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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flight controls</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_controls-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pusher_vs_tractor_configuration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pusher_vs_tractor_configuration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pusher vs tractor configuration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pusher_vs_tractor_configuration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Early development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Winter_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Winter War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Postwar_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Postwar_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Postwar developments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Postwar_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bensen_Gyrocopter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bensen_Gyrocopter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Bensen Gyrocopter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bensen_Gyrocopter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st-century_development_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st-century_development_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>21st-century development and use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st-century_development_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Helicopter_autogyration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Helicopter_autogyration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Helicopter autogyration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Helicopter_autogyration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Certification_by_national_aviation_authorities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Certification_by_national_aviation_authorities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Certification by national aviation authorities</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Certification_by_national_aviation_authorities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Certification by national aviation authorities subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Certification_by_national_aviation_authorities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>United Kingdom certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_certification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_certification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United States certification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_certification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_records" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_records"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>World records</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_records-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Autogyro</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">57 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="أوتوجيرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أوتوجيرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autochiro" title="Autochiro – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Autochiro" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoxiru" title="Autoxiru – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Autoxiru" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtojir" title="Avtojir – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Avtojir" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Аўтажыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўтажыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Автожир – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Автожир" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDirokopter" title="Žirokopter – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Žirokopter" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Автожир – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Автожир" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogir" title="Autogir – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Autogir" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrn%C3%ADk" title="Vírník – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vírník" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Awtogyro" title="Awtogyro – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Awtogyro" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gyroplan" title="Gyroplan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gyroplan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragschrauber" title="Tragschrauber – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tragschrauber" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto%C5%BEiiro" title="Autožiiro – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Autožiiro" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogiro" title="Autogiro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Autogiro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C5%ADtogiro" title="Aŭtogiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aŭtogiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogiro" title="Autogiro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Autogiro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%86%D8%B1%D8%AE" title="هواچرخ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هواچرخ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogire" title="Autogire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Autogire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uathghire%C3%A1n" title="Uathghireán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Uathghireán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chh%E1%B9%B3-ch%C3%B3n_Si%C3%AAn-yi%CC%8Dt-k%C3%AE" title="Chhṳ-chón Siên-yi̍t-kî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chhṳ-chón Siên-yi̍t-kî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%ED%86%A0%EC%9E%90%EC%9D%B4%EB%A1%9C" title="오토자이로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오토자이로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%BE%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%AA%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Ավտոժիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ավտոժիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDirokopter" title="Žirokopter – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Žirokopter" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otogiro" title="Otogiro – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Otogiro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eyrilv%C3%A6ngja" title="Þyrilvængja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þyrilvængja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogiro" title="Autogiro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Autogiro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%98%D7%95%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95" title="אוטוג'ירו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוטוג'ירו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9F%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ავტოჟირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავტოჟირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Автожир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автожир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyrus" title="Autogyrus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Autogyrus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto%C5%BE%C4%ABrs" title="Autožīrs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Autožīrs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mal%C5%ABnsparnis" title="Malūnsparnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Malūnsparnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Автожир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Автожир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogiro" title="Autogiro – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Autogiro" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="အော်တိုဂျိုင်ရို – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အော်တိုဂျိုင်ရို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogiro" title="Autogiro – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Autogiro" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AD" title="オートジャイロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オートジャイロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Autogyro" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtojir" title="Avtojir – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Avtojir" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiatrakowiec" title="Wiatrakowiec – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wiatrakowiec" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogiro" title="Autogiro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Autogiro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogir" title="Autogir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Autogir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Автожир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Автожир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogyro" title="Autogyro – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Autogyro" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADrnik_(lietadlo)" title="Vírnik (lietadlo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vírnik (lietadlo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avto%C5%BEiro" title="Avtožiro – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Avtožiro" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Аутожир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аутожир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auto%C5%BEir" title="Autožir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Autožir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogiro" title="Autogiro – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Autogiro" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autogiro_(luftfarkost)" title="Autogiro (luftfarkost) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Autogiro (luftfarkost)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avtojir" title="Avtojir – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Avtojir" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cayrokopter" title="Cayrokopter – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cayrokopter" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Автожир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Автожир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E8%BD%AC%E6%97%8B%E7%BF%BC%E6%9C%BA" 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id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Rotorcraft with unpowered rotor</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AutoGyro_Calidus_-_Shuttleworth_Season_Premiere_2016_(26422815634).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/AutoGyro_Calidus_-_Shuttleworth_Season_Premiere_2016_%2826422815634%29.jpg/300px-AutoGyro_Calidus_-_Shuttleworth_Season_Premiere_2016_%2826422815634%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/AutoGyro_Calidus_-_Shuttleworth_Season_Premiere_2016_%2826422815634%29.jpg/450px-AutoGyro_Calidus_-_Shuttleworth_Season_Premiere_2016_%2826422815634%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/AutoGyro_Calidus_-_Shuttleworth_Season_Premiere_2016_%2826422815634%29.jpg/600px-AutoGyro_Calidus_-_Shuttleworth_Season_Premiere_2016_%2826422815634%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2333" /></a><figcaption>A modern, closed-cabin, pusher-propeller autogyro in flight</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>autogyro</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> <span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BD%90%CF%84%CF%8C%CF%82#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:αὐτός">αὐτός</a></span> and <span lang="el"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B3%CF%8D%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82#Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:γύρος">γύρος</a></span>, "self-turning"), or <b>gyroplane</b>, is a class of <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> that uses an unpowered <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">rotor</a> in free <a href="/wiki/Autorotation" title="Autorotation">autorotation</a> to develop <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a>. While similar to a <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">helicopter rotor</a> in appearance, the autogyro's unpowered rotor disc must have air flowing upward across it to make it rotate. </p><p>Forward <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> is provided independently, by an engine-driven <a href="/wiki/Propeller" title="Propeller">propeller</a>. </p><p>It was originally named the <i><b>autogiro</b></i> by its Spanish inventor and engineer, <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cierva" title="Juan de la Cierva">Juan de la Cierva</a>, in his attempt to create an aircraft that could fly safely at low speeds. He first flew one on 9 January 1923, at <a href="/wiki/Cuatro_Vientos_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuatro Vientos Airport">Cuatro Vientos Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greg_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greg-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aircraft resembled the <a href="/wiki/Fixed-wing_aircraft" title="Fixed-wing aircraft">fixed-wing aircraft</a> of the day, with a front-mounted engine and propeller. The term <em>Autogiro</em> became <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarked</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Cierva_Autogiro_Company" title="Cierva Autogiro Company">Cierva Autogiro Company</a>. De la Cierva's Autogiro is considered the predecessor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><b>gyrocopter</b></i> (derived from helicopter) was used by E.<span class="nowrap"> </span>Burke Wilford who developed the Reiseler Kreiser feathering rotor equipped <em>gyroplane</em> in the first half of the twentieth century. Gyroplane was later adopted as a trademark by <a href="/wiki/Bensen_Aircraft" title="Bensen Aircraft">Bensen Aircraft</a>. </p><p>The success of the <a href="/wiki/Autogiro_Company_of_America_AC-35" title="Autogiro Company of America AC-35">Autogiro</a> garnered the interest of <a href="/wiki/Business_magnate" title="Business magnate">industrialists</a> and under license from de la Cierva in the 1920s and 1930s, the Pitcairn & Kellett companies made further innovations.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Late-model autogyros patterned after <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Dormoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Dormoy">Etienne Dormoy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Buhl_A-1_Autogyro" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhl A-1 Autogyro">Buhl A-1 Autogyro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Igor_Bensen" title="Igor Bensen">Igor Bensen</a>'s designs feature a rear-mounted engine and propeller in a <a href="/wiki/Pusher_configuration" title="Pusher configuration">pusher configuration</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principle_of_operation">Principle of operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Principle of operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VPM_M-16_engine_and_rotor.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/VPM_M-16_engine_and_rotor.JPG/220px-VPM_M-16_engine_and_rotor.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/VPM_M-16_engine_and_rotor.JPG/330px-VPM_M-16_engine_and_rotor.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/VPM_M-16_engine_and_rotor.JPG/440px-VPM_M-16_engine_and_rotor.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a><figcaption>The rotor head, pre-rotator shaft, and <a href="/wiki/Subaru" title="Subaru">Subaru</a> engine configuration on a VPM M-16 autogyro</figcaption></figure> <p>An autogyro is characterized by a free-spinning rotor that turns because of the passage of air through the rotor from below.