CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>J. J. Thomson - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"37c360ba-f2ce-4aab-9318-9163890e61f9","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"J._J._Thomson","wgTitle":"J. J. Thomson","wgCurRevisionId":1258955151,"wgRevisionId":1258955151,"wgArticleId":70085,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages with missing ISBNs","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use British English from October 2013","Use dmy dates from October 2013","Biography with signature","Articles with hCards","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012","Articles needing additional references from August 2017","All articles needing additional references","CS1 German-language sources (de)", "CS1 Italian-language sources (it)","Commons link is on Wikidata","Webarchive template wayback links","Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024","Articles with Project Gutenberg links","Articles with Internet Archive links","1856 births","1940 deaths","20th-century British physicists","Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge","Burials at Westminster Abbey","English Anglicans","20th-century British mathematicians","British Nobel laureates","Experimental physicists","Fellows of the Royal Society","Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences","Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge","Members of the Order of Merit","Nobel laureates in Physics","People from Cheetham Hill","Presidents of the Royal Society","Recipients of the Copley Medal","Royal Medal winners","Knights Bachelor","Second Wranglers","Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester","Presidents of the British Science Association","Presidents of the Institute of Physics","Presidents of the Physical Society", "Mass spectrometrists","Recipients of the Dalton Medal","Cavendish Professors of Physics","Recipients of Franklin Medal","Members of the American Philosophical Society","Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"J._J._Thomson","wgRelevantArticleId":70085,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[], "wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q47285","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript": "ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1876"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/800px-J.J_Thomson.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1250"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/640px-J.J_Thomson.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1000"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="J. J. Thomson - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-J_J_Thomson rootpage-J_J_Thomson skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=J.+J.+Thomson" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=J.+J.+Thomson" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=J.+J.+Thomson" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=J.+J.+Thomson" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Education_and_personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education_and_personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Education and personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education_and_personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Family</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Career_and_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Career_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Career and research</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Career and research subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Overview" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overview"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Early work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discovery_of_the_electron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discovery_of_the_electron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Discovery of the electron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Discovery_of_the_electron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isotopes_and_mass_spectrometry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isotopes_and_mass_spectrometry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Isotopes and mass spectrometry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isotopes_and_mass_spectrometry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experiments_with_cathode_rays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experiments_with_cathode_rays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Experiments with cathode rays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experiments_with_cathode_rays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Magnetic_deflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Magnetic_deflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.1</span> <span>Magnetic deflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Magnetic_deflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_charge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_charge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.2</span> <span>Electrical charge</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_charge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_deflection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_deflection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.3</span> <span>Electrical deflection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_deflection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Measurement_of_mass-to-charge_ratio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Measurement_of_mass-to-charge_ratio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.4</span> <span>Measurement of mass-to-charge ratio</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Measurement_of_mass-to-charge_ratio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conclusions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conclusions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5.5</span> <span>Conclusions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conclusions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Other work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Awards and honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-During_his_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_his_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>During his life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_his_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Posthumous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">J. J. Thomson</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 104 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-104" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">104 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="J.J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جوزيف جون طومسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جوزيف جون طومسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AB_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%9B%E0%A6%A8" title="জোছেফ জন টমছন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জোছেফ জন টমছন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozef_Con_Tomson" title="Cozef Con Tomson – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Cozef Con Tomson" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جوزف جان تامسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جوزف جان تامسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87._%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87._%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8" title="জে. জে. থমসন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জে. জে. থমসন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джозеф Джон Томсан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джозеф Джон Томсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%8D%D1%84_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Джозэф Джон Томсан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джозэф Джон Томсан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Джоузеф Джон Томсън – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джоузеф Джон Томсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8C%CE%B6%CE%B5%CF%86_%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%BF%CE%BD_%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Τζόζεφ Τζον Τόμσον – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζόζεφ Τζον Τόμσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جوزف جان تامسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جوزف جان تامسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%94%84_%EC%A1%B4_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="조지프 존 톰슨 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지프 존 톰슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%A6%D5%A5%D6%86_%D5%8B%D5%B8%D5%B6_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ջոզեֆ Ջոն Թոմսոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջոզեֆ Ջոն Թոմսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A5%B0_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जे॰ जे॰ थॉमसन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जे॰ जे॰ थॉमसन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%96%D7%A3_%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ג'וזף ג'ון תומסון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'וזף ג'ון תומסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಜಾನ್ ಥಾಮ್ಸನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜೋಸೆಫ್ ಜಾನ್ ಥಾಮ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯოზეფ ჯონ თომსონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯოზეფ ჯონ თომსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جے جے تھامسن – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جے جے تھامسن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джозеф Джон Томсон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джозеф Джон Томсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosephus_Ioannes_Thomson" title="Iosephus Ioannes Thomson – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iosephus Ioannes Thomson" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BE._D%C5%BE._Tomsons" title="Dž. Dž. Tomsons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dž. Dž. Tomsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џозеф Џон Томсон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џозеф Џон Томсон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86.