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aria-controls="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Purpose subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Purpose-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definitions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Definitions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ancient</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Management</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Management subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Protection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Protection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Protection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Protection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery_–_Museum_storage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery_–_Museum_storage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Gallery – Museum storage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery_–_Museum_storage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Planning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Planning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Planning</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Planning-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Planning subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Planning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Financial_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Financial uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Funding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exhibition_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exhibition_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Exhibition design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exhibition_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Major types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_framework" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_framework"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Legal framework</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_framework-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_vs._private" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_vs._private"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.1</span> <span>Public vs. private</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_vs._private-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-profit_vs._for-profit" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-profit_vs._for-profit"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.2</span> <span>Non-profit vs. for-profit</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-profit_vs._for-profit-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Run_by_trusts_vs._corporations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Run_by_trusts_vs._corporations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2.3</span> <span>Run by trusts vs. corporations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Run_by_trusts_vs._corporations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_challenges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_challenges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Current challenges</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Current_challenges-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Current challenges subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Current_challenges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decolonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Decolonization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_issues_and_unionization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_issues_and_unionization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Labor issues and unionization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_issues_and_unionization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Sustainability and climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Digital culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diversity_and_inclusion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diversity_and_inclusion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Diversity and inclusion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diversity_and_inclusion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Museum</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 146 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-146" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">146 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bold%C3%A6f%C3%BE%C4%93cr%C3%A6ften" title="Boldæfþēcræften – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Boldæfþēcræften" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81" title="متحف – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متحف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu" title="Museu – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Museu" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%9D%DC%AC_%DC%A5%DC%AC%DC%A9%DC%90" title="ܒܝܬ ܥܬܩܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܝܬ ܥܬܩܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%AA" title="Musê – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Musê" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9u" title="Muséu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Muséu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musar%C3%B3ga" title="Musaróga – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Musaróga" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzey" title="Muzey – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Muzey" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%98%E0%A6%B0" title="জাদুঘর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জাদুঘর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musium" title="Musium – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Musium" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phok-bu%CC%8Dt-ko%C3%A1n" title="Phok-bu̍t-koán – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Phok-bu̍t-koán" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%8D%D0%B9" title="Музэй – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Музэй" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE" title="म्यूजियम – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="म्यूजियम" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museen" title="Museen – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Museen" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B2%E0%BD%BA%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BE%9F%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%81%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="འགྲེམས་སྟོན་ཁང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="འགྲེམས་སྟོན་ཁང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzej" title="Muzej – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Muzej" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mirdi" title="Mirdi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mirdi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu" title="Museu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Museu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum" title="Muzeum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Muzeum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amgueddfa" title="Amgueddfa – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Amgueddfa" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musea" title="Musea – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Musea" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%CA%BC%C3%A1adoo_le%CA%BC%C3%A9_dan%C3%ADl%CA%BC%C4%AF%CC%81_bi%C5%82_haz%CA%BC%C4%85%CC%81" title="Tʼáadoo leʼé danílʼį́ bił hazʼą́ – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tʼáadoo leʼé danílʼį́ bił hazʼą́" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muuseum" title="Muuseum – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Muuseum" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF" title="Μουσείο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μουσείο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%9B%C3%A8o" title="Muśèo – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Muśèo" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeo" title="Muzeo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Muzeo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="موزه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موزه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e" title="Musée – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Musée" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAsaem" title="Músaem – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Músaem" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taigh-tasgaidh" title="Taigh-tasgaidh – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Taigh-tasgaidh" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="博物館 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="博物館" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="संग्रहालया – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="संग्रहालया" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok-vu%CC%8Dt-k%C3%B3n" title="Pok-vu̍t-kón – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pok-vu̍t-kón" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%95%EB%AC%BC%EA%B4%80" title="박물관 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="박물관" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Թանգարան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թանգարան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="संग्रहालय – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="संग्रहालय" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzej" title="Muzej – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Muzej" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeo" title="Muzeo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Muzeo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9o" title="Muséo – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Muséo" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safn" title="Safn – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Safn" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="מוזיאון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיאון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiyum" title="Musiyum – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Musiyum" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%AF" title="ವಸ್ತುಸಂಗ್ರಹಾಲಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಸ್ತುಸಂಗ್ರಹಾಲಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="მუზეუმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მუზეუმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B9ze%C3%B9m" title="Mùzeùm – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mùzeùm" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D2%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Мұражай – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мұражай" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jumba_la_Makumbusho" title="Jumba la Makumbusho – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Jumba la Makumbusho" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mize" title="Mize – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Mize" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miz%C3%A9" title="Mizé – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Mizé" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeyo" title="Muzeyo – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Muzeyo" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzejs" title="Muzejs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Muzejs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e" title="Musée – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Musée" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muziejus" title="Muziejus – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Muziejus" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzei" title="Muzei – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Muzei" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musee" title="Musee – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Musee" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAzeum" title="Múzeum – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Múzeum" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="सङ्ग्रहालय – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सङ्ग्रहालय" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Музеј – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Музеј" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tranombakoka" title="Tranombakoka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Tranombakoka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82" title="സംഗ്രഹാലയം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സംഗ്രഹാലയം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mu%C5%BCew" title="Mużew – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Mużew" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="संग्रहालय – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="संग्रहालय" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%81" title="متحف – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="متحف" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%87" title="موزه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="موزه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzium" title="Muzium – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Muzium" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ပြတိုက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပြတိုက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzijom" title="Muzijom – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Muzijom" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AF" title="सङ्ग्रहालय – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सङ्ग्रहालय" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="博物館 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="博物館" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A8u" title="Musèu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Musèu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Тоштер – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тоштер" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godambaa" title="Godambaa – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Godambaa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzey" title="Muzey – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Muzey" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%AC_%E0%A8%98%E0%A8%B0" title="ਅਜਾਇਬ ਘਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਜਾਇਬ ਘਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="عجائب گھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="عجائب گھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BB%EA%A9%BB%E1%80%90%E1%80%BD%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ပျꩻတွိုက် – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ပျꩻတွိုက်" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A" title="សារមន្ទីរ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សារមន្ទីរ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum" title="Muzeum – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Muzeum" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museu" title="Museu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Museu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzey" title="Muzey – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Muzey" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeu" title="Muzeu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Muzeu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musiyu" title="Musiyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Musiyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D2%AF%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Түмэл – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Түмэл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeu" title="Muzeu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Muzeu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%9E%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB" title="කෞතුකාගාර – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කෞතුකාගාර" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BAzeum" title="Múzeum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Múzeum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzej" title="Muzej – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Muzej" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeum" title="Muzeum – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Muzeum" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%95%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%95" title="مۆزەخانە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مۆزەخانە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98" title="Музеј – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Музеј" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzej" title="Muzej – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Muzej" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musium" title="Musium – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Musium" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum" title="Museum – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Museum" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museo" title="Museo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Museo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="அருங்காட்சியகம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அருங்காட்சியகம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asalay" title="Asalay – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Asalay" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B9%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="సంగ్రహాలయం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సంగ్రహాలయం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%91%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="พิพิธภัณฑสถาน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พิพิธภัณฑสถาน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Осорхона – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Осорхона" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A4%E1%8F%AA%E1%8F%98_%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%AA%E1%8F%9B" title="ᎤᏪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎤᏪᏘ ᎠᏍᏆᏂᎪᏛ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCze" title="Müze – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Müze" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Музей – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Музей" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%A8_%DA%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="عجائب گھر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عجائب گھر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzeo" title="Muzeo – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Muzeo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87n_b%E1%BA%A3o_t%C3%A0ng" title="Viện bảo tàng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Viện bảo tàng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museyo" title="Museyo – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Museyo" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="博物馆 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="博物馆" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99" title="מוזיי – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מוזיי" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8" title="博物館 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="博物館" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muze" title="Muze – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Muze" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A6%86" title="博物馆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="博物馆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musium" title="Musium – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Musium" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muzej" title="Muzej – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Muzej" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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</div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Museums&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Museums">Museums</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Institution that holds items of significance</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Museum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Museum (disambiguation)">Museum (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Historical museum" redirects here. For specific museums, see <a href="/wiki/Historical_Museum_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Historical Museum (disambiguation)">Historical Museum (disambiguation)</a>.