<sup id="cite_ref-bensen_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bensen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-charLeg_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charLeg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The downward component of the total aerodynamic reaction of the rotor gives lift to the vehicle, sustaining it in the air. A separate propeller provides forward thrust and can be placed in a puller configuration, with the engine and propeller at the front of the fuselage, or in a pusher configuration, with the engine and propeller at the rear of the fuselage. </p><p>Whereas a helicopter works by forcing the rotor blades through the air, drawing air from above, the autogyro rotor blade generates lift in the same way as a <a href="/wiki/Glider_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Glider aircraft">glider</a>'s wing,<sup id="cite_ref-fmweird_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fmweird-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by changing the angle of the air<sup id="cite_ref-bensen_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bensen-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the air moves upward and backward relative to the rotor blade.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The free-spinning blades turn by <a href="/wiki/Autorotation_(helicopter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Autorotation (helicopter)">autorotation</a>; the rotor blades are angled so that they not only give lift,<sup id="cite_ref-auto_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the angle of the blades causes the lift to accelerate the blades' rotation rate until the rotor turns at a stable speed with the drag force and the thrust force in balance. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XCEYfW8DyxQ"><span class="plainlinks">Takeoffs and Landings</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> of <a href="/wiki/Groen_Hawk_4" title="Groen Hawk 4">Groen Hawk 4</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nsDQ9avFtng"><span class="plainlinks"> Jump takeoff</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Aircraft_Company#Aircraft" title="Pitcairn Aircraft Company">Pitcairn PA-36</a> in 1941</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Because the craft must be moving forward with respect to the surrounding air to force air through the overhead rotor, autogyros are generally not capable of vertical takeoff (except in a strong headwind). A few types such as the <a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_18A#Design" title="Air & Space 18A">Air & Space 18A</a> have shown short takeoff or landing. </p><p>Pitch control is achieved by tilting the rotor <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/fore_and_aft" class="extiw" title="wikt:fore and aft">fore and aft</a>, and roll control is by tilting the rotor laterally. The tilt of the rotor can be effected by utilizing a tilting hub (<a href="/wiki/Cierva_Autogiro_Company" title="Cierva Autogiro Company">Cierva</a>), a <a href="/wiki/Swashplate_(helicopter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Swashplate (helicopter)">swashplate</a> (<a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_18A" title="Air & Space 18A">Air & Space 18A</a>), or servo-flaps. A <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder</a> provides <a href="/wiki/Yaw_(rotation)" title="Yaw (rotation)">yaw</a> control. On pusher configuration autogyros, the rudder is typically placed in the propeller <a href="/wiki/Slipstream" title="Slipstream">slipstream</a> to maximize yaw control at low airspeed (but not always, as seen in the <a href="/wiki/McCulloch_J-2" title="McCulloch J-2">McCulloch J-2</a>, with twin rudders placed outboard of the propeller arc).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight_controls">Flight controls</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Flight controls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giros-2_Eger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giros-2_Eger.jpg/220px-Giros-2_Eger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giros-2_Eger.jpg/330px-Giros-2_Eger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Giros-2_Eger.jpg/440px-Giros-2_Eger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Russian_Gyroplanes_Gyros-2_Smartflier" title="Russian Gyroplanes Gyros-2 Smartflier">Russian Gyroplanes Gyros-2 Smartflier</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There are three primary flight controls: control stick, <a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">rudder pedals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Throttle" title="Throttle">throttle</a>. Typically, the control stick is termed the <i>cyclic</i> and tilts the rotor in the desired direction to provide pitch and roll control (some autogyros do not tilt the rotor relative to the airframe, or only do so in one dimension, and have conventional control surfaces to vary the remaining degrees of freedom). The rudder pedals provide yaw control, and the throttle controls engine power. </p><p>Secondary flight controls include the rotor transmission clutch, also known as a pre-rotator, which when engaged drives the rotor to start it spinning before takeoff, and <a href="/wiki/Collective_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective pitch">collective pitch</a> to reduce blade pitch before driving the rotor. Collective pitch controls are not usually fitted to autogyros but can be found on the <a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_18A" title="Air & Space 18A">Air & Space 18A</a>, <a href="/wiki/McCulloch_J-2" title="McCulloch J-2">McCulloch J-2</a> and the Westermayer Tragschrauber, and can provide near <a href="/wiki/VTOL" title="VTOL">VTOL</a> performance.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pusher_vs_tractor_configuration">Pusher vs tractor configuration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pusher vs tractor configuration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Montgomerie.merlin.b8mr.autogyro.arp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Montgomerie.merlin.b8mr.autogyro.arp.jpg/220px-Montgomerie.merlin.b8mr.autogyro.arp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Montgomerie.merlin.b8mr.autogyro.arp.jpg/330px-Montgomerie.merlin.b8mr.autogyro.arp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Montgomerie.merlin.b8mr.autogyro.arp.jpg/440px-Montgomerie.merlin.b8mr.autogyro.arp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Montgomerie Merlin single-seat autogyro</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern autogyros typically follow one of two basic configurations. The most common design is the pusher configuration, where the engine and propeller are located behind the pilot and rotor mast, such as in the Bensen "<a href="#Bensen_Gyrocopter">Gyrocopter</a>". Its main advantages are the simplicity and lightness of its construction and the unobstructed visibility. It was developed by Igor Bensen in the decades following World War II, who also founded the Popular Rotorcraft Association (PRA) to help it become more widespread.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Less common today is the tractor configuration. In this version, the engine and propeller are located at the front of the aircraft, ahead of the pilot and rotor mast. This was the primary configuration in early autogyros but became less common. Nonetheless, the tractor configuration has some advantages compared to a pusher, namely greater yaw stability (as the center of mass is farther away from the rudder), and greater ease in aligning the center of thrust with the center of mass to prevent "bunting" (engine thrust overwhelming the pitch control).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cierva" title="Juan de la Cierva">Juan de la Cierva</a> was a Spanish <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, inventor, pilot, and aeronautical enthusiast. In 1921, he participated in a design competition to develop a bomber for the Spanish military. De la Cierva designed a three-engined aircraft, but during an early test flight, the bomber stalled and crashed. De la Cierva was troubled by the stall phenomenon and vowed to develop an aircraft that could fly safely at low airspeeds. The result was the first successful rotorcraft, which he named <i>autogiro</i> in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-govCierva_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govCierva-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De la Cierva's autogiro used an airplane fuselage with a forward-mounted propeller and engine, an un-powered rotor mounted on a mast, and a horizontal and vertical stabilizer. His aircraft became the predecessor of the modern <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_development">Early development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Autogyro" title="Special:EditPage/Autogyro">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ciervas_1st_autogiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Ciervas_1st_autogiro.jpg/220px-Ciervas_1st_autogiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4f/Ciervas_1st_autogiro.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="294" data-file-height="179" /></a><figcaption>The first successful autogyro, the C.4, first flew in 1923</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pitcairn_autogyro_NC-12681at_St._Hubert,_Quebec._Aug._19,_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pitcairn_autogyro_NC-12681at_St._Hubert%2C_Quebec._Aug._19%2C_1932.jpg/220px-Pitcairn_autogyro_NC-12681at_St._Hubert%2C_Quebec._Aug._19%2C_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pitcairn_autogyro_NC-12681at_St._Hubert%2C_Quebec._Aug._19%2C_1932.jpg/330px-Pitcairn_autogyro_NC-12681at_St._Hubert%2C_Quebec._Aug._19%2C_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pitcairn_autogyro_NC-12681at_St._Hubert%2C_Quebec._Aug._19%2C_1932.jpg/440px-Pitcairn_autogyro_NC-12681at_St._Hubert%2C_Quebec._Aug._19%2C_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="759" /></a><figcaption>A Pitcairn autogyro NC-12681 at St. Hubert, Quebec. 19 August 1932</figcaption></figure> <p>After four years of experimentation, de la Cierva invented the first practical rotorcraft the autogyro (<i>autogiro</i> in Spanish), in 1923. His first three designs (<a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.1" title="Cierva C.1">C.1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.2" title="Cierva C.2">C.2</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.3" title="Cierva C.3">C.3</a>) were unstable because of aerodynamic and structural deficiencies in their rotors. His fourth design, the <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.4" title="Cierva C.4">C.4</a>, made the first documented flight of an autogyro on 17<span class="nowrap"> </span>January 1923, piloted by Alejandro Gomez Spencer at Cuatro Vientos airfield in Madrid, Spain (9<span class="nowrap"> </span>January according to de la Cierva).<sup id="cite_ref-charLeg_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charLeg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>De la Cierva had fitted the rotor of the C.4 with flapping hinges to attach each rotor blade to the hub. The flapping hinges allowed each rotor blade to flap, or move up and down, to compensate for <a href="/wiki/Dissymmetry_of_lift" title="Dissymmetry of lift">dissymmetry of lift</a>, the difference in lift produced between the right and left sides of the rotor as the autogyro moves forward.<sup id="cite_ref-govCierva_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govCierva-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-govGyro_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govGyro-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three days later, the engine failed shortly after takeoff and the aircraft descended slowly and steeply to a safe landing, validating de la Cierva's efforts to produce an aircraft that could be flown safely at low airspeeds. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cierva_C.6,_Madrid_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cierva_C.6%2C_Madrid_2.jpg/220px-Cierva_C.6%2C_Madrid_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cierva_C.6%2C_Madrid_2.jpg/330px-Cierva_C.6%2C_Madrid_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Cierva_C.6%2C_Madrid_2.jpg/440px-Cierva_C.6%2C_Madrid_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.6" title="Cierva C.6">Cierva C.6</a> replica in Cuatro Vientos Air Museum, Madrid, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p>De la Cierva developed his <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.6" title="Cierva C.6">C.6</a> model with the assistance of Spain's Military Aviation establishment, having expended all his funds on the development and construction of the first five prototypes. The C.6 first flew in February 1925, piloted by Captain <a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Loriga" title="Joaquín Loriga">Joaquín Loriga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including a flight of 10.5 kilometres (6.5 miles) from Cuatro Vientos airfield to <a href="/wiki/Getafe" title="Getafe">Getafe</a> airfield in about eight minutes, a significant accomplishment for any rotorcraft of the time. Shortly after de la Cierva's success with the C.6, he accepted an offer from Scottish industrialist James<span class="nowrap"> </span>G. Weir to establish the <a href="/wiki/Cierva_Autogiro_Company" title="Cierva Autogiro Company">Cierva Autogiro Company</a> in England, following a demonstration of the C.6 before the British <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAE_Farnborough" class="mw-redirect" title="RAE Farnborough">RAE Farnborough</a>, on 20<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 1925. Britain had become the world centre of autogyro development. </p><p>A crash in February 1926, caused by blade root failure, led to an improvement in rotor hub design. A drag hinge was added in conjunction with the flapping hinge to allow each blade to move fore and aft and relieve in-plane stresses, generated as a byproduct of the flapping motion. This development led to the Cierva C.8, which, on 18<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 1928, made the first rotorcraft crossing of the <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> followed by a tour of Europe. </p><p>United States industrialist <a href="/wiki/Harold_Frederick_Pitcairn" title="Harold Frederick Pitcairn">Harold Frederick Pitcairn</a>, on learning of the successful flights of the autogyro, visited de la Cierva in Spain. In 1928, he visited him again, in England, after taking a <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.8" title="Cierva C.8">C.8</a> L.IV test flight piloted by Arthur H.<span class="nowrap"> </span>C.<span class="nowrap"> </span>A. Rawson. Being particularly impressed with the autogyro's safe vertical descent capability, Pitcairn purchased a C.8 L.IV with a Wright Whirlwind engine. Arriving in the United States on 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>December 1928 accompanied by Rawson, this autogyro was redesignated C.8W.<sup id="cite_ref-charLeg_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-charLeg-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, production of autogyros was licensed to several manufacturers, including the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Autogiro_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcairn Autogiro Company">Pitcairn Autogiro Company</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf" title="Focke-Wulf">Focke-Wulf</a> of Germany. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00996A,_Hubschrauber_Focke-Wulf_C_19_%22Heuschrecke%22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00996A%2C_Hubschrauber_Focke-Wulf_C_19_%22Heuschrecke%22.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00996A%2C_Hubschrauber_Focke-Wulf_C_19_%22Heuschrecke%22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00996A%2C_Hubschrauber_Focke-Wulf_C_19_%22Heuschrecke%22.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00996A%2C_Hubschrauber_Focke-Wulf_C_19_%22Heuschrecke%22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00996A%2C_Hubschrauber_Focke-Wulf_C_19_%22Heuschrecke%22.