%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%86._%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA" title="ജെ.ജെ. തോംസൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജെ.ജെ. തോംസൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87.%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87._%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जे.जे. थॉमसन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जे.जे. थॉमसन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%96%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C_%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ჯოზეფ ჯონ თომსონი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯოზეფ ჯონ თომსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%81_%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جوزيف جون طومسون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جوزيف جون طومسون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%81_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="جوزف جان تامسون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جوزف جان تامسون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8%E1%80%86%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိုးဆက် ဂျွန် သော်မဆင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိုးဆက် ဂျွန် သော်မဆင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जे जे थोमसन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जे जे थोमसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जे जे थम्सन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जे जे थम्सन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%82%BC%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ジョゼフ・ジョン・トムソン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョゼフ・ジョン・トムソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="J.J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87.%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87.%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੇ.ਜੇ.ਥਾਮਸਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇ.ਜੇ.ਥਾਮਸਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جے جے تھامسن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جے جے تھامسن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Томсон, Джозеф Джон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томсон, Джозеф Джон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="जे जे थामसन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जे जे थामसन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جے جے تھامسن – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="جے جے تھامسن" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A._%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A._%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="ජේ. ජේ. තොම්සන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේ. ජේ. තොම්සන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B2%DB%8E%D9%81_%D8%AC%DB%86%D9%86_%D8%AA%DB%86%D9%85%D8%B3%DB%86%D9%86" title="جۆزێف جۆن تۆمسۆن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆزێف جۆن تۆمسۆن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%8F%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Џозеф Џон Томсон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џозеф Џон Томсон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.J._Thomson" title="J.J. Thomson – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="J.J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86._%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%86._%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஜெ. ஜெ. தாம்சன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜெ. ஜெ. தாம்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cozef_Con_Tomson" title="Cozef Con Tomson – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Cozef Con Tomson" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86.%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%86._%E0%B0%A5%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="జె.జె. థామ్సన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జె.జె. థామ్సన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88._%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99" title="เจ. เจ. ทอมสัน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจ. เจ. ทอมสัน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%84_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Джозеф Джон Томсон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джозеф Джон Томсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%AC%DB%92_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86" title="جے جے تھامسن – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جے جے تھامسن" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" title="Joseph John Thomson – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Joseph John Thomson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E5%AD%99" title="约瑟夫·汤姆孙 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="约瑟夫·汤姆孙" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="J. J. Thomson" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E4%BA%9B%E5%A4%AB%E6%B9%AF%E8%87%A3" title="祖些夫湯臣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祖些夫湯臣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="J·J·湯姆森 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="J·J·湯姆森" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47285#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:J._J._Thomson" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/J._J._Thomson" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/J._J._Thomson" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&oldid=1258955151" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=J._J._Thomson&id=1258955151&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJ._J._Thomson"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FJ._J._Thomson"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=J._J._Thomson&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/J._J._Thomson" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikisource mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Joseph_John_Thomson" hreflang="en"><span>Wikisource</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q47285" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">English physicist (1856–1940)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Nobel laureate and physicist. For the moral philosopher, see <a href="/wiki/Judith_Jarvis_Thomson" title="Judith Jarvis Thomson">Judith Jarvis Thomson</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">J. J. Thomson</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:J.J_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/220px-J.J_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="344" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/330px-J.J_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/J.J_Thomson.jpg/440px-J.J_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1563" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Thomson in 1915</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">30th Master of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1918–1940</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu_Butler" title="Henry Montagu Butler">Henry Montagu Butler</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">George Macaulay Trevelyan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">42nd <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1915–1920</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Joseph John Thomson</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1856-12-18</span>)</span>18 December 1856<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Cheetham_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 August 1940<span style="display:none">(1940-08-30)</span> (aged 83)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, England</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Owens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens College">Owens College</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron#Discovery_of_free_electrons_outside_matter" title="Electron">Discovery of electrons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Isotopes#Stable_isotopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotopes">Discovery of stable isotopes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_problem" title="Thomson problem">Thomson problem</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_scattering" title="Thomson scattering">Thomson scattering</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gibbs%E2%80%93Thomson_equation" title="Gibbs–Thomson equation">Gibbs–Thomson equation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_mass" title="Electromagnetic mass">Electromagnetic mass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">Mass spectrometry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratio" title="Mass-to-charge ratio">Mass-to-charge ratio</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" title="Plum pudding model">Plum