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id="toc-Early_life_(1917–1932)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life_(1917–1932)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life (1917–1932)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life_(1917–1932)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_and_writing_(1932–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_and_writing_(1932–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>War and writing (1932–1947)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-War_and_writing_(1932–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_in_Argentina_(1947–1976)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_in_Argentina_(1947–1976)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Exile in Argentina (1947–1976)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exile_in_Argentina_(1947–1976)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France_(1976–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France_(1976–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>France (1976–1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France_(1976–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Paraguay_and_Cervantes_Prize_(1989–2005)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Paraguay_and_Cervantes_Prize_(1989–2005)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Return to Paraguay and Cervantes Prize (1989–2005)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Paraguay_and_Cervantes_Prize_(1989–2005)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Major_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Major works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Major works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Major_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hijo_de_hombre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hijo_de_hombre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Hijo de hombre</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hijo_de_hombre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yo_el_Supremo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yo_el_Supremo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Yo el Supremo</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yo_el_Supremo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Fiscal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Fiscal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>El Fiscal</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Fiscal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Precursors_and_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors_and_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Precursors and influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors_and_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paraguay:_collective_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paraguay:_collective_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Paraguay: collective memory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paraguay:_collective_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Humanism_and_the_engaged_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Humanism_and_the_engaged_writer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Humanism and the engaged writer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Humanism_and_the_engaged_writer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bilingualism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bilingualism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Bilingualism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bilingualism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_distinctions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_distinctions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Honors and distinctions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_distinctions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Published_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Published_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Published works</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Published works subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Published_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Novels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Novels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Novels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Novels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Short fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Screenplays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screenplays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Screenplays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screenplays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Poetry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_writings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_writings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.5</span> <span>Other writings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_writings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compilations_and_anthologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compilations_and_anthologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.6</span> <span>Compilations and anthologies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compilations_and_anthologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Translations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Translations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.7</span> <span>Translations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Translations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Augusto Roa Bastos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 42 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-42" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">42 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%BA%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="أوغستو روا باستوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوغستو روا باستوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa" title="Augusto Roa – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Augusto Roa" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auqusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Auqusto Roa Bastos – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Auqusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آقوستو روا باستوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آقوستو روا باستوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Аўгуста Роа-Бастас – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўгуста Роа-Бастас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0-%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Аўгуста Роа-Бастас – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Аўгуста Роа-Бастас" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Аугусто Роа Бастос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Аугусто Роа Бастос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="آگوستو روا باستوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آگوستو روا باستوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8_%D5%8C%D5%B8%D5%A1_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Աուգուստո Ռոա Բաստոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Աուգուստո Ռոա Բաստոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Roa_Bastos" title="Augustus Roa Bastos – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Augustus Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%92%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D_%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%90_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="აუგუსტო როა ბასტოსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="აუგუსტო როა ბასტოსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3" title="اوجستو روا باستوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اوجستو روا باستوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B0%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%AD%E3%82%A2%EF%BC%9D%E3%83%90%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%82%B9" title="アウグスト・ロア＝バストス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アウグスト・ロア＝バストス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa" title="Augusto Roa – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Augusto Roa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81,_%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE" title="Роа Бастос, Аугусто – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Роа Бастос, Аугусто" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Augusto Roa Bastos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Augusto Roa Bastos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B5_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B" title="அகுஸ்டோ ரொவ பாஸ்டோ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அகுஸ்டோ ரொவ பாஸ்டோ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Аугусто Роа Бастос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Аугусто Роа Бастос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="奥古斯托·罗亚·巴斯托斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥古斯托·罗亚·巴斯托斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Paraguayan writer (1917–2005)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this <a href="/wiki/Spanish_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish name">Spanish name</a>, the first or paternal <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">surname</a> is <i> Roa</i> and the second or maternal family name is <i> Bastos</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Augusto Roa Bastos</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Escritor_Augusto_R._Bastos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Escritor_Augusto_R._Bastos.jpg/220px-Escritor_Augusto_R._Bastos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Escritor_Augusto_R._Bastos.jpg/330px-Escritor_Augusto_R._Bastos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Escritor_Augusto_R._Bastos.jpg/440px-Escritor_Augusto_R._Bastos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="663" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1917-06-13</span>)</span>13 June 1917<br /><a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a>, Paraguay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">26 April 2005<span style="display:none">(2005-04-26)</span> (aged 87)<br />Asunción, Paraguay</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Writer</li><li>journalist</li><li>professor</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Dictator_novel" title="Dictator novel">Dictator novel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hijo_de_hombre" title="Hijo de hombre">Hijo de hombre</a></i></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_the_Supreme" title="I, the Supreme">Yo el Supremo</a></i></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Prize_for_Literature_(Paraguay)" title="National Prize for Literature (Paraguay)">National Prize for Literature</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_d%27Honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion d'Honneur">Legion d'Honneur</a> (1997)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Augusto Roa Bastos</b> (13 June 1917 – 26 April 2005) was a Paraguayan novelist and short story writer. As a teenager he fought in the <a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a> between Paraguay and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, and he later worked as a journalist, screenwriter and professor. He is best known for his complex novel <i>Yo el Supremo</i> (<i><a href="/wiki/I,_the_Supreme" title="I, the Supreme">I the Supreme</a></i>) and for winning the <i><a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Premio Miguel de Cervantes</a></i> in 1989, Spanish literature's most prestigious prize. <i>Yo el Supremo</i> explores the dictations and inner thoughts of <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia</a>, the eccentric dictator of Paraguay who ruled with an iron fist, from 1814 until his death in 1840. </p><p>Roa Bastos's life and writing were marked by experience with dictatorial military regimes. In 1947 he was forced into exile in Argentina, and in 1976 he fled <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a> for France in similar political circumstances. Most of Roa Bastos's work was written in exile, but this did not deter him from fiercely tackling Paraguayan social and historical issues in his work. Writing in a Spanish that was at times heavily augmented by <a href="/wiki/Guarani_language" title="Guarani language">Guaraní</a> words (the major Paraguayan indigenous language), Roa Bastos incorporated Paraguayan myths and symbols into a Baroque style known as <a href="/wiki/Magical_realism" title="Magical realism">magical realism</a>. He is considered a late-comer to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a> literary movement. Roa Bastos's canon includes the novels <i><a href="/wiki/Hijo_de_hombre" title="Hijo de hombre">Hijo de hombre</a></i> (1960; <i>Son of Man</i>) and <i>El fiscal</i> (1993; <i>The Prosecutor</i>), as well as numerous other novels, short stories, poems, and screenplays. