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"https://www.academia.edu/login?post_login_redirect_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F101812459%2FDescription_of_Hazardous_Substances_Events_in_the_Manufacturing_of_Chemicals_and_Allied_Products%3Fshow_translation%3Dtrue"; window.loswp.previewableAttachments = [{"id":102249437,"identifier":"Attachment_102249437","shouldShowBulkDownload":false}]; window.loswp.shouldDetectTimezone = true; window.loswp.shouldShowBulkDownload = true; window.loswp.showSignupCaptcha = false window.loswp.willEdgeCache = false; window.loswp.work = {"work":{"id":101812459,"created_at":"2023-05-15T08:15:42.482-07:00","from_world_paper_id":233757151,"updated_at":"2025-02-01T17:33:43.438-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center","ai_title_tag":"Hazardous Substance Events in Chemical Manufacturing","grobid_abstract":"This report describes events involving the acute release of hazardous substances from reported to the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system for 1993-2000. HSEES, a surveillance system maintained by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), collects data on the industries/services associated with events. This analysis focuses on fixed-facility events that occurred during the manufacturing of chemicals and allied products (i.e. categorized according to the 1990 Industrial Classification System (ICS) of the U.S. Bureau of the Census). This is the most frequently reported industry category in the surveillance system, with over 12,000 events (28% of all events and 35% of fixed-facility events). Further classification found that the majority (71%) of these events involved the manufacturing of industrial and miscellaneous chemicals (ICS code 192), and 21% plastics, synthetics, and resins (ICS code 180. A total of 2,676 persons reported injuries in 307 fixedfacility events. Most of the injured persons were employees (42%), followed by the general public (38%), students (15%), and responders (5%). Thirty-five percent of all injured persons and 46% of all injured employees had respiratory symptoms. Releases frequently occurred in processing vessels, and the majority were due to equipment failure. A review of the data indicates that manufacturers of chemicals and allied products could help reduce morbidity and mortality by taking preventive actions such as performing regular maintenance of processing equipment, encouraging employees to wear respiratory protection, and educating the public on what to do in the event of a release from these facilities.","publication_date":"2002,,","publication_name":"Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"102249437"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Description of Hazardous Substances Events in the Manufacturing of Chemicals and Allied Products","broadcastable":true,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [55014457]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "control"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loginModal = {}; window.loginModal.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon'; window.userInChina = "false";</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div class="ds-work-card--grid-container"><div class="ds-work-card--container js-loswp-work-card"><div class="ds-work-card--cover"><div class="ds-work-cover--wrapper"><div class="ds-work-cover--container"><button class="ds-work-cover--clickable js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"swp-splash-paper-cover","attachmentId":102249437,"attachmentType":"pdf"}"><img alt="First page of “Description of Hazardous Substances Events in the Manufacturing of Chemicals and Allied Products”" class="ds-work-cover--cover-thumbnail" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/attachment_thumbnails/102249437/mini_magick20230515-1-exliu4.png?1684167661" /><img alt="PDF Icon" class="ds-work-cover--file-icon" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/single_work_splash/adobe_icon.svg" /><div class="ds-work-cover--hover-container"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span><p>Download Free PDF</p></div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-container">Download Free PDF</div><div class="ds-work-cover--ribbon-triangle"></div></button></div></div></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-information"><h1 class="ds-work-card--work-title">Description of Hazardous Substances Events in the Manufacturing of Chemicals and Allied Products</h1><div class="ds-work-card--work-authors ds-work-card--detail"><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55014457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KayeWendy"><img alt="Profile image of Wendy Kaye" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Wendy Kaye</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"><p class="ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-sm">2002, Mary Kay O'Connor Process Safety Center</p><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata"><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">visibility</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm" id="work-metadata-view-count">…</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">description</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">13 pages</p></div><div class="ds-work-card--work-metadata__stat"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">link</span><p class="ds2-5-body-sm">1 file</p></div></div><script>(async () => { const workId = 101812459; const worksViewsPath = "/v0/works/views?subdomain_param=api&work_ids%5B%5D=101812459"; const getWorkViews = async (workId) => { const response = await fetch(worksViewsPath); if (!response.ok) { throw new Error('Failed to load work views'); } const data = await response.json(); return data.views[workId]; }; // Get the view count for the work - we send this immediately rather than waiting for // the DOM to load, so it can be available as soon as possible (but without holding up // the backend or other resource requests, because it's a bit expensive and not critical). const viewCount = await getWorkViews(workId); const updateViewCount = (viewCount) => { try { const viewCountNumber = parseInt(viewCount, 10); if (viewCountNumber === 0) { // Remove the whole views element if there are zero views. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); return; } const commaizedViewCount = viewCountNumber.toLocaleString(); const viewCountBody = document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count'); if (!viewCountBody) { throw new Error('Failed to find work views element'); } viewCountBody.textContent = `${commaizedViewCount} views`; } catch (error) { // Remove the whole views element if there was some issue parsing. document.getElementById('work-metadata-view-count')?.parentNode?.remove(); throw new Error(`Failed to parse view count: ${viewCount}`, error); } }; // If the DOM is still loading, wait for it to be ready before updating the view count. if (document.readyState === "loading") { document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', () => { updateViewCount(viewCount); }); // Otherwise, just update it immediately. } else { updateViewCount(viewCount); } })();</script></div><p class="ds-work-card--work-abstract ds-work-card--detail ds2-5-body-md">This report describes events involving the acute release of hazardous substances from reported to the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system for 1993-2000. HSEES, a surveillance system maintained by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), collects data on the industries/services associated with events. This analysis focuses on fixed-facility events that occurred during the manufacturing of chemicals and allied products (i.e. categorized according to the 1990 Industrial Classification System (ICS) of the U.S. Bureau of the Census). This is the most frequently reported industry category in the surveillance system, with over 12,000 events (28% of all events and 35% of fixed-facility events). Further classification found that the majority (71%) of these events involved the manufacturing of industrial and miscellaneous chemicals (ICS code 192), and 21% plastics, synthetics, and resins (ICS code 180. A total of 2,676 persons reported injuries in 307 fixedfacility events. Most of the injured persons were employees (42%), followed by the general public (38%), students (15%), and responders (5%). Thirty-five percent of all injured persons and 46% of all injured employees had respiratory symptoms. Releases frequently occurred in processing vessels, and the majority were due to equipment failure. A review of the data indicates that manufacturers of chemicals and allied products could help reduce morbidity and mortality by taking preventive actions such as performing regular maintenance of processing equipment, encouraging employees to wear respiratory protection, and educating the public on what to do in the event of a release from these facilities.</p><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--work-card","attachmentId":102249437,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/101812459/Description_of_Hazardous_Substances_Events_in_the_Manufacturing_of_Chemicals_and_Allied_Products"}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--work-card","attachmentId":102249437,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":"https://www.academia.edu/101812459/Description_of_Hazardous_Substances_Events_in_the_Manufacturing_of_Chemicals_and_Allied_Products"}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger-container"><div class="ds-signup-banner-trigger ds-signup-banner-trigger-premium-marketing"></div></div><div class="ds-signup-banner ds-signup-banner-premium-marketing"><div id="ds-signup-banner-close-button"><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--inverse"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">close</span></button></div><div class="premium-banner-content"><div class="left"><img src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-capital-white.svg" /><span>Get access to the world's latest research</span></div><div class="right"><div class="card free"><div class="header">Free</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Download one paper at a time</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Save papers to bookmarks</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Basic search</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-free"}">Sign up for free</button></div><div class="card premium"><div class="pill">Recommended</div><div class="header premium">Premium</div><div class="feature-list"><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Get highly curated PDF packages</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Track your impact with Mentions</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Access advanced search filters</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Support Academia’s mission</span></div><div class="feature"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">check</span><span>Create your personal website</span></div></div><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--small ds2-5-button--inverse ds2-5-button--full-width js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"premium-banner-desktop-upgrade","submitText":"Try Premium for $1"}">Try Premium for $1</button></div></div></div></div><script>(() => { // Set up signup banner show/hide behavior: // 1. 