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data-history-node-id="6325" role="article" about="/en/country-report/tunisia-0" class="node node--id-6325 node--type-country-report node--promoted node--view-mode-full"> <div class="node__container"> <header class="node__header"><h1 class="node__title"><span class="field field-name-title field-formatter-string field-type-string field-label-hidden">Tunisia</span> </h1></header> <div class="node__content"><div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-4 field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Report Year</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--_022---digital-futures-for-a-post-pandemic-world"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/taxonomy/term/400" hreflang="en">2022 - Digital futures for a post pandemic world</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--upload field-formatter-file-table field-name-upload field-type-file field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><table data-striping="1" class="table cols-2"> <thead class="table__header"> <tr class="table__row"> <th class="table__cell table__header__cell">Attachment</th> <th class="table__cell table__header__cell">Size</th> </tr> </thead> <tbody class="table__body"> <tr class="table__row odd"> <td class="table__cell table__body__cell"><span class="file file--mime-application-pdf file--application-pdf"> <a href="/sites/default/files/Tunisia_2.pdf" type="application/pdf" title="Tunisia_2.pdf">English</a></span> </td> <td class="table__cell table__body__cell">2.1 MB</td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-field-authors field-entity-reference-type-user field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-field-authors field-type-entity-reference field-label-inline clearfix"><h3 class="field__label">Authored by</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--yosr-jouini"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/users/yosrjouini" hreflang="en">Yosr Jouini</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-organization field-formatter-string field-name-field-organization field-type-string field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Organization</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item">Technoloxia</div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node--field-website field-formatter-link field-name-field-website field-type-link field-label-inline clearfix has-single"><h3 class="field__label">Website</h3><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><a href="https://www.technoloxiagroup.com">https://www.technoloxiagroup.com</a></div></div> </div> <div class="clearfix text-formatted field field-node--body field-formatter-text-default field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden has-single"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item"><p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:14.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Creative expression in Tunisia: Surviving a pandemic </span></span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Introduction </span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In 2020 alone, over 700 cultural activities in Tunisia were either suspended or cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Going digital offered alternatives for both artists and citizens to revitalise the cultural scene and to re-examine the barriers for creative freedom in the country. However, moving artistic performances online has also raised questions on whether the internet is a safe place for cultural expression, what social and legal barriers may hinder freedom of expression online, and the challenges of poor connectivity and low digital literacy outside of the country’s main economic centres. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"> </p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The context for creative expression</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In 2011, an uprising in Tunisia toppled the 23-year rule of autocratic president Zine el Abidine Ben Ali. Since then, citizens have for the most part enjoyed unprecedented political liberties and creative freedoms. However, social taboos, oppressive laws and the absence of a supporting cultural policy have suppressed the culture and arts scene, which continues to be overlooked as a field worthwhile for investment, and is a struggling field. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Despite the newfound liberties following the uprising, endemic corruption, socioeconomic challenges, security threats as well as political instability remain major obstacles for the democratic transition of the country. In an unprecedented move, on 25 July 2021, just over a year into the pandemic, Tunisian President-elect Kais Said announced the dismissal of the prime minister, a freeze of the elected parliament, and his rule by decree. The constitution adopted in 2014 has also been suspended, with the exception of two chapters related to rights and freedoms, including the right to freedom of expression and the freedom of creative expression.</span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The impact of COVID-19 on the Tunisian cultural scene</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In a petition published on social media in July 2021, the Union of Dramatic Arts Trades expressed its indignation and deep concern at the deteriorating situation for artists and the shrinking of cultural spaces, which was then almost non-existent compared to almost two years previously.<a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1" title="" id="_ftnref1"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></a> While artists like everyone else needed to deal with the health crisis, the government’s attempts to curb the spread of the virus tended to rush the restrictions over cultural activities ahead of other sectors. By 13 March 2020, it had cancelled all cultural and sporting events and shut down movie theatres and all other cultural venues. These measures were re-imposed every time the country witnessed a surge in the number of recorded COVID-19 cases.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">In response to the pandemic’s repercussions on the cultural scene, the Ministry of Cultural Affairs launched the Fonds Relance Culture (FRC),<a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" title="" id="_ftnref2"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></a> a cultural recovery fund. The FRC</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN"><a href="https://fr.unesco.org/creativity/covid-19/fonds-relance-culture-de-tunisie"> </a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">is a mixed endowment funded by the private and public sectors that centralised financial contributions in order to support young artists and performers. The fund offers several forms of aid and support, such as interest-free loans so that cultural activities can continue, and aid for unanticipated expenses (such as ticket refunds as a result of cancellations, a drop in revenue, etc.) to help relaunch activities relevant to the redevelopment of the economy of the cultural sector.