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life_(1917–1932)"><span id="Early_life_.281917.E2.80.931932.29"></span>Early life (1917–1932)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life (1917–1932)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roa Bastos was born in <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a> on 13 June 1917. He spent his childhood in <a href="/wiki/Iturbe_(Paraguay)" class="mw-redirect" title="Iturbe (Paraguay)">Iturbe</a>, a provincial town in the Guaira region where his father was an administrator on a sugar plantation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198316_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198316-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was here, some 200 kilometres (120 mi) to the south of the Paraguayan capital of Asunción, that Roa Bastos learned to speak both Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní</a>, the language of Paraguay's indigenous people. At the age of ten he was sent to school in Asunción where he stayed with his uncle, Hermenegildo Roa, the liberal bishop of Asunción.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His uncle's extensive personal library provided the young Roa Bastos with his first exposure to the classical Spanish literature of the Baroque and Renaissance traditions that he would imitate in his early poetry throughout the 1930s and 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197817_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197817-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, his uncle's emphasis on the mystical aspects of classic literature would have a profound Roa Bastos's later writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His experience of Guaraní social customs and language combined with the traditional Spanish education that he received in Asunción, created a cultural and linguistic duality that would manifest itself in much of Roa Bastos's writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaistor2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His rural upbringing also exposed Roa Bastos to the exploitation and oppression of the indigenous and peasant peoples of Paraguay,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198316_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198316-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which would become a prominent theme in his writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="War_and_writing_(1932–1947)"><span id="War_and_writing_.281932.E2.80.931947.29"></span>War and writing (1932–1947)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War and writing (1932–1947)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1932 the territorial <a href="/wiki/Chaco_War" title="Chaco War">Chaco War</a> began between <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and continued until 1935. At some point, perhaps as late as 1934, Roa Bastos joined the Paraguayan army as a medical auxiliary.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197811_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197811-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war would have a profound effect on the future writer who said: "when I left for that war I dreamed of purification in the fire of battles."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of glory he found "maimed bodies" and "destruction" which left him to question "why two brother countries like Bolivia and Paraguay were massacring each other", and as a consequence Roa Bastos became a pacifist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Directly after the war he worked as a bank clerk and later as a journalist. During this time he began writing plays and poetry. In 1941 Roa Bastos won the Ateneo Paraguayo prize for <i>Fulgencia Miranda</i>, although the book was never published. In the early 1940s he spent significant time on the yerba mate plantations in northern Paraguay, an experience he would later draw upon in his first published novel, <i>Hijo de hombre</i> (<i>1960; Son of Man</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197817_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197817-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942 he was appointed editorial secretary for the Asunción daily <i>El País</i>. </p><p>In 1944 the <a href="/wiki/British_Council" title="British Council">British Council</a> awarded Roa Bastos a nine-month fellowship for journalism in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>. During this time he traveled extensively in Britain, France and Africa and witnessed the devastation of WWII first hand. He served as the <i>El País</i> war correspondent, notably conducting an interview with General <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> after the latter's return to Paris in 1945. Roa Bastos also broadcast Latin American programs at the invitation of the BBC and France's Ministry of Information.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197817_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197817-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout this eventful period in his life Roa Bastos continued to write and he was considered a poet of the Paraguayan <i>avant garde</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942 he published a book of poems in the classic Spanish style, which he titled <i>El Ruiseñor De La Aurora</i> (<i>The Dawn Nightingale</i>), a work he later renounced.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197818_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197818-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also had plays successfully performed during the 1940s, though they were never published. Of his prolific poetry of the late 1940s only "El naranjal ardiente" (1960; "The Burning Orange Grove") was published.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard1978500_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1978500-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exile_in_Argentina_(1947–1976)"><span id="Exile_in_Argentina_.281947.E2.80.931976.29"></span>Exile in Argentina (1947–1976)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Exile in Argentina (1947–1976)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 1947 <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Civil_War_(1947)" title="Paraguayan Civil War (1947)">Paraguayan Civil War</a>, Roa Bastos was forced to flee to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina, because he had spoken out against President <a href="/wiki/Higinio_Mor%C3%AD%C3%B1igo" class="mw-redirect" title="Higinio Moríñigo">Higinio Moríñigo</a>. About 500,000 of his fellow Paraguayans left for Argentina at the same time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197819_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197819-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roa Bastos remained in Argentina until just before the establishment of the military dictatorship there in 1976, and he did not return permanently to Paraguay until 1989. He found exile difficult, but his time in Buenos Aires was a prolific period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197819_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197819-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roa Bastos said this in reference to his exile: </p> <blockquote> <p>I can't complain...Exile brought out in me, in addition to a revulsion against violence and against depreciation of the human condition, a feeling for the universality of man. Exile lent me perspectives from which to know my own country from other people's point of view, and from which to live for the enormity of its misfortune.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>In 1953 the collection of 17 short stories <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_trueno_entre_las_hojas_(book)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El trueno entre las hojas (book) (page does not exist)">El trueno entre las hojas</a></i> (1953; <i>Thunder Among the Leaves</i>) was published and circulated internationally, but it was not until the 1960 publication of the novel <i><a href="/wiki/Hijo_de_hombre" title="Hijo de hombre">Hijo de hombre</a></i> (<i>Son of Man</i>) that Roa Bastos won major critical and popular success.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaistor2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The novel draws on the oppressive history of Paraguay from the rule of Dr. Jose Gaspar de Francia in the early 19th century until the Chaco War in the 1930s. Its <a href="/wiki/Multiperspectivity" title="Multiperspectivity">multiple narrative</a> perspectives and historical and political themes anticipate his most famous work, <i><a href="/wiki/Yo,_el_Supremo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo, el Supremo">Yo, el Supremo</a></i>, written more than a decade later. Roa Bastos adapted <i>Hijo de hombre</i> into an award-winning film in the same year as its publication. </p><p>Roa Bastos further established himself as a screenwriter with the screenplay of <i><a href="/wiki/Shunko" title="Shunko">Shunko</a></i> (1960), directed by <a href="/wiki/Lautaro_Mur%C3%BAa" title="Lautaro Murúa">Lautaro Murúa</a> and based on the memoirs of a country school teacher. In 1961 he once again collaborated with Murúa for <i><a href="/wiki/Alias_Gardelito" class="mw-redirect" title="Alias Gardelito">Alias Gardelito</a></i> (1961), which depicted the lives of urban petty criminals and became a major independent film of the <i>nuevo cine</i> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnardRist199632–33_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnardRist199632–33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1974 Roa Bastos published his influential masterpiece <i><a href="/wiki/Yo,_el_Supremo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo, el Supremo">Yo, el Supremo</a></i>, the result of seven years' work. When <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla" title="Jorge Rafael Videla">Jorge Rafael Videla</a>'s military dictatorship came to power in 1976, however, the book was banned in Argentina, and Roa Bastos was exiled once again, this time to <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="France_(1976–1989)"><span id="France_.281976.E2.80.931989.29"></span>France (1976–1989)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: France (1976–1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Toulouse Roa Bastos taught Guaraní and Spanish literature at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toulouse" title="University of Toulouse">University of Toulouse</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaistor2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although he had been allowed to visit Paraguay to work with a new generation of Paraguayan writers, starting in 1970, he was again barred from entry in 1982, for purportedly engaging in subversive activities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891212_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891212-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is however, little evidence that he participated in sectarian politics of any kind.