</span></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Museum</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align: center"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:216px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museo_Chileno_de_Arte_Precolombino_-_2020_-_10.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Museo_Chileno_de_Arte_Precolombino_-_2020_-_10.jpg/288px-Museo_Chileno_de_Arte_Precolombino_-_2020_-_10.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Museo_Chileno_de_Arte_Precolombino_-_2020_-_10.jpg/432px-Museo_Chileno_de_Arte_Precolombino_-_2020_-_10.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Museo_Chileno_de_Arte_Precolombino_-_2020_-_10.jpg/576px-Museo_Chileno_de_Arte_Precolombino_-_2020_-_10.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3888" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The <span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es"><a href="/wiki/Museo_Chileno_de_Arte_Precolombino" title="Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino">Museo Chileno de Arte Precolombino</a></i></span> in <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Facade_of_the_Egyptian_Museum,_Tahrir_Square,_Cairo,_Egypt2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Facade_of_the_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Tahrir_Square%2C_Cairo%2C_Egypt2.jpg/142px-Facade_of_the_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Tahrir_Square%2C_Cairo%2C_Egypt2.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Facade_of_the_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Tahrir_Square%2C_Cairo%2C_Egypt2.jpg/213px-Facade_of_the_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Tahrir_Square%2C_Cairo%2C_Egypt2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Facade_of_the_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Tahrir_Square%2C_Cairo%2C_Egypt2.jpg/284px-Facade_of_the_Egyptian_Museum%2C_Tahrir_Square%2C_Cairo%2C_Egypt2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Museum" title="Egyptian Museum">Egyptian Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>, Egypt</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:94px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg/142px-Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg/213px-Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg/284px-Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Canada Science and Technology Museum">Canada Science and Technology Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, Canada</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HK_TST_%E5%B0%96%E6%B2%99%E5%92%80_Tsim_Sha_Tsui_%E6%A2%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%81%93_Salisbury_Road_%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92_Garden_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_HKMoA_October_2020_SS2_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HK_TST_%E5%B0%96%E6%B2%99%E5%92%80_Tsim_Sha_Tsui_%E6%A2%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%81%93_Salisbury_Road_%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92_Garden_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_HKMoA_October_2020_SS2_02.jpg/134px-HK_TST_%E5%B0%96%E6%B2%99%E5%92%80_Tsim_Sha_Tsui_%E6%A2%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%81%93_Salisbury_Road_%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92_Garden_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_HKMoA_October_2020_SS2_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HK_TST_%E5%B0%96%E6%B2%99%E5%92%80_Tsim_Sha_Tsui_%E6%A2%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%81%93_Salisbury_Road_%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92_Garden_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_HKMoA_October_2020_SS2_02.jpg/201px-HK_TST_%E5%B0%96%E6%B2%99%E5%92%80_Tsim_Sha_Tsui_%E6%A2%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%81%93_Salisbury_Road_%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92_Garden_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_HKMoA_October_2020_SS2_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/HK_TST_%E5%B0%96%E6%B2%99%E5%92%80_Tsim_Sha_Tsui_%E6%A2%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%81%93_Salisbury_Road_%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92_Garden_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_HKMoA_October_2020_SS2_02.jpg/268px-HK_TST_%E5%B0%96%E6%B2%99%E5%92%80_Tsim_Sha_Tsui_%E6%A2%B3%E5%A3%AB%E5%B7%B4%E5%88%A9%E9%81%93_Salisbury_Road_%E8%8A%B1%E5%9C%92_Garden_Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art_HKMoA_October_2020_SS2_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Museum_of_Art" title="Hong Kong Museum of Art">Hong Kong Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui" title="Tsim Sha Tsui">Tsim Sha Tsui</a>, Hong Kong</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div style="border:1;;height:100px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:La_maison_des_esclaves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/La_maison_des_esclaves.jpg/150px-La_maison_des_esclaves.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/La_maison_des_esclaves.jpg/225px-La_maison_des_esclaves.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/La_maison_des_esclaves.jpg/300px-La_maison_des_esclaves.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">The <a href="/wiki/House_of_Slaves" title="House of Slaves">House of Slaves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gor%C3%A9e" title="Gorée">Gorée</a>, Senegal</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:96px;max-width:96px"><div style="border:1;;height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diorama_-_Mangrove_-_Zoological_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4386.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Diorama_-_Mangrove_-_Zoological_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4386.JPG/94px-Diorama_-_Mangrove_-_Zoological_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4386.JPG" decoding="async" width="94" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Diorama_-_Mangrove_-_Zoological_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4386.JPG/141px-Diorama_-_Mangrove_-_Zoological_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4386.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Diorama_-_Mangrove_-_Zoological_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4386.JPG/188px-Diorama_-_Mangrove_-_Zoological_Gallery_-_Indian_Museum_-_Kolkata_2014-04-04_4386.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Diorama at the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Museum" title="Indian Museum">Indian Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a>, India</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div style="border:1;;height:142px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice,_2022,_06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_06.jpg/190px-Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_06.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_06.jpg/285px-Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_06.jpg/380px-Gallery_of_19th-Century_Polish_Art_in_the_Sukiennice%2C_2022%2C_06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div><div class="text-align-center">Gallery at the <a href="/wiki/Sukiennice_Museum" title="Sukiennice Museum">Sukiennice Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, Poland</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>museum</b> is an institution dedicated to displaying and/or <a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">preserving</a> culturally or scientifically significant objects. Many museums have exhibitions of these objects on public display, and some have private collections that are used by <a href="/wiki/Research" title="Research">researchers</a> and specialists. Museums host a much wider range of objects than a <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a>, and usually focus on a specific theme, such as the <a href="/wiki/Art_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Art museums">arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Science museums">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural history museums">natural history</a> or <a href="/wiki/Local_museum" title="Local museum">local history</a>. Public museums that host exhibitions and interactive demonstrations are often <a href="/wiki/Tourist_attraction" title="Tourist attraction">tourist attractions</a>, and many attract large numbers of visitors from outside their host country, with the <a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums" title="List of most-visited museums">most visited museums</a> in the world attracting millions of visitors annually. </p><p>Since the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Ennigaldi-Nanna%27s_museum" title="Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum">the earliest known museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient times</a>, museums have been associated with <a href="/wiki/Academia" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia">academia</a> and the preservation of rare items. Museums originated as private collections of interesting items, and not until much later did the emphasis on educating the public take root. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The English word <i>museum</i> comes from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, and is pluralized as <i>museums</i> (or rarely, <i>musea</i>). It is originally from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> Μουσεῖον (<i><a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">mouseion</a></i>), which denotes a place or temple dedicated to the <a href="/wiki/Muse" class="mw-redirect" title="Muse">muses</a> (the patron divinities in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a> of the arts), and hence was a building set apart for study and the arts,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially the <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Musaeum</a> (institute) for <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">philosophy</a> and research at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, built under <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a> about 280 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lower_Paleolithic_fossils_from_Darband_Cave,_Paleolithic_hall,_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lower_Paleolithic_fossils_from_Darband_Cave%2C_Paleolithic_hall%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/220px-Lower_Paleolithic_fossils_from_Darband_Cave%2C_Paleolithic_hall%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lower_Paleolithic_fossils_from_Darband_Cave%2C_Paleolithic_hall%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/330px-Lower_Paleolithic_fossils_from_Darband_Cave%2C_Paleolithic_hall%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Lower_Paleolithic_fossils_from_Darband_Cave%2C_Paleolithic_hall%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg/440px-Lower_Paleolithic_fossils_from_Darband_Cave%2C_Paleolithic_hall%2C_National_Museum_of_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2706" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>Visitors examining fossils displayed at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, Iran</figcaption></figure> <p>The purpose of modern museums is to collect, preserve, interpret, and display objects of artistic, cultural, or scientific significance for the study and <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a> of the public. To city leaders, an active museum community can be seen as a gauge of the cultural or economic health of a city, and a way to increase the sophistication of its inhabitants. To museum professionals, a museum might be seen as a way to educate the public about the museum's mission, such as <a href="/wiki/Civil_and_political_rights" title="Civil and political rights">civil rights</a> or <a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">environmentalism</a>. Museums are, above all, storehouses of knowledge. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1829, James Smithson's bequest funding the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> stated that he wanted to establish an institution "for the increase and diffusion of knowledge".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 19th century, museums of natural history exemplified the scientific drive for classifying life and interpreting the world. Their purpose was to gather examples from each field of knowledge for research and display. Concurrently, as American colleges expanded during the 19th century, they also developed their own natural history collections to support the education of their students. By the last quarter of the 19th century, scientific research in universities was shifting toward biological research on a cellular level, and cutting-edge research moved from museums to university laboratories.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many large museums, such as the Smithsonian Institution, are still respected as research centers, research is no longer a main purpose of most museums. While there is an ongoing debate about the purposes of interpretation of a museum's collection, there has been a consistent mission to protect and preserve <a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">cultural artifacts</a> for future generations. Much care, expertise, and expense is invested in preservation efforts to retard <a href="/wiki/Decomposition" title="Decomposition">decomposition</a> in ageing documents, artifacts, artworks, and buildings. All museums display objects that are important to a culture. As historian Steven Conn writes, "To see the thing itself, with one's own eyes and in a public place, surrounded by other people having some version of the same experience, can be enchanting."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Museum purposes vary from institution to institution. Some favor education over conservation, or vice versa. For example, in the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Canada_Science_and_Technology_Museum" title="Canada Science and Technology Museum">Canada Science and Technology Museum</a> favored education over the preservation of their objects. They displayed objects as well as their functions. One exhibit featured a historical printing press that a staff member used for visitors to create museum memorabilia.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some museums seek to reach a wide audience, such as a national or state museum, while others have specific audiences, like the LDS <a href="/wiki/Church_History_Museum" title="Church History Museum">Church History Museum</a> or local history organizations. Generally speaking, museums collect objects of significance that comply with their mission statement for conservation and display. Apart from questions of provenance and conservation, museums take into consideration the former use and status of an object. Religious or holy objects, for instance, are handled according to cultural rules. <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Jewish</a> objects that contain the <a href="/wiki/Names_of_God_in_Judaism" title="Names of God in Judaism">name of God</a> may not be discarded, but need to be buried.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although most museums do not allow physical contact with the associated artifacts, there are some that are interactive and encourage a more hands-on approach. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Hampton_Court_Palace" title="Hampton Court Palace">Hampton Court Palace</a>, a palace of <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>, in England opened the council room to the general public to create an interactive environment for visitors. Rather than allowing visitors to handle 500-year-old objects, however, the museum created replicas, as well as replica costumes. The daily activities, historic clothing, and even temperature changes immerse the visitor in an impression of what <a href="/wiki/Tudor_period" title="Tudor period">Tudor</a> life may have been.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definitions">Definitions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Segundo_Editat%C3%B3n_Soumaya_Abierto_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Segundo_Editat%C3%B3n_Soumaya_Abierto_01.JPG/220px-Segundo_Editat%C3%B3n_Soumaya_Abierto_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Segundo_Editat%C3%B3n_Soumaya_Abierto_01.JPG/330px-Segundo_Editat%C3%B3n_Soumaya_Abierto_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Segundo_Editat%C3%B3n_Soumaya_Abierto_01.JPG/440px-Segundo_Editat%C3%B3n_Soumaya_Abierto_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3088" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>A guided tour group at the <a href="/wiki/Soumaya_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Soumaya Museum">Soumaya Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, Mexico</figcaption></figure><p>Major professional organizations from around the world offer some definitions as to what constitutes a museum, and their purpose. Common themes in all the definitions are public good and the care, preservation, and interpretation of collections. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Museums" title="International Council of Museums">International Council of Museums</a>' current definition of a museum (adopted in 2022): "A museum is a not-for-profit, permanent institution in the service of society that researches, collects, conserves, interprets and exhibits tangible and intangible heritage. Open to the public, accessible and inclusive, museums foster diversity and sustainability. They operate and communicate ethically, professionally and with the participation of communities, offering varied experiences for education, enjoyment, reflection and knowledge sharing."<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Museums_Association" title="Canadian Museums Association">Canadian Museums Association</a>'s definition: "A museum is a non-profit, permanent establishment, that does not exist primarily for the purpose of conducting temporary exhibitions and that is open to the public during regular hours and administered in the public interest for the purpose of conserving, preserving, studying, interpreting, assembling and exhibiting to the public for the instruction and enjoyment of the public, objects and specimens or educational and cultural value including artistic, scientific, historical and technological material."