<a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3" title="" id="_ftnref3"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">However, </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN"> <sdt id="596601671">cultural actors interviewed for this report described the state response as insufficient and criticised it for excluding alternative and less mainstream forms of cultural expression.</sdt></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"> </p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Going digital: The emergence of new opportunities and old challenges</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">As the proverb says, “Necessity is the mother of invention” – and the pandemic and restrictive measures to contain it have pushed cultural actors to launch new digital initiatives to revitalise the local cultural scene.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">One pioneering initiative is “Festival le chapeau”, a digital festival with live musical performances initiated by</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN"><a href="http://klink.tn/"> </a></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Klink,<a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4" title="" id="_ftnref4"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></a> a Tunisian digital booking platform for artists. The festival allowed the audience to engage with the performers and financially support them directly. However, the initiative faced challenges in finding partners and businesses to sponsor the shows.<a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5" title="" id="_ftnref5"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The consumption of art online and paying for it remains a new concept for the Tunisian audience. The lack of respect for intellectual property and unauthorised use of artistic content remains an important barrier to the sustainability and vitality of the local cultural landscape. Tunisia is a member of the World Intellectual Property Organization and has an arsenal of legal texts protecting intellectual property. The country established the Tunisian Copyright Protection Organization (OTDAV),<a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6" title="" id="_ftnref6"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></a> an agency responsible for overseeing copyright, while the Tunisian Internet Authority is responsible for administering the .tn country code top-level domain name. However, the application of the copyright laws remains limited with regard to the arts and culture field. This is a challenge that artists in the musical and theatrical scene have been facing for years – and it was one that re-emerged during the pandemic as the internet became the only medium of distribution for artistic performances. In a webinar organised by the OTDAV amid a COVID-19 surge, the participants emphasised the urgent need to raise awareness among artists of their moral and financial rights, as well as the need to educate different stakeholders including lawyers, judges and the private sector on the legal particularities of artistic products.<a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7" title="" id="_ftnref7"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">An additional option could also be to use alternative licences such as Creative Commons licences that allow creators to decide which rights they reserve and which rights they waive, so that users and other creators use, share, distribute and build upon the original works. These sorts of alternatives offer wider flexibility for non-traditional artistic products such as graffiti and their distribution in digital form.<a href="#_ftn8" name="_ftnref8" title="" id="_ftnref8"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"> </p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Digital accessibility, a pillar or obstacle for moving digital</span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">While moving online presented itself as a new potential for some artists and cultural groups, much has been lost in the transition. In an interview with Amira Guebsi, the executive manager of Collectif Créatif,<a href="#_ftn9" name="_ftnref9" title="" id="_ftnref9"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></a> a Tunisian civil society organisation, the difficulties faced in maintaining the social impact of the arts for underprivileged communities was highlighted. As an organisation with an important presence on the ground and in the local community, COVID-19 paralysed their work and activities, especially when funders revoked their funding. The communities that used to be pillars of their cultural projects found themselves excluded due to the curfews and restrictions imposed on cultural events. While many organisations have offices in the capital or major cities and used to frequently visit artisans and craftspeople in other regions of the country, the restrictions on inter-cities travel not only restricted mobility but also revealed the huge connectivity gap and digital literacy differences between the economic hubs in the country and less financially resourced cities and regions. Accessing and affording the internet remains a challenge, even for those residing in the country’s main cities. In other regions, including towns near borders, poor telecommunications infrastructure makes it even more difficult to get online, adding to the difficulties faced by older artisans working in the crafts sector in these regions who have little to no computer skills. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Going digital nevertheless opened new opportunities for cross-regional partnerships. For instance, Collectif Créatif has developed a new online project where art is co-produced by artists of different nationalities.