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_102-00996A%2C_Hubschrauber_Focke-Wulf_C_19_%22Heuschrecke%22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="792" data-file-height="526" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf" title="Focke-Wulf">Focke-Wulf</a>-built <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.19" title="Cierva C.19">Cierva C.19</a> Mk.IV Autogiro</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1927, German engineer <a href="/wiki/Engelbert_Zaschka" title="Engelbert Zaschka">Engelbert Zaschka</a> invented a combined helicopter and autogyro. The principal advantage of the Zaschka machine is its ability to remain motionless in the air for any length of time and to descend in a vertical line so that a landing could be accomplished on the flat roof of a large house. In appearance, the machine does not differ much from the ordinary monoplane, but the carrying wings revolve around the body. </p><p>Development of the autogyro continued in the search for a means to accelerate the rotor before takeoff (called prerotating). Rotor drives initially took the form of a rope wrapped around the rotor axle and then pulled by a team of men to accelerate the rotor – this was followed by a long taxi to bring the rotor up to speed sufficient for takeoff. The next innovation was flaps on the tail to redirect the propeller slipstream into the rotor while on the ground. This design was first tested on a <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.19" title="Cierva C.19">C.19</a> in 1929. Efforts in 1930 had shown that the development of a light and efficient mechanical transmission was not a trivial undertaking. In 1932 the Pitcairn-Cierva Autogiro Company of <a href="/wiki/Willow_Grove,_Pennsylvania" title="Willow Grove, Pennsylvania">Willow Grove, Pennsylvania</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> solved this problem with a transmission driven by the engine. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Aircraft_Company" title="Buhl Aircraft Company">Buhl Aircraft Company</a> produced its <a href="/wiki/Buhl_A-1_Autogyro" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhl A-1 Autogyro">Buhl A-1</a>, the first autogyro with a propulsive rear motor, designed by <a href="/wiki/Etienne_Dormoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Etienne Dormoy">Etienne Dormoy</a> and meant for aerial observation (motor behind pilot and camera). It had its maiden flight on 15<span class="nowrap"> </span>December 1931.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buhl_A-1_Autogiro_-_autogyro_with_rear_push_propeller_engine_-_designer_Etienne_Dormoy_and_pilot_James_Johnson_-_1931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Buhl_A-1_Autogiro_-_autogyro_with_rear_push_propeller_engine_-_designer_Etienne_Dormoy_and_pilot_James_Johnson_-_1931.jpg/220px-Buhl_A-1_Autogiro_-_autogyro_with_rear_push_propeller_engine_-_designer_Etienne_Dormoy_and_pilot_James_Johnson_-_1931.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Buhl_A-1_Autogiro_-_autogyro_with_rear_push_propeller_engine_-_designer_Etienne_Dormoy_and_pilot_James_Johnson_-_1931.jpg/330px-Buhl_A-1_Autogiro_-_autogyro_with_rear_push_propeller_engine_-_designer_Etienne_Dormoy_and_pilot_James_Johnson_-_1931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Buhl_A-1_Autogiro_-_autogyro_with_rear_push_propeller_engine_-_designer_Etienne_Dormoy_and_pilot_James_Johnson_-_1931.jpg/440px-Buhl_A-1_Autogiro_-_autogyro_with_rear_push_propeller_engine_-_designer_Etienne_Dormoy_and_pilot_James_Johnson_-_1931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="708" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Buhl_A-1_Autogyro" class="mw-redirect" title="Buhl A-1 Autogyro">Buhl A-1 Autogyro</a> with rear push propeller (1931)</figcaption></figure> <p>De la Cierva's early autogyros were fitted with fixed rotor hubs, small fixed wings, and control surfaces like those of a fixed-wing aircraft. At low airspeeds, the control surfaces became ineffective and could readily lead to loss of control, particularly during landing. In response, de la Cierva developed a direct control rotor hub, which could be tilted in any direction by the pilot. De la Cierva's direct control was first developed on the Cierva C.19 Mk.<span class="nowrap"> </span>V and saw the production on the <a href="/wiki/Cierva_C.30" title="Cierva C.30">Cierva C.30</a> series of 1934. In March 1934, this type of autogyro became the first <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a> to take off and land on the deck of a ship, when a C.30 performed trials on board the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish navy">Spanish navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Seaplane_tender" title="Seaplane tender">seaplane tender</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_seaplane_carrier_D%C3%A9dalo" title="Spanish seaplane carrier Dédalo"><i>Dédalo</i></a> off Valencia.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later that year, during the leftist <a href="/wiki/Asturian_miners%27_strike_of_1934" title="Asturian miners' strike of 1934">Asturias revolt</a> in October, an autogyro made a reconnaissance flight for the loyal troops, marking the first military employment of a rotorcraft.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When improvements in helicopters made them practical, autogyros became largely neglected. Also, they were susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Ground_resonance" title="Ground resonance">ground resonance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-govGyro_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-govGyro-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were, however, used in the 1930s by major <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspapers</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> for the mail service between cities in the northeast.<sup id="cite_ref-BladeRunner_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BladeRunner-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_War">Winter War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Winter War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> of 1939–1940, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Red Army Air Force</a> used armed <a href="/wiki/Kamov" title="Kamov">Kamov</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamov_A-7" title="Kamov A-7">A-7</a> autogyros to provide fire correction for <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">artillery batteries</a>, carrying out<span class="nowrap"> </span>20 combat flights.<sup id="cite_ref-Maslov-2015_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maslov-2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The A-7 was the first <a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotary-wing aircraft</a> designed for combat,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> armed with one <a href="/wiki/7.62%C3%9754mmR" title="7.62×54mmR">7.62×54mmR</a> <a href="/wiki/PV-1_machine_gun" title="PV-1 machine gun">PV-1 machine gun</a>, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Degtyaryov_machine_gun" title="Degtyaryov machine gun">Degtyaryov</a> machine guns, and six <a href="/wiki/RS-82_(rocket_family)" title="RS-82 (rocket family)">RS-82 rockets</a> or four FAB-100 <a href="/wiki/Aerial_bomb" title="Aerial bomb">bombs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cierva-Duxford.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cierva-Duxford.JPG/220px-Cierva-Duxford.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cierva-Duxford.JPG/330px-Cierva-Duxford.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Cierva-Duxford.JPG/440px-Cierva-Duxford.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Royal Air Force Avro Rota Mk 1 Cierva Autogiro C30 A, at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_War_Museum_Duxford" title="Imperial War Museum Duxford">Imperial War Museum Duxford</a>, UK</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kayaba_ka-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kayaba_ka-1.jpg/220px-Kayaba_ka-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kayaba_ka-1.jpg/330px-Kayaba_ka-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kayaba_ka-1.jpg/440px-Kayaba_ka-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Kayaba Ka-1</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Avro_Rota" class="mw-redirect" title="Avro Rota">Avro Rota</a> autogyro, a military version of the Cierva C.30, was used by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> to calibrate <a href="/wiki/Chain_Home" title="Chain Home">coastal radar stations</a> during and after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In World War II, Germany pioneered a very small gyroglider <a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">rotor kite</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Focke-Achgelis_Fa_330" title="Focke-Achgelis Fa 330">Focke-Achgelis Fa 330</a> "Bachstelze" (wagtail), towed by <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a> to provide aerial surveillance. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Kayaba_Ka-1" title="Kayaba Ka-1">Kayaba Ka-1</a> autogyro for reconnaissance, artillery-spotting, and anti-submarine uses. The Ka-1 was based on the <a href="/wiki/Kellett_KD-1" title="Kellett KD-1">Kellett KD-1</a> first imported to Japan in 1938. The craft was initially developed for use as an observation platform and for artillery spotting duties. The army liked the craft's short take-off span, and especially its low maintenance requirements. Production began in 1941, with the machines assigned to artillery units for spotting the fall of shells. These carried two crewmen: a pilot and a spotter. </p><p>Later, the Japanese Army commissioned two small aircraft carriers intended for coastal <a href="/wiki/Anti-submarine_weapon" title="Anti-submarine weapon">antisubmarine</a> (ASW) duties. The spotter's position on the Ka-1 was modified to carry one small depth charge. Ka-1 ASW autogyros operated from shore bases as well as the two small carriers. They appear to have been responsible for at least one submarine sinking. </p><p>With the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion in USSR</a> June 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Force</a> organized new courses for training <a href="/wiki/Kamov" title="Kamov">Kamov</a> A-7 aircrew and ground support staff. In August 1941, per the decision of the chief artillery directorate of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>, based on the trained flight group and five combat-ready A-7 autogyros, the 1st autogyro artillery spotting aircraft squadron was formed, which was included in the strength of the 24th Army of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Soviet Air Force</a>, combat active in the area around <a href="/wiki/Yelnya,_Yelninsky_District,_Smolensk_Oblast" title="Yelnya, Yelninsky District, Smolensk Oblast">Elnya</a> near <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">Smolensk</a>. From 30<span class="nowrap"> </span>August to 5<span class="nowrap"> </span>October 1941 the autogyros made<span class="nowrap"> </span>19 combat sorties for artillery spotting. Not one autogyro was lost in action, while the unit was disbanded in 1942 due to the shortage of serviceable aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Maslov-2015_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maslov-2015-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postwar_developments">Postwar developments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Postwar developments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The autogyro was resurrected after World War<span class="nowrap"> </span>II when Dr. <a href="/wiki/Igor_Bensen" title="Igor Bensen">Igor Bensen</a>, a Russian immigrant in the United States, saw a captured German U-boat's <a href="/wiki/Focke-Achgelis_Fa_330" title="Focke-Achgelis Fa 330">Fa<span class="nowrap"> </span>330 gyroglider</a> and was fascinated by its characteristics. At work, he was tasked with the analysis of the British military <a href="/wiki/Rotachute" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotachute">Rotachute</a> gyro glider designed by an expatriate Austrian, <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Hafner" title="Raoul Hafner">Raoul Hafner</a>. This led him to adapt the design for his purposes and eventually market the <a href="/wiki/Bensen_B-7" title="Bensen B-7">Bensen B-7</a> in 1955. Bensen submitted an improved version, the <a href="/wiki/Bensen_B-8M" class="mw-redirect" title="Bensen B-8M">Bensen B-8M</a>, for testing to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>, which designated it the X-25.<sup id="cite_ref-x25_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-x25-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The B-8M was designed to use surplus <a href="/wiki/McCulloch_Motors_Corporation" title="McCulloch Motors Corporation">McCulloch</a> engines used on flying unmanned <a href="/wiki/Target_drone" title="Target drone">target drones</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wallis" title="Ken Wallis">Ken Wallis</a> developed a miniature autogyro craft, the <a href="/wiki/Wallis_WA-116_Agile" title="Wallis WA-116 Agile"><i>Wallis</i> autogyro</a>, in England in the 1960s, and autogyros built similar to Wallis' design appeared for many years. Ken Wallis' designs have been used in various scenarios, including military training, police reconnaissance, and in a search for the <a href="/wiki/Loch_Ness_Monster" title="Loch Ness Monster">Loch Ness Monster</a>, as well as an appearance in the 1967 James Bond movie <i><a href="/wiki/You_Only_Live_Twice_(film)" title="You Only Live Twice (film)">You Only Live Twice</a></i>. </p><p>Three different autogyro designs have been certified by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> for commercial production: the Umbaugh U-18/<a href="/wiki/Air_%26_Space_18A" title="Air & Space 18A">Air & Space 18A</a> of 1965, the <a href="/wiki/Avian_2/180_Gyroplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian 2/180 Gyroplane">Avian 2/180 Gyroplane</a> of 1967, and the <a href="/wiki/McCulloch_J-2" title="McCulloch J-2">McCulloch J-2</a> of 1972. All have been commercial failures, for various reasons. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Kaman_KSA-100_SAVER" title="Kaman KSA-100 SAVER">Kaman KSA-100 SAVER</a> (Stowable Aircrew Vehicle Escape Rotorseat) is an aircraft-stowable gyroplane escape device designed and built for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>. Designed to be installed in <a href="/wiki/Naval_aviation" title="Naval aviation">naval combat aircraft</a> as part of the ejection sequence, only one example was built and it did not enter service. It was powered by a <a href="/wiki/Williams_F107" title="Williams F107">Williams WRC-19</a> <a href="/wiki/Turbofan" title="Turbofan">turbofan</a> making it the first jet-powered autogyro. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bensen_Gyrocopter">Bensen Gyrocopter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bensen Gyrocopter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The basic <a href="/wiki/Bensen_B-8" title="Bensen B-8">Bensen <i>Gyrocopter</i></a> design is a simple frame of square aluminium or galvanized steel tubing, reinforced with triangles of lighter tubing. It is arranged so that the stress falls on the tubes, or special fittings, not the bolts. A<span class="nowrap"> </span>front-to-back keel mounts a steerable nosewheel, seat, engine, and vertical stabilizer. Outlying mainwheels are mounted on an axle. Some versions may mount seaplane-style floats for water operations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bensengyrocopter001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bensengyrocopter001.jpg/220px-Bensengyrocopter001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bensengyrocopter001.jpg/330px-Bensengyrocopter001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Bensengyrocopter001.jpg/440px-Bensengyrocopter001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="592" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Bensen Aircraft B8MG Gyrocopter</figcaption></figure> <p>Bensen-type autogyros use a <a href="/wiki/Pusher_configuration" title="Pusher configuration">pusher configuration</a> for simplicity and to increase visibility for the pilot. Power can be supplied by a variety of engines. McCulloch drone engines, Rotax marine engines, Subaru automobile engines, and other designs have been used in Bensen-type designs.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The rotor is mounted atop the vertical mast. The rotor system of all Bensen-type autogyros is of a two-blade teetering design. There are some disadvantages associated with this rotor design, but the simplicity of the rotor design lends itself to ease of assembly and maintenance and is one of the reasons for its popularity. Aircraft-quality birch was specified in early Bensen designs, and a wood/steel composite is used in the world-speed-record-holding Wallis design. Gyroplane rotor blades are made from other materials such as <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glass-reinforced_plastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass-reinforced plastic">GRP</a>-based composite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Bensen's success triggered several other designs, some of them fatally flawed with an offset between the <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of gravity">centre of gravity</a> and thrust line, risking a <a href="/wiki/Power_push-over" title="Power push-over">power push-over</a> (PPO or buntover) causing the death of the pilot and giving gyroplanes, in general, a poor reputation – in contrast to de la Cierva's original intention and early statistics. Most new autogyros are now safe from PPO.