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Museums_Association" title="Museums Association">Museums Association</a>'s definition: "Museums enable people to explore collections for inspiration, learning and enjoyment. They are institutions that collect, safeguard and make accessible artifacts and specimens, which they hold in trust for society." </p><p>While the <a href="/wiki/American_Alliance_of_Museums" title="American Alliance of Museums">American Alliance of Museums</a> does not have such a definition, their list of accreditation criteria to participate in their Accreditation Program states a museum must: "Be a legally organized nonprofit institution or part of a nonprofit organization or government entity; Be essentially educational in nature; Have a formally stated and approved mission; Use and interpret objects or a site for the public presentation of regularly scheduled programs and exhibits; Have a formal and appropriate program of documentation, care, and use of collections or objects; Carry out the above functions primarily at a physical facility or site; Have been open to the public for at least two years; Be open to the public at least 1,000 hours a year; Have accessioned 80 percent of its permanent collection; Have at least one paid professional staff with museum knowledge and experience; Have a full-time director to whom authority is delegated for day-to-day operations; Have the financial resources sufficient to operate effectively; Demonstrate that it meets the Core Standards for Museums; Successfully complete the Core Documents Verification Program".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, there is a legal definition of museum in United States legislation authorizing the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Museum_and_Library_Services" title="Institute of Museum and Library Services">Institute of Museum and Library Services</a>: "Museum means a public, tribal, or private nonprofit institution which is organized on a permanent basis for essentially educational, cultural heritage, or aesthetic purposes and which, using a professional staff: Owns or uses tangible objects, either animate or inanimate; Cares for these objects; and Exhibits them to the general public on a regular basis" (Museum Services Act 1976).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient">Ancient</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ancient"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the oldest museums known is <a href="/wiki/Ennigaldi-Nanna%27s_museum" title="Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum">Ennigaldi-Nanna's museum</a>, built by Princess <a href="/wiki/Ennigaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ennigaldi">Ennigaldi</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a>. The site dates from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 530 BC</span>, and contained artifacts from earlier <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian civilizations</a>. Notably, a clay drum label—written in three languages—was found at the site, referencing the history and discovery of a museum item.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ancient Greeks and Romans collected and displayed art and objects but perceived museums differently from modern-day views. In the classical period, the museums were the temples and their precincts which housed collections of votive offerings. Paintings and sculptures were displayed in gardens, forums, theaters, and bathhouses.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the ancient past there was little differentiation between libraries and museums with both occupying the building and were frequently connected to a temple or royal palace. The <a href="/wiki/Musaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Musaeum">Museum of Alexandria</a> is believed to be one of the earliest museums in the world. While it connected to the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Alexandria" title="Library of Alexandria">Library of Alexandria</a> it is not clear if the museum was in a different building from the library or was part of the library complex. While little was known about the museum it was an inspiration for museums during the early Renaissance period.<sup id="cite_ref-Left_Coast_Press_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Left_Coast_Press-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The royal palaces also functioned as a kind of museum outfitted with art and objects from conquered territories and gifts from ambassadors from other kingdoms allowing the ruler to display the amassed collections to guests and to visiting dignitaries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in Alexandria from the time of <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a> (r. 285–246 BCE), was the first zoological park. At first used by Philadelphus in an attempt to domesticate <a href="/wiki/African_elephants" class="mw-redirect" title="African elephants">African elephants</a> for use in war, the elephants were also used for show along with a menagerie of other animals specimens including <a href="/wiki/Hartebeest" title="Hartebeest">hartebeests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zebra" title="Zebra">zebras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopards</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giraffe" title="Giraffe">giraffes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhinoceros" title="Rhinoceros">rhinoceros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pythonidae" title="Pythonidae">pythons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Left_Coast_Press_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Left_Coast_Press-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early">Early</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_from_the_18th_century" title="List of museums from the 18th century">List of museums from the 18th century</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ashmolean_Museum_(BM_1954,1103.1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ashmolean_Museum_%28BM_1954%2C1103.1%29.jpg/170px-Ashmolean_Museum_%28BM_1954%2C1103.1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ashmolean_Museum_%28BM_1954%2C1103.1%29.jpg/255px-Ashmolean_Museum_%28BM_1954%2C1103.1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ashmolean_Museum_%28BM_1954%2C1103.1%29.jpg/340px-Ashmolean_Museum_%28BM_1954%2C1103.1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1822" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption>The old <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a> building in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p>Early museums began as the private collections of wealthy individuals, families or institutions of art and rare or curious natural objects and <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a>. These were often displayed in so-called "wonder rooms" or <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_curiosities" title="Cabinet of curiosities">cabinets of curiosities</a>. These contemporary museums first emerged in western Europe, then spread into other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Public access to these museums was often possible for the "respectable", especially to private art collections, but at the whim of the owner and his staff. One way that elite men during this time period gained a higher social status in the world of elites was by becoming a collector of these curious objects and displaying them. Many of the items in these collections were new discoveries and these collectors or naturalists, since many of these people held interest in natural sciences, were eager to obtain them. By putting their collections in a museum and on display, they not only got to show their fantastic finds but also used the museum as a way to sort and "manage the empirical explosion of materials that wider dissemination of ancient texts, increased travel, voyages of discovery, and more systematic forms of communication and exchange had produced".<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of these naturalists and collectors was <a href="/wiki/Ulisse_Aldrovandi" title="Ulisse Aldrovandi">Ulisse Aldrovandi</a>, whose collection policy of gathering as many objects and facts about them was "encyclopedic" in nature, reminiscent of that of Pliny, the Roman philosopher and naturalist.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea was to consume and collect as much knowledge as possible, to put everything they collected and everything they knew in these displays. In time, however, museum philosophy would change and the encyclopedic nature of information that was so enjoyed by Aldrovandi and his cohorts would be dismissed as well as "the museums that contained this knowledge". The 18th-century scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> saw their ideas of the museum as superior and based their natural history museums on "organization and taxonomy" rather than displaying everything in any order after the style of Aldrovandi.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first "public" museums were often accessible only for the middle and upper classes. It could be difficult to gain entrance. When the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> opened to the public in 1759, it was a concern that large crowds could damage the artifacts. Prospective visitors to the British Museum had to apply in writing for admission, and small groups were allowed into the galleries each day.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Museum became increasingly popular during the 19th century, amongst all age groups and social classes who visited the British Museum, especially on public holidays.<sup id="cite_ref-BM_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BM-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Ashmolean_Museum" title="Ashmolean Museum">Ashmolean Museum</a>, however, founded in 1677 from the personal collection of <a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a>, was set up in the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> to be open to the public and is considered by some to be the first modern public museum.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The collection included that of <a href="/wiki/Elias_Ashmole" title="Elias Ashmole">Elias Ashmole</a> which he had collected himself, including objects he had acquired from the gardeners, travellers and collectors <a href="/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_elder" class="mw-redirect" title="John Tradescant the elder">John Tradescant the elder</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Tradescant_the_Younger" title="John Tradescant the Younger">his son of the same name</a>. The collection included antique coins, books, engravings, geological specimens, and zoological specimens—one of which was the stuffed body of the last <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> ever seen in Europe; but by 1755 the stuffed dodo was so moth-eaten that it was destroyed, except for its head and one claw. The museum opened on 24 May 1683, with <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Plot" title="Robert Plot">Robert Plot</a> as the first keeper. The first building, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_History_of_Science,_Oxford" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of the History of Science, Oxford">Old Ashmolean</a>, is sometimes attributed to <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Sir Christopher Wren</a> or Thomas Wood.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_05_View_of_the_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_toward_the_Tuileries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_05_View_of_the_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_toward_the_Tuileries.jpg/260px-R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_05_View_of_the_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_toward_the_Tuileries.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_05_View_of_the_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_toward_the_Tuileries.jpg/390px-R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_05_View_of_the_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_toward_the_Tuileries.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_05_View_of_the_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_toward_the_Tuileries.jpg/520px-R%C3%A9union_des_Tuileries_au_Louvre_1852%E2%80%931857_Getty_Museum_vol1_05_View_of_the_Cour_Napol%C3%A9on_toward_the_Tuileries.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3684" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption>The Louvre in 1853</figcaption></figure> <p>In France, the first public museum was the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> opened in 1793 during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, which enabled for the first time free access to the former French royal collections for people of all stations and status. The fabulous art treasures collected by the French <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchy</a> over centuries were accessible to the public three days each "<i>décade</i>" (the 10-day unit which had replaced the week in the <a href="/wiki/French_Republican_Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="French Republican Calendar">French Republican Calendar</a>). The <i>Conservatoire du muséum national des Arts</i> (National Museum of Arts's Conservatory) was charged with organizing the Louvre as a national public museum and the centerpiece of a planned national museum system. As <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon I</a> conquered the great cities of Europe, confiscating art objects as he went, the collections grew and the organizational task became more and more complicated. After Napoleon was defeated in 1815, many of the treasures he had amassed were gradually <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_heritage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Repatriation (cultural heritage)">returned to their owners</a> (and many were not). His plan was never fully realized, but his concept of a museum as an agent of nationalistic fervor had a profound influence throughout Europe. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_South_Building_of_Nantong_Museum_01_2013-01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_South_Building_of_Nantong_Museum_01_2013-01.JPG/220px-The_South_Building_of_Nantong_Museum_01_2013-01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_South_Building_of_Nantong_Museum_01_2013-01.JPG/330px-The_South_Building_of_Nantong_Museum_01_2013-01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/The_South_Building_of_Nantong_Museum_01_2013-01.JPG/440px-The_South_Building_of_Nantong_Museum_01_2013-01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Nantong_Museum" title="Nantong Museum">Nantong Museum</a>, the first Chinese-sponsored museum</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people" title="Chinese people">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> visitors to Europe were fascinated by the museums they saw there, but had cultural difficulties in grasping their purpose and finding an equivalent Chinese or Japanese term for them. Chinese visitors in the early 19th century named these museums based on what they contained, so defined them as "bone amassing buildings" or "courtyards of treasures" or "painting pavilions" or "curio stores" or "halls of military feats" or "gardens of everything". Japan first encountered Western museum institutions when it participated in Europe's World's Fairs in the 1860s. The British Museum was described by one of their delegates as a 'hakubutsukan', a 'house of extensive things' – this would eventually become accepted as the equivalent word for 'museum' in Japan and China.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern">Modern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Modern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American museums eventually joined European museums as the world's leading centers for the production of new knowledge in their fields of interest. A period of intense museum building, in both an intellectual and physical sense was realized in the late 19th and early 20th centuries (this is often called "The Museum Period" or "The Museum Age"). While many American museums, both natural history museums and art museums alike, were founded with the intention of focusing on the scientific discoveries and artistic developments in North America, many moved to emulate their European counterparts in certain ways (including the development of Classical collections from ancient <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greece</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a>). Drawing on <a href="/wiki/Michel_Foucault" title="Michel Foucault">Michel Foucault</a>'s concept of liberal government, <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett_(sociologist)" title="Tony Bennett (sociologist)">Tony Bennett</a> has suggested the development of more modern 19th-century museums was part of new strategies by Western governments to produce a citizenry that, rather than be directed by coercive or external forces, monitored and regulated its own conduct. To incorporate the masses in this strategy, the private space of museums that previously had been restricted and socially exclusive were made public. As such, objects and artifacts, particularly those related to high culture, became instruments for these "new tasks of social management".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/University" title="University">Universities</a> became the primary centers for innovative research in the United States well before the start of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. Nevertheless, museums to this day contribute new knowledge to their fields and continue to build collections that are useful for both research and display.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_exhibit,_Provincial_Museum,_Normal_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Museum_exhibit%2C_Provincial_Museum%2C_Normal_School.jpg/220px-Museum_exhibit%2C_Provincial_Museum%2C_Normal_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Museum_exhibit%2C_Provincial_Museum%2C_Normal_School.jpg/330px-Museum_exhibit%2C_Provincial_Museum%2C_Normal_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Museum_exhibit%2C_Provincial_Museum%2C_Normal_School.jpg/440px-Museum_exhibit%2C_Provincial_Museum%2C_Normal_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption>An exhibition of the remains of Native Americans at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a> in 1908</figcaption></figure><p>The late twentieth century witnessed intense debate concerning the repatriation of religious, ethnic, and cultural artifacts housed in museum collections. In the United States, several <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> tribes and advocacy groups have lobbied extensively for the repatriation of sacred objects and the reburial of human remains.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990, Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Native_American_Graves_Protection_and_Repatriation_Act" title="Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act">Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act</a> (NAGPRA), which required federal agencies and federally funded institutions to repatriate Native American "cultural items" to culturally affiliate tribes and groups.