pudding model</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Waveguide_(radio_frequency)" title="Waveguide (radio frequency)">Waveguide</a></li><li>Coining the term <i><a href="/wiki/Delta_ray" title="Delta ray">delta ray</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">Thomson (unit)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George</a></li><li>Joan</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Prize" title="Smith's Prize">Smith's Prize</a> (1880)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1894)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1902)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1906)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1910)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1914)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Medal_(Royal_Society_of_Arts)" title="Albert Medal (Royal Society of Arts)">Albert Medal</a> (1915)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1922)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Faraday_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday Medal">Faraday Medal</a> (1925)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dalton_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Dalton Medal">Dalton Medal</a> (1931)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Academic advisors</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Rayleigh" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Edward_John_Routh" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward John Routh">Edward John Routh</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Notable students</th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._Stanley_Allen" title="H. Stanley Allen">H. Stanley Allen</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Debendra_Mohan_Bose" title="Debendra Mohan Bose">Debendra Mohan Bose</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Brooks" title="Harriet Brooks">Harriet Brooks</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Frost_Comstock" title="Daniel Frost Comstock">Daniel Frost Comstock</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/T._H._Laby" title="T. H. Laby">T. H. Laby</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Laird_(physicist)" title="Elizabeth Laird (physicist)">Elizabeth Laird</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/J._Robert_Oppenheimer" title="J. Robert Oppenheimer">J. Robert Oppenheimer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Ingram_Taylor" class="mw-redirect" title="Geoffrey Ingram Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Sealy_Townsend" title="John Sealy Townsend">John Sealy Townsend</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Balthasar_van_der_Pol" title="Balthasar van der Pol">Balthasar van der Pol</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_T._R._Wilson" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles T. R. Wilson">Charles T. R. Wilson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_Zeleny" title="John Zeleny">John Zeleny</a></li></ul></div></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:#eee;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">3rd <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Professor_of_Physics" title="Cavendish Professor of Physics">Cavendish Professor of Physics</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1884–1919</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Lord Rayleigh</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Ernest Rutherford</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jjthomson_sig.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jjthomson_sig.svg/150px-Jjthomson_sig.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jjthomson_sig.svg/225px-Jjthomson_sig.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Jjthomson_sig.svg/300px-Jjthomson_sig.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="266" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sir Joseph John Thomson</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span></span><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (18 December 1856 – 30 August 1940) was an English <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Laureate in Physics</a> who is credited with the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Subatomic_particle" title="Subatomic particle">subatomic particle</a> to be found. </p><p>In 1897, Thomson showed that <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray" title="Cathode ray">cathode rays</a> were composed of previously unknown negatively charged particles (now called electrons), which he calculated must have bodies much smaller than atoms and a very large <a href="/wiki/Charge-to-mass_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge-to-mass ratio">charge-to-mass ratio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomson is also credited with finding the first evidence for <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> of a stable (non-radioactive) element in 1913, as part of his exploration into the composition of <a href="/wiki/Canal_ray" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal ray">canal rays</a> (positive ions). His experiments to determine the nature of positively charged particles, with <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a>, were the first use of <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> and led to the development of the mass spectrograph.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomson was awarded the 1906 Nobel Prize in Physics for his work on the conduction of electricity in gases.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel1906_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel1906-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomson was also a teacher, and seven of his students went on to win Nobel Prizes: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (Chemistry 1908), <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Lawrence Bragg</a> (Physics 1915), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Barkla" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Barkla">Charles Barkla</a> (Physics 1917), <a href="/wiki/Francis_Aston" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis Aston">Francis Aston</a> (Chemistry 1922), <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (Physics 1927), <a href="/wiki/Owen_Richardson" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Richardson">Owen Richardson</a> (Physics 1928) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Edward Victor Appleton</a> (Physics 1947).<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a>'s record of mentorship offers a comparable list of high-achieving students. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education_and_personal_life">Education and personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Education and personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Joseph John Thomson was born on 18 December 1856 in <a href="/wiki/Cheetham_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheetham Hill">Cheetham Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, England. His mother, Emma Swindells, came from a local textile family. His father, Joseph James Thomson, ran an <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarian</a> bookshop founded by Thomson's great-grandfather. He had a brother, Frederick Vernon Thomson, who was two years younger than he was.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> J. J. Thomson was a reserved yet devout <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>His early education was in small private schools where he demonstrated outstanding talent and interest in science. In 1870, he was admitted to <a href="/wiki/Owens_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Owens College">Owens College</a> in Manchester (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_Manchester" title="University of Manchester">University of Manchester</a>) at the unusually young age of 14 and came under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" title="Balfour Stewart">Balfour Stewart</a>, Professor of Physics, who initiated Thomson into physical research.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomson began experimenting with contact electrification and soon published his first scientific paper.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His parents planned to enroll him as an apprentice engineer to <a href="/wiki/Sharp_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharp Stewart">Sharp, Stewart & Co</a>, a locomotive manufacturer, but these plans were cut short when his father died in 1873.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He moved on to <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, in 1876. In 1880, he obtained his <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor of Arts</a> degree in mathematics (<a href="/wiki/Second_Wrangler" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Wrangler">Second Wrangler</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Tripos" title="Tripos">Tripos</a><sup id="cite_ref-ThomsonProfile_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThomsonProfile-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2nd <a href="/wiki/Smith%27s_Prize" title="Smith's Prize">Smith's Prize</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ACAD_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACAD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He applied for and became a Fellow of Trinity College in 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-Victoria_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Victoria-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received his <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">Master of Arts</a> degree (with <a href="/wiki/Adams_Prize" title="Adams Prize">Adams Prize</a>) in 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-ACAD_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACAD-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family">Family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1890, Thomson married Rose Elisabeth Paget at the church of <a href="/wiki/Little_St_Mary%27s,_Cambridge" title="Little St Mary's, Cambridge">St. Mary the Less</a>. Rose, who was the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Edward_Paget" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Edward Paget">Sir George Edward Paget</a>, a physician and then <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Physic_(Cambridge)" title="Regius Professor of Physic (Cambridge)">Regius Professor of Physic at Cambridge</a>, was interested in physics. Beginning in 1882, women could attend demonstrations and lectures at the University of Cambridge. Rose attended demonstrations and lectures, among them Thomson's, leading to their relationship.