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In France, Roa Bastos faced the second forced relocation of his life, but he also won a new readership for his work during this time. Helen Lane's English translation of <i>Yo el Supremo</i> (<i>I the Supreme</i>), published in 1986, was greeted with widespread acclaim in the English-speaking world. However, in France, Roa Bastos's writing focus was primarily academic, and his literary output did not match that of his time in Argentina. In 1985 Roa Bastos retired from the University of Toulouse.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the downfall of the oppressive <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Stroessner" title="Alfredo Stroessner">Alfredo Stroessner</a> regime in 1989, Roa Bastos returned to Paraguay at the request of its new leader <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(President)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Rodríguez (President)">Andrés Rodríguez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991405_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1991405-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Return_to_Paraguay_and_Cervantes_Prize_(1989–2005)"><span id="Return_to_Paraguay_and_Cervantes_Prize_.281989.E2.80.932005.29"></span>Return to Paraguay and Cervantes Prize (1989–2005)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Return to Paraguay and Cervantes Prize (1989–2005)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the toppling of the Stroessner regime, Roa Bastos won the <a href="/wiki/Premio_Cervantes" class="mw-redirect" title="Premio Cervantes">Premio Cervantes</a> (Cervantes Prize), awarded by the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Royal Academy">Spanish Royal Academy</a> in partnership with the Spanish government, in recognition of his outstanding contributions to Spanish-language literature. It was at this time that Roa Bastos began to travel frequently between Paraguay and France.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaistor2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1991, representing Paraguay, Roa Bastos signed <i>The Morelia Declaration</i> "demanding the reversal of the ecological destruction of the planet."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992739_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992739-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was at this time that Roa Bastos again became an active novelist and screenwriter. </p><p>In 1991 Roa Bastos adapted <i>Yo, el Supremo</i> for the screen. His first novel since <i>Yo, el Supremo</i>, <i>Vigilia del almirante</i> (1992; <i>Vigil of the Admiral</i>) was published in 1992, and <i>El fiscal</i> (1993; <i>The Prosecutor</i>) the following year. Although neither of his later novels had the impact of his earlier work, <i>El fiscal</i> is considered an important work. Roa Bastos died on 26 April 2005 in <a href="/wiki/Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Asunción">Asunción</a> from a heart attack. He was survived by his three children, his third wife, Iris Giménez, and a reputation as one of Latin American's finest writers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaistor2005-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Major_works">Major works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Major works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hijo_de_hombre"><i>Hijo de hombre</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hijo de hombre"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hijo_de_hombre" title="Hijo de hombre">Hijo de hombre</a></div> <p><i>Hijo de hombre</i> (1960; <i>Son of Man</i>), Roa Bastos's first published and award-winning novel, represents his definitive break with poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197838_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197838-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is seen as a refined "outgrowth" of his earlier works of short fiction such as <i>El trueno entre las hojas</i> (1953), which also dealt with themes of political oppression and social struggle in Paraguay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991404_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1991404-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This novel portrays the conflict between the governing <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lite" class="mw-redirect" title="Élite">élite</a> and the oppressed masses in Paraguay from 1912 until just after the end of the Chaco War with Bolivia in 1936.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197840_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197840-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like his later <i>Yo, el Supremo</i>, <i>Hijo de hombre</i> draws upon a series of Paraguayan legends and stories dating back to start of Dr. Francia's dictatorship in 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991404_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1991404-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Hijo de hombre</i> builds upon a system of Christian metaphors as part of the Neobaroque concept of <a href="/wiki/Magic_Realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic Realism">Magic Realism</a>, in order to examine the pain of being Paraguayan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This novel contrasts two figures: Miguel Vera and Cristóbal Jara. Vera narrates the odd chapters, although he might also be the narrator of all nine chapters (this is unclear).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197840_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197840-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a well-to-do and educated romantic supporter of revolution, who is unable to take real action to support his ideals and in the end betrays them (not unlike Judas).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197839_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197839-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jara, on the other hand, is an uneducated "son of man" who becomes a Christ-like leader for Paraguayan people through action and strength of character. Although it was a massive critical success, Roa Bastos remained dissatisfied with the work for a number reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197838_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197838-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was fourteen years before he published another novel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yo_el_Supremo"><i>Yo el Supremo</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Yo el Supremo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yo_el_Supremo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo el Supremo">Yo el Supremo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia.jpg/220px-Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia.jpg/330px-Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia.jpg/440px-Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1434" data-file-height="1681" /></a><figcaption> Roa Bastos portrayed the nineteenth-century Paraguayan dictator <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia</a> in his novel <i>Yo, el Supremo</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p><i>Yo el Supremo</i> (<i>I the Supreme</i>) is a fictionalized account of the 19th-century Paraguayan dictator <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gaspar_Rodr%C3%ADguez_de_Francia" title="José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia">José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia</a>, who was also known as "Dr. Francia". The book's title derives from the fact that Francia referred to himself as "El Supremo" or "The Supreme." The first in a long line of dictators, The Supreme was a severe, calculating despot.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt_Williams197999_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt_Williams197999-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He ruled absolutely from 1814 until his death in 1840, and is a unique figure in Latin American history. The goal of his rule mirrored that of the Jesuits who had ruled Paraguay for much of its history before him: to keep the Paraguayan people and their customs pure by protecting them from the corrupting influence of European and other outside forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster19782_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster19782-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Yo, el supremo</i>, Roa Bastos is also fundamentally concerned with the power (and the weakness) of writing itself: its plot revolves around the dictator's efforts to uncover who has been forging his signature on a series of <a href="/wiki/Pasquinade" title="Pasquinade">pasquinades</a> discovered around the capital, and his relationship with his secretary, Patiño, to whom he dictates his thoughts and orders, but whom he never fully trusts. </p><p>The novel itself is "an exceptional cultural phenomenon." It has been suggested that it "[is] more immediately and unanimously acclaimed than any novel since <i><a href="/wiki/One_Hundred_Years_of_Solitude" title="One Hundred Years of Solitude">One Hundred Years of Solitude</a></i>, [and the] strictly historical importance [may] be even greater than that of García Márquez's fabulously successful creation."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1989278_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1989278-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yo, el supremo</i> has contributed widely to a number of different genres and styles. It belongs to the genre of <i>novelas de dictadores</i> or <a href="/wiki/Dictator_novel" title="Dictator novel">dictator novels</a>, and also to the <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Boom" title="Latin American Boom">Latin American Boom</a>, a literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1986_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1986-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Yo, el supremo</i> is also an important milestone in the evolution of the historical novel genre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobia1997423_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETobia1997423-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Yo, el supremo weaves a plethora of formats into a single work: history, novel, sociological essay, moral philosophy, <a href="/wiki/Biographical_novel" title="Biographical novel">biographical novel</a>, revolutionary pamphlet, testimonial documentary, poetic prose, autobiographic confession, ideological debate over literary limits, and linguistic treatise on the limits of verbal expression."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Costa1997186_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Costa1997186-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Fiscal"><i>El Fiscal</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: El Fiscal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>El Fiscal</i> (1993; <i>The Prosecutor</i>), is the third novel of the trilogy written by Augusto Roa Bastos. These three works contemplate what the author has termed “the monotheism of power.” The Prosecutor explores the atrocities of the Alfredo Stroessner dictatorship in Paraguay, which lasted from 1954 to 1989. The novel links the protagonist to Paraguay's past as he struggles to give meaning to his life by assassinating the dictator and freeing the Paraguayan people. Combining autobiography, detective fiction, historical novel and philosophy, the novel examines the question of whether one man has the right to judge another. Helene Carol Weldt-Basson's translation was published in 2018 (Fairleigh Dickinson University Press; Annotated edition (20 February 2018)); she is professor of Spanish and Latin American literature at University of North Dakota. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Precursors_and_influences">Precursors and influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Precursors and influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ruy Díaz de Guzmán's <i>Anales del descubrimiento, población y conquista del Río de la Plata</i>, is considered one of the most important antecedents to Roa Bastos's writings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891209_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891209-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guzmán, a Paraguayan explorer of Guaraní and Spanish heritage, wrote extensively about the geography of Paraguay using mythical descriptions of the landscape and the Guaraní language. The most important precursor to Roa Bastos, however, is Rafael Barrett (1876–1910), whose writings incorporated many of the important themes and writings styles that Roa Bastos would later master including: Spanish-Guaraní bilingualism, magic realism, the revision of Paraguayan history, social literature, exploration of <a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">collective memory</a> and the universe of poetic symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891210_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891210-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Barrett's essay "Lo que son los yerbales" is a severe critique of the <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation of workers</a> on <i>yerba mate</i> tea plantations. Roa Bastos spent part of the early 1940s documenting this same issue and there is much speculation about the role of "Lo que son los yerbales" in the creation of his first major novel <i>Hijo de hombre</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1997a102_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1997a102-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Uruguayan writer <a href="/wiki/Horacio_Quiroga" title="Horacio Quiroga">Horacio Quiroga</a> is another important predecessor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster196918_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster196918-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roa Bastos was an exponent of the Neobaroque style that brought Latin American literature to the fore internationally in the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992485_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992485-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among others, the Chilean poet <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a> is also associated with this school of writing. The style uses a complex system of metaphors that are often very closely tied to the land, flora and culture of the particular writer, especially in the case of Roa Bastos. <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">Magic realism</a> is a Neobaroque concept that applies such systems of metaphor to otherwise realistic settings (<i>Yo, el Supremo</i> being a notable example of the form).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Neobaroque style was used by many Paraguayan writers in exile after 1947 and until the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891211–1212_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891211–1212-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the core of much of the work from this group are ideas of political freedom and the emancipation of their homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992486_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992486-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Roa Bastos started out writing poetry in the Spanish Renaissance and Baroque traditions. Later he took on "a new sensibility" in response to the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Valle-Incl%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle-Inclán">Valle-Inclán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ram%C3%B3n_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Juan Ramón Jiménez">Juan Ramón Jiménez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Garc%C3%ADa_Lorca" class="mw-redirect" title="García Lorca">García Lorca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster196911_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster196911-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is as a prose-fiction writer Roa Bastos has built his considerable reputation, through his novels and numerous short stories.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1997b717_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1997b717-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roa Bastos's novels blend the present and past by creating scenes with myths from pre-colonial times and Christian legends, developing a special kind of Magic Realism, although there are significant stylistic variations between his major novels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paraguay:_collective_memory">Paraguay: collective memory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Paraguay: collective memory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The majority of Roa Bastos's work was written in exile owing to the oppressive political condition of his country, at a time when Paraguay was one of the least culturally, economically, and politically developed countries in Latin America. Thus, much of Roa Bastos's important writing is an attempt to "capture the tragic essence, the 'inner weakness' as well as the inner strength of his country's people."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster196919_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster196919-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work reveals an intense preoccupation not only with contemporary Paraguay but with its history, looking back to the beginning of the 19th century and the rule of Dr. Gaspar de Francia (whose life is the focus of <i>Yo, el Supremo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197824_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197824-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While key historical figures and events interest Roa Bastos, it is the impact of these "socio-historical roots" on "the nature of the masses" that forms the central theme of his literary work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197825_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197825-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His writing deploys symbols and multiple narratives that build on the collective memory of the Paraguayan people.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Hijo de hombre</i>, for example, constructs an "alternative history of popular movements" out of the people's recollections and symbols.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco1994331_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1994331-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intertextual novel <i>Yo, el Supremo</i> is particularly representative of this technique, both in its construction and narrative.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>El Fiscal</i> (1993), a third novel about the abuses of political power—this time focusing on Stroessner's régime—Roa Bastos again offers an alternative to the accepted versions of events in Paraguay and challenges "the intelligibility of history". To this end he weaves elements of fantasy and metafiction into his narratives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002139_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002139-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Humanism_and_the_engaged_writer">Humanism and the engaged writer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Humanism and the engaged writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roa Bastos believed that it was the role of the writer to directly engage in the interpretation of both contemporary and historical events. Rather than be the objective "chronicler", he thought the writer should engage morally with the social problems depicted in the writing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster196914_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster196914-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Roa Bastos, ”literary activity has come to signify the necessity for facing up to a destiny, the will to enlist in the vital reality of a collectivity, in its true moral context and social structure, in the complex relationships of a contemporary reality – that is to say, by projecting themselves toward a universal world of man.”<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197821_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197821-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, one of the major themes in the writing of Roa Bastos is a deep and universal humanism, with a particular focus on suffering<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Undoubtedly, Roa Bastos's own experiences played a significant role in his emphasis on human suffering. As a young man he fought in the Chaco war between Bolivia and Paraguay, an event he portrayed in <i>Hijo de hombre</i>. Later he saw the devastation of WWII at first hand in Europe, the violent strife of 1947 in Paraguay, and the rise of the Argentinian military dictatorship in 1976. His collection of short stories published in 1953, <i>El Trueno entre las Hojas</i>, set the stage for <i>Hijo de hombre</i> and <i>Yo, el Supremo</i> with its dark portrayal of devastating political struggle and oppression.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991404_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1991404-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two decades later, <i>Yo, el Supremo</i> was published, providing a prime example of Roa Bastos's idea of the <i>engaged writer</i>. It offered an unflattering, fictionalized account of the final thoughts and ramblings of Paraguay's first dictator, at a time when Paraguay was under the stranglehold of a regime that adopted many of the same policies of oppression and isolationism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–38_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–38-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roa Bastos was not alone in using literature to engage in contemporary events during the Latin American Boom period. In the 1960s and 1970s, Gabriel Garcia Marquez and others adopted the same approach.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, these writers created the <a href="/wiki/Dictator_novel" title="Dictator novel">Dictator novel</a> genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bilingualism">Bilingualism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bilingualism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As is customary for most Paraguayans of peasant or working class origins, Roa Bastos learned to speak Spanish and Guaraní from birth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197816_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197816-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Spanish and Guaraní are the official languages of Paraguay (the latter is primarily an oral language). Although Guaraní remains the "popular" language spoken at home and on the "street", Spanish is the language of official business and of power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendez-Faith1997619_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendez-Faith1997619-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The preservation and widespread use of an indigenous language after centuries of European immigration is unique in Latin America, and Guarani remains a symbol of Paraguayan nationalism and an "important vehicle for interpreting the country's reality".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendez-Faith1997619_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendez-Faith1997619-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is the legacy of the Jesuits who ruled Paraguay in the 18th century and used Guarani (instead of Spanish or Latin) to spread Christianity throughout Paraguay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197821_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197821-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Roa Bastos wrote primarily in Spanish, the interplay between these two languages is an essential part of his style. His bilingualism gives Roa Bastos a much greater range of language to work with, but also creates tension between an internationally recognized language and one that is obscure and fiercely Paraguayan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197816_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197816-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roa Bastos has described the relationship between the two languages as "an almost schizophrenic split not only on communicational levels of the spoken language, but also and quite particularly in the literary language."