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, many European museum collections often contain objects and cultural artifacts acquired through <a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">imperialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a>. Some historians and scholars have criticized the British Museum for its possession of rare antiquities from Egypt, Greece, and the Middle East.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Management">Management</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Management"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CheesemanRoom_090721_011_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CheesemanRoom_090721_011_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-CheesemanRoom_090721_011_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CheesemanRoom_090721_011_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-CheesemanRoom_090721_011_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CheesemanRoom_090721_011_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-CheesemanRoom_090721_011_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3206" data-file-height="4309" /></a><figcaption>An honours board listing the directors of a museum in <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <p>The roles associated with the management of a museum largely depend on the size of the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together, the Board and the Director establish a system of governance that is guided by policies that set standards for the institution. Documents that set these standards include an institutional or strategic plan, institutional code of ethics, bylaws, and collections policy. The <a href="/wiki/American_Alliance_of_Museums" title="American Alliance of Museums">American Alliance of Museums</a> (AAM) has also formulated a series of standards and best practices that help guide the management of museums. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">Board of Trustees</a> or <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">Board of directors</a> – The board governs the museum and is responsible for ensuring the museum is financially and ethically sound. They set standards and policies for the museum. Board members are often involved in fundraising aspects of the museum and represent the institution.<sup id="cite_ref-MuseumAdministration_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumAdministration-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some museums use the terms "directors" and "trustees" interchangeably but both are different legal instruments. A board of directors governs a nonprofit corporation, a board of trustees is responsible for governing a charitable trust, foundation, or endowment.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the case of small museums and all volunteer museums, a board may be more hands-on in the day-to-day operations of the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Director – The director is the face of the museum to the professional and public community. They communicate closely with the board to guide and govern the museum. They work with the staff to ensure the museum runs smoothly. According to museum professionals Hugh H. Genoways and Lynne M. Ireland, "Administration of the organization requires skill in conflict management, interpersonal relations, budget management and monitoring, and staff supervision and evaluation. Managers must also set legal and ethical standards and maintain involvement in the museum profession."<sup id="cite_ref-MuseumAdministration_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MuseumAdministration-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:LBJ_Foundation_DIG14005_035_(32274126330).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LBJ_Foundation_DIG14005_035_%2832274126330%29.jpg/220px-LBJ_Foundation_DIG14005_035_%2832274126330%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LBJ_Foundation_DIG14005_035_%2832274126330%29.jpg/330px-LBJ_Foundation_DIG14005_035_%2832274126330%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/LBJ_Foundation_DIG14005_035_%2832274126330%29.jpg/440px-LBJ_Foundation_DIG14005_035_%2832274126330%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a><figcaption>A curator and exhibit designer dressing a mannequin for an exhibit</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie,_Bytom,_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg/220px-06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg/330px-06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg/440px-06_Restoration_of_gilded_mirror_in_Muzeum_Gornoslaskie%2C_Bytom%2C_Poland_-_furniture_restorer_working.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Restoration of a gilded mirror by a conservator</figcaption></figure> <p>Various positions within the museum carry out the policies established by the Board and the Director. All museum employees should work together toward the museum's institutional goal. Here is a list of positions commonly found at museums: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a> – Curators are the intellectual drivers behind exhibits. They research the museum's collection and topic of focus, develop exhibition themes, and publish their research aimed at either a public or academic audience. Larger museums have curators in a variety of areas. For example, <a href="/wiki/The_Henry_Ford" title="The Henry Ford">The Henry Ford</a> has a Curator of Transportation, a Curator of Public Life, a Curator of Decorative Arts, etc. Many art museums have curators dedicated to specific historical periods and geographic regions, such as American art and modern or contemporary art.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Collections Management</a> – Collections managers are primarily responsible for the hands-on care, movement, and storage of objects. They are responsible for the accessibility of collections and collections policy.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Registrar (museum)">Registrar</a> – Registrars are the primary record keepers of the collection. They ensure that objects are properly accessioned, documented, insured, and, when appropriate, loaned. Ethical and legal issues related to the collection are dealt with by registrars. Along with collections managers, they uphold the museum's collections policy.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">Educator</a> – Museum educators are responsible for educating museum audiences. Their duties can include designing tours and public programs for children and adults, teacher training, developing classroom and continuing education resources, community outreach, and volunteer management.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Educators not only work with the public, but also collaborate with other museum staff on exhibition and program development to ensure that exhibits are audience-friendly.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibit Designer</a> – Exhibit designers are in charge of the layout and physical installation of exhibits. They create a conceptual design and then bring it to fruition in the physical space.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator</a> – Conservators focus on object restoration. More than preserving the object in its present state, they seek to stabilize and repair artifacts to the condition of an earlier era.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Other positions commonly found at museums include: building operator, public programming staff, <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">photographer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Librarian" title="Librarian">librarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">archivist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">groundskeeper</a>, volunteer coordinator, preparator, security staff, development officer, membership officer, business officer, gift shop manager, public relations staff, and <a href="/wiki/Graphic_designer" title="Graphic designer">graphic designer</a>. </p><p>At smaller museums, staff members often fulfill multiple roles. Some of these positions are excluded entirely or may be carried out by a contractor when necessary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Protection">Protection</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Protection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">cultural property</a> stored in museums is threatened in many countries by <a href="/wiki/Natural_disaster" title="Natural disaster">natural disaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/War" title="War">war</a>, terrorist attacks or other emergencies. To this end, an internationally important aspect is a strong bundling of existing resources and the networking of existing specialist competencies in order to prevent any loss or damage to cultural property or to keep damage as low as possible. International partner for museums is <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> and <a href="/wiki/Blue_Shield_International" title="Blue Shield International">Blue Shield International</a> in accordance with the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property from 1954 and its 2nd Protocol from 1999. For legal reasons, there are many international collaborations between museums, and the local Blue Shield organizations.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Blue Shield has conducted extensive missions to protect museums and cultural assets in armed conflict, such as 2011 in Egypt and Libya, 2013 in Syria and 2014 in Mali and Iraq. During these operations, the looting of the collection is to be prevented in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gallery_–_Museum_storage"><span id="Gallery_.E2.80.93_Museum_storage"></span>Gallery – Museum storage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Gallery – Museum storage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Archives_Processing_Room,_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Archive Processing rooms provide a space for archivists to arrange and describe archival materials to make them accessible to researchers."><img alt="Archive Processing rooms provide a space for archivists to arrange and describe archival materials to make them accessible to researchers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Archives_Processing_Room%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/120px-Archives_Processing_Room%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Archives_Processing_Room%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/180px-Archives_Processing_Room%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Archives_Processing_Room%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/240px-Archives_Processing_Room%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Archive Processing rooms provide a space for archivists to arrange and describe archival materials to make them accessible to researchers.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Textiles_Collections_Storage,_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Museum textile storage includes rolled storage racks, hanging wardrobe and garments shelving, and cabinets."><img alt="Museum textile storage includes rolled storage racks, hanging wardrobe and garments shelving, and cabinets." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Textiles_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/120px-Textiles_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Textiles_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/180px-Textiles_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Textiles_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/240px-Textiles_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="11810" data-file-height="3880" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Museum textile storage includes rolled storage racks, hanging wardrobe and garments shelving, and cabinets.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3D_Collections_Storage,_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Collections storage for three-dimensional historic artifacts."><img alt="Collections storage for three-dimensional historic artifacts." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/3D_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/120px-3D_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="62" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/3D_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/180px-3D_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/3D_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg/240px-3D_Collections_Storage%2C_Minnesota_History_Center.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7389" data-file-height="3830" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Collections storage for three-dimensional historic artifacts.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Benton_Museum_of_Art_collections_vault.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In museums, paintings, framed and unframed, are normally hung on sliding or fixed racking."><img alt="In museums, paintings, framed and unframed, are normally hung on sliding or fixed racking." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benton_Museum_of_Art_collections_vault.jpg/120px-Benton_Museum_of_Art_collections_vault.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benton_Museum_of_Art_collections_vault.jpg/180px-Benton_Museum_of_Art_collections_vault.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Benton_Museum_of_Art_collections_vault.jpg/240px-Benton_Museum_of_Art_collections_vault.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4080" data-file-height="3072" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In museums, paintings, framed and unframed, are normally hung on sliding or fixed racking.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Planning">Planning</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Planning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Computer_History_Museum_Wikipedia_exhibit_planning_meeting_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Computer_History_Museum_Wikipedia_exhibit_planning_meeting_8.jpg/260px-Computer_History_Museum_Wikipedia_exhibit_planning_meeting_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Computer_History_Museum_Wikipedia_exhibit_planning_meeting_8.jpg/390px-Computer_History_Museum_Wikipedia_exhibit_planning_meeting_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Computer_History_Museum_Wikipedia_exhibit_planning_meeting_8.jpg/520px-Computer_History_Museum_Wikipedia_exhibit_planning_meeting_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Exhibit planning</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Museum_planning" title="Museum planning">Museum planning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Interpretive_planning" title="Interpretive planning">Interpretive planning</a></div> <p>The design of museums has evolved throughout history. However, museum planning involves planning the actual mission of the museum along with planning the space that the collection of the museum will be housed in. Intentional museum planning has its beginnings with the museum founder and librarian <a href="/wiki/John_Cotton_Dana" title="John Cotton Dana">John Cotton Dana</a>. Dana detailed the process of founding the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark Museum">Newark Museum</a> in a series of books in the early 20th century so that other museum founders could plan their museums. Dana suggested that potential founders of museums should form a committee first, and reach out to the community for input as to what the museum should supply or do for the community.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Dana, museums should be planned according to community's needs: </p><p>"The new museum ... does not build on an educational superstition. It examines its community's life first, and then straightway bends its energies to supplying some the material which that community needs, and to making that material's presence widely known, and to presenting it in such a way as to secure it for the maximum of use and the maximum efficiency of that use."<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The way that museums are planned and designed vary according to what collections they house, but overall, they adhere to planning a space that is easily accessed by the public and easily displays the chosen artifacts. These elements of planning have their roots with John Cotton Dana, who was perturbed at the historical placement of museums outside of cities, and in areas that were not easily accessed by the public, in gloomy European style buildings.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Questions of accessibility continue to the present day. Many museums strive to make their buildings, programming, ideas, and collections more publicly accessible than in the past. Not every museum is participating in this trend, but that seems to be the trajectory of museums in the twenty-first century with its emphasis on inclusiveness. One pioneering way museums are attempting to make their collections more accessible is with open storage. Most of a museum's collection is typically locked away in a secure location to be preserved, but the result is most people never get to see the vast majority of collections. The Brooklyn Museum's Luce Center for American Art practices this open storage where the public can view items not on display, albeit with minimal interpretation. The practice of open storage is all part of an ongoing debate in the museum field of the role objects play and how accessible they should be.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of modern museums, interpretive museums, as opposed to art museums, have missions reflecting curatorial guidance through the subject matter which now include content in the form of images, audio and visual effects, and interactive exhibits. Museum creation begins with a museum plan, created through a <a href="/wiki/Museum_planning" title="Museum planning">museum planning</a> process. The process involves identifying the museum's vision and the resources, organization and experiences needed to realize this vision. A feasibility study, analysis of comparable facilities, and an <a href="/wiki/Interpretive_planning" title="Interpretive planning">interpretive plan</a> are all developed as part of the museum planning process. </p><p>Some museum experiences have very few or no artifacts and do not necessarily call themselves museums, and their mission reflects this; the <a href="/wiki/Griffith_Observatory" title="Griffith Observatory">Griffith Observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Constitution_Center" title="National Constitution Center">National Constitution Center</a> in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a>, being notable examples where there are few artifacts, but strong, memorable stories are told or information is interpreted. In contrast, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Holocaust_Memorial_Museum" title="United States Holocaust Memorial Museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> uses many artifacts in their memorable exhibitions. </p><p>Museums are laid out in a specific way for a specific reason and each person who enters the doors of a museum will see its collection completely differently to the person behind them- this is what makes museums fascinating because they are represented differently to each individual.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–10">: 9–10 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Financial_uses">Financial uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Financial uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economic_theory_of_museums" title="Economic theory of museums">Economic theory of museums</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Titanic_Signature_Project,_Belfast_(16)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2148869.