<sup id="cite_ref-eeaGyro_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eeaGyro-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st-century_development_and_use">21st-century development and use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 21st-century development and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Utah_Olympics_Hawk_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Utah_Olympics_Hawk_4.jpg/220px-Utah_Olympics_Hawk_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Utah_Olympics_Hawk_4.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="221" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Groen_Brothers_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Groen Brothers Aviation">GBA's</a> Hawk 4 provided perimeter patrol during the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">2002 Winter Olympics</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2002, a <a href="/wiki/Groen_Brothers_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Groen Brothers Aviation">Groen Brothers Aviation</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Groen_Hawk_4" title="Groen Hawk 4">Hawk 4</a> provided perimeter patrol for the <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Olympics" title="2002 Winter Olympics">Winter Olympics</a> and <a href="/wiki/2002_Winter_Paralympics" title="2002 Winter Paralympics">Paralympics</a> in Salt Lake City, Utah. The aircraft completed 67<span class="nowrap"> </span>missions and accumulated 75<span class="nowrap"> </span>hours of maintenance-free flight time during its 90-day operational contract.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worldwide, over 1,000 autogyros are used by authorities for military and law enforcement. The first U.S. police authorities to evaluate an autogyro were the <a href="/wiki/Tomball,_Texas" title="Tomball, Texas">Tomball, Texas</a>, police, on a $40,000<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> grant from the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Justice" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Justice">U.S. Department of Justice</a> together with city funds,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> costing much less than a helicopter to buy ($75,000) and operate ($50/hour).<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although it is able to land in 40-knot crosswinds,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a minor accident happened when the rotor was not kept under control in a wind gust.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gyros_and_helis_7g_Erbil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gyros_and_helis_7g_Erbil.jpg/220px-Gyros_and_helis_7g_Erbil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gyros_and_helis_7g_Erbil.jpg/330px-Gyros_and_helis_7g_Erbil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Gyros_and_helis_7g_Erbil.jpg/440px-Gyros_and_helis_7g_Erbil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption>Autogyros and helicopters of the Kurdish Police</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2009, several projects in <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Kurdistan" title="Iraqi Kurdistan">Iraqi Kurdistan</a> have been realized. In 2010, the first autogyro was handed over to the Kurdish Minister of Interiors, Mr. Karim Sinjari. The project for the interior ministry was to train pilots to control and monitor the approach and takeoff paths of the airports in <a href="/wiki/Erbil" title="Erbil">Erbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyah" title="Sulaymaniyah">Sulaymaniyah</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dohuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Dohuk">Dohuk</a> to prevent terrorist encroachments. The gyroplane pilots also form the backbone of the pilot crew of the Kurdish police, who are trained to pilot on <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocopter">Eurocopter</a> <a href="/wiki/Eurocopter_EC_120" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurocopter EC 120">EC 120 B</a> helicopters.<sup id="cite_ref-IraqSecSummit_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IraqSecSummit-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-akn_tphh_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-akn_tphh-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ibn_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ibn-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In<span class="nowrap"> </span>18 months from 2009 to 2010, the German pilot couple Melanie and Andreas Stützfor undertook the first world tour by autogyro, in which they flew several different gyroplane types in Europe, southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand, the United States, and South America. The adventure was documented in the book "WELTFLUG – The Gyroplane Dream" and in the film "Weltflug.tv –The Gyrocopter World Tour".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Helicopter_autogyration">Helicopter autogyration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Helicopter autogyration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While autogyros are not helicopters, helicopters are capable of <a href="/wiki/Autorotation" title="Autorotation">autorotation</a>. If a helicopter suffers a power failure, the pilot can adjust the <a href="/wiki/Collective_pitch" class="mw-redirect" title="Collective pitch">collective pitch</a> to keep the rotor spinning generating enough lift to touch down and skid in a relatively soft landing via <a href="/wiki/Autorotation" title="Autorotation">autorotation</a> of its rotor disc.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Certification_by_national_aviation_authorities">Certification by national aviation authorities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Certification by national aviation authorities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_certification">United Kingdom certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: United Kingdom certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VPM_M-16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/VPM_M-16.JPG/220px-VPM_M-16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/VPM_M-16.JPG/330px-VPM_M-16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/VPM_M-16.JPG/440px-VPM_M-16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1090" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>A VPM M-16 commences its take-off roll</figcaption></figure> <p>Some autogyros, such as the Rotorsport MT03,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MTO Sport (open tandem), and Calidus (enclosed tandem), and the Magni Gyro M16C (open tandem)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> & M24 (enclosed side by side) have type approval by the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Civil_Aviation_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority">United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority</a> (CAA) under British Civil Airworthiness Requirements CAP643 Section<span class="nowrap"> </span>T.<sup id="cite_ref-CAP643_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAP643-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others operate under a permit to fly issued by the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Flying_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Flying Association">Popular Flying Association</a> similar to the<span class="nowrap"> </span>U.S. experimental aircraft certification. However, the CAA's assertion that autogyros have a poor safety record means that a permit to fly will be granted only to existing types of an autogyro. All new types of autogyro must be submitted for full type approval under CAP643 Section<span class="nowrap"> </span>T.<sup id="cite_ref-CAP733_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAP733-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The CAA allows gyro flight over congested areas.<sup id="cite_ref-wag2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wag2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the CAA issued a mandatory permit directive (MPD) which restricted operations for single-seat autogyros and were subsequently integrated into CAP643 Issue 3 published on 12<span class="nowrap"> </span>August 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-CAP643_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CAP643-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The restrictions are concerned with the offset between the <a href="/wiki/Centre_of_gravity" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre of gravity">centre of gravity</a> and thrust line and apply to all aircraft unless evidence is presented to the CAA that the CG/Thrust Line offset is less than 2 inches (5 cm) in either direction. The restrictions are summarised as follows: </p> <ul><li>Aircraft with a cockpit/<a href="/wiki/Nacelle" title="Nacelle">nacelle</a> may be operated only by pilots with more than 50 hours of solo flight experience following the issue of their licence.</li> <li>Open-frame aircraft are restricted to a minimum speed of 30 mph (48 km/h; 26 kn), except in the flare.</li> <li>All aircraft are restricted to a <a href="/wiki/Vne" class="mw-redirect" title="Vne">Vne</a> (maximum airspeed) of 70 mph (110 km/h; 61 kn)</li> <li>Flight is not permitted when surface winds exceed 17 mph (27 km/h; 15 kn) or if the gust spread exceeds 12 mph (19 km/h; 10 kn)</li> <li>Flight is not permitted in moderate, severe, or extreme turbulence and airspeed must be reduced to 63 mph (101 km/h; 55 kn) if turbulence is encountered mid-flight.</li></ul> <p>These restrictions do <i>not</i> apply to autogyros with type approval under CAA CAP643 Section T, which are subject to the operating limits specified in the type approval. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_certification">United States certification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States certification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Super_Genie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Super_Genie.jpg/220px-Super_Genie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Super_Genie.jpg/330px-Super_Genie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Super_Genie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>A Super Genie autogyro readying for takeoff</figcaption></figure> <p>A certificated autogyro must meet mandated stability and control criteria; in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> these are outlined in <i><a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Regulations" title="Federal Aviation Regulations">Federal Aviation Regulations</a> Part 27: Airworthiness Standards: Normal Category Rotorcraft</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> issues a <a href="/wiki/Standard_Airworthiness_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Airworthiness Certificate">Standard Airworthiness Certificate</a> to qualified autogyros. Amateur-built or kit-built aircraft are operated under a <a href="/wiki/Special_Airworthiness_Certificate" class="mw-redirect" title="Special Airworthiness Certificate">Special Airworthiness Certificate</a> in the Experimental category.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Per FAR 1.1, the FAA uses the term "gyroplane" for all autogyros, regardless of the type of airworthiness certificate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_records">World records</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: World records"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1931, <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a> (U.S.) flew a <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_PCA-2" title="Pitcairn PCA-2">Pitcairn PCA-2</a> to a women's world altitude record of 18,415 ft (5,613 m).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wing_Commander_(rank)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wing Commander (rank)">Wing Commander</a> <a href="/wiki/Ken_Wallis" title="Ken Wallis">Ken Wallis</a> (U.K.) held most of the autogyro world records during his autogyro flying career. These include a time-to-climb,<sup id="cite_ref-FAI_c3_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAI_c3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a speed record of 189 km/h (111.7 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-FAI_s15_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAI_s15-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the straight-line distance record of 869.23 km (540.11 mi). On 16<span class="nowrap"> </span>November 2002, at 89 years of age, Wallis increased the speed record to 207.7 km/h (129.1 mph)<sup id="cite_ref-FAI_s3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAI_s3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – and simultaneously set another world record as the oldest pilot to set a world record. </p><p>Until 2019, the autogyro was one of the last remaining types of aircraft which had not yet <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumnavigate">circumnavigated</a> the globe. The 2004 <a href="/wiki/Expedition_Global_Eagle" title="Expedition Global Eagle">Expedition Global Eagle</a> was the first attempt to do so using an autogyro.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The expedition set the record for the longest flight over water by an autogyro during the segment from <a href="/wiki/Muscat,_Oman" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscat, Oman">Muscat, Oman</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-YorkshirePost_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-YorkshirePost-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The attempt was finally abandoned because of bad weather after having covered 7,500 miles (12,100 km). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Littlewing.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Littlewing.JPG/220px-Littlewing.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Littlewing.JPG/330px-Littlewing.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Littlewing.JPG/440px-Littlewing.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Little Wing Autogyro</figcaption></figure> <p>As of 2014<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, Andrew Keech (U.S.) holds several records. He made a transcontinental flight in his self-built <a href="/wiki/Little_Wing_Autogyro" title="Little Wing Autogyro">Little Wing Autogyro</a> "Woodstock" from <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Hawk,_North_Carolina" title="Kitty Hawk, North Carolina">Kitty Hawk, North Carolina</a>, to <a href="/wiki/San_Diego" title="San Diego">San Diego</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, in October 2003, breaking the record set 72<span class="nowrap"> </span>years earlier by <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Miller_(aviator)" title="Johnny Miller (aviator)">Johnny Miller</a> in a Pitcairn PCA-2. He also set three world records for speed over a recognized course.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9<span class="nowrap"> </span>February 2006 he broke two of his world records and set a record for distance, ratified by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI): Speed over a closed circuit of 500 km (311 mi) without payload: 168.29 km/h (104.57 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-distance500_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distance500-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speed over a closed circuit of 1,000 km (621 mi) without payload: 165.07 km/h (102.57 mph),<sup id="cite_ref-distance1000_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distance1000-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and distance over a closed circuit without landing: 1,019.09 km (633.23 mi).<sup id="cite_ref-distance1019_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distance1019-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Magni_Gyro_M16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Magni_Gyro_M16.JPG/220px-Magni_Gyro_M16.