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They had two children: <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>, who was also awarded a Nobel Prize for his work on the wave properties of the electron, and Joan Paget Thomson (later Charnock),<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who became an author, writing children's books, non-fiction and biographies.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 22 December 1884, Thomson was appointed <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Professor_of_Physics" title="Cavendish Professor of Physics">Cavendish Professor of Physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The appointment caused considerable surprise, given that candidates such as <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Richard_Glazebrook" title="Richard Glazebrook">Richard Glazebrook</a> were older and more experienced in laboratory work. Thomson was known for his work as a mathematician, where he was recognised as an exceptional talent.<sup id="cite_ref-Leadership_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leadership-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1906, "in recognition of the great merits of his theoretical and experimental investigations on the conduction of electricity by gases." He was <a href="/wiki/Knight_Bachelor" title="Knight Bachelor">knighted</a> in 1908 and appointed to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Commonwealth)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Merit (Commonwealth)">Order of Merit</a> in 1912. In 1914, he gave the <a href="/wiki/Romanes_Lecture" title="Romanes Lecture">Romanes Lecture</a> in <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a> on "The atomic theory". In 1918, he became Master of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, where he remained until his death. He died on 30 August 1940; his ashes rest in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> near the graves of Sir <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> and his former student <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sirJJrestingplace_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sirJJrestingplace-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rutherford succeeded him as <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Professor_of_Physics" title="Cavendish Professor of Physics">Cavendish Professor of Physics</a>. Six of Thomson's research assistants and junior colleagues (<a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Charles Glover Barkla</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Max Born</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">Owen Willans Richardson</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) won Nobel Prizes in physics, and two (<a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">Francis William Aston</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a><sup id="cite_ref-nobelprize_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nobelprize-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) won Nobel prizes in chemistry. Thomson's son (<a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>) also won the 1937 Nobel Prize in physics for proving the wave-like properties of electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work">Early work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomson's prize-winning master's work, <i>Treatise on the motion of vortex rings</i>, shows his early interest in atomic structure.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel1906_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel1906-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, Thomson mathematically described the motions of <a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson</a>'s vortex theory of atoms.<sup id="cite_ref-Leadership_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leadership-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomson published a number of papers addressing both mathematical and experimental issues of electromagnetism. He examined the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_theory_of_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromagnetic theory of light">electromagnetic theory of light</a> of <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a>, introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_mass" title="Electromagnetic mass">electromagnetic mass of a charged particle</a>, and demonstrated that a moving charged body would apparently increase in mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Leadership_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leadership-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Much of his work in mathematical modelling of chemical processes can be thought of as early <a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">computational chemistry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In further work, published in book form as <i>Applications of dynamics to physics and chemistry</i> (1888), Thomson addressed the transformation of energy in mathematical and theoretical terms, suggesting that all energy might be kinetic.<sup id="cite_ref-Leadership_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leadership-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His next book, <i>Notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism</i> (1893), built upon Maxwell's <i>Treatise upon electricity and magnetism</i>, and was sometimes referred to as "the third volume of Maxwell".<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel1906_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel1906-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In it, Thomson emphasized physical methods and experimentation and included extensive figures and diagrams of apparatus, including a number for the passage of electricity through gases.<sup id="cite_ref-Leadership_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leadership-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His third book, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001985977"><i>Elements of the mathematical theory of electricity and magnetism</i></a> (1895)<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a readable introduction to a wide variety of subjects, and achieved considerable popularity as a textbook.<sup id="cite_ref-Leadership_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leadership-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomson-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="First page to Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism (1893)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomson-13.jpg/140px-Thomson-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomson-13.jpg/210px-Thomson-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Thomson-13.jpg/280px-Thomson-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3211" data-file-height="4577" /></a><figcaption>First page to <i>Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism</i> (1893)</figcaption></figure> <p>A series of four lectures, given by Thomson on a visit to <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a> in 1896, were subsequently published as <i>Discharge of electricity through gases</i> (1897). Thomson also presented a series of six lectures at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1904.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel1906_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel1906-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_of_the_electron">Discovery of the electron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Discovery of the electron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several scientists, such as <a href="/wiki/William_Prout" title="William Prout">William Prout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norman_Lockyer" title="Norman Lockyer">Norman Lockyer</a>, had suggested that atoms were built up from a more fundamental unit, but they envisioned this unit to be the size of the smallest atom, hydrogen. Thomson in 1897 was the first to suggest that one of the fundamental units of the atom was more than 1,000 times smaller than an atom, suggesting the subatomic particle now known as the electron. Thomson discovered this through his explorations on the properties of cathode rays. Thomson made his suggestion on 30 April 1897 following his discovery that cathode rays (at the time known as <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard rays</a>) could travel much further through air than expected for an atom-sized particle.