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Titanic_Signature_Project%2C_Belfast_%2816%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2148869.jpg/220px-The_Titanic_Signature_Project%2C_Belfast_%2816%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2148869.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Titanic_Signature_Project%2C_Belfast_%2816%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2148869.jpg/330px-The_Titanic_Signature_Project%2C_Belfast_%2816%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2148869.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/The_Titanic_Signature_Project%2C_Belfast_%2816%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2148869.jpg/440px-The_Titanic_Signature_Project%2C_Belfast_%2816%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2148869.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Construction of Titanic Belfast in 2010</figcaption></figure><p>In recent years, some cities have turned to museums as an avenue for economic development or rejuvenation. This is particularly true in the case of postindustrial cities.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of museums fulfilling these economic roles exist around the world. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Guggenheim_Museum_Bilbao" title="Guggenheim Museum Bilbao">Guggenheim Museum Bilbao</a> was built in <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao, Spain</a> in a move by the Basque regional government to revitalize the dilapidated old port area of that city. The Basque government agreed to pay $100 million for the construction of the museum, a price tag that caused many Bilbaoans to protest against the project.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, over 1.1 million people visited the museum in 2015, indicating it appeared to have paid off for the local government despite local backlash; key to this is the large demographic of foreign visitors to the museum, with 63% of the visitors residing outside of Spain and thus feeding foreign investment straight into Bilbao.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A similar project to that undertaken in Bilbao was the <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Belfast" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a>, built on disused shipyards in <a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, incidentally for the same price as the Guggenheim Museum Bilbao and by the same architect, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Gehry" title="Frank Gehry">Frank Gehry</a>, in time for the 100th anniversary of <i><a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">Titanic</a></i>'s maiden voyage in 2012. Initially expecting modest visitor numbers of 425,000 annually, first year visitor numbers reached over 800,000, with almost 60% coming from outside Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, similar projects include the 81,000 square foot <a href="/wiki/Taubman_Museum_of_Art" title="Taubman Museum of Art">Taubman Museum of Art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Roanoke,_Virginia" title="Roanoke, Virginia">Roanoke, Virginia</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Broad" title="The Broad">The Broad</a> in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. </p><p>Museums being used as a cultural economic driver by city and local governments has proven to be controversial among museum activists and local populations alike. Public protests have occurred in numerous cities which have tried to employ museums in this way. While most subside if a museum is successful, as happened in Bilbao, others continue especially if a museum struggles to attract visitors. The Taubman Museum of Art is an example of an expensive museum (eventually $66 million) that attained little success and continues to have a low endowment for its size.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some museum activists see this method of museum use as a deeply flawed model for such institutions. Steven Conn, one such museum proponent, believes that "to ask museums to solve our political and economic problems is to set them up for inevitable failure and to set us (the visitor) up for inevitable disappointment."<sup id="cite_ref-:0_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Funding">Funding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_03.jpg/220px-Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_03.jpg/330px-Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_03.jpg/440px-Fire_-_Museu_Nacional_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Officials blamed a lack of funding for <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil_fire" title="National Museum of Brazil fire">a 2018 fire</a> at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Brazil" title="National Museum of Brazil">National Museum of Brazil</a> that destroyed over 90% of its contents <sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure><p> Museums are facing funding shortages. Funding for museums comes from four major categories, and as of 2009 the breakdown for the United States is as follows: Government support (at all levels) 24.4%, private (charitable) giving 36.5%, earned income 27.6%, and investment income 11.5%.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government funding from the <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a>, the largest museum funder in the United States, decreased by 19.586 million between 2011 and 2015, adjusted for inflation.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average spent per visitor in an art museum in 2016 was $8 between admissions, store and restaurant, where the average expense per visitor was $55.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Corporation" title="Corporation">Corporations</a>, which fall into the private giving category, can be a good source of funding to make up the funding gap. The amount corporations currently give to museums accounts for just 5% of total funding.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Corporate giving to the arts, however, was set to increase by 3.3% in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exhibition_design">Exhibition design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Exhibition design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">Exhibit design</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dresden_-_Japanese_tourist_with_baby_-_1786.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dresden_-_Japanese_tourist_with_baby_-_1786.jpg/220px-Dresden_-_Japanese_tourist_with_baby_-_1786.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dresden_-_Japanese_tourist_with_baby_-_1786.jpg/330px-Dresden_-_Japanese_tourist_with_baby_-_1786.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dresden_-_Japanese_tourist_with_baby_-_1786.jpg/440px-Dresden_-_Japanese_tourist_with_baby_-_1786.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>Paintings arranged in groupings in the "salon style"</figcaption></figure> <p>Most mid-size and large museums employ <a href="/wiki/Exhibit_design" title="Exhibit design">exhibit design</a> staff for graphic and environmental design projects, including exhibitions. In addition to traditional 2-D and 3-D designers<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and architects, these staff departments may include audio-visual specialists, software designers, audience research, evaluation specialists, writers, editors, and preparators or art handlers. These staff specialists may also be charged with supervising contract design or production services. The exhibit design process builds on the <a href="/wiki/Interpretive_planning" title="Interpretive planning">interpretive plan</a> for an exhibit, determining the most effective, engaging and appropriate methods of communicating a message or telling a story. The process will often mirror the architectural process or schedule, moving from conceptual plan, through schematic design, design development, contract document, fabrication, and installation. Museums of all sizes may also contract the outside services of exhibit fabrication businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:392px;max-width:392px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum,_Winona_Normal_School.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Museum%2C_Winona_Normal_School.jpg/162px-Museum%2C_Winona_Normal_School.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Museum%2C_Winona_Normal_School.jpg/243px-Museum%2C_Winona_Normal_School.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Museum%2C_Winona_Normal_School.jpg/324px-Museum%2C_Winona_Normal_School.jpg 2x" data-file-width="611" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:125px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Chihuahuita_exhibit_at_the_El_Paso_Museum_of_History.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Exterior of building" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chihuahuita_exhibit_at_the_El_Paso_Museum_of_History.jpg/222px-Chihuahuita_exhibit_at_the_El_Paso_Museum_of_History.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chihuahuita_exhibit_at_the_El_Paso_Museum_of_History.jpg/333px-Chihuahuita_exhibit_at_the_El_Paso_Museum_of_History.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Chihuahuita_exhibit_at_the_El_Paso_Museum_of_History.jpg/444px-Chihuahuita_exhibit_at_the_El_Paso_Museum_of_History.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="608" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: "Cabinet of curiosities" style of exhibit, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1890</span>. Right: Contemporary history exhibit, 2016.</div></div></div></div> <p>Some museum scholars have even begun to question whether museums truly need artifacts at all. Historian Steven Conn provocatively asks this question, suggesting that there are fewer objects in <i>all</i> museums now, as they have been progressively replaced by interactive technology.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As educational programming has grown in museums, mass collections of objects have receded in importance. This is not necessarily a negative development; <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Canfield_Fisher" title="Dorothy Canfield Fisher">Dorothy Canfield Fisher</a> observed that the reduction in objects has pushed museums to grow from institutions that artlessly showcased their many artifacts (in the style of early cabinets of curiosity) to instead "thinning out" the objects presented "for a general view of any given subject or period, and to put the rest away in archive-storage-rooms, where they could be consulted by students, the only people who really needed to see them".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This phenomenon of disappearing objects is especially present in science museums like the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_(Chicago)" title="Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)">Museum of Science and Industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, which have a high visitorship of school-aged children who may benefit more from hands-on interactive technology than reading a label beside an artifact.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Petersen_Automotive_Museum_PA140031_(44324591460).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petersen_Automotive_Museum_PA140031_%2844324591460%29.jpg/220px-Petersen_Automotive_Museum_PA140031_%2844324591460%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petersen_Automotive_Museum_PA140031_%2844324591460%29.jpg/330px-Petersen_Automotive_Museum_PA140031_%2844324591460%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Petersen_Automotive_Museum_PA140031_%2844324591460%29.jpg/440px-Petersen_Automotive_Museum_PA140031_%2844324591460%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Classic_car" title="Classic car">Classic cars</a> displayed at an <a href="/wiki/Automotive_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive museum">automotive museum</a>, which could be considered both a history and technology museum</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no definitive standard as to the set types of museums. Additionally, the museum landscape has become so varied, that it may not be sufficient to use traditional categories to comprehend fully the vast variety existing throughout the world. However, it may be useful to categorize museums in different ways under multiple perspectives. Museums can vary based on size, from large institutions, to very small institutions focusing on specific subjects, such as a specific location, a notable person, or a given period of time. Museums also can be based on the main source of funding: central or federal government, provinces, regions, universities; towns and communities; other subsidised; nonsubsidised and private.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It may sometimes be useful to distinguish between <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/diachronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:diachronic">diachronic</a> museums which interpret the way its subject matter has developed and evolved through time (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side_Tenement_Museum" title="Lower East Side Tenement Museum">Lower East Side Tenement Museum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diachronic_Museum_of_Larissa" title="Diachronic Museum of Larissa">Diachronic Museum of Larissa</a>), and <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/synchronic" class="extiw" title="wikt:synchronic">synchronic</a> museums which interpret the way its subject matter existed at a certain point in time (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank_House" title="Anne Frank House">Anne Frank House</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Colonial Williamsburg</a>). According to <a href="/wiki/University_of_Florida" title="University of Florida">University of Florida</a> Professor Eric Kilgerman, "While a museum in which a particular narrative unfolds within its halls is diachronic, those museums that limit their space to a single experience are called synchronic."<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her book <i>Civilizing the Museum</i>, author Elaine Heumann Gurian proposes that there are five categories of museums based on intention and not content: object centered, narrative, client centered, community centered, and national.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Museums can also be categorized into major groups by the type of collections they display, to include: <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Applied_arts" title="Applied arts">applied arts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Craft" title="Craft">craft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethnology" title="Ethnology">ethnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biography" title="Biography">biography</a>, <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_history" title="Cultural history">cultural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_museum" title="Children's museum">children's museums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">natural history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">botanical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">zoological gardens</a>. Within these categories, many museums specialize further, e.g., museums of <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">modern art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">folk art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_history" title="Local history">local history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military_history" title="Military history">military history</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_aviation" title="History of aviation">aviation history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philately" title="Philately">philately</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geology</a>. The size of a museum's collection typically determines the museum's size, whereas its collection reflects the type of museum it is. Many museums normally display a "permanent collection" of important selected objects in its area of specialization, and may periodically display "special collections" on a temporary basis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Major_types">Major types</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Major types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a list to give an idea of the major museum types. While comprehensive, it is not a definitive list. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_museum" title="Agricultural museum">Agricultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_museum" title="Architecture museum">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_museum" title="Archaeology museum">Archaeological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Automotive museum">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_museum" title="Design museum">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biographical_museum" title="Biographical museum">Biographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_museum" title="Children's museum">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_museum" title="Community museum">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedic_museum" title="Encyclopedic museum">Encyclopedic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_museum" title="Folk museum">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_house_museum" title="Historic house museum">Historic house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_site" title="Historic site">Historic site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_museum" title="Living museum">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_museum" title="Local museum">Local</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_museum" title="Maritime museum">Maritime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_museum" title="Medical museum">Medical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_museum" title="Memorial museum">Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Military museum">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">Natural history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">Open-air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_museum" title="Science museum">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_framework">Legal framework</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Legal framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_vs._private">Public vs. private</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Public vs. private"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Private museums are organized by individuals and managed by a board and museum officers, but public museums are created and managed by federal, state, or local governments. A government can charter a museum through legislative action but the museum can still be private as it is not part of the government. The distinction regulates the ownership and legal accountability for the care of the collections.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LegalPrimer_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegalPrimer-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Non-profit_vs._for-profit">Non-profit vs. for-profit</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-profit vs. for-profit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nonprofit means that an organization is classified as a charitable corporation and is exempt from paying most taxes and the money the organization earns is invested in the organization itself. Money made by a private, for-profit museum is paid to the museum's owners or shareholders. </p><p>The nonprofit museum has a fiduciary responsibility in regards to the public, in essence the museum holds its collections and administers it for the benefit of the public. Collections of for-profit museums are legally corporate assets the museum administers for the benefit of the owners or shareholders.