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Magni_Gyro_M16.JPG/330px-Magni_Gyro_M16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Magni_Gyro_M16.JPG/440px-Magni_Gyro_M16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>MagniGyro M16 – Altitude world record holder</figcaption></figure> <p>On 7 November 2015, the Italian astrophysicist and pilot <a href="/wiki/Donatella_Ricci" title="Donatella Ricci">Donatella Ricci</a> took off with a <a href="/wiki/Magni_M-16_Tandem_Trainer" title="Magni M-16 Tandem Trainer">MagniGyro M16</a> from the Caposile aerodrome in Venice, aiming to set a new altitude world record. She reached an altitude of 8,138.46 m (26,701 ft), breaking the women's world altitude record held for 84<span class="nowrap"> </span>years by Amelia Earhart. The following day, she increased the altitude by a further 261 m, reaching 8,399 m (27,556 ft), setting the new altitude world record with an autogyro. She improved by 350 m (+4.3%) the preceding record established by Andrew Keech in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-nuovavenezia.gelocal.it_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuovavenezia.gelocal.it-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Nellie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Little_Nellie.jpg/220px-Little_Nellie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Little_Nellie.jpg/330px-Little_Nellie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Little_Nellie.jpg/440px-Little_Nellie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2284" data-file-height="1499" /></a><figcaption>Autogyro <i>Little Nellie</i> with its creator and pilot, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Wallis" title="Ken Wallis">Ken Wallis</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <caption>List of autogyro records </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="1">Year </th> <th rowspan="1">Pilot </th> <th rowspan="1">Record type </th> <th rowspan="1">Record </th> <th rowspan="1">Aircraft </th> <th rowspan="1">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1998</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wallis" title="Ken Wallis">Ken Wallis</a> (U.K.)</td> <td>Time to climb 3000m</td> <td>7:20 min<sup id="cite_ref-FAI_c3_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAI_c3-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Wallis Type WA-121/Mc (G-BAHH)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ken_Wallis" title="Ken Wallis">Ken Wallis</a> (U.K.)</td> <td>Speed over a 3 km course</td> <td>207.7 km/h<sup id="cite_ref-FAI_s3_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAI_s3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Wallis Type WA-121/Mc (G-BAHH)</td> <td>Oldest pilot to set the record </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Donatella_Ricci" title="Donatella Ricci">Donatella Ricci</a> (ITA)</td> <td>Altitude</td> <td>8399 m<sup id="cite_ref-nuovavenezia.gelocal.it_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nuovavenezia.gelocal.it-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Magni M16 – Rotax 914 engine</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015</td> <td>Paul A Salmon (USA)</td> <td>Distance without landing</td> <td>1653.0 km<sup id="cite_ref-FAI_distance_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAI_distance-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td>Magni M22-Missing Link II (N322MG)</td> <td>10 November 2015 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2015 </td> <td>Norman Surplus (U.K.) </td> <td>First crossing of the Atlantic Ocean<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_Frank_Surplus_GBR_17629_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman_Frank_Surplus_GBR_17629-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>5.3 km/h<sup id="cite_ref-Norman_Frank_Surplus_GBR_17629_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norman_Frank_Surplus_GBR_17629-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Autogyro MT-03 <p>(G-YROX) </p> </td> <td>11 August <p>2015 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td>Norman Surplus (U.K.) </td> <td>First physical circumnavigation of the world <sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <p>(4 years 28 days) </p> </td> <td>not submitted for speed record </td> <td>Autogyro MT-03 <p>(G-YROX) </p> </td> <td>28 June <p>2019 </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2019 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/James_Ketchell" title="James Ketchell">James Ketchell</a> (U.K.) </td> <td>First circumnavigation of the world<sup id="cite_ref-World_Records_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Records-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and speed around the world, eastbound<sup id="cite_ref-wwwfaiorg-2019_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwwfaiorg-2019-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>44,450 km </td> <td>Magni M16C <p>(G-KTCH) </p> </td> <td>22 September 2019 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Norman_Surplus" title="Norman Surplus">Norman Surplus</a>, from Larne in Northern Ireland, became the second person to attempt a world circumnavigation by gyroplane/autogyro type aircraft on 22<span class="nowrap"> </span>March 2010, flying a Rotorsport UK MT-03 Autogyro, registered G-YROX. Surplus was unable to get permission to enter Russian airspace from Japan, but he established nine world autogyro records on his flight between Northern Ireland and Japan between 2010 and 2011. FAI world records for autogyro flight.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>G-YROX was delayed (by the Russian impasse) in Japan for over three years before being shipped across the Pacific to the state of <a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>, United States. From 1<span class="nowrap"> </span>June 2015, Surplus flew from <a href="/wiki/McMinnville,_Oregon" title="McMinnville, Oregon">McMinnville, Oregon</a>, across the continental United States, through northern Canada/Greenland, and in late July/August made the first crossing of the North Atlantic by autogyro aircraft to land back in <a href="/wiki/Larne,_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Larne, Northern Ireland">Larne, Northern Ireland</a> on 11<span class="nowrap"> </span>August 2015. He established a further ten FAI World Records during this phase of the circumnavigation flight. </p><p>After a nine-year wait (since 2010), permission to fly U.K. registered gyroplanes through the Russian Federation was finally approved, and on 22<span class="nowrap"> </span>April 2019, Surplus and G-YROX continued eastwards from Larne, Northern Ireland, to cross Northern Europe and rendezvous with fellow gyroplane pilot James Ketchell piloting Magni M16 Gyroplane G-KTCH. Flying in loose formation the two aircraft made the first Trans-Russia flight by gyroplane together to reach the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a>. To cross the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>, the two aircraft took off from Provideniya Bay, Russia on 7<span class="nowrap"> </span>June 2019 and landed at <a href="/wiki/Nome,_Alaska" title="Nome, Alaska">Nome, Alaska</a> on 6<span class="nowrap"> </span>June having also made the first gyroplane crossing of the <a href="/wiki/International_Date_Line" title="International Date Line">International Date Line</a>. After crossing Alaska and western Canada, on 28<span class="nowrap"> </span>June 2019, Surplus piloting G-YROX, became the first person to circumnavigate the world in a gyroplane upon returning to the <a href="/wiki/Evergreen_Aviation_and_Space_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum">Evergreen Aviation and Space Museum</a>, McMinnville, Oregon, U.S.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Over the nine years it had taken Surplus to complete the task, G-YROX flew 27,000 nautical miles (50,000 km) through 32<span class="nowrap"> </span>countries. </p><p>The first physical circumnavigation of the globe by an Autogyro, Oregon to Oregon, had taken Surplus and G-YROX, four years and 28 days to complete, after being dogged by long diplomatic delays in gaining the necessary permission to fly across Russian Federation Airspace. However, as the flight had been severely stalled and interrupted en-route by lengthy delays it was no longer deemed eligible for setting a first, continuously flown, speed record around the world and so this task was then left to James Ketchell to complete, by setting a first official speed record flight around the world for an Autogyro type aircraft, some three months later. </p><p>Subsequently, on 22<span class="nowrap"> </span>September 2019, Ketchell was awarded the world record from the <a href="/wiki/Guinness_World_Records" title="Guinness World Records">Guinness World Records</a> as the first circumnavigation of the world in an autogyro<sup id="cite_ref-World_Records_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Records-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> for the first certified "Speed around the World, Eastbound" circumnavigation in an E-3a Autogyro. He completed his journey in 175 days.<sup id="cite_ref-wwwfaiorg-2019_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wwwfaiorg-2019-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/ARC_Aerosystems" title="ARC Aerosystems">ARC Aerosystems</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGoebel2011" class="citation cs2">Goebel, Greg (1 June 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205181430/http://www.vectorsite.net/avheli_1.html#m4">"European Helicopter Pioneers"</a>, <i>Air Vectors</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vectorsite.net/avheli_1.html#m4">the original</a> on 5 February 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Vectors&rft.atitle=European+Helicopter+Pioneers&rft.date=2011-06-01&rft.aulast=Goebel&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vectorsite.net%2Favheli_1.html%23m4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Galdorisi2008" class="citation book cs1">George Galdorisi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3HGfuFILuoC"><i>Leave No Man Behind: The Saga of Combat Search and Rescue</i></a>. Voyageur Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2392-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-2392-2"><bdi>978-0-7603-2392-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225162720/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3HGfuFILuoC">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leave+No+Man+Behind%3A+The+Saga+of+Combat+Search+and+Rescue&rft.pub=Voyageur+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-2392-2&rft.au=George+Galdorisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3HGfuFILuoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrevor_Homer2007" class="citation book cs1">Trevor Homer (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=J-eTGAAACAAJ"><i>The Book of Origins: The first of everything</i></a>. Hachette Digital. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-405-51610-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-405-51610-5"><bdi>978-1-405-51610-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225162721/https://books.google.com/books?id=J-eTGAAACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Origins%3A+The+first+of+everything&rft.pub=Hachette+Digital&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-405-51610-5&rft.au=Trevor+Homer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJ-eTGAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/pitcairn-cierva-pca-1a/nasm_A19560048000">"Pitcairn-Cierva PCA-1A"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Museum" title="National Air and Space Museum">National Air and Space Museum</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425214205/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/pitcairn-cierva-pca-1a/nasm_A19560048000">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pitcairn-Cierva+PCA-1A&rft.pub=National+Air+and+Space+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fairandspace.si.edu%2Fcollection-objects%2Fpitcairn-cierva-pca-1a%2Fnasm_A19560048000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bensen-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bensen_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bensen_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensen" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Igor_Bensen" title="Igor Bensen">Bensen, Igor</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150109111705/http://gyrocopters.co.uk/html/dr_bensen_explains_all.html">"How they fly - Bensen explains all"</a>. Archived from the original on 9 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>air ... (is) deflected downward</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+they+fly+-+Bensen+explains+all&rft.aulast=Bensen&rft.aufirst=Igor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gyrocopters.co.uk%2Fhtml%2Fdr_bensen_explains_all.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-charLeg-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-charLeg_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charLeg_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-charLeg_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnov,_Bruce_H." class="citation web cs1">Charnov, Bruce H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183856/http://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/ORSP_Charnov_Fall02.pdf">"Cierva, Pitcairn and the Legacy of Rotary-Wing Flight"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/ORSP_Charnov_Fall02.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 3 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cierva%2C+Pitcairn+and+the+Legacy+of+Rotary-Wing+Flight&rft.pub=Hofstra+University&rft.au=Charnov%2C+Bruce+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hofstra.edu%2Fpdf%2FORSP_Charnov_Fall02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fmweird-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fmweird_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2015" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Garrison" title="Peter Garrison">Garrison, Peter</a> (2 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/mail-drop-gyroplane-facts">"Mail Drop: Weird Gyroplane Facts"</a>. <i>Flying Magazine</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425220702/https://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/mail-drop-gyroplane-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2015</span>. <q>The operation of a gyroplane's freewheeling rotor is often compared to that of an autorotating helicopter's ... It's better to think about a glider, because what the gyroplane's rotor blades are doing is gliding around the central mast.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Flying+Magazine&rft.atitle=Mail+Drop%3A+Weird+Gyroplane+Facts&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingmag.com%2Faircraft%2Fmail-drop-gyroplane-facts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226014001/http://www.phenix.aero/PHE-1210.html">"Gyrocopter - What is it?"</a>. <i>Phenix</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phenix.aero/PHE-1210.html">the original</a> on 26 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Phenix&rft.atitle=Gyrocopter+-+What+is+it%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phenix.aero%2FPHE-1210.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Autorotation"><i>Autorotation</i></a> (definition) (unabridged v 1.1 ed.). Random House, Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120317235049/http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Autorotation">Archived</a> from the original on 17 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Autorotation&rft.edition=unabridged+v+1.1&rft.pub=Random+House%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2FAutorotation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_encyclopedia" title="Template:Cite encyclopedia">cite encyclopedia</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|website=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGremminger" class="citation web cs1">Gremminger, Greg. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.magnigyro.com/features/HV%20Curve%20for%20Gyroplanes.pdf%7Ctitle=HEIGHT%5B%5D">"HIGH VELOCITY CURVE for GYROPLANES"</a>. <i>Magni Gyro</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131217224602/http://www.magnigyro.com/features/HV%20Curve%20for%20Gyroplanes.