<sup id="cite_ref-referenceB_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-referenceB-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimated the mass of cathode rays by measuring the heat generated when the rays hit a thermal junction and comparing this with the magnetic deflection of the rays. His experiments suggested not only that cathode rays were over 1,000 times lighter than the hydrogen atom, but also that their mass was the same in whichever type of atom they came from. He concluded that the rays were composed of very light, negatively charged particles which were a universal building block of atoms. He called the particles "corpuscles", but later scientists preferred the name <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> which had been suggested by <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney" title="George Johnstone Stoney">George Johnstone Stoney</a> in 1891, prior to Thomson's actual discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 1897, Thomson had only early indications that the cathode rays could be deflected electrically (previous investigators such as <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> had thought they could not be). A month after Thomson's announcement of the corpuscle, he found that he could reliably deflect the rays by an electric field if he evacuated the discharge tube to a very low pressure. By comparing the deflection of a beam of cathode rays by electric and magnetic fields he obtained more robust measurements of the mass-to-charge ratio that confirmed his previous estimates.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilMag_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilMag-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This became the classic means of measuring the charge-to-mass ratio of the electron. (The charge itself was not measured until <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Robert A. Millikan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Oil_drop_experiment" title="Oil drop experiment">oil drop experiment</a> in 1909.) </p><p>Thomson believed that the corpuscles emerged from the atoms of the trace gas inside his <a href="/wiki/Cathode-ray_tube" title="Cathode-ray tube">cathode-ray tubes</a>. He thus concluded that atoms were divisible, and that the corpuscles were their building blocks. In 1904, Thomson suggested a model of the atom, hypothesizing that it was a sphere of positive matter within which electrostatic forces determined the positioning of the corpuscles.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To explain the overall neutral charge of the atom, he proposed that the corpuscles were distributed in a uniform sea of positive charge. In this "<a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" title="Plum pudding model">plum pudding model</a>", the electrons were seen as embedded in the positive charge like raisins in a plum pudding (although in Thomson's model they were not stationary, but orbiting rapidly).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomson made the discovery around the same time that <a href="/wiki/Walter_Kaufmann_(physicist)" title="Walter Kaufmann (physicist)">Walter Kaufmann</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emil_Wiechert" title="Emil Wiechert">Emil Wiechert</a> discovered the correct mass to charge ratio of these cathode rays (electrons).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name "electron" was adopted for these particles by the scientific community, mainly due to the advocation by <a href="/wiki/George_Francis_FitzGerald" title="George Francis FitzGerald">G. F. FitzGerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">J. Larmor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">H. A. Lorentz</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OHara1975_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHara1975-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 273">: 273 </span></sup> The term was originally coined by <a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_Stoney" title="George Johnstone Stoney">George Johnstone Stoney</a> in 1891 as a tentative name for the basic unit of electrical charge (which had then yet to be discovered).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For some years Thomson resisted using the word "electron" because he didn't like how some physicists talked of a "positive electron" that was supposed to be the elementary unit of positive charge just as the "negative electron" is the elementary unit of negative charge. Thomson preferred to stick with the word "corpuscle" which he strictly defined as negatively charged.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He relented by 1914, using the word "electron" in his book <i>The Atomic Theory</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920, Rutherford and his fellows agreed to call the nucleus of the hydrogen ion "proton", establishing a distinct name for the smallest known positively-charged particle of matter (that can exist independently anyway).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isotopes_and_mass_spectrometry">Isotopes and mass spectrometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Isotopes and mass spectrometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG/220px-Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG/330px-Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG/440px-Discovery_of_neon_isotopes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2036" data-file-height="2511" /></a><figcaption>In the bottom right corner of this photographic plate are markings for the two isotopes of neon: neon-20 and neon-22.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1912, as part of his exploration into the composition of the streams of positively charged particles then known as <a href="/wiki/Canal_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Canal rays">canal rays</a>, Thomson and his research assistant <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">F. W. Aston</a> channelled a stream of neon ions through a magnetic and an electric field and measured its deflection by placing a photographic plate in its path.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They observed two patches of light on the photographic plate (see image on right), which suggested two different parabolas of deflection, and concluded that neon is composed of atoms of two different atomic masses (neon-20 and neon-22), that is to say of two <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first evidence for isotopes of a stable element; <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Soddy" title="Frederick Soddy">Frederick Soddy</a> had previously proposed the existence of isotopes to explain the decay of certain <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> elements. </p><p>Thomson's separation of neon isotopes by their mass was the first example of <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a>, which was subsequently improved and developed into a general method by <a href="/wiki/Francis_William_Aston" title="Francis William Aston">F. W. Aston</a> and by <a href="/wiki/A._J._Dempster" class="mw-redirect" title="A. J. Dempster">A. J. Dempster</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Jones_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jones-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="width: 180px; clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Title_page_On_the_Chemical_Combination_of_Gases_by_Joseph_John_Thomson_1856-1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Title_page_On_the_Chemical_Combination_of_Gases_by_Joseph_John_Thomson_1856-1940.jpg/180px-Title_page_On_the_Chemical_Combination_of_Gases_by_Joseph_John_Thomson_1856-1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Title_page_On_the_Chemical_Combination_of_Gases_by_Joseph_John_Thomson_1856-1940.jpg/270px-Title_page_On_the_Chemical_Combination_of_Gases_by_Joseph_John_Thomson_1856-1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Title_page_On_the_Chemical_Combination_of_Gases_by_Joseph_John_Thomson_1856-1940.jpg/360px-Title_page_On_the_Chemical_Combination_of_Gases_by_Joseph_John_Thomson_1856-1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="779" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WH-U_qCEzT0"><i>The Early Life of J. J. Thomson: Computational Chemistry and Gas Discharge Experiments</i></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Experiments_with_cathode_rays">Experiments with cathode rays</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Experiments with cathode rays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Earlier, physicists debated whether cathode rays were immaterial like light ("some process in the <a href="/wiki/Luminiferous_aether" title="Luminiferous aether">aether</a>") or were "in fact wholly material, and ... mark the paths of particles of matter charged with negative electricity", quoting Thomson.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilMag_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilMag-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The aetherial hypothesis was vague,<sup id="cite_ref-PhilMag_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilMag-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the particle hypothesis was definite enough for Thomson to test. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Magnetic_deflection">Magnetic deflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Magnetic deflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Thomson first investigated the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_deflection" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic deflection">magnetic deflection</a> of cathode rays. Cathode rays were produced in the side tube on the left of the apparatus and passed through the anode into the main <a href="/wiki/Bell_jar" title="Bell jar">bell jar</a>, where they were deflected by a magnet. Thomson detected their path by the <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence" title="Fluorescence">fluorescence</a> on a squared screen in the jar. He found that whatever the material of the anode and the gas in the jar, the deflection of the rays was the same, suggesting that the rays were of the same form whatever their origin.