<sup id="cite_ref-Foundations_36-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foundations-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LegalPrimer_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LegalPrimer-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Run_by_trusts_vs._corporations">Run by trusts vs. corporations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Run by trusts vs. corporations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A trust is a legal instrument where trustees manage the trust's assets for the benefit of the museum following the specific wishes of the donor. This provides tax benefits for the donor, and also allows the donor to have control over how assets are distributed. </p><p>Corporations are legal entities and may acquire property in a way similar to how an individual can own property. Museums under incorporation are usually organized by a community or group of individuals. While a board of director's loyalty is to the corporation, a board of trustee's loyalty has to be loyal to the intention of the trust. The ramification is that a trust is far less flexible than a corporation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_challenges">Current challenges</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Current challenges"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization">Decolonization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Decolonization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decolonisation_of_knowledge" class="mw-redirect" title="Decolonisation of knowledge">Decolonisation of knowledge</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basalt_statue,_Hoa_Hakananai%27a_(hidden_or_stolen_friend)._Moai;_an_ancestor_figure,_made_by_the_Rapanui_people._1000-1200_CE._From_Orongo_(Polynesia,_Easter_Island);_probably_made_in_Rano_Kao._British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Basalt_statue%2C_Hoa_Hakananai%27a_%28hidden_or_stolen_friend%29._Moai%3B_an_ancestor_figure%2C_made_by_the_Rapanui_people._1000-1200_CE._From_Orongo_%28Polynesia%2C_Easter_Island%29%3B_probably_made_in_Rano_Kao._British_Museum.jpg/170px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Basalt_statue%2C_Hoa_Hakananai%27a_%28hidden_or_stolen_friend%29._Moai%3B_an_ancestor_figure%2C_made_by_the_Rapanui_people._1000-1200_CE._From_Orongo_%28Polynesia%2C_Easter_Island%29%3B_probably_made_in_Rano_Kao._British_Museum.jpg/255px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Basalt_statue%2C_Hoa_Hakananai%27a_%28hidden_or_stolen_friend%29._Moai%3B_an_ancestor_figure%2C_made_by_the_Rapanui_people._1000-1200_CE._From_Orongo_%28Polynesia%2C_Easter_Island%29%3B_probably_made_in_Rano_Kao._British_Museum.jpg/340px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4016" data-file-height="6016" /></a><figcaption>Moai figure at the British Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>A global movement for the decolonization of museums has been gaining momentum since the late 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proponents of this movement argue that "museums are a box of things" and do not represent complete stories; instead they show biased narratives based on ideologies, in which certain stories are intentionally disregarded.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–18">: 9–18 </span></sup> Through this, people are encouraging others to consider this missing perspective, when looking at museum collections, as every object viewed in such environments was placed by an individual to represent a certain viewpoint, be it historical or cultural.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 9–18">: 9–18 </span></sup> </p><p>The 2018 <i><a href="/wiki/Report_on_the_restitution_of_African_cultural_heritage" title="Report on the restitution of African cultural heritage">report on the restitution of African cultural heritage</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-Rapport_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rapport-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a prominent example regarding the decolonization of museums and other collections in France and the claims of African countries to regain <a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">artifacts</a> illegally taken from their original cultural settings. </p><p>Since 1868, several monolithic human figures known as <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> have been <a href="/wiki/Relocation_of_moai" title="Relocation of moai">removed</a> from <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> and put in display in major Western museums such as the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="National Museum of Natural History">National Museum of Natural History</a>, the British Museum, the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Museums_of_Art_and_History" title="Royal Museums of Art and History">Royal Museums of Art and History</a>. Several demands have been made by Easter Island residents for the return of the Moai.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The figures are seen as ancestors and family or the soul by the <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a> and hold deep cultural value to their people.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other examples include the <a href="/wiki/Gweagal_Shield" class="mw-redirect" title="Gweagal Shield">Gweagal Shield</a>, thought to be a very significant shield taken from <a href="/wiki/Botany_Bay" title="Botany Bay">Botany Bay</a> in April 1770<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the <a href="/wiki/Elgin_Marbles" title="Elgin Marbles">Parthenon marble</a> sculptures, which were taken from Greece by Lord Elgin in 1805.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Successive Greek governments have unsuccessfully petitioned for the return of the Parthenon marbles.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another example among many others is the so-called <a href="/wiki/Montezuma%27s_headdress" class="mw-redirect" title="Montezuma's headdress">Montezuma's headdress</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ethnology,_Vienna" class="mw-redirect" title="Museum of Ethnology, Vienna">Museum of Ethnology, Vienna</a>, which is a source of dispute between Austria and Mexico.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_issues_and_unionization">Labor issues and unionization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Labor issues and unionization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philadelphia_Art_Museum_workers_rally_-_April_1,_2022-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Philadelphia_Art_Museum_workers_rally_-_April_1%2C_2022-001.jpg/220px-Philadelphia_Art_Museum_workers_rally_-_April_1%2C_2022-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Philadelphia_Art_Museum_workers_rally_-_April_1%2C_2022-001.jpg/330px-Philadelphia_Art_Museum_workers_rally_-_April_1%2C_2022-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Philadelphia_Art_Museum_workers_rally_-_April_1%2C_2022-001.jpg/440px-Philadelphia_Art_Museum_workers_rally_-_April_1%2C_2022-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4803" data-file-height="3400" /></a><figcaption>Workers rallying at the Philadelphia Museum of Art</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Background</dt></dl> <p>The past few years has seen a unionizing movement. US museums workers have initiated dialogs about labor and collective organizing in the cultural sector. In 2019 the workers in multiple museums voted to form unions with more protesting to press for a fair contract and against unfair labor practices.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During that year over 3,000 cultural workers anonymously started to share their salaries online through a pay transparency spreadsheet.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Marciano Art Foundation, a museum established by co-founders of <a href="/wiki/Guess_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Guess (clothing)">Guess clothing</a>, Maurice Marciano and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Marciano" title="Paul Marciano">Paul Marciano</a> closed indefinitely in November 2019 after workers attempted to <a href="/wiki/Unionize" class="mw-redirect" title="Unionize">unionize</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Marciano Foundation released a statement a month later that the closure was permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the country of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a> 40 employees were fired May 2022 as part of a restructuring. The newly formed union, the Georgian Trade Union of Science, Education, and Culture Workers said in a statement they said the employees were fired illegally and the reorganization was "carried out by the employer in an untransparent and maladministered manner" and that the organization will "definitely fight to the end to protect the rights of employees." Fired senior curator Maia Pataridze said the new management mentioned her social media posts criticizing the government.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among those fired was union chair, Nikoloz Tsikaridze, a senior researcher and archaeologist who associated the discharging of himself and other museum staff was for forming a union, and said that <a href="/wiki/Thea_Tsulukiani" title="Thea Tsulukiani">Thea Tsulukiani</a>, the Georgia Minister of Culture had "punished" them.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>History</dt></dl> <p>In the United States, labor unrest within the arts and cultural sector go back at least nearly a century to 1933 when a New York-based collective of artists eventually known as the Artist's Union used collective bargaining for state relief for unemployed artists.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1971 administrative staff at New York's Museum of Modern Art formed the organization "Professional and Staff Association of the Museum of Modern Art" (PASTA), the first union of professional employees, as opposed to maintenance and service people, at a privately‐financed museum. The contract negotiated would provide a wage increase, protection against termination without cause, and direct access to trustees and policy-making processes at the museum. While there was some interest from workers at other museums at the time, for the next fifty years there was little change in museums adding union representation of their professional employees.<sup id="cite_ref-Small_78-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Small-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sustainability_and_climate_change">Sustainability and climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sustainability and climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Green_museum" title="Green museum">Green museum</a></div> <p>Increasingly museums have responded to the ongoing climate crisis through enacting sustainable museum practices, and exhibitions highlighting the issues surrounding <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Anthropocene" title="Anthropocene">Anthropocene</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_culture">Digital culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Digital culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As <a href="/wiki/Digital_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital culture">digital culture</a> has increased in society, museums have needed to respond to these changes in the facilities that they offer online.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diversity_and_inclusion">Diversity and inclusion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Diversity and inclusion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as an argument for the decolonization of museums, there is also the push by some to represent, in both exhibitions and new museums, the marginalized communities within a culture or society. One example of this is the work of archivist and diverse heritage specialist <a href="/wiki/Norma_Gregory" title="Norma Gregory">Norma Gregory</a> in Nottingham, England. Gregory has set up the Black Miner's Museum<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has curated an exhibition entitled <i>The Digging Deep Project Exhibition.</i><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_symbol_museum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_symbol_museum.svg/16px-Map_symbol_museum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_symbol_museum.svg/24px-Map_symbol_museum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Map_symbol_museum.svg/32px-Map_symbol_museum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="440" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Museums" title="Portal:Museums">Museums portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_tour" title="Audio tour">Audio tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_museums" title="Category:Types of museums">Category:Types of museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_tour" class="mw-redirect" title="Cell phone tour">Cell phone tour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_memory" title="Collective memory">Collective memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Interchange_of_Museum_Information" title="Computer Interchange of Museum Information">Computer Interchange of Museum Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Museum_Day" title="International Museum Day">International Museum Day</a> (18 May)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">List of largest art museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_visited_art_museums" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most visited art museums">List of most visited art museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_museums_by_region" title="List of most-visited museums by region">List of most-visited museums by region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_museums" title="Lists of museums">Lists of museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/.museum" title=".museum">.museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_education" title="Museum education">Museum education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_fatigue" title="Museum fatigue">Museum fatigue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_label" title="Museum label">Museum label</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_shop" title="Museum shop">Museum shop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_tourism" title="Science tourism">Science tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_Library_museums_pages" title="Virtual Library museums pages">Virtual Library museums pages</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFindlen1989" class="citation journal cs1">Findlen, Paula (1989). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Admission+Ticket+to+the+British+Museum&rft.pub=The+British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fexplore%2Fhighlights%2Fhighlight_objects%2Farchives%2Fa%2Fadmission_ticket_to_the_britis.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BM-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BM_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx">"History of the British Museum"</a>. British Museum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120412162528/http://www.britishmuseum.org/the_museum/history/general_history.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+British+Museum&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fthe_museum%2Fhistory%2Fgeneral_history.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Swann, Marjorie (2001), Curiosities and Texts: The Culture of Collecting in Early Modern England, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. E. Salter and Mary D. Lobel (editors) <a href="/wiki/Victoria_County_History" title="Victoria County History">Victoria County History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63866"><i>A History of the County of Oxford: Volume 3</i> 1954 Pages 47–49</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130208052143/http://british-history.ac.uk/report.aspx?compid=63866">Archived</a> 8 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131024093225/http://www.louvre.fr/en/history-louvre">"History of Louvre"</a>. History of Louvre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.louvre.fr/en/history-louvre">the original</a> on 24 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Louvre&rft.pub=History+of+Louvre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.louvre.fr%2Fen%2Fhistory-louvre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang Wan-Chen, <i>A cross-cultural perspective on musealization: the museum's reception by China and Japan in the second half of the nineteenth century</i> in <i>Museum and Society</i>, vol. 10, 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1995" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Tony (1995). <i>The Birth of the Museum</i>. 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National Park Service. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160421055615/https://www.nps.gov/archeology/tools/laws/nagpra.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Native+American+Graves+Protection+and+Repatriation+Act+%28NAGPRA%29&rft.pub=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Farcheology%2Ftools%2Flaws%2Fnagpra.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuthie2011" class="citation journal cs1">Duthie, Emily (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fphrj.v18i0.1523">"The British Museum: An Imperial Museum in a Post-Imperial World"</a>. <i>Public History Review</i>. <b>18</b>: 12–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5130%2Fphrj.v18i0.1523">10.5130/phrj.v18i0.1523</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+British+Museum%3A+An+Imperial+Museum+in+a+Post-Imperial+World&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=12-25&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5130%2Fphrj.v18i0.1523&rft.aulast=Duthie&rft.aufirst=Emily&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5130%252Fphrj.v18i0.1523&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">American Association of Museums, "The Accreditation Commission's Expectations Regarding Governance." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aam-us.org/aboutmuseums/standards/stbp.cfm">p. 1.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111119180646/http://www.aam-us.org/aboutmuseums/standards/stbp.cfm">Archived</a> 19 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MuseumAdministration-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumAdministration_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MuseumAdministration_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hugh H. Genoways and Lynne M. Ireland, <i>Museum Administration: An Introduction</i>, (Lanham: AltaMira, 2003), 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foundations-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foundations_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundations_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foundations_36-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLathamSimmons2014" class="citation book cs1">Latham, Kiersten F.; Simmons, John E. (2014). <i>Foundations of Museum Studies: Evolving Systems of Knowledge Illustrated Edition</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mag.rochester.edu/plugins/acrobat/teachers/MuseumCareers.