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"> </p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Cultural expression and creative freedom online: From imprisonment to self-censorship </span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Tunisia’s 2014 constitution and the country's ratification of the central international human rights instruments guarantee the right to artistic freedom. Despite such guarantees, artistic freedom is not fully upheld and protected in Tunisia. Artists are exposed to threats, assaults and prosecution. </span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN"> <sdt id="1032408283">A</sdt></span> <span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN"> <sdt id="1969924630">number of artists including rappers,<a href="#_ftn10" name="_ftnref10" title="" id="_ftnref10"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></a> graffiti artists<a href="#_ftn11" name="_ftnref11" title="" id="_ftnref11"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></a> and visual artists<a href="#_ftn12" name="_ftnref12" title="" id="_ftnref12"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></a> have been arrested in the past based on vaguely worded legal texts – such as the penal code, which criminalises defamation and the insult of public officials – that have served as repressive tools for political biases. In 2013, rapper Weld el 15 was sentenced to six months suspended imprisonment for public indecency on the basis of the content of a song, “El Boulisya Kleb” (translated as “Cops are Dogs”), which he released online.<a href="#_ftn13" name="_ftnref13" title="" id="_ftnref13"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></a> The actress in the video clip was also found guilty for the same charges and received a fine.</sdt></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">During the pandemic – so far – no artist has faced charges in relation to their artistic work and its online diffusion. However, societal taboos often lead to artists self-censoring when posting art for larger audiences online. Shahrazed Amous, the founder of Klink and “Festival le chapeau”, said in an interview that in the choice of media platforms, their policy against hate speech and harassment was critical for organisers, with the goal to provide a safe space for artists.<a href="#_ftn14" name="_ftnref14" title="" id="_ftnref14"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="FootnoteAnchor" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></a></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"> </p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Conclusion </span></b></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Although the cultural and creative sector is one of the fastest-growing economic sectors in the world, in Tunisia, it remains one of the most overlooked sectors for public and private investment. Since the pandemic hit, actors in the cultural scene took the initiative to revitalise the sector. Going digital became essential and central to creation, production, distribution and access to cultural expression. However, this also introduced new challenges for the creative sector such as inequalities in internet access and the digital skills gap. In particular, community-based creative work suffered, given the low level of internet connectivity at the grassroots. Other challenges include the sustainability of cultural activities in the face of unlawful use of artistic material, the lack of financial compensation for art, and the restriction of creative freedom either through repressive laws or societal taboos, which have led in some cases to a greater level of self-censorship by artists who have found a wider audience through the internet. </span></span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"> </p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">Action steps</span></b> </span></span></span></p> <p style="margin-top:20px; margin-bottom:20px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The following steps are necessary to revitalise the cultural sector in Tunisia: </span></span></span></span></p> <ul><li style="margin-top:20px; margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The state needs to adopt an inclusive cultural policy that supports young artists in the sector. This needs to promote access to creative goods and services and take into account different forms of cultural expression.</span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The</span><span lang="EN" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN"> <sdt id="653362578"></sdt></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">state needs to reform oppressive legal texts restricting internet freedom and creative expression. Reforms should include clarifying unclear and vague provisions in the penal code used arbitrarily and disproportionately to imprison artists, provisions for defamation, and articles in the telecommunications code, criminal procedure code and other texts that silence criticism of authorities, among others. </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">The private sector should help make cultural activities more accessible as part of its social responsibilities. Funding is desperately needed to support the creative sector. Among other things, it could support the capacity building of artists who already work online, or who are new to the internet. </span></span></span></span></span></li> <li style="margin-left:8px"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="tab-stops:list 0cm"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif" xml:lang="EN-GB">All stakeholders should contribute to the creation of an enabling environment for cultural creation that allows artists to express themselves freely and not have to resort to self- censorship.</span></span></span></span></span></li> </ul><p style="margin-left:48px"> </p> <p style="margin-left:48px"> </p> <div><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Footnotes</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span> <div id="ftn1"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" title="" id="_ftn1"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> Drissi, A. (2021, 27 July). Pandémie et vie culturelle: Les artistes s’indignent. <i>La Presse</i>. <a href="https://lapresse.tn/104285/pandemie-et-vie-culturelle-les-artistes-sindignent">https://lapresse.tn/104285/pandemie-et-vie-culturelle-les-artistes-sindignent</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title="" id="_ftn2"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><a href="https://fr.unesco.org/creativity/covid-19/fonds-relance-culture-de-tunisie">https://fr.unesco.org/creativity/covid-19/fonds-relance-culture-de-tunisie</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title="" id="_ftn3"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> Ibid.