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrical_charge">Electrical charge</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Electrical charge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_Tube_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_Tube_1.png/220px-JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_Tube_1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_Tube_1.png/330px-JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_Tube_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_Tube_1.png/440px-JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_Tube_1.png 2x" data-file-width="916" data-file-height="1144" /></a><figcaption>The cathode-ray tube by which J. J. Thomson demonstrated that cathode rays could be deflected by a magnetic field, and that their negative charge was not a separate phenomenon</figcaption></figure> <p>While supporters of the aetherial theory accepted the possibility that negatively charged particles are produced in <a href="/wiki/Crookes_tube" title="Crookes tube">Crookes tubes</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> they believed that they are a mere by-product and that the cathode rays themselves are immaterial.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thomson set out to investigate whether or not he could actually separate the charge from the rays. </p><p>Thomson constructed a Crookes tube with an <a href="/wiki/Electrometer" title="Electrometer">electrometer</a> set to one side, out of the direct path of the cathode rays. Thomson could trace the path of the ray by observing the phosphorescent patch it created where it hit the surface of the tube. Thomson observed that the electrometer registered a charge only when he deflected the cathode ray to it with a magnet. He concluded that the negative charge and the rays were one and the same.<sup id="cite_ref-referenceB_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-referenceB-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrical_deflection">Electrical deflection</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Electrical deflection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/J._J._Thomson" title="Special:EditPage/J. J. Thomson">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22J.+J.+Thomson%22">"J. J. Thomson"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22J.+J.+Thomson%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22J.+J.+Thomson%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22J.+J.+Thomson%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22J.+J.+Thomson%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22J.+J.+Thomson%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:456px;max-width:456px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:454px;max-width:454px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_2.png/452px-JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_2.png" decoding="async" width="452" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_2.png/678px-JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/JJ_Thomson_Cathode_Ray_2.png 2x" data-file-width="828" data-file-height="229" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Thomson's illustration of the Crookes tube by which he observed the deflection of cathode rays by an electric field (and later measured their mass-to-charge ratio). Cathode rays were emitted from the cathode C, passed through slits A (the anode) and B (<a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">grounded</a>), then through the electric field generated between plates D and E, finally impacting the surface at the far end.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:454px;max-width:454px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomson_cathode_ray_exp.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Thomson_cathode_ray_exp.gif" decoding="async" width="452" height="122" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="122" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The cathode ray (blue line) was deflected by the electric field (yellow).</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JJThomsonGasDischargeTubeElectronCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-11-41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/JJThomsonGasDischargeTubeElectronCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-11-41.jpg/220px-JJThomsonGasDischargeTubeElectronCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-11-41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/JJThomsonGasDischargeTubeElectronCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-11-41.jpg/330px-JJThomsonGasDischargeTubeElectronCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-11-41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/JJThomsonGasDischargeTubeElectronCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-11-41.jpg/440px-JJThomsonGasDischargeTubeElectronCavendishLab2013-08-29-17-11-41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3627" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption>Cathode-ray tube with electrical deflection</figcaption></figure> <p>In May–June 1897, Thomson investigated whether or not the rays could be deflected by an electric field.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Previous experimenters had failed to observe this, but Thomson believed their experiments were flawed because their tubes contained too much gas. </p><p>Thomson constructed a <a href="/wiki/Crookes_tube" title="Crookes tube">Crookes tube</a> with a better vacuum. At the start of the tube was the cathode from which the rays projected. The rays were sharpened to a beam by two metal slits – the first of these slits doubled as the anode, the second was connected to the earth. The beam then passed between two parallel aluminium plates, which produced an electric field between them when they were connected to a battery. The end of the tube was a large sphere where the beam would impact on the glass, created a glowing patch. Thomson pasted a scale to the surface of this sphere to measure the deflection of the beam. Any electron beam would collide with some residual gas atoms within the Crookes tube, thereby ionizing them and producing electrons and ions in the tube (<a href="/wiki/Space_charge" title="Space charge">space charge</a>); in previous experiments this space charge electrically screened the externally applied electric field. However, in Thomson's Crookes tube the density of residual atoms was so low that the space charge from the electrons and ions was insufficient to electrically screen the externally applied electric field, which permitted Thomson to successfully observe electrical deflection. </p><p>When the upper plate was connected to the negative pole of the battery and the lower plate to the positive pole, the glowing patch moved downwards, and when the polarity was reversed, the patch moved upwards. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Measurement_of_mass-to-charge_ratio">Measurement of mass-to-charge ratio</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Measurement of mass-to-charge ratio"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JJ_Thomson_exp3.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/JJ_Thomson_exp3.gif" decoding="async" width="200" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="158" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>In his classic experiment, Thomson measured the <a href="/wiki/Mass-to-charge_ratio" title="Mass-to-charge ratio">mass-to-charge ratio</a> of the cathode rays by measuring how much they were deflected by a magnetic field and comparing this with the electric deflection. He used the same apparatus as in his previous experiment, but placed the discharge tube between the poles of a large electromagnet. He found that the mass-to-charge ratio was over a thousand times <i>lower</i> than that of a hydrogen ion (H<sup>+</sup>), suggesting either that the particles were very light and/or very highly charged.