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Museum+Job+Descriptions&rft.pub=University+of+Rochester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmag.rochester.edu%2Fplugins%2Facrobat%2Fteachers%2FMuseumCareers.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cf., e.g., Marilyn E. Phelan: <i> Museum Law: A Guide for Officers, Directors, and Counsel. </i> 2014, p. 419 ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200323142530/http://archives.icom.museum/emergency.html">"ICOM and the International Committee of the Blue Shield"</a>. <i>ICOM</i>. 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The New Museum (Woodstock, VT: The Elm Tree Press, 1917), 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dana, John Cotton. The New Museum (Woodstock, VT: The Elm Tree Press, 1917), 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dana, John Cotton. The Gloom of the Museum. (Woodstock, VT: The Elm Tree Press, 1917), 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/turning-museums-inside-out-with-beautiful-visible-storage">"Turning Museums Inside-Out with Beautiful Visible Storage"</a>. <i>Atlas Obscura</i>. 24 September 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201151035/http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/turning-museums-inside-out-with-beautiful-visible-storage">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Here's What's Driving a Movement That's Been Years in the Making"</a>. <i>Artnet News</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526052819/https://news.artnet.com/market/union-museum-analysis-1714716">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artnet+News&rft.atitle=Museum+Workers+Across+the+Country+Are+Unionizing.+Here%27s+What%27s+Driving+a+Movement+That%27s+Been+Years+in+the+Making&rft.date=2019-11-25&rft.aulast=Wagley&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.artnet.com%2Fmarket%2Funion-museum-analysis-1714716&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Small-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Small_78-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Small_78-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmall2022" class="citation news cs1">Small, Zachary (21 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/21/arts/design/museums-unions-labor.html">"U.S. Museums See Rise in Unions Even as Labor Movement Slumps"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601043816/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/21/arts/design/museums-unions-labor.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=U.S.+Museums+See+Rise+in+Unions+Even+as+Labor+Movement+Slumps&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Small&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F02%2F21%2Farts%2Fdesign%2Fmuseums-unions-labor.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda2019" class="citation news cs1">Miranda, Carolina A. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=What%27s+next+for+nonprofit+museums+after+the+closing+of+the+Marciano+Art+Foundation%3F&rft.date=2019-11-08&rft.aulast=Miranda&rft.aufirst=Carolina+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fentertainment-arts%2Fstory%2F2019-11-08%2Fmarciano-art-foundation-closing-fallout-museum-union-drive&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiranda2019" class="citation web cs1">Miranda, Carolina A. (7 December 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-12-06/moca-recognizes-employee-union-afscme-marciano-closure-permanent">"MOCA will voluntarily recognize new employee union; Marciano closure is permanent"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220526052820/https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story/2019-12-06/moca-recognizes-employee-union-afscme-marciano-closure-permanent">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Artnet+News&rft.atitle=State-Run+Museums+in+Georgia+Abruptly+Fired+40+Employees%2C+Allegedly+in+Retribution+for+Forming+a+Union&rft.date=2022-06-02&rft.aulast=Dafoe&rft.aufirst=Taylor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.artnet.com%2Fart-world%2Femployees-fired-from-state-run-museums-in-georgia-2124928&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.widewalls.ch/news-feed/georgia-museums-unionization">"Georgia Museums Respond to Unionization Push by Brazenly Firing Dozens of Employees"</a>. <i>Widewalls</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220710023351/https://www.widewalls.ch/news-feed/georgia-museums-unionization">Archived</a> from the original on 10 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Widewalls&rft.atitle=Georgia+Museums+Respond+to+Unionization+Push+by+Brazenly+Firing+Dozens+of+Employees&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.widewalls.ch%2Fnews-feed%2Fgeorgia-museums-unionization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oc-media.org/georgian-culture-minister-accused-of-purging-critics-from-national-museum/">"Georgian culture minister accused of purging critics from National Museum"</a>. <i>OC Media</i>. 26 May 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220624222801/https://oc-media.org/georgian-culture-minister-accused-of-purging-critics-from-national-museum/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OC+Media&rft.atitle=Georgian+culture+minister+accused+of+purging+critics+from+National+Museum&rft.date=2022-05-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foc-media.org%2Fgeorgian-culture-minister-accused-of-purging-critics-from-national-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenda.ge/en/news/2022/1938">"Union vows to fight "unlawful mass dismissal" of Georgian National Museum employees"</a>. <i>Agenda.ge</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220609175255/https://agenda.ge/en/news/2022/1938">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Series on Cultural Computing. <a href="/wiki/Springer_Nature" title="Springer Nature">Springer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-319-97457-6">10.1007/978-3-319-97457-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97456-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-97456-9"><bdi>978-3-319-97456-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146115899">146115899</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museums+and+Digital+Culture%3A+New+Perspectives+and+Research&rft.series=Series+on+Cultural+Computing&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146115899%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-319-97457-6&rft.isbn=978-3-319-97456-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blackcoalminers.com/">"Home – Black Miners Museum"</a>. <i>blackcoalminers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=blackcoalminers.com&rft.atitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Black+Miners+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblackcoalminers.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTOCaribNews2019" class="citation web cs1">TOCaribNews (4 November 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://torontocaribbean.com/digging-deeper-with-norma-gregory/">"Digging deeper with Norma Gregory"</a>. <i>Toronto Caribbean Newspaper</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Caribbean+Newspaper&rft.atitle=Digging+deeper+with+Norma+Gregory&rft.date=2019-11-04&rft.au=TOCaribNews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftorontocaribbean.com%2Fdigging-deeper-with-norma-gregory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aronsson, Peter., and Gabriella Elgenius. <i>National Museums and Nation-Building in Europe 1750–2010 : Mobilization and Legitimacy, Continuity and Change.</i> Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2015.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennett1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett_(sociologist)" title="Tony Bennett (sociologist)">Bennett, Tony</a> (1995). <i>The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05387-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-05387-7"><bdi>978-0-415-05387-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/30624669">30624669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+the+Museum%3A+History%2C+Theory%2C+Politics&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F30624669&rft.isbn=978-0-415-05387-7&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Tony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConn1998" class="citation book cs1">Conn, Steven (1998). <i>Museums and American Intellectual Life, 1876–1926</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-11493-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-11493-7"><bdi>0-226-11493-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museums+and+American+Intellectual+Life%2C+1876%E2%80%931926&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-226-11493-7&rft.aulast=Conn&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCuno2013" class="citation book cs1">Cuno, James (2013). <i>Museums Matter: In Praise of the Encyclopedic Museum</i>. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10091-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10091-3"><bdi>978-0-226-10091-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museums+Matter%3A+In+Praise+of+the+Encyclopedic+Museum&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-226-10091-3&rft.aulast=Cuno&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFindlen1996" class="citation book cs1">Findlen, Paula (1996). <i>Possessing Nature: Museums, Collecting, and Scientific Culture in Early Modern Italy</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20508-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20508-1"><bdi>0-520-20508-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Possessing+Nature%3A+Museums%2C+Collecting%2C+and+Scientific+Culture+in+Early+Modern+Italy&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-520-20508-1&rft.aulast=Findlen&rft.aufirst=Paula&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarotta2010" class="citation book cs1">Marotta, Antonello (2010). <i>Contemporary Milan</i>. Skira. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0258-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-572-0258-7"><bdi>978-88-572-0258-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Milan&rft.pub=Skira&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-572-0258-7&rft.aulast=Marotta&rft.aufirst=Antonello&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurtagh2005" class="citation book cs1">Murtagh, William J. (2005). <i>Keeping Time: The History and Theory of Preservation in America</i>. New York: Sterling Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-471-47377-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-471-47377-4"><bdi>0-471-47377-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Keeping+Time%3A+The+History+and+Theory+of+Preservation+in+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-471-47377-4&rft.aulast=Murtagh&rft.aufirst=William+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedman2022" class="citation book cs1">Redman, Samuel (2022). <i>The Museum: A Short History of Crisis and Resilience</i>. New York: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-0933-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-0933-2"><bdi>978-1-4798-0933-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Museum%3A+A+Short+History+of+Crisis+and+Resilience&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-0933-2&rft.aulast=Redman&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rentzhog, Sten (2007). <i>Open air museums: The history and future of a visionary idea</i>. Stockholm and Östersund: Carlssons Förlag / Jamtli. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-7948-208-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-7948-208-4">978-91-7948-208-4</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.participatorymuseum.org/read/">Simon, Nina K. (2010). <i>The Participatory Museum.</i> Santa Cruz: Museums 2.0</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Uffelen2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Chris_van_Uffelen" title="Chris van Uffelen">van Uffelen, Chris</a> (2010). <i>Museumsarchitektur</i> (in German). Potsdam: Ullmann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6033-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8331-6033-2"><bdi>978-3-8331-6033-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Museumsarchitektur&rft.place=Potsdam&rft.pub=Ullmann&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-8331-6033-2&rft.aulast=van+Uffelen&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span> – also available in English: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Contemporary Museums – Architecture History Collections</i>. Braun Publishing. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03768-067-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03768-067-4"><bdi>978-3-03768-067-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Museums+%E2%80%93+Architecture+History+Collections&rft.pub=Braun+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-03768-067-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYerkovich2016" class="citation book cs1">Yerkovich, Sally (2016). <i>A Practical Guide to Museum Ethics</i>. Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3164-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-3164-1"><bdi>978-1-4422-3164-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Practical+Guide+to+Museum+Ethics&rft.place=Lanham&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-3164-1&rft.aulast=Yerkovich&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510201911/https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/wcm/connect/5471b8d8-b430-49af-8f49-e2050a6a77e1/conf-materials-02.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp%3B">"The Museum and Museum Specialists: Problems of Professional Education, Proceedings of the International Conference, 14–15 November 2014"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. St. Petersburg: The State Hermitage Publishers. 2015. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hermitagemuseum.org/wps/wcm/connect/5471b8d8-b430-49af-8f49-e2050a6a77e1/conf-materials-02.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&amp%3B">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 10 May 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Museum+and+Museum+Specialists%3A+Problems+of+Professional+Education%2C+Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference%2C+14%E2%80%9315+November+2014&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=The+State+Hermitage+Publishers&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hermitagemuseum.org%2Fwps%2Fwcm%2Fconnect%2F5471b8d8-b430-49af-8f49-e2050a6a77e1%2Fconf-materials-02.pdf%3FMOD%3DAJPERES%26amp%253B&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMuseum" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Museum&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121212063856/http://archives.icom.museum/vlmp/">VLmp directory of museums</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Template talk:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural_Conservation-Restoration" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cultural Conservation-Restoration"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cultural_heritage_and_historic_preservation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_preservation" title="Historic preservation">historic preservation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics<br /> and issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agents_of_deterioration" title="Agents of deterioration">Agents of deterioration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archival_processing" title="Archival processing">Archival processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_science" title="Archaeological science">Archaeological science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioarchaeology" title="Bioarchaeology">Bioarchaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book" title="Book">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(archives)" title="Calendar (archives)">Calendar (archives)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural property">Conservation and restoration of cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_science_(cultural_property)" title="Conservation science (cultural property)">Conservation science (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collecting" title="Collecting">Collecting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_(museum)" title="Collection (museum)">Collection (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_catalog" title="Collection catalog">Collection catalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_maintenance" title="Collections maintenance">Collections maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management" title="Collections management">Collections management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collections_management_system" title="Collections management system">Collections management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">Cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage_management" title="Cultural heritage management">Cultural heritage management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property" title="Cultural property">Cultural property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_documentation" title="Cultural property documentation">Cultural property documentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_exhibition" title="Cultural property exhibition">Cultural property exhibition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_imaging" title="Cultural property imaging">Cultural property imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_storage" title="Cultural property storage">Cultural property storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_resources_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural resources management">Cultural resources management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_preservation" title="Database preservation">Database preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">Deaccessioning (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_photograph_restoration" title="Digital photograph restoration">Digital photograph restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_preservation" title="Digital preservation">Digital preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disaster_preparedness_(cultural_property)" title="Disaster preparedness (cultural property)">Disaster preparedness (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_preservation" title="Film preservation">Film preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finding_aid" title="Finding aid">Finding aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fonds" title="Fonds">Fonds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_in_collection" title="Found in collection">Found in collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_asset" title="Heritage asset">Heritage asset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_science" title="Heritage science">Heritage science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inherent_vice" title="Inherent vice">Inherent vice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible cultural heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_pest_management_(cultural_property)" title="Integrated pest management (cultural property)">Integrated pest management (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(library_and_archive)" title="Inventory (library and archive)">Inventory (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inventory_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventory (museum)">Inventory (museum)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_preservation" title="Media preservation">Media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mold_control_and_prevention_(library_and_archive)" title="Mold control and prevention (library and archive)">Mold control and prevention (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_media_preservation" title="Optical media preservation">Optical media preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_(library_and_archive)" title="Preservation (library and archive)">Preservation (library and archive)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_metadata" title="Preservation metadata">Preservation metadata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_survey" title="Preservation survey">Preservation survey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repatriation_(cultural_property)" title="Repatriation (cultural property)">Repatriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruins" title="Ruins">Ruins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_preservation" title="Sustainable preservation">Sustainable preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure" title="Treasure">Treasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_archiving" title="Web archiving">Web archiving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles<br /> and expertise</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archivist" title="Archivist">Archivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Art dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_handler" title="Art handler">Art handler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auctioneer" class="mw-redirect" title="Auctioneer">Auctioneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_manager" title="Collection manager">Collection manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_scientist" title="Conservation scientist">Conservation scientist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_technician" title="Conservation technician">Conservation technician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exhibition_designer" title="Exhibition designer">Exhibition designer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_maker" title="Mount maker">Mount maker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Objects_conservator" title="Objects conservator">Objects conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">Paintings conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_conservator" title="Photograph conservator">Photograph conservator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservationist" title="Preservationist">Preservationist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registrar_(cultural_property)" title="Registrar (cultural property)">Registrar (cultural property)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_conservator" title="Textile conservator">Textile conservator</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Methods<br /> and techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_(artwork)" title="Aging (artwork)">Aging (artwork)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastylosis" title="Anastylosis">Anastylosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrested_decay" title="Arrested decay">Arrested decay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cradling_(paintings)" title="Cradling (paintings)">Cradling (paintings)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_property_radiography" title="Cultural property radiography">Cultural property radiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detachment_of_wall_paintings" title="Detachment of wall paintings">Detachment of wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desmet_method" title="Desmet method">Desmet method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Display_case" title="Display case">Display case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_repository_audit_method_based_on_risk_assessment" title="Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment">Digital repository audit method based on risk assessment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_paint_analysis" title="Historic paint analysis">Historic paint analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inpainting" title="Inpainting">Inpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintsugi" title="Kintsugi">Kintsugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leafcasting" title="Leafcasting">Leafcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lining_of_paintings" title="Lining of paintings">Lining of paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_deacidification" title="Mass deacidification">Mass deacidification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overpainting" title="Overpainting">Overpainting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-inspiration" title="Paleo-inspiration">Paleo-inspiration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper_splitting" title="Paper splitting">Paper splitting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_(architecture)" title="Reconstruction (architecture)">Reconstruction (architecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissverklebung" title="Rissverklebung">Rissverklebung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textile_stabilization" title="Textile stabilization">Textile stabilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_panel_paintings" title="Transfer of panel paintings">Transfer of panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UVC-based_preservation" title="UVC-based preservation">UVC-based preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VisualAudio" title="VisualAudio">VisualAudio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_immovable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of immovable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of immovable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_archaeological_sites" title="Conservation and restoration of archaeological sites">Archaeological sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">Frescos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_railway" title="Heritage railway">Heritage railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_artworks" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor artworks">Outdoor artworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_bronze_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor bronze objects">Outdoor bronze objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_outdoor_murals" title="Conservation and restoration of outdoor murals">Outdoor murals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_movable_cultural_property" title="Conservation and restoration of movable cultural property">Conservation<br /> and restoration<br /> of movable <br /> cultural property</a><br /> by item type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ancient_Greek_pottery" title="Conservation and restoration of ancient Greek pottery">Ancient Greek pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_bone,_horn,_and_antler_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of bone, horn, and antler objects">Bone, horn, and antler objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_books,_manuscripts,_documents_and_ephemera" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera">Books, manuscripts, documents and ephemera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ceramic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ceramic objects">Ceramic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_clocks" title="Conservation and restoration of clocks">Clocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_copper-based_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of copper-based objects">Copper-based objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_feathers" title="Conservation and restoration of feathers">Feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_film" title="Conservation and restoration of film">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_flags_and_banners" title="Conservation and restoration of flags and banners">Flags and banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_fur_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of fur objects">Fur objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_glass_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of glass objects">Glass objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_herbaria" title="Conservation and restoration of herbaria">Herbaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_human_remains" title="Conservation and restoration of human remains">Human remains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_illuminated_manuscripts" title="Conservation and restoration of illuminated manuscripts">Illuminated manuscripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_insect_specimens" title="Conservation and restoration of insect specimens">Insect specimens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_iron_and_steel_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of iron and steel objects">Iron and steel objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_ivory_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of ivory objects">Ivory objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Judaica" title="Conservation and restoration of Judaica">Judaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lacquerware" title="Conservation and restoration of lacquerware">Lacquerware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_leather_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of leather objects">Leather objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_lighthouses" title="Conservation and restoration of lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_metals" title="Conservation and restoration of metals">Metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_musical_instruments" title="Conservation and restoration of musical instruments">Musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_neon_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of neon objects">Neon objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_new_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of new media art">New media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">Paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_painting_frames" title="Conservation and restoration of painting frames">Painting frames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_panel_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of panel paintings">Panel paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_papyrus" title="Conservation and restoration of papyrus">Papyrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_parchment" title="Conservation and restoration of parchment">Parchment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_performance_art" title="Conservation and restoration of performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographs" title="Conservation and restoration of photographs">Photographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_photographic_plates" title="Conservation and restoration of photographic plates">Photographic plates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_plastic_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of plastic objects">Plastic objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_rail_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of rail vehicles">Rail vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_road_vehicles" title="Conservation and restoration of road vehicles">Road vehicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_shipwreck_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of shipwreck artifacts">Shipwreck artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_silver_objects" title="Conservation and restoration of silver objects">Silver objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_of_South_Asian_household_shrines" title="Conservation of South Asian household shrines">South Asian household shrines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_stained_glass" title="Conservation and restoration of stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_taxidermy" title="Conservation and restoration of taxidermy">Taxidermy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_textiles" title="Conservation and restoration of textiles">Textiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Tibetan_thangkas" title="Conservation and restoration of Tibetan thangkas">Tibetan thangkas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_time-based_media_art" title="Conservation and restoration of time-based media art">Time-based media art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_totem_poles" title="Conservation and restoration of totem poles">Totem poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_vinyl_discs" title="Conservation and restoration of vinyl discs">Vinyl discs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_woodblock_prints" title="Conservation and restoration of woodblock prints">Woodblock prints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_artifacts" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden artifacts">Wooden artifacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_wooden_furniture" title="Conservation and restoration of wooden furniture">Wooden furniture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible<br /> cultural heritage</a><br /> preservation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_music" title="Ancient music">Ancient music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Applied_folklore" title="Applied folklore">Applied folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_notation" title="Dance notation">Dance notation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnochoreology" title="Ethnochoreology">Ethnochoreology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnopoetics" title="Ethnopoetics">Ethnopoetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_folklore" title="Family folklore">Family folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_art" title="Folk art">Folk art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">Folk etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Folk instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">Folk medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_process" title="Folk process">Folk process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_play" title="Folk play">Folk play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodways" title="Foodways">Foodways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">Folklore studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language" title="Heritage language">Heritage language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_language_learning" title="Heritage language learning">Heritage language learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous culture">Indigenous culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_language" title="Indigenous language">Indigenous language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_death" title="Language death">Language death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_preservation" title="Language preservation">Language preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_revitalization" title="Language revitalization">Language revitalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_history" title="Living history">Living history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_history_preservation" title="Oral history preservation">Oral history preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_of_meaning" title="Preservation of meaning">Preservation of meaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive music">Primitive music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition#Preservation" title="Tradition">Tradition preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">Traditional knowledge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_issues_of_Pompeii_and_Herculaneum" title="Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum">Conservation issues of Pompeii and Herculaneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecce_Homo_(Mart%C3%ADnez_and_Gim%C3%A9nez)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecce Homo (Martínez and Giménez)">Conservation-restoration of <i>Ecce Homo</i> by Elías García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Thomas_Eakins%27_The_Gross_Clinic" title="Conservation-restoration of Thomas Eakins' The Gross Clinic">Conservation-restoration of <i>The Gross Clinic</i> by Thomas Eakins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci%27s_The_Last_Supper" title="Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's The Last Supper">Conservation-restoration of Leonardo da Vinci's <i>The Last Supper</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_Pompeian_frescoes" title="Conservation and restoration of Pompeian frescoes">Pompeian frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Shroud_of_Turin" title="Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin">Conservation-restoration of the Shroud of Turin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restoration_of_the_Sistine_Chapel_frescoes" title="Restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes">Conservation-restoration of the Sistine Chapel frescoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_Statue_of_Liberty" title="Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty">Conservation-restoration of the Statue of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation-restoration_of_the_H.L._Hunley" title="Conservation-restoration of the H.L. Hunley">Conservation-restoration of the <i>H.L. Hunley</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1966_flood_of_the_Arno" title="1966 flood of the Arno">Conservation response to flood of Arno, Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_and_Contemporary_Art_Research_Initiative" title="Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative">Modern and Contemporary Art Research Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preservation_Metadata:_Implementation_Strategies" title="Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies">Preservation Metadata: Implementation Strategies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33506#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q33506#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1030128/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4040795-0">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85088723">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939565m">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939565m">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562853">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="muzea"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115380&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525627">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007553199805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/024561">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10643497">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\M\U\Museums">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum&oldid=1255203564">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Museum&oldid=1255203564</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Museums" title="Category:Museums">Museums</a></li><li><a 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