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 17 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magni+Gyro&rft.atitle=HIGH+VELOCITY+CURVE+for+GYROPLANES&rft.aulast=Gremminger&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.magnigyro.com%2Ffeatures%2FHV%2520Curve%2520for%2520Gyroplanes.pdf%257Ctitle%3DHEIGHT%255B%255D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarrison2015" class="citation web cs1">Garrison, Peter (2 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/mail-drop-gyroplane-facts/">"Mail Drop: Gyroplane Facts"</a>. <i>Flying Mag</i>. Flying Magazine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234037/https://www.flyingmag.com/aircraft/mail-drop-gyroplane-facts/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flying+Mag&rft.atitle=Mail+Drop%3A+Gyroplane+Facts&rft.date=2015-10-02&rft.aulast=Garrison&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flyingmag.com%2Faircraft%2Fmail-drop-gyroplane-facts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFietz" class="citation web cs1">Fietz, Ken. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gyroplanepassion.com/LittleWing.html">"The little wing autogyro"</a>. <i>gyroplane passion</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815234029/http://www.gyroplanepassion.com/LittleWing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=gyroplane+passion&rft.atitle=The+little+wing+autogyro&rft.aulast=Fietz&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gyroplanepassion.com%2FLittleWing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govCierva-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govCierva_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govCierva_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110606112250/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/cierva/DI17.htm">"Juan De La Cierva"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centennial_of_Flight_Commission" title="Centennial of Flight Commission">Centennial of Flight Commission</a>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Dictionary/cierva/DI17.htm">the original</a> on 6 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Juan+De+La+Cierva&rft.pub=Centennial+of+Flight+Commission&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FDictionary%2Fcierva%2FDI17.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSack2014" class="citation web cs1">Sack, Harald (21 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425222935/http://scihi.org/juan-de-la-cierva-and-the-autogiro/">"Juan de la Cierva and the Autogiro"</a>. <i>SciHi Blog</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scihi.org/juan-de-la-cierva-and-the-autogiro/">the original</a> on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SciHi+Blog&rft.atitle=Juan+de+la+Cierva+and+the+Autogiro&rft.date=2014-09-21&rft.aulast=Sack&rft.aufirst=Harald&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscihi.org%2Fjuan-de-la-cierva-and-the-autogiro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-govGyro-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-govGyro_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-govGyro_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101214081414/http://centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/autogiro/HE3.htm">"The Contributions of the Autogyro"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centennial_of_Flight_Commission" title="Centennial of Flight Commission">Centennial of Flight Commission</a>. 2003. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Rotary/autogiro/HE3.htm">the original</a> on 14 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Contributions+of+the+Autogyro&rft.pub=Centennial+of+Flight+Commission&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centennialofflight.gov%2Fessay%2FRotary%2Fautogiro%2FHE3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historiadeza.wordpress.com/2013/10/21/loriga-el-primer-viaje-del-autogiro/">"EL PRIMER VIAJE DEL AUTOGIRO"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180710225343/https://historiadeza.wordpress.com/2013/10/21/loriga-el-primer-viaje-del-autogiro/">Archived</a> 10 July 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>MADRID CIENTIFICO</i>, 1924. Nº 1128, página 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Buhl_Aircraft_Company" title="Buhl Aircraft Company">Buhl Aircraft Company</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2150978">site=www.rcgroups.com Buhl A-1 autogyro – 1931</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132226/http://www.rcgroups.com/forums/showthread.php?t=2150978">Archived</a> 28 January 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gyroplanepassion.com/BuhlA-1.html">The Buhl A-1 Autogiro</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208065538/http://www.gyroplanepassion.com/BuhlA-1.html">Archived</a> 8 December 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The first <i>Dedalo</i> was an aircraft transportation ship and the first in the world from which an autogyro took off and landed." Naval Ship Systems Command, US: <i>Naval Ship Systems Command technical news.</i>1966, v. 15–16, page 40</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Payne, Stanley G. (1993). <i>Spain's first democracy: the Second Republic, 1931–1936</i>. Univ of Wisconsin Press, p. 219. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-13674-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-13674-4">0-299-13674-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BladeRunner-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BladeRunner_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulle2007" class="citation news cs1">Pulle, Matt (5 July 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121002054326/http://www.dallasobserver.com/2007-07-05/news/blade-runner/3/">"Blade Runner"</a>. <i>Dallas Observer</i>. Vol. 27, no. 27. Dallas, Tx. pp. 19–27. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dallasobserver.com/2007-07-05/news/blade-runner/">the original</a> on 2 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dallas+Observer&rft.atitle=Blade+Runner&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=19-27&rft.date=2007-07-05&rft.aulast=Pulle&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dallasobserver.com%2F2007-07-05%2Fnews%2Fblade-runner%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maslov-2015-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maslov-2015_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maslov-2015_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslov2015" class="citation book cs1">Maslov, Mikhail (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pSEEogEACAAJ"><i>Soviet Autogyros 1929-1942</i></a>. Helion. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-65-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-910294-65-9"><bdi>978-1-910294-65-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225162718/https://books.google.com/books?id=pSEEogEACAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Autogyros+1929-1942&rft.pub=Helion&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-910294-65-9&rft.aulast=Maslov&rft.aufirst=Mikhail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpSEEogEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyne2011" class="citation book cs1">Boyne, Walter (4 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T3hCO8j9YfAC&pg=PA319"><i>How the Helicopter Changed Modern Warfare</i></a>. Pelican Publishing Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-1568-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-1568-1"><bdi>978-1-4556-1568-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225162719/https://books.google.com/books?id=T3hCO8j9YfAC&pg=PA319">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 December</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+the+Helicopter+Changed+Modern+Warfare&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2011-03-04&rft.isbn=978-1-4556-1568-1&rft.aulast=Boyne&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT3hCO8j9YfAC%26pg%3DPA319&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns1988" class="citation book cs1">Burns, R.W. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cBbnDiTUx6YC&q=autogyro+radar+callibration&pg=PA139"><i>Radar Development to 1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Electrical_Engineers" title="Institution of Electrical Engineers">IEE</a>. p. 139. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86341-139-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86341-139-8"><bdi>0-86341-139-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230225162720/https://books.google.com/books?id=cBbnDiTUx6YC&q=autogyro+radar+callibration&pg=PA139">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radar+Development+to+1945&rft.pages=139&rft.pub=IEE&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-86341-139-8&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=R.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcBbnDiTUx6YC%26q%3Dautogyro%2Bradar%2Bcallibration%26pg%3DPA139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-x25-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-x25_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkinsLandisMiller2003" class="citation web cs1">Jenkins, Dennis R.; Landis, Tony; Miller, Jay (June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425225303/https://history.nasa.gov/monograph31.pdf#page=34">"Bensen Aircraft Corporation X-25"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American X-vehicles: an inventory, X-1 to X-50</i>. <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. p. 33. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.nasa.gov/monograph31.pdf#page=34">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+X-vehicles%3A+an+inventory%2C+X-1+to+X-50&rft.atitle=Bensen+Aircraft+Corporation+X-25&rft.pages=33&rft.date=2003-06&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Dennis+R.&rft.au=Landis%2C+Tony&rft.au=Miller%2C+Jay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.nasa.gov%2Fmonograph31.pdf%23page%3D34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eeaGyro-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-eeaGyro_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Connor" class="citation web cs1">O'Connor, Timothy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120315121402/http://www.eaa.org/lightplaneworld/articles/1102_gyroplanes.asp">"This is Not Your Father's Gyroplane"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Aircraft_Association" title="Experimental Aircraft Association">Experimental Aircraft Association</a> (EEA). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eaa.org/lightplaneworld/articles/1102_gyroplanes.asp">the original</a> on 15 March 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+is+Not+Your+Father%27s+Gyroplane&rft.pub=Experimental+Aircraft+Association+%28EEA%29&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eaa.org%2Flightplaneworld%2Farticles%2F1102_gyroplanes.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425230947/http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=32b64ddd-24e0-487a-bbf7-dd62f386af7a">"Olympic Security Aided by Groen Brothers' Hawk"</a>. <i>Aero-News Network</i>. 2 January 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aero-news.net/index.cfm?do=main.textpost&id=32b64ddd-24e0-487a-bbf7-dd62f386af7a">the original</a> on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aero-News+Network&rft.atitle=Olympic+Security+Aided+by+Groen+Brothers%27+Hawk&rft.date=2002-01-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aero-news.net%2Findex.cfm%3Fdo%3Dmain.textpost%26id%3D32b64ddd-24e0-487a-bbf7-dd62f386af7a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSupgul2011" class="citation web cs1">Supgul, Alexander (22 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110819145859/http://www.myfoxhouston.com/dpp/news/scitech/110322-tomball-police-gyroplane">"Tomball Police Equipped with Gyroplane"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.myfoxhouston.com/dpp/news/scitech/110322-tomball-police-gyroplane">the original</a> on 19 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tomball+Police+Equipped+with+Gyroplane&rft.date=2011-03-22&rft.aulast=Supgul&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.myfoxhouston.com%2Fdpp%2Fnews%2Fscitech%2F110322-tomball-police-gyroplane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHauck2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Hauck, Robert S (July–August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425231426/https://www.justnet.org/pdf/Airbeat%20July%20August%202011%20-%20Tomball.pdf">"Broadening Horizons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Air Beat Magazine</i>. pp. 52–54. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justnet.org/pdf/Airbeat%20July%20August%202011%20-%20Tomball.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Beat+Magazine&rft.atitle=Broadening+Horizons&rft.pages=52-54&rft.date=2011-07%2F2011-08&rft.aulast=Hauck&rft.aufirst=Robert+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justnet.org%2Fpdf%2FAirbeat%2520July%2520August%25202011%2520-%2520Tomball.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lC87Nns4VIY"><span class="plainlinks">Tomball PD Gyroplane (Congressman McCaul Visit)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne2011" class="citation web cs1">Osborne, Tony (22 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120419000157/http://www.shephardmedia.com/news/rotorhub/alea-2011-autogyro-debuts-in-the-sky-over-texas/9585/">"ALEA 2011: Autogyro debuts in the sky over Texas"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shephard.co.uk/news/rotorhub/alea-2011-autogyro-debuts-in-the-sky-over-texas/9585/">the original</a> on 19 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ALEA+2011%3A+Autogyro+debuts+in+the+sky+over+Texas&rft.date=2011-07-22&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shephard.co.uk%2Fnews%2Frotorhub%2Falea-2011-autogyro-debuts-in-the-sky-over-texas%2F9585%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardigree2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Hardigree, Matt (13 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/autopia/2011/09/tomball-police-autogyro/">"Flying the Police Aircraft of the Future"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wired_(magazine)" title="Wired (magazine)">Wired</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425231855/https://www.wired.com/2011/09/tomball-police-autogyro/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 September</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Flying+the+Police+Aircraft+of+the+Future&rft.date=2011-09-13&rft.aulast=Hardigree&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Fautopia%2F2011%2F09%2Ftomball-police-autogyro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardigree2011" class="citation web cs1">Hardigree, Matt (12 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200425232002/https://jalopnik.com/flying-the-police-aircraft-of-the-future-5795803">"Flying the police aircraft of the future"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jalopnik.com/flying-the-police-aircraft-of-the-future-5795803">the original</a> on 25 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 November</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Federal+Aviation+Administration&rft.atitle=Experimental+Category+Operating+Amateur-built%2C+Kit-built%2C+or+Light-sport+Aircraft&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Faircraft%2Fair_cert%2Fairworthiness_certification%2Fsp_awcert%2Fexperiment%2Fexpt_operating%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071222054902/http://www.ameliaearhart.com/about/achievements.html">"Achievements"</a>. <i>Official Amelia Earhart website</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ameliaearhart.com/about/achievements.html">the original</a> on 22 December 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+Amelia+Earhart+website&rft.atitle=Achievements&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ameliaearhart.com%2Fabout%2Fachievements.