs_UI_icon_helpNotice-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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