<sup id="cite_ref-PhilMag_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilMag-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Significantly, the rays from every cathode yielded the same mass-to-charge ratio. This is in contrast to <a href="/wiki/Anode_rays" class="mw-redirect" title="Anode rays">anode rays</a> (now known to arise from positive ions emitted by the anode), where the mass-to-charge ratio varies from anode-to-anode. Thomson himself remained critical of what his work established, in his Nobel Prize acceptance speech referring to "corpuscles" rather than "electrons". </p><p>Thomson's calculations can be summarised as follows (in his original notation, using F instead of E for the electric field and H instead of B for the magnetic field): </p><p>The electric deflection is given by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Theta =Fel/mv^{2}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Theta =Fel/mv^{2}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6dd9dcda05eea8f56b9483d5cd1716a18c9cabff" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.809ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Theta =Fel/mv^{2}}"></span>, where Θ is the angular electric deflection, F is applied electric intensity, e is the charge of the cathode ray particles, l is the length of the electric plates, m is the mass of the cathode ray particles and v is the velocity of the cathode ray particles. The magnetic deflection is given by <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \phi =Hel/mv}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \phi =Hel/mv}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fcdc549de32f1d18e6ca07e8af416fc524974bdd" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:12.655ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \phi =Hel/mv}"></span>, where φ is the angular magnetic deflection and H is the applied magnetic field intensity. </p><p>The magnetic field was varied until the magnetic and electric deflections were the same, when <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \Theta =\phi ,Fel/mv^{2}=Hel/mv}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>ϕ</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <msup> <mi>v</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mi>e</mi> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mi>v</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \Theta =\phi ,Fel/mv^{2}=Hel/mv}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2109e06561c1ae2ff21a2482f1d950317149e37e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.498ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \Theta =\phi ,Fel/mv^{2}=Hel/mv}"></span>. This can be simplified to give <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle m/e=H^{2}l/F\Theta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>e</mi> <mo>=</mo> <msup> <mi>H</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mi>l</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>F</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">Θ</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle m/e=H^{2}l/F\Theta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/42ef80c3049d1a4877ccf04ff3be62cb741360a3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.947ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle m/e=H^{2}l/F\Theta }"></span>. The electric deflection was measured separately to give Θ and H, F and l were known, so m/e could be calculated. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conclusions">Conclusions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Conclusions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>As the cathode rays carry a charge of negative electricity, are deflected by an electrostatic force as if they were negatively electrified, and are acted on by a magnetic force in just the way in which this force would act on a negatively electrified body moving along the path of these rays, I can see no escape from the conclusion that they are charges of negative electricity carried by particles of matter.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J. J. Thomson<sup id="cite_ref-PhilMag_31-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PhilMag-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>As to the source of these particles, Thomson believed they emerged from the molecules of gas in the vicinity of the cathode. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>If, in the very intense electric field in the neighbourhood of the cathode, the molecules of the gas are dissociated and are split up, not into the ordinary chemical atoms, but into these primordial atoms, which we shall for brevity call corpuscles; and if these corpuscles are charged with electricity and projected from the cathode by the electric field, they would behave exactly like the cathode rays.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>J. J. Thomson<sup id="cite_ref-Philosophical_Magazine_1897_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Philosophical_Magazine_1897-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Thomson imagined the atom as being made up of these corpuscles orbiting in a sea of positive charge; this was his <a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" title="Plum pudding model">plum pudding model</a>. This model was later proved incorrect when his student <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> showed that the positive charge is concentrated in the nucleus of the atom. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_work">Other work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1905, Thomson discovered the natural <a href="/wiki/Radioactivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactivity">radioactivity</a> of <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Phil_Mag_1905_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phil_Mag_1905-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, Thomson demonstrated that <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a> had only a single <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electron</a> per atom. Previous theories allowed various numbers of electrons.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Phil_Mag_1906_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Phil_Mag_1906-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_his_life">During his life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: During his life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J.J._Thomson_Plaque_outside_the_Old_Cavendish_Laboratory.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/J.J._Thomson_Plaque_outside_the_Old_Cavendish_Laboratory.jpg/220px-J.J._Thomson_Plaque_outside_the_Old_Cavendish_Laboratory.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/J.J._Thomson_Plaque_outside_the_Old_Cavendish_Laboratory.jpg/330px-J.J._Thomson_Plaque_outside_the_Old_Cavendish_Laboratory.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/J.J._Thomson_Plaque_outside_the_Old_Cavendish_Laboratory.jpg/440px-J.J._Thomson_Plaque_outside_the_Old_Cavendish_Laboratory.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Plaque commemorating J. J. Thomson's discovery of the electron outside the old Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1923_JJ_Thomson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1923_JJ_Thomson.jpg/220px-1923_JJ_Thomson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1923_JJ_Thomson.jpg/330px-1923_JJ_Thomson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/1923_JJ_Thomson.jpg/440px-1923_JJ_Thomson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1393" data-file-height="1859" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Autochrome_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Autochrome Lumière">Autochrome</a> portrait by Georges Chevalier, 1923</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_J.J._Thomson_LCCN2014715407.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sir_J.J._Thomson_LCCN2014715407.jpg/170px-Sir_J.J._Thomson_LCCN2014715407.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sir_J.J._Thomson_LCCN2014715407.jpg/255px-Sir_J.J._Thomson_LCCN2014715407.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Sir_J.J._Thomson_LCCN2014715407.jpg/340px-Sir_J.J._Thomson_LCCN2014715407.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="5072" /></a><figcaption>Thomson <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920–1925</span></figcaption></figure> <p>Thomson was elected a <a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellow of the Royal Society</a> (FRS)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EBThomson_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EBThomson-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and appointed to the Cavendish Professorship of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental Physics">Experimental Physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Laboratory" title="Cavendish Laboratory">Cavendish Laboratory</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> in 1884.<sup id="cite_ref-Profile_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Profile-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thomson won numerous awards and honours during his career including: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adams_Prize" title="Adams Prize">Adams Prize</a> (1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Medal" title="Royal Medal">Royal Medal</a> (1894)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Medal" title="Hughes Medal">Hughes Medal</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hodgkins_Medal" title="Hodgkins Medal">Hodgkins Medal</a> (1902)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Physics">Nobel Prize for Physics</a> (1906)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elliott_Cresson_Medal" title="Elliott Cresson Medal">Elliott Cresson Medal</a> (1910)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medal</a> (1914)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Medal" title="Franklin Medal">Franklin Medal</a> (1922)</li></ul> <p>Thomson was elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a><sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 12 June 1884 and served as President of the Royal Society from 1915 to 1920. </p><p>Thomson was elected an International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> in 1902, and International Member of the American Philosophical Society in 1903, and the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="National Academy of Sciences">National Academy of Sciences</a> in 1903.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In November 1927, Thomson opened the Thomson building, named in his honour, in the <a href="/wiki/The_Leys_School" title="The Leys School">Leys School</a>, Cambridge.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous">Posthumous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Posthumous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1991, the <a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a> (symbol: Th) was proposed as a unit to measure mass-to-charge ratio in <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> in his honour.