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAI_c3-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAI_c3_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAI_c3_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203042549/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=5346">"FAI Record ID #5346 – Autogyro, Time to climb to a height of 3000 m"</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=5346">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAI+Record+ID+%235346+%E2%80%93+Autogyro%2C+Time+to+climb+to+a+height+of+3000+m&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale+%28FAI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Ffai-record-file%2F%3FrecordId%3D5346&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAI_s15-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAI_s15_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203035624/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=303">"FAI Record ID #303 – Autogyro, Speed over a straight 15/25 km course"</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=303">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAI+Record+ID+%23303+%E2%80%93+Autogyro%2C+Speed+over+a+straight+15%2F25+km+course&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale+%28FAI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Ffai-record-file%2F%3FrecordId%3D303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAI_s3-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAI_s3_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAI_s3_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131203034031/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=7601">"FAI Record ID #7601 – Autogyro, Speed over a 3 km course"</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=7601">the original</a> on 3 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAI+Record+ID+%237601+%E2%80%93+Autogyro%2C+Speed+over+a+3+km+course&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale+%28FAI%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Ffai-record-file%2F%3FrecordId%3D7601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BBC1_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/features/2004/04/magnigyro_record_attempt.shtml">"Nottingham Features – Magnigyro record attempt"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 5 September 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200426001338/http://www.bbc.co.uk/nottingham/features/2004/04/magnigyro_record_attempt.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 26 April 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Nottingham+Features+%E2%80%93+Magnigyro+record+attempt&rft.date=2002-09-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnottingham%2Ffeatures%2F2004%2F04%2Fmagnigyro_record_attempt.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-YorkshirePost-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-YorkshirePost_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190823032135/https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/latest-news/the-eagle-has-landed-but-pilot-vows-to-try-again-1-2550374">"The Eagle has landed – but pilot vows to try again"</a>. <i>Yorkshire Post</i>. 21 October 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/latest-news/the-eagle-has-landed-but-pilot-vows-to-try-again-1-2550374">the original</a> on 23 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yorkshire+Post&rft.atitle=The+Eagle+has+landed+%E2%80%93+but+pilot+vows+to+try+again&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkshirepost.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flatest-news%2Fthe-eagle-has-landed-but-pilot-vows-to-try-again-1-2550374&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225258/http://www.fai.org/cig-news/32190-Class-E-%28Rotorcraft%29-record-claims-ratified">"Class E (Rotorcraft) record claims ratified"</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a>. 26 February 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/cig-news/32190-Class-E-%28Rotorcraft%29-record-claims-ratified">the original</a> on 12 September 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Class+E+%28Rotorcraft%29+record+claims+ratified&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale&rft.date=2004-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Fcig-news%2F32190-Class-E-%2528Rotorcraft%2529-record-claims-ratified&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=7928">1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225230/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=7928">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=7945">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225301/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=7945">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=7946">1+2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912230836/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=7946">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distance500-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-distance500_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=13113">FAI Record ID #13113 – Speed over a closed circuit of 500 km without payload</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140913010836/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=13113">Archived</a> 13 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI).</i> Retrieved: 12 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distance1000-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-distance1000_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=13115">FAI Record ID #13115 – Speed over a closed circuit of 1000 km without payload</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225304/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=13115">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI).</i> Retrieved: 12 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distance1019-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-distance1019_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=13111">FAI Record ID #13111 – Speed over a closed circuit without landing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912230825/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=13111">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI).</i> Retrieved: 12 September 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://records.fai.org/data?p=4246">"History of Records: Andrew C. KEECH (USA)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+Records%3A+Andrew+C.+KEECH+%28USA%29&rft.pub=F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration+A%C3%A9ronautique+Internationale&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frecords.fai.org%2Fdata%3Fp%3D4246&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged July 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nuovavenezia.gelocal.it-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nuovavenezia.gelocal.it_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nuovavenezia.gelocal.it_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBianchi2015" class="citation news cs1">Bianchi, Simone (8 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160604081201/http://nuovavenezia.gelocal.it/venezia/cronaca/2015/11/08/news/donatella-ricci-record-di-volo-con-l-autogiro-1.12408313">"Donatella Ricci, record di volo con l'"autogiro"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nuovavenezia.gelocal.it/venezia/cronaca/2015/11/08/news/donatella-ricci-record-di-volo-con-l-autogiro-1.12408313">the original</a> on 4 June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Donatella+Ricci%2C+record+di+volo+con+l%27%22autogiro%22&rft.date=2015-11-08&rft.aulast=Bianchi&rft.aufirst=Simone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnuovavenezia.gelocal.it%2Fvenezia%2Fcronaca%2F2015%2F11%2F08%2Fnews%2Fdonatella-ricci-record-di-volo-con-l-autogiro-1.12408313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAI_distance-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FAI_distance_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17745">FAI Record ID #17745 – Autogyro, distance without landing</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151124093851/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=17745">Archived</a> 24 November 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" <i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">Fédération Aéronautique Internationale</a> (FAI).</i> Retrieved: 22 November 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norman_Frank_Surplus_GBR_17629-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Frank_Surplus_GBR_17629_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Norman_Frank_Surplus_GBR_17629_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fai.org/record/17629">"Norman Frank Surplus (GBR) (17629)"</a>. <i>www.fai.org</i>. 10 October 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201129195631/https://www.fai.org/record/17629">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fai.org&rft.atitle=Norman+Frank+Surplus+%28GBR%29+%2817629%29&rft.date=2017-10-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Frecord%2F17629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-48811534">"First autogyro round-the-world trip completed by Larne pilot"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 29 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220111093207/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-48811534">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=First+autogyro+round-the-world+trip+completed+by+Larne+pilot&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-48811534&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTye2019" class="citation web cs1">Tye, Dan (2 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adventure52.com/adventure-sports/flying/norman-surplus-completes-round-the-world-autogyro-adventure/">"Norman Surplus completes round-the-world autogyro adventure"</a>. <i>Adventure 52</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227120705/https://www.adventure52.com/adventure-sports/flying/norman-surplus-completes-round-the-world-autogyro-adventure/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Adventure+52&rft.atitle=Norman+Surplus+completes+round-the-world+autogyro+adventure&rft.date=2019-07-02&rft.aulast=Tye&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adventure52.com%2Fadventure-sports%2Fflying%2Fnorman-surplus-completes-round-the-world-autogyro-adventure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasken2019" class="citation web cs1">Basken, Christina (25 July 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inspire.eaa.org/2019/07/25/whirling-around-the-world-taking-a-gyroplane-on-a-worldwide-journey/">"Whirling Around the World — Taking a Gyroplane on a Worldwide Journey"</a>. <i>Hangar Flying</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201126154735/http://inspire.eaa.org/2019/07/25/whirling-around-the-world-taking-a-gyroplane-on-a-worldwide-journey/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hangar+Flying&rft.atitle=Whirling+Around+the+World+%E2%80%94+Taking+a+Gyroplane+on+a+Worldwide+Journey&rft.date=2019-07-25&rft.aulast=Basken&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finspire.eaa.org%2F2019%2F07%2F25%2Fwhirling-around-the-world-taking-a-gyroplane-on-a-worldwide-journey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-World_Records-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-World_Records_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-World_Records_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/601558-first-circumnavigation-by-autogyro">"First circumnavigation by autogyro"</a>. <i>Guinness World Records</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730083033/https://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/world-records/601558-first-circumnavigation-by-autogyro">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Guinness+World+Records&rft.atitle=First+circumnavigation+by+autogyro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.guinnessworldrecords.com%2Fworld-records%2F601558-first-circumnavigation-by-autogyro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wwwfaiorg-2019-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wwwfaiorg-2019_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wwwfaiorg-2019_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fai.org/record/19101">"James Ketchell (GBR) (19101)"</a>. <i>www.fai.org</i>. 30 September 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200129192202/https://www.fai.org/record/19101">Archived</a> from the original on 29 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fai.org&rft.atitle=James+Ketchell+%28GBR%29+%2819101%29&rft.date=2019-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fai.org%2Frecord%2F19101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Norman Surplus (GYROX) list on FAI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16278">1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225127/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16278">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16281">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912230822/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16281">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=15905">3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912230839/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=15905">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16016">4</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912230830/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16016">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16017">5</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912230819/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16017">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16018">6</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225312/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16018">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16022">7</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912230833/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16022">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16277">8</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225156/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16277">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16280">9</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140912225308/http://www.fai.org/fai-record-file/?recordId=16280">Archived</a> 12 September 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"15–22". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121027152413/https://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/media/faa-h-8083-21.pdf"><i>Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, FAA Manual H-8083-21</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, DC: Flight Standards Service, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a>, U.S. Dept. of Transportation. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56027-404-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56027-404-2"><bdi>1-56027-404-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.faa.gov/library/manuals/aircraft/media/faa-h-8083-21.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=15%E2%80%9322&rft.btitle=Rotorcraft+Flying+Handbook%2C+FAA+Manual+H-8083-21&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=Flight+Standards+Service%2C+Federal+Aviation+Administration%2C+U.S.+Dept.+of+Transportation&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-56027-404-2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.faa.gov%2Flibrary%2Fmanuals%2Faircraft%2Fmedia%2Ffaa-h-8083-21.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndreas_G._Stuetz2013" class="citation book cs1">Andreas G. Stuetz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=alKBngEACAAJ"><i>Weltflug: The Gyroplane Dream</i></a>. Createspace Independent Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4937-6094-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4937-6094-7"><bdi>978-1-4937-6094-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weltflug%3A+The+Gyroplane+Dream&rft.pub=Createspace+Independent+Pub&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4937-6094-7&rft.au=Andreas+G.+Stuetz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DalKBngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharnov2006" class="citation conference cs1">Charnov, Bruce H. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vtol.org/files/dmfile/62-2006-125Charnov2.pdf"><i>A Critical Re-Examination of the Franklin Institute Rotating Wing Aircraft Meeting of October 28 – 29, 1938: Facts and Myths Surrounding the Foundations of Autogiro/Convertiplane/Helicopter Development in America and Europe</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. American Helicopter Society 62nd Annual Forum. Phoenix, Arizona: American Helicopter Society International, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Re-Examination+of+the+Franklin+Institute+Rotating+Wing+Aircraft+Meeting+of+October+28+%E2%80%93+29%2C+1938%3A+Facts+and+Myths+Surrounding+the+Foundations+of+Autogiro%2FConvertiplane%2FHelicopter+Development+in+America+and+Europe&rft.place=Phoenix%2C+Arizona&rft.pub=American+Helicopter+Society+International%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Charnov&rft.aufirst=Bruce+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvtol.org%2Ffiles%2Fdmfile%2F62-2006-125Charnov2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Autogyros" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Autogyros">Autogyros</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161221155328/http://www.sagpa.co.za/docs/Development%20of%20the%20Autogiro%20a%20Technical%20Perspective.pdf">Development of the Autogiro : A Technical Perspective</a>" : J. Gordon Leishman: <a href="/wiki/Hofstra_University" title="Hofstra University">Hofstra University</a>, New York, 2003.