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HSEES, maintained by the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR), collects data on the industries/services associated with events. This analysis focuses on fixed-facility events that occurred during the manufacturing of chemicals and allied products (i.e. categorized according to the 1990 Industrial Classification System (ICS) of the US Bureau of the Census). This is the most frequently reported industry category in the surveillance system, with over 12,000 events (28% of all events and 35% of fixed-facility events). Further classification found that the majority (71%) of these events involved the manufacturing of industrial and miscellaneous chemicals (ICS code 192), and 21% plastics, synthetics, and resins (ICS code 180). A total of 2676 persons reported injuries in 307 fixed-facility events. Most of the injured persons were employees (42%), followed by the general public (38%), students (15%), and responders (5%). Thirty-five percent of all injured persons and 46% of all injured employees had respiratory symptoms. Releases frequently occurred in processing vessels, and the majority was due to equipment failure. A review of the data indicates that manufacturers of chemicals and allied products could help reduce morbidity and mortality by taking preventive actions such as performing regular maintenance of processing equipment, regular training of employees and encouraging them to wear respiratory protection, and educating the public on what to do in the event of a release from these facilities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hazardous substances events associated with the manufacturing of chemicals and allied products","attachmentId":49597195,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29151935/Hazardous_substances_events_associated_with_the_manufacturing_of_chemicals_and_allied_products","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29151935/Hazardous_substances_events_associated_with_the_manufacturing_of_chemicals_and_allied_products"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="80327587" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/80327587/Factors_Associated_with_Severity_of_Injury_Resulting_from_Acute_Releases_of_Hazardous_Substances_in_the_Manufacturing_Industry">Factors Associated with Severity of Injury Resulting from Acute Releases of Hazardous Substances in the Manufacturing Industry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="40983852" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HuimanBarnhart">Huiman Barnhart</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 2003</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Data from the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance system was used to identify factors associated with the severity of injuries of victims (an ordinal outcome variable) harmed in acute chemical release events in the manufacturing industry. We used proportional odds models to account for the order of severity in the outcome, with the general estimation equation. There were 659 events involving 2826 victims. More severe injuries were associated with explosion (adjusted OR aOR ϭ 6.45), multiple chemicals (aOR ϭ 1.75), multiple chemical categories (aOR ϭ 1.70), the chemical group acids (aOR ϭ 1.6), multiple injuries to an individual (aOR ϭ 1.38-1.56) (ranges represent several models), confinement within a structure in a fixed facility (aOR ϭ 1.76-1.90), and being located in the midwest region (aOR ϭ 1.76-1.90). The summer was less likely than all other seasons to be associated with more severe outcome. The results provide information beneficial for preventive activities.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Factors Associated with Severity of Injury Resulting from Acute Releases of Hazardous Substances in the Manufacturing Industry","attachmentId":86746755,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/80327587/Factors_Associated_with_Severity_of_Injury_Resulting_from_Acute_Releases_of_Hazardous_Substances_in_the_Manufacturing_Industry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/80327587/Factors_Associated_with_Severity_of_Injury_Resulting_from_Acute_Releases_of_Hazardous_Substances_in_the_Manufacturing_Industry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="15976841" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/15976841/Morbidity_and_mortality_from_hazardous_materials_events_in_the_personal_services_industry_1993_2001_A_follow_up_report_from_the_Hazardous_Substances_Emergency_Events_Surveillance_HSEES_system">Morbidity and mortality from hazardous materials events in the personal services industry, 1993-2001: A follow-up report from the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="35129153" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ZahavaBerkowitz">Zahava Berkowitz</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 2005</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Background An estimated 8% of acute hazardous materials (HazMat) events that occur annually in the United States involve victims. Little information is available in the literature pinpointing which industries are associated with these acute events. Methods Data from the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry's Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system were analyzed to determine which industry categories had the highest proportion of events with