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197816_43-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197816-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_distinctions">Honors and distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Honors and distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Over the course of his career, Roa Bastos received a diversity of honors and distinctions. In 1941 he won the Ateneo Paraguayo Prize for his (unpublished) novel <i>Fulgencio Miranda</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197818_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197818-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This first award was followed by a British Council fellowship for journalism that enabled him to travel to Europe during World War II. In 1959 Roa Bastos won the Losada prize for his first published novel <i>Hijo de hombre</i>. The adaptation of this novel, for which he wrote the screenplay, won best film in the Spanish language and first prize of the Argentine Instituto de Cinematografia the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197811_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197811-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His most prestigious awards include two John Guggenheim Foundation Fellowships, awarded in 1970 and 1979,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Cervantes Prize, an award given by the Spanish government for lifetime achievement, and Spanish language literature's most prestigious prize, which he received in 1989. Roa Bastos donated most of his prize money to provide easier access to books in Paraguay.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBach1996_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBach1996-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, he received Paraguay's <a href="/wiki/National_Prize_for_Literature_(Paraguay)" title="National Prize for Literature (Paraguay)">National Prize for Literature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural1995_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural1995-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1997 France distinguished him as Chevalier of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion d'Honneur</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The writing of Roa Bastos spans four countries, six decades, and countless genres. In his lifetime he made important contributions to Latin American Boom writing,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevinson20023–4_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinson20023–4-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to the related Dictator Novel,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1996395_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1996395-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and to the <i>Nuevo Cine</i> film movement through screenplays like <i>Alias Gardelito</i> (1961).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnardRist199632–33_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnardRist199632–33-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roa Bastos's influence can be found in the works of many foreign post-boom writers, including <a href="/wiki/Mempo_Giardinelli" title="Mempo Giardinelli">Mempo Giardinelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabel_Allende" title="Isabel Allende">Isabel Allende</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eraclio_Zepeda" title="Eraclio Zepeda">Eraclio Zepeda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Sk%C3%A1rmeta" title="Antonio Skármeta">Antonio Skármeta</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saul_Ibargoyen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saul Ibargoyen (page does not exist)">Saul Ibargoyen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Luisa_Valenzuela" title="Luisa Valenzuela">Luisa Valenzuela</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891212_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891212-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most important author to come out of Paraguay, he also remains highly influential for a new generation of Paraguayan authors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeymour-Smith1985943_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour-Smith1985943-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Roa Bastos's relationship with his country, unbroken by over 40 years of exile, was considered so important that in 1989 he was invited back by Paraguay's new president, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Rodr%C3%ADguez_(President)" class="mw-redirect" title="Andrés Rodríguez (President)">Andrés Rodríguez</a>, following the collapse of the Stroessner regime.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991405_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1991405-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even before <i>Yo, el Supremo</i>, Roa Bastos was considered part of "the pantheon of great writers" by some critics, due to <i>Hijo de hombre</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it was the former work that cemented his place as a significant literary figure. According to Juan Manuel Marcos, <i>Yo, el Supremo</i> "anticipates many of the post-boom writing techniques" such as "the carnivalization of historical discourse, transtextualization, and parody".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mexican literary great, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> has called <i>Yo, el Supremo</i> one of the milestones in Latin American literature.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991405_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1991405-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While his reputation rests on his novels, Roa Bastos's achievements in film, creative writing, and journalism add further substance to his legacy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Published_works">Published works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Published works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Novels">Novels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Novels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hijo_de_hombre" title="Hijo de hombre">Hijo de hombre</a></i> (1960; <i>Son of Man</i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yo_el_Supremo" class="mw-redirect" title="Yo el Supremo">Yo el Supremo</a></i> (1974; <i>I the Supreme</i>)</li> <li><i>Vigilia del Almirante</i> (1992; <i>Vigil of the Admiral</i>)</li> <li><i>El fiscal</i> (1993; <i>The Prosecutor</i>)</li> <li><i>Contravida</i> (1994; <i>Counterlife</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short_fiction">Short fiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Short fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>El trueno entre las hojas</i> (1953; <i>Thunder Among the Leaves</i>)</li> <li><i>El baldío</i> (1966; <i>Vacant Ground</i>)</li> <li><i>Madera quemada</i> (1967; <i>Burnt Wood</i>)</li> <li><i>Los pies sobre el agua</i> (1967; <i>The Feet on the Water</i>)</li> <li><i>Moriencia</i> (1969; <i>Slaughter</i>)</li> <li><i>Cuerpo presente y otros cuentos</i> (1971; <i>Present Body and other stories</i>)</li> <li><i>El pollito de fuego</i> (The Fire Chick) (1974)</li> <li><i>Los Congresos</i> (The Congresses) (1974)</li> <li><i>El sonámbulo</i> (The Sleepwalker) (1976)</li> <li><i>Lucha hasta el alba</i> (Struggle until Dawn) (1979)</li> <li><i>Los Juegos</i> (1979; <i>The Games</i>)</li> <li><i>Contar un cuento, y otros relatos</i> (1984; <i>To Tell a Tale and Other Stories</i>)</li> <li><i>Madama Sui</i> (Madame Sui) (1996)</li> <li><i>Metaforismos</i> (Metaphorisms) (1996)</li> <li><i>La tierra sin mal</i> (1998; <i>Land Without Evil</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screenplays">Screenplays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Screenplays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Thunder_Among_the_Leaves" title="Thunder Among the Leaves">Thunder Among the Leaves</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sabaleros&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sabaleros (page does not exist)">Sabaleros</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_sangre_y_la_semilla" title="La sangre y la semilla">The blood and the seed</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shunko" title="Shunko">Shunko</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Alias_Gardelito" class="mw-redirect" title="Alias Gardelito">Alias Gardelito</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thirst_(1961_film)" title="Thirst (1961 film)">Thirst</a> / Son of man</i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_last_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="The last floor">The last floor</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_terrorist&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The terrorist (page does not exist)">The terrorist</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_demon_in_the_blood&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The demon in the blood (page does not exist)">The demon in the blood</a></i> (1963)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Boda_(1964_film)" title="La Boda (1964 film)">La Boda</a></i> ("The Wedding") (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_harvest&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The harvest (page does not exist)">The harvest</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punishment_to_the_traitor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Punishment to the traitor (page does not exist)">Punishment to the traitor</a></i> (1965)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_President_(1966_film)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The President (1966 film) (page does not exist)">The President</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_town_already_has_a_commissar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The town already has a commissar (page does not exist)">The town already has a commissar</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Soluna" title="Soluna">Soluna</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Madre_Mar%C3%ADa" title="La Madre María">La Madre María</a></i> (1974)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Poetry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>El ruiseñor de la aurora, y otros poemas</i> (1942; <i>The Dawn Nightingale, and other poems</i>) *Written in 1936</li> <li>"El naranjal ardiente" (1960; "The Burning Orange Grove") *Written between 1947 and 1949</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_writings">Other writings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other writings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Cándido Lopez</i> (1976)</li> <li><i>Imagen y perspectivas de la narrativa latinoamericana actual</i> (1979)</li> <li><i>Lucha hasta el alba</i> (1979)</li> <li><i>Rafael Barrett y la realidad paraguaya a comienzos del siglo</i> (1981)</li> <li><i>El tiranosaurio del Paraguay da sus últimas boqueadas</i> (1986)</li> <li><i>Carta abierta a mi pueblo</i> (1986)</li> <li><i>El texto cautivo: el escritor y su obra</i> (1990)</li> <li><i>Mis reflexiones sobre el guión de "Hijo de hombre"</i> (1993)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compilations_and_anthologies">Compilations and anthologies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Compilations and anthologies"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Antología personal</i> (1980; <i>Personal Anthology</i>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Translations">Translations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Translations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Hijo de hombre</i> as <i>Son of Man</i> (1965) Rachel Caffyn</li> <li><i>Yo el Supremo</i> as <i>I the Supreme</i> (1986) Helen Lane</li> <li><i>El Fiscal</i> as <i>The Prosecutor</i> (2018) Helene Carol Weldt-Basson</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing198316-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198316_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing198316_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1983">King 1983</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992736_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlores1992">Flores 1992</a>, p. 736.