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title="" id="_ftn4"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> <a href="https://klink.tn/">https://klink.tn</a> </span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title="" id="_ftn5"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/62b6OaKmbO8nBdummCU6Vx"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://open.spotify.com/episode/62b6OaKmbO8nBdummCU6Vx</span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" title="" id="_ftn6"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> <a href="http://www.otdav.tn/">http:/www.otdav.tn</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" title="" id="_ftn7"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> <a href="https://www.facebook.com/AuServiceDesAuteurs/videos/158008236242972">https://www.facebook.com/AuServiceDesAuteurs/videos/158008236242972</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn8"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref8" name="_ftn8" title="" id="_ftn8"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[8]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> Rizk, N. (2015). Revolution, Graffiti and Copyright: The Cases of Egypt and Tunisia. <i>The African Journal of Information and Communication, 16</i>. <a href="https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC189556">https://hdl.handle.net/10520/EJC189556</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn9"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref9" name="_ftn9" title="" id="_ftn9"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[9]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> <a href="https://collectifcreatif.org/">https://collectifcreatif.org</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn10"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref10" name="_ftn10" title="" id="_ftn10"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[10]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> Human Rights Watch. (2013, 5 September). Tunisia: Rappers Sentenced to Prison. <a href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/05/tunisia-rappers-sentenced-prison">https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/09/05/tunisia-rappers-sentenced-prison</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn11"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref11" name="_ftn11" title="" id="_ftn11"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[11]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> France 24. (2012, 27 November). </span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="AR-SA">فقراء" تونس ينادون "الغرافيتي ليس جريمة</span><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">. <a href="https://www.france24.com/ar/20121127">https://www.france24.com/ar/20121127</a>-</span></span><span dir="RTL" lang="AR-SA" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="AR-SA">تونس-غرافيتي-فن-رسم-حيطان-زواولة-فقراء-ثورة-حرية-تعبير-توقيف-محاكمة-مساند ة</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn12"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref12" name="_ftn12" title="" id="_ftn12"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[12]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> Franceinfo. (2016, 6 December). Tunisie : deux artistes menacés de prison. <a href="https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/arts-expos/sculpture/tunisie-deux-artistes-menaces-de-prison_3316153.html">https://www.francetvinfo.fr/culture/arts-expos/sculpture/tunisie-deux-artistes-menaces-de-prison_3316153.html</a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn13"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref13" name="_ftn13" title="" id="_ftn13"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[13]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> Attorney General v. Weld el 15. <a href="https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/attorney-general-v-weld-el-15%20">https://globalfreedomofexpression.columbia.edu/cases/attorney-general-v-weld-el-15 </a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn14"> <p><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="line-height:normal"><span style="font-family:"Arial",sans-serif"><a href="#_ftnref14" name="_ftn14" title="" id="_ftn14"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"><span class="FootnoteCharacters" style="vertical-align:super"><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">[14]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span lang="EN" style="font-size:9.0pt" xml:lang="EN"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif"> <a href="https://open.spotify.com/episode/62b6OaKmbO8nBdummCU6Vx"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">https://open.spotify.com/episode/62b6OaKmbO8nBdummCU6Vx</span></span></a> </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p> </p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Notes</span></span></span></b></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">This report was originally published as part of a larger compilation: “Global Information Society Watch 2021-2022: Global Information Society Watch 2021-2022"</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0) - Some rights reserved.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Global Information Society Watch 20121-2022 – print</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">ISBN 978-92-95113-53-4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">APC Serial: APC-202211-CIPP-R-EN-P-343</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">Global Information Society Watch 2021-2022 web and e-book<br /> ISBN 978-92-95113-52-7 </span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br /><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Liberation Serif",serif"><span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt" xml:lang="EN-GB"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="font-family:"Verdana",sans-serif">APC Serial: APC-202211-CIPP-R-EN-DIGITAL-342</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-1 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-1 field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--tunisia"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/country/tunisia" hreflang="en">Tunisia</a></span> </div></div> </div> <div class="field field-node-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-entity-reference-type-taxonomy-term field-formatter-entity-reference-label field-name-taxonomy-vocabulary-2 field-type-entity-reference field-label-hidden"><div class="field__items"><div class="field__item field__item--meaningful-access"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/taxonomy/term/401" hreflang="en">Meaningful access</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--internet-advocacy"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/taxonomy/term/402" hreflang="en">Internet advocacy</a></span> </div><div class="field__item field__item--digital-rights"> <span class="field__item-wrapper"><a href="/taxonomy/term/403" hreflang="en">Digital rights</a></span> </div></div> </div> <section class="field field-node--comment-node-country-report field-formatter-comment-default field-name-comment-node-country-report field-type-comment field-label-hidden display-mode-threaded comment-bundle-comment-node-country-report comment-wrapper"> <a name="comments"></a></section> </div></div> </article> </main> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div data-at-row="footer" 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