victims. These data were collected from 17 state health departments that participated in the HSEES system from 1993 through 2001. Results During 1993 through 2001, 53,142 HazMat events occurred, of which 51,989 involved actual releases. Of these events with actual releases, 4,324 (8.3%) involved victims. Of the 14 major industrial categories analyzed, personal services-with 1,311 total events, including 468 with victims-had the highest major industrial category proportion of events with victims (35.7%). This high proportion of events with victims was associated mainly with the following three personal services subcategories: private households; laundry, cleaning, and garment services; and hotels and motels. Most of the victims injured in personal services events involved members of the general public. The most frequently reported symptom was respiratory irritation. The causal factors leading to most releases were operator error, followed by deliberate/illegal damage. Conclusions Targeting the personal services industries with appropriate prevention strategies may be an effective way to help begin reducing the high proportion of events with victims in this category.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Morbidity and mortality from hazardous materials events in the personal services industry, 1993-2001: A follow-up report from the Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) system","attachmentId":42794457,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/15976841/Morbidity_and_mortality_from_hazardous_materials_events_in_the_personal_services_industry_1993_2001_A_follow_up_report_from_the_Hazardous_Substances_Emergency_Events_Surveillance_HSEES_system","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/15976841/Morbidity_and_mortality_from_hazardous_materials_events_in_the_personal_services_industry_1993_2001_A_follow_up_report_from_the_Hazardous_Substances_Emergency_Events_Surveillance_HSEES_system"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="29236467" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29236467/Risk_factors_for_acute_chemical_releases_with_public_health_consequences_Hazardous_Substances_Emergency_Events_Surveillance_in_the_U_S_1996_2001">Risk factors for acute chemical releases with public health consequences: Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance in the U.S., 1996-2001</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55014457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KayeWendy">Wendy Kaye</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Environmental health : a global access science source, 2004</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Releases of hazardous materials can cause substantial morbidity and mortality. To reduce and prevent the public health consequences (victims or evacuations) from uncontrolled or illegally released hazardous substances, a more comprehensive analysis is needed to determine risk factors for hazardous materials incidents. Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance (HSEES) data from 1996 through 2001 were analyzed using bivariate and multiple logistic regression. Fixed-facility and transportation-related events were analyzed separately. For fixed-facility events, 2,327 (8%) resulted in at least one victim and 2,844 (10%) involved ordered evacuations. For transportation-related events, 759 (8%) resulted in at least one victim, and 405 (4%) caused evacuation orders. Fire and/or explosion were the strongest risk factors for events involving either victims or evacuations. Stratified analysis of fixed-facility events involving victims showed a strong association for acid releases in t...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk factors for acute chemical releases with public health consequences: Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance in the U.S., 1996-2001","attachmentId":49688041,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29236467/Risk_factors_for_acute_chemical_releases_with_public_health_consequences_Hazardous_Substances_Emergency_Events_Surveillance_in_the_U_S_1996_2001","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29236467/Risk_factors_for_acute_chemical_releases_with_public_health_consequences_Hazardous_Substances_Emergency_Events_Surveillance_in_the_U_S_1996_2001"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="126542830" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/126542830/Major_Chemical_Incidents_Bridging_the_Occupational_Public_Health_Gap">Major Chemical Incidents: Bridging the Occupational Public Health Gap</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="109493773" href="https://independent.academia.edu/GaryColeman14">Gary Coleman</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Occupational Medicine, 2000</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Increasing awareness and concern about possible long-term health effects of exposure to chemicals after major chemical incidents has opened up a new area of public health activity. However, progress is hampered by a lack of low level exposures in potentially highly susceptible subgroups of the populations, and by a lack of expertise in public health. The challenge is to extend the toxicological and epidemiological experience developed in the occupational setting to the community level. To better define the problem population surveillance of acute chemical hazards, first set up in Wales, has been extended throughout the UK, and is also being piloted internationally. Further work is needed to address specific problems of the epidemiological follow-up of populations exposed, the assessment of the psychological consequences at the community level, and risk perception and communication. Organisational arrangements for the public health management of incidents and their sequelae must move beyond short-term funding and market competition and must incorporate the expertise of the occupational disciplines.