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197817-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197817_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197817_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197817_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaistor2005-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaistor2005_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCaistor2005">Caistor 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197811-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197811_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197811_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992737_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlores1992">Flores 1992</a>, p. 737.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197818-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197818_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197818_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWard1978500-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWard1978500_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWard1978">Ward 1978</a>, p. 500.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197819-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197819_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197819_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnardRist199632–33-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnardRist199632–33_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnardRist199632–33_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarnardRist1996">Barnard & Rist 1996</a>, pp. 32–33.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891212-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891212_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891212_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcos1989">Marcos 1989</a>, p. 1212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992487_12-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcos1992">Marcos 1992</a>, p. 487.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1991405-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991405_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991405_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991405_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan1991">Ryan 1991</a>, p. 405.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlores1992739-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlores1992739_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFlores1992">Flores 1992</a>, p. 739.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197838-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197838_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197838_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERyan1991404-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991404_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991404_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERyan1991404_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRyan1991">Ryan 1991</a>, p. 404.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197840-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197840_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197840_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197839-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197839_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHoyt_Williams197999-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHoyt_Williams197999_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHoyt_Williams1979">Hoyt Williams 1979</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster19782-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster19782_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMartin1989278-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMartin1989278_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMartin1989">Martin 1989</a>, p. 278.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFuentes1986-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFuentes1986_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFuentes1986">Fuentes 1986</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETobia1997423-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETobia1997423_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTobia1997">Tobia 1997</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDe_Costa1997186-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDe_Costa1997186_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDe_Costa1997">De Costa 1997</a>, p. 186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891209-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891209_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcos1989">Marcos 1989</a>, p. 1209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891210-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891210_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcos1989">Marcos 1989</a>, p. 1210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1997a102-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1997a102_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1997a">Lewis 1997a</a>, p. 102.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster196918-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster196918_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1969">Foster 1969</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992485-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992485_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcos1992">Marcos 1992</a>, p. 485.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891211–1212-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos19891211–1212_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcos1989">Marcos 1989</a>, pp. 1211–1212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992486-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarcos1992486_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarcos1992">Marcos 1992</a>, p. 486.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster196911-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster196911_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1969">Foster 1969</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis1997b717-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELewis1997b717_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1997b">Lewis 1997b</a>, p. 717.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster196919-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster196919_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1969">Foster 1969</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197824-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197824_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197825-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197825_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–39_37-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2002">Shaw 2002</a>, pp. 137–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranco1994331-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranco1994331_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranco1994">Franco 1994</a>, p. 331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002139-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002139_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2002">Shaw 2002</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster196914-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster196914_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1969">Foster 1969</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197821-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197821_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197821_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–38-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShaw2002137–38_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShaw2002">Shaw 2002</a>, pp. 137–38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoster197816-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197816_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197816_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFoster197816_43-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFoster1978">Foster 1978</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMendez-Faith1997619-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendez-Faith1997619_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMendez-Faith1997619_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMendez-Faith1997">Mendez-Faith 1997</a>, p. 619.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gf.org/fellows/all-fellows/augusto-roa-bastos/">"Augusto Roa Bastos"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Augusto+Roa+Bastos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gf.org%2Ffellows%2Fall-fellows%2Faugusto-roa-bastos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBach1996-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBach1996_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBach1996">Bach 1996</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECultural1995-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECultural1995_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCultural1995">Cultural 1995</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevinson20023–4-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevinson20023–4_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLevinson2002">Levinson 2002</a>, pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1996395-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWood1996395_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWood1996">Wood 1996</a>, p. 395.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESeymour-Smith1985943-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESeymour-Smith1985943_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSeymour-Smith1985">Seymour-Smith 1985</a>, p. 943.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Augusto_Roa_Bastos" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Augusto Roa Bastos">Augusto Roa Bastos</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBach1996" class="citation cs2">Bach, Caleb (November–December 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=9703041176&site=ehost-live">"Augusto Roa Bastos: Outwitting Reality"</a>, <i>Americas</i>, <b>48</b> (6)<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Americas&rft.atitle=Augusto+Roa+Bastos%3A+Outwitting+Reality&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=6&rft.date=1996-11%2F1996-12&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Caleb&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ebscohost.com%2Flogin.aspx%3Fdirect%3Dtrue%26db%3Daph%26AN%3D9703041176%26site%3Dehost-live&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnardRist1996" class="citation cs2">Barnard, Timothy; Rist, Peter, eds. (1996), <i>South American Cinema: A Critical Filmography, 1915–1994</i>, New York: Garland, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4574-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8240-4574-6"><bdi>978-0-8240-4574-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+American+Cinema%3A+A+Critical+Filmography%2C+1915%E2%80%931994&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8240-4574-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaistor2005" class="citation cs2">Caistor, Nick (28 April 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.guardian.co.uk/obituaries/story/0,11617,1472133,00.html">"Obituary: Augusto Roa Bastos"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Augusto+Roa+Bastos&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft.aulast=Caistor&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.guardian.co.uk%2Fobituaries%2Fstory%2F0%2C11617%2C1472133%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Costa1997" class="citation cs2">De Costa, Elena (1997), "Caudillismo and Dictatorship", in Smith, Verity (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature</i>, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 185–186, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3"><bdi>978-1-884964-18-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caudillismo+and+Dictatorship&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=185-186&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-18-3&rft.aulast=De+Costa&rft.aufirst=Elena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlores1992" class="citation cs2">Flores, Angel, ed. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishamericana00flor/page/736">"Augusto Roa Bastos"</a>, <i>Spanish American Authors: The Twentieth Century</i>, New York: H.W. Wilson Company, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/spanishamericana00flor/page/736">736–740</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0806-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8242-0806-6"><bdi>978-0-8242-0806-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augusto+Roa+Bastos&rft.btitle=Spanish+American+Authors%3A+The+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=736-740&rft.pub=H.W.+Wilson+Company&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8242-0806-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishamericana00flor%2Fpage%2F736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1969" class="citation cs2">Foster, David William (1969), <i>The Myth of Paraguay in the Fiction of Augusto Roa Bastos</i>, Chapel Hill: University of South Carolina Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/35264">35264</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Paraguay+in+the+Fiction+of+Augusto+Roa+Bastos&rft.place=Chapel+Hill&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F35264&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=David+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1978" class="citation cs2">Foster, David William (1978), <i>Augusto Roa Bastos</i>, Boston: Twayne, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8057-6348-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8057-6348-1"><bdi>0-8057-6348-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Augusto+Roa+Bastos&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Twayne&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=0-8057-6348-1&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=David+William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranco1994" class="citation cs2">Franco, Jean (1994), <i>An Introduction to Spanish American Literature</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44923-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-44923-6"><bdi>978-0-521-44923-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Spanish+American+Literature&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-521-44923-6&rft.aulast=Franco&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuentes1986" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Fuentes, Carlos</a> (6 April 1986), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/books/00/09/24/nnp/supreme.html">"A Despot, Now and Forever. Review of <i>I, the Supreme</i>"</a>, <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2008</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+Despot%2C+Now+and+Forever.+Review+of+I%2C+the+Supreme&rft.date=1986-04-06&rft.aulast=Fuentes&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2Fbooks%2F00%2F09%2F24%2Fnnp%2Fsupreme.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoyt_Williams1979" class="citation cs2">Hoyt Williams, John (1979), <i>The Rise and Fall of the Paraguayan Republic</i>, Austin: University of Texas Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77017-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-77017-1"><bdi>978-0-292-77017-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+of+the+Paraguayan+Republic&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-292-77017-1&rft.aulast=Hoyt+Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing1983" class="citation cs2">King, John (August 1983), "Profile: Augusto Roa Bastos", <i><a href="/wiki/Index_on_Censorship" title="Index on Censorship">Index on Censorship</a></i>, <b>12</b> (4): 15–17, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03064228308533562">10.1080/03064228308533562</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:148379346">148379346</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=Profile%3A+Augusto+Roa+Bastos&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=15-17&rft.date=1983-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03064228308533562&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A148379346%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevinson2002" class="citation cs2">Levinson, Brett (2002), <i>The Ends of Literature: The Latin American Boom in the Neoliberal Marketplace</i>, Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4346-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8047-4346-4"><bdi>978-0-8047-4346-4</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ends+of+Literature%3A+The+Latin+American+Boom+in+the+Neoliberal+Marketplace&rft.place=Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8047-4346-4&rft.aulast=Levinson&rft.aufirst=Brett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997a" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Tracy K. (1997a), "Lo que son los yerbales: Essay by Rafael Barrett", in Smith, Verity (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature</i>, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 101–102, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3"><bdi>978-1-884964-18-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lo+que+son+los+yerbales%3A+Essay+by+Rafael+Barrett&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=101-102&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-18-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Tracy+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1997b" class="citation cs2">Lewis, Tracy K. (1997b), "Augusto Roa Bastos 1917–: Paraguayan prose writer, poet, dramatist", in Smith, Verity (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature</i>, London: <a href="/wiki/Fitzroy_Dearborn" class="mw-redirect" title="Fitzroy Dearborn">Fitzroy Dearborn</a>, pp. 716–717, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3"><bdi>978-1-884964-18-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augusto+Roa+Bastos+1917%E2%80%93%3A+Paraguayan+prose+writer%2C+poet%2C+dramatist&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=716-717&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-18-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Tracy+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcos1989" class="citation cs2">Marcos, Juan Manuel (1989), "Augusto Roa Bastos", in Solé, Carlos; Abreu, María Isabel (eds.), <i>Latin American Writers</i>, vol. 3, New York: Scribner, pp. 1209–1213, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18463-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-18463-0"><bdi>978-0-684-18463-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Augusto+Roa+Bastos&rft.btitle=Latin+American+Writers&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=1209-1213&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-684-18463-0&rft.aulast=Marcos&rft.aufirst=Juan+Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcos1992" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-long-vol">Marcos, Juan Manuel (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookoflatina00fostrich/page/469">"Paraguay"</a>, in Foster, David William (ed.), <i>Handbook of Latin American Literature</i>, vol. Second Edition, London: Garland, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/handbookoflatina00fostrich/page/469">469–491</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0343-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8153-0343-5"><bdi>978-0-8153-0343-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paraguay&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Latin+American+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=469-491&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-8153-0343-5&rft.aulast=Marcos&rft.aufirst=Juan+Manuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhandbookoflatina00fostrich%2Fpage%2F469&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1989" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Martin" title="Gerald Martin">Martin, Gerald</a> (1989), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeysthroughl00mart"><i>Journeys through the Labyrinth: Latin American Fiction in the Twentieth Century</i></a>, London: Verso, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-952-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86091-952-0"><bdi>978-0-86091-952-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journeys+through+the+Labyrinth%3A+Latin+American+Fiction+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-86091-952-0&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneysthroughl00mart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMendez-Faith1997" class="citation cs2">Mendez-Faith, Theresa (1997), "Paraguay: 19th- and 20th-Century Prose, Poetry, And Literature in Guaraní", in Smith, Verity (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature</i>, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 619–624, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3"><bdi>978-1-884964-18-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Paraguay%3A+19th-+and+20th-Century+Prose%2C+Poetry%2C+And+Literature+in+Guaran%C3%AD&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=619-624&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-18-3&rft.aulast=Mendez-Faith&rft.aufirst=Theresa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRyan1991" class="citation cs2">Ryan, Bryan, ed. (1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hispanicwriters00brya/page/403">"ROA BASTOS, Augusto (Antonio) 1917–"</a>, <i>Hispanic Writers: A Selection of Sketches from Contemporary Authors</i>, Detroit: Gale Research, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hispanicwriters00brya/page/403">403–405</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-7688-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8103-7688-5"><bdi>978-0-8103-7688-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ROA+BASTOS%2C+Augusto+%28Antonio%29+1917%E2%80%93&rft.btitle=Hispanic+Writers%3A+A+Selection+of+Sketches+from+Contemporary+Authors&rft.place=Detroit&rft.pages=403-405&rft.pub=Gale+Research&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-8103-7688-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhispanicwriters00brya%2Fpage%2F403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeymour-Smith1985" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Seymour-Smith" title="Martin Seymour-Smith">Seymour-Smith, Martin</a> (1985), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newguidetomodern00seym"><i>The New Guide to Modern World Literature</i></a>, New York: Peter Bedrick, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87226-000-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87226-000-9"><bdi>978-0-87226-000-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Guide+to+Modern+World+Literature&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Peter+Bedrick&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-87226-000-9&rft.aulast=Seymour-Smith&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewguidetomodern00seym&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw2002" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Shaw_(academic)" title="Donald Shaw (academic)">Shaw, Donald Leslie</a> (2002), <i>A Companion to Modern Spanish American Fiction</i>, Woodbridge, UK: Boydell and Brewer, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85566-078-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85566-078-6"><bdi>978-1-85566-078-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Modern+Spanish+American+Fiction&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Boydell+and+Brewer&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-85566-078-6&rft.aulast=Shaw&rft.aufirst=Donald+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTobia1997" class="citation cs2">Tobia, Luis Martel (1997), "The Historical Novel", in Smith, Verity (ed.), <i>Encyclopedia of Latin American Literature</i>, London: Fitzroy Dearborn, pp. 422–423, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-18-3"><bdi>978-1-884964-18-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historical+Novel&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+Literature&rft.place=London&rft.pages=422-423&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-884964-18-3&rft.aulast=Tobia&rft.aufirst=Luis+Martel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard1978" class="citation cs2">Ward, Philip (1978), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oxfordcompaniont00ibli"><i>The Oxford Companion to Spanish Literature</i></a>, Oxford: Clarendon, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866114-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-866114-6"><bdi>978-0-19-866114-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Spanish+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-19-866114-6&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foxfordcompaniont00ibli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1996" class="citation cs2">Wood, Michael (1996), "Spanish America", in <a href="/wiki/John_Sturrock_(writer)" title="John Sturrock (writer)">Sturrock, John</a> (ed.), <i>The Oxford Guide to Contemporary World Literature</i>, Oxford: Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283318-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-283318-1"><bdi>978-0-19-283318-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Spanish+America&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Guide+to+Contemporary+World+Literature&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-19-283318-1&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCultural1995" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://acervo.observatoriocultural.gov.py/-/premio-nacional-de-literatura-1995"><i>Premio Nacional de Literatura 1995</i></a> [<i>1995 National Prize for Literature</i>] (in Spanish), <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Center_of_the_Republic" title="Cultural Center of the Republic">Cultural Center of the Republic</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Premio+Nacional+de+Literatura+1995&rft.pub=Cultural+Center+of+the+Republic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Facervo.observatoriocultural.gov.py%2F-%2Fpremio-nacional-de-literatura-1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAugusto+Roa+Bastos" class="Z3988"></span>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Augusto_Roa_Bastos&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0060566/">Augusto Roa Bastos</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li></ul> <div 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Novels_by_Augusto_Roa_Bastos" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Template:Augusto Roa Bastos"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Template talk:Augusto Roa Bastos"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Augusto_Roa_Bastos" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Augusto Roa Bastos"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Novels_by_Augusto_Roa_Bastos" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Novels by <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augusto Roa Bastos</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hijo_de_hombre" title="Hijo de hombre">Hijo de hombre</a></i> (1960)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/I,_the_Supreme" title="I, the Supreme">Yo, el Supremo</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vigilia_del_admirante&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vigilia del admirante (page does not exist)">Vigilia del admirante</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=El_fiscal_(Augusto_Roa_Bastos_novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="El fiscal (Augusto Roa Bastos novel) (page does not exist)">El fiscal</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Contravida&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contravida (page does not exist)">Contravida</a></i> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Template:Miguel de Cervantes Prize"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Template talk:Miguel de Cervantes Prize"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Miguel de Cervantes Prize"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Laureates of the <a href="/wiki/Miguel_de_Cervantes_Prize" title="Miguel de Cervantes Prize">Miguel de Cervantes Prize</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Guill%C3%A9n" title="Jorge Guillén">Jorge Guillén</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Alejo_Carpentier" title="Alejo Carpentier">Alejo Carpentier</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1maso_Alonso" title="Dámaso Alonso">Dámaso Alonso</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerardo_Diego" title="Gerardo Diego">Gerardo Diego</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Carlos_Onetti" title="Juan Carlos Onetti">Juan Carlos Onetti</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Octavio_Paz" title="Octavio Paz">Octavio Paz</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Rosales" title="Luis Rosales">Luis Rosales</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Alberti" title="Rafael Alberti">Rafael Alberti</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Sabato" title="Ernesto Sabato">Ernesto Sabato</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Torrente_Ballester" title="Gonzalo Torrente Ballester">Gonzalo Torrente Ballester</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Buero_Vallejo" title="Antonio Buero Vallejo">Antonio Buero Vallejo</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Zambrano" title="María Zambrano">María Zambrano</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Augusto Roa Bastos</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Bioy_Casares" title="Adolfo Bioy Casares">Adolfo Bioy Casares</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Ayala_(novelist)" title="Francisco Ayala (novelist)">Francisco Ayala</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Mar%C3%ADa_Loynaz" title="Dulce María Loynaz">Dulce María Loynaz</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Delibes" title="Miguel Delibes">Miguel Delibes</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Mario_Vargas_Llosa" title="Mario Vargas Llosa">Mario Vargas Llosa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Camilo_Jos%C3%A9_Cela" title="Camilo José Cela">Camilo José Cela</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Garc%C3%ADa_Nieto" title="José García Nieto">José García Nieto</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Cabrera_Infante" title="Guillermo Cabrera Infante">Guillermo Cabrera Infante</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hierro" title="José Hierro">José Hierro</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Edwards" title="Jorge Edwards">Jorge Edwards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Umbral" title="Francisco Umbral">Francisco Umbral</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Mutis" title="Álvaro Mutis">Álvaro Mutis</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Jim%C3%A9nez_Lozano" title="José Jiménez Lozano">José Jiménez Lozano</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Gonzalo_Rojas" title="Gonzalo Rojas">Gonzalo Rojas</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_S%C3%A1nchez_Ferlosio" title="Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio">Rafael Sánchez Ferlosio</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Pitol" title="Sergio Pitol">Sergio Pitol</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gamoneda" title="Antonio Gamoneda">Antonio Gamoneda</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Gelman" title="Juan Gelman">Juan Gelman</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Mars%C3%A9" title="Juan Marsé">Juan Marsé</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Emilio_Pacheco" title="José Emilio Pacheco">José Emilio Pacheco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Ana_Mar%C3%ADa_Matute" title="Ana María Matute">Ana María Matute</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Nicanor_Parra" title="Nicanor Parra">Nicanor Parra</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Caballero_Bonald" title="José Manuel Caballero Bonald">José Manuel Caballero Bonald</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Elena_Poniatowska" title="Elena Poniatowska">Elena Poniatowska</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Juan_Goytisolo" title="Juan Goytisolo">Juan Goytisolo</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Fernando_del_Paso" title="Fernando del Paso">Fernando del Paso</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Mendoza_Garriga" title="Eduardo Mendoza Garriga">Eduardo Mendoza</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Ram%C3%ADrez" title="Sergio Ramírez">Sergio Ramírez</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Ida_Vitale" title="Ida Vitale">Ida Vitale</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Joan_Margarit" title="Joan Margarit">Joan Margarit</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Brines" title="Francisco Brines">Francisco Brines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Cristina_Peri_Rossi" title="Cristina Peri Rossi">Cristina Peri Rossi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Rafael_Cadenas" title="Rafael Cadenas">Rafael Cadenas</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mateo_D%C3%ADez" title="Luis Mateo Díez">Luis Mateo Díez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/%C3%81lvaro_Pombo" title="Álvaro Pombo">Álvaro Pombo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159967#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159967#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121302727">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/44304512">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/43391/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyx9DkxYt7tMdRkq9hGpP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118601415">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roa Bastos, Augusto, 1917-2005"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79112312">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119221408">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119221408">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00454315">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Roa Bastos, Augusto"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV044874">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35454556">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990007065&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1024084">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/287400">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p069299811">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90143354">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000184300&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=81425">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000047008">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/fcrtv8lz2r4rtf5">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810697464605606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/160790">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007434145505171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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