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jefflewis.net/autogyros.html">Jeff Lewis' in-depth history of the Autogyro</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pra.org/">Popular Rotorcraft Association</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110207173218/http://pra.org/">Archived</a> 7 February 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (United States)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9ycDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA28">"Will Autogiro Banish Present Plane?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science" title="Popular Science">Popular Science</a></i>. March 1931. p. 28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science&rft.atitle=Will+Autogiro+Banish+Present+Plane%3F&rft.pages=28&rft.date=1931-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9ycDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=g_EDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA538">"Feathering of Blades Increase Gyro's Speed"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Mechanics" title="Popular Mechanics">Popular Mechanics</a></i>. Hearst Magazines. April 1932. p. 538.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Feathering+of+Blades+Increase+Gyro%27s+Speed&rft.pages=538&rft.date=1932-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg_EDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAutogyro" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Helicopters_and_other_rotorcraft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Helicopters_and_rotorcraft" title="Template:Helicopters and rotorcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Helicopters_and_rotorcraft" title="Template talk:Helicopters and rotorcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this 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href="/wiki/Attack_helicopter" title="Attack helicopter">Attack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autorotation" title="Autorotation">Autorotation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backpack_helicopter" title="Backpack helicopter">Backpack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_loading" title="Disk loading">Disk loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_dynamics" title="Helicopter dynamics">Dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_flight_controls" title="Helicopter flight controls">Flight controls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_heliports" title="List of countries by number of heliports">Number of helicopters and heliports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_manufacturer" title="Helicopter manufacturer">Manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_helicopter" title="Military helicopter">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor" title="Helicopter rotor">Rotor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_solidity" title="Rotor solidity">Rotor solidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_helicopter" title="Utility helicopter">Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wire_strike_protection_system" title="Wire strike protection system">Wire strike protection system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_helicopters" title="List of accidents and incidents involving helicopters">Accidents and incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_active_Russian_military_aircraft" title="List of active Russian military aircraft">Active Russian military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_airlines" title="List of helicopter airlines">Airlines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_small_airlines_and_helicopter_airlines_of_Russia" title="List of small airlines and helicopter airlines of Russia">Russian helicopter airlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_NATO_reporting_names_for_helicopters" title="List of NATO reporting names for helicopters">NATO reporting names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_helicopter_prison_escapes" title="List of helicopter prison escapes">Prison escapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ultralight_helicopters" title="List of ultralight helicopters">Ultralights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Air_Force_helicopter_squadrons" title="List of United States Air Force helicopter squadrons">U.S. Air Force squadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_helicopters" title="List of United States military helicopters">U.S. military</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Agusta A109K2 rescue helicopter"><img alt="An Agusta A109K2 rescue helicopter" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg/146px-Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg/219px-Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg/292px-Pilatus_Agusta_A109_Flug.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3322" data-file-height="2215" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other<br /><a href="/wiki/Rotorcraft" title="Rotorcraft">rotorcraft</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Articles" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autogyro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CarterCopter" title="CarterCopter">CarterCopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cierva" title="Juan de la Cierva">Juan de la Cierva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyworks_Global" class="mw-redirect" title="Skyworks Global">Skyworks Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piasecki_Aircraft" title="Piasecki Aircraft">Piasecki Aircraft</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Rotodyne" title="Fairey Rotodyne">Fairey Rotodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyrodyne" title="Gyrodyne">Gyrodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monocopter" title="Monocopter">Monocopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">Rotor kite</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft" title="List of rotorcraft">Rotorcraft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft_manufacturers_by_country" title="List of rotorcraft manufacturers by country">Manufacturers by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-produced_rotorcraft" title="List of most-produced rotorcraft">Most-produced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rotorcraft_used_in_World_War_II" title="List of rotorcraft used in World War II">Used in World War II</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_rotor#Limitations_and_hazards" title="Helicopter rotor">Mast bumping and other hazards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_rollover" title="Dynamic rollover">Dynamic rollover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_resonance" title="Ground resonance">Ground resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loss_of_tail-rotor_effectiveness" title="Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness">Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-g_condition" title="Low-g condition">Low-g condition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retreating_blade_stall" title="Retreating blade stall">Retreating blade stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_stall_on_helicopter_rotors" title="Dynamic stall on helicopter rotors">Dynamic stall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortex_ring_state" title="Vortex ring state">Vortex ring state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servo_transparency" title="Servo transparency">Servo transparency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailstrike#Helicopters" title="Tailstrike">Tailstrike</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bamboo-copter" title="Bamboo-copter">Bamboo-copter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclogyro" title="Cyclogyro">Cyclogyro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter_height%E2%80%93velocity_diagram" title="Helicopter height–velocity diagram">Helicopter height–velocity diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helitack" title="Helitack">Helitack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human-powered_helicopter" title="Human-powered helicopter">Human-powered helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingenuity_(helicopter)" title="Ingenuity (helicopter)"><i>Ingenuity</i> Mars helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mars_Sample_Retrieval_Helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopter">Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_nut" title="Jesus nut">Jesus nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_aircraft" title="List of aircraft">List of aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_helicopter" title="Radio-controlled helicopter">Radio-controlled helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search_and_rescue" title="Search and rescue">Search and rescue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_flow_effect" title="Transverse flow effect">Transverse flow effect</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rotorcraft" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rotorcraft">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Aircraft/Rotorcraft_task_force" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/Rotorcraft task force">WikiProject</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gyrodyne" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gyrodyne" title="Template:Gyrodyne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gyrodyne" title="Template talk:Gyrodyne"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gyrodyne" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gyrodyne"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gyrodyne" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gyrodyne" title="Gyrodyne">Gyrodyne</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Aviation_Company" title="Fairey Aviation Company">Fairey Aviation Company</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Rotodyne" title="Fairey Rotodyne">Rotodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_Jet_Gyrodyne" title="Fairey Jet Gyrodyne">Jet Gyrodyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairey_FB-1_Gyrodyne" title="Fairey FB-1 Gyrodyne">FB-1 Gyrodyne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anton_Flettner" title="Anton Flettner">Flettner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flettner_Fl_185" title="Flettner Fl 185">FI 185</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kamov" title="Kamov">Kamov</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamov_Ka-22" title="Kamov Ka-22">Ka-22</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kayaba_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayaba Industry">Kayaba Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayaba_Heliplane" title="Kayaba Heliplane">Heliplane (Type-1)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-69" title="Sikorsky S-69">Advancing Blade Concept (ABC)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autogyro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compound_helicopter" class="mw-redirect" title="Compound helicopter">Compound helicopter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convertiplane" title="Convertiplane">Convertiplane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_aircraft_by_methods_of_thrust_and_lift" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Aircraft_types_(by_method_of_thrust_and_lift)" title="Template:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Aircraft_types_(by_method_of_thrust_and_lift)" title="Template talk:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft_types_(by_method_of_thrust_and_lift)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Aircraft types (by method of thrust and lift)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_aircraft_by_methods_of_thrust_and_lift" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Types of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> by methods of <a href="/wiki/Thrust" title="Thrust">thrust</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lift_(force)" title="Lift (force)">lift</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; margin:auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="background-color: #efefef;">  </th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Aerostat" title="Aerostat">Aerostat</a> </th> <th colspan="3" style="background-color: #e6e6ff"><a href="/wiki/Aircraft#Heavier_than_air_–_aerodynes" title="Aircraft">Aerodyne</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Lighter than air gas</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Fixed wing</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Unpowered rotor</th> <th style="background-color: #e6e6ff">Lift: Powered rotor </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Unpowered free flight </th> <td>(Free) <a href="/wiki/Balloon_(aeronautics)" title="Balloon (aeronautics)">balloon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glider_(aircraft)" title="Glider (aircraft)">Glider</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">Helicopter</a>, etc. in <a href="/wiki/Autorotation" title="Autorotation">autorotation</a></td> <td>(None – see note 2) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Tethered (static or towed) </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Tethered_balloon" title="Tethered balloon">Tethered balloon</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kite" title="Kite">Kite</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotor_kite" title="Rotor kite">Rotor kite</a></td> <td>(None – see note 2) </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left; background-color: #e6e6ff">Powered </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Airship" title="Airship">Airship</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Airplane" title="Airplane">Airplane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithopter" title="Ornithopter">ornithopter</a>, etc.</td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Autogyro</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gyrodyne" title="Gyrodyne">Gyrodyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Note 1: <span class="wrap">A <a href="/wiki/Tiltwing" title="Tiltwing">tiltwing</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tiltrotor" title="Tiltrotor">tiltrotor</a> aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>Note 2: <span class="wrap">For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Balloon_helicopter" title="Balloon helicopter">balloon helicopter</a>) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust.</span></li></ul> <ul><li>Note 3: <span class="wrap"><a href="/wiki/Ground-effect_vehicle" title="Ground-effect vehicle">Ground-effect vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">hovercraft</a> are not included in the table, nor are <a href="/wiki/Experimental_aircraft" title="Experimental aircraft">experimental aircraft</a> with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Coleopter" title="Coleopter">coleopter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Thrust_Measuring_Rig" title="Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig">Flying Bedstead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_VZ-9_Avrocar" title="Avro Canada VZ-9 Avrocar">Avrocar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flettner_airplane" title="Flettner airplane">flettner airplane</a>) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kytoon" title="Kytoon">kytoon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_airship" title="Hybrid airship">hybrid airship</a>).</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208708#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208708#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q208708#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4078381-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010064">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007295710705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10639094">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&oldid=1248854571">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Autogyro&oldid=1248854571</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Autogyros" title="Category:Autogyros">Autogyros</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Aircraft_configurations" 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