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Major Chemical Incidents: Bridging the Occupational Public Health Gap","attachmentId":120405271,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/126542830/Major_Chemical_Incidents_Bridging_the_Occupational_Public_Health_Gap","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/126542830/Major_Chemical_Incidents_Bridging_the_Occupational_Public_Health_Gap"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="29236431" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/29236431/Risk_factors_for_hazardous_substance_releases_that_result_in_injuries_and_evacuations_data_from_9_states">Risk factors for hazardous substance releases that result in injuries and evacuations: data from 9 states</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55014457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KayeWendy">Wendy Kaye</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">American Journal of Public Health, 1996</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Risk factors for hazardous substance releases that result in injuries and evacuations: data from 9 states","attachmentId":49688022,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/29236431/Risk_factors_for_hazardous_substance_releases_that_result_in_injuries_and_evacuations_data_from_9_states","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/29236431/Risk_factors_for_hazardous_substance_releases_that_result_in_injuries_and_evacuations_data_from_9_states"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="81196643" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/81196643/Chemical_Incidents_in_the_Emergency_Department_If_and_When">Chemical Incidents in the Emergency Department: If and When</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="33285163" href="https://uchealth.academia.edu/RichardDart">Richard Dart</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Annals of Emergency Medicine, 1999</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this issue, Burgess et al 1 have described a series of decisions and steps needed to manage a victim of hazardous material contamination brought to an emergency department for medical attention and treatment. The issue of hazardous material contamination of patients has recently been brought to the attention of our nation in general and the emergency medical community in particular as a result of the concerns raised in the aftermath of several terrorist incidents. Perhaps the most notable and alarming acts were the sarin releases in Japan producing some fatalities and hundreds of casualties. To improve domestic readiness for such an incident occurring in the United States, the Nunn-Luger-Domenici Act provided federal funding to prepare emergency responders and health care providers in the management of victims of a weapon of mass injury. See related article, p. 205.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Chemical Incidents in the Emergency Department: If and When","attachmentId":87326044,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/81196643/Chemical_Incidents_in_the_Emergency_Department_If_and_When","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/81196643/Chemical_Incidents_in_the_Emergency_Department_If_and_When"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="89001914" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/89001914/Industriall_chemical_disasters_Medical_care_public_health_and_epidemiology_in_the_acute_phase">Industriall chemical disasters: Medical care, public health and epidemiology in the acute phase</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="241658880" href="https://independent.academia.edu/HenryFalk">Henry Falk</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">IPCS Joint Symposia, 11, 1989</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Base de dados : DESASTRES. Pesquisa : 9883 [Identificador único]. Referências encontradas : 1 [refinar]. Mostrando: 1 .. 1 no formato [Detalhado]. página 1 de 1, 1 / 1, DESASTRES, seleciona. para imprimir. Fotocópia. Id: 9883. Autor: Falk, Henry. ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Industriall chemical disasters: Medical care, public health and epidemiology in the acute phase","attachmentId":92879575,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/89001914/Industriall_chemical_disasters_Medical_care_public_health_and_epidemiology_in_the_acute_phase","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/89001914/Industriall_chemical_disasters_Medical_care_public_health_and_epidemiology_in_the_acute_phase"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span 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Substances Emergency Events Surveillance, 1993 to 1997</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="55014457" href="https://independent.academia.edu/KayeWendy">Wendy Kaye</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Chemical Health and Safety, 2001</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Hazardous Substances Emergency Events Surveillance, 1993 to 1997","attachmentId":110594933,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/113700334/Hazardous_Substances_Emergency_Events_Surveillance_1993_to_1997","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link 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