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>J J Thomson Avenue, on the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>'s West Cambridge site, is named after Thomson.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Mass_Spectrometry_Foundation" title="International Mass Spectrometry Foundation">Thomson Medal Award</a>, sponsored by the <a href="/wiki/International_Mass_Spectrometry_Foundation" title="International Mass Spectrometry Foundation">International Mass Spectrometry Foundation</a>, is named after Thomson.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Physics_Joseph_Thomson_Medal_and_Prize" title="Institute of Physics Joseph Thomson Medal and Prize">Institute of Physics Joseph Thomson Medal and Prize</a> is named after Thomson.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thomson Crescent in Deep River, Ontario, connects with Rutherford Ave. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">List of presidents of the Royal Society</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRayleigh1941" class="citation journal cs1">Rayleigh (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0024">"Joseph John Thomson. 1856–1940"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Obituary_Notices_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society">Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>3</b> (10): 586–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0024">10.1098/rsbm.1941.0024</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Obituary+Notices+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Joseph+John+Thomson.+1856%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=586-609&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0024&rft.au=Rayleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1941.0024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Profile-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Profile_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profile_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profile_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profile_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profile_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profile_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Profile_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/joseph-john-j-j-thomson">"Joseph John "J. J." Thomson"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_History_Institute" title="Science History Institute">Science History Institute</a>. June 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 March</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joseph+John+%22J.+J.%22+Thomson&rft.pub=Science+History+Institute&rft.date=2016-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencehistory.org%2Fhistorical-profile%2Fjoseph-john-j-j-thomson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jones-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jones_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones" class="citation web cs1">Jones, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/gas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry.html">"Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry"</a>. <i>American Chemical Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=Gas+Chromatography-Mass+Spectrometry&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acs.org%2Fcontent%2Facs%2Fen%2Feducation%2Fwhatischemistry%2Flandmarks%2Fgas-chromatography-mass-spectrometry.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel1906-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel1906_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel1906_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel1906_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel1906_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1906/thomson-bio.html">"J.J. Thomson – Biographical"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize in Physics 1906</i>. The Nobel Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Physics+1906&rft.atitle=J.J.+Thomson+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fphysics%2Flaureates%2F1906%2Fthomson-bio.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSengupta2015" class="citation web cs1">Sengupta, Sudipto (6 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://probashionline.com/jj-thomson-nobel-prize-factory/">"Extraordinary Professor: JJ Thomson and his Nobel Prize Factory"</a>. <i>Probashi</i>. Durga Puja & Cultural Association (India)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>. <q>His Nobel Laureate students include Rutherford, Aston, Wilson, Bragg, Barkla, Richardson, and Appleton</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Probashi&rft.atitle=Extraordinary+Professor%3A+JJ+Thomson+and+his+Nobel+Prize+Factory&rft.date=2015-04-06&rft.aulast=Sengupta&rft.aufirst=Sudipto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprobashionline.com%2Fjj-thomson-nobel-prize-factory%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Davis & Falconer, <i>J.J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter J. Bowler, <i>Reconciling Science and Religion: The Debate in Early-Twentieth-Century Britain</i> (2014). University of Chicago Press. p. 35. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226068596" title="Special:BookSources/9780226068596">9780226068596</a>. "Both Lord Rayleigh and J. J. Thomson were Anglicans."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seeger, Raymond. 1986. "J. J. Thomson, Anglican", in "Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith", 38 (June 1986): 131–132. The Journal of the American Scientific Affiliation. "As a Professor, J. J. Thomson did attend the Sunday evening college chapel service, and as Master, the morning service. He was a regular communicant in the Anglican Church. In addition, he showed an active interest in the Trinity Mission at Camberwell. With respect to his private devotional life, J. J. Thomson would invariably practice kneeling for daily prayer, and read his Bible before retiring each night. He truly was a practicing Christian!" (<a href="/wiki/Raymond_Seeger" title="Raymond Seeger">Raymond Seeger</a> 1986, 132).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richardson, Owen. 1970. "Joseph J. Thomson", in <i>Dictionary of National Biography</i>, 1931–1940. L. G. Wickham Legg, editor. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_John_Strutt1941" class="citation journal cs1">Robert John Strutt (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0024">"Joseph John Thomson, 1856–1940"</a>. <i>Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</i>. <b>3</b> (10): 587–609. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0024">10.1098/rsbm.1941.0024</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=Joseph+John+Thomson%2C+1856%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=587-609&rft.date=1941&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1941.0024&rft.au=Robert+John+Strutt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frsbm.1941.0024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_Thomson1876" class="citation journal cs1">Joseph Thomson (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1876.0039">"XX. Experiments on contact electricity between non-conductors"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>. <b>25</b> (171–178): 169–171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspl.1876.0039">10.1098/rspl.1876.0039</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=XX.+Experiments+on+contact+electricity+between+non-conductors&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=171%E2%80%93178&rft.pages=169-171&rft.date=1876&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspl.1876.0039&rft.au=Joseph+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1098%252Frspl.1876.0039&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ThomsonProfile-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ThomsonProfile_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayson2013" class="citation web cs1">Grayson, Mike (22 May 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WH-U_qCEzT0">"The Early Life of J. J. Thomson: Computational Chemistry and Gas Discharge Experiments"</a>. <i>Profiles in Chemistry</i>. <a href="/wiki/Chemical_Heritage_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical Heritage Foundation">Chemical Heritage Foundation</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Profiles+in+Chemistry&rft.atitle=The+Early+Life+of+J.+J.+Thomson%3A+Computational+Chemistry+and+Gas+Discharge+Experiments&rft.date=2013-05-22&rft.aulast=Grayson&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DWH-U_qCEzT0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACAD-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ACAD_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ACAD_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFACADTHN876JJ" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=THN876JJ&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Thomson, Joseph John (THN876JJ)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Thomson%2C+Joseph+John+%28THN876JJ%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DTHN876JJ%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Victoria-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Victoria_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniv1882" class="citation book cs1">Univ, Manchester (1882). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3d8NAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA184"><i>The Victoria University Calendar for the Session 1881–2</i></a>. p. 184<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Victoria+University+Calendar+for+the+Session+1881%E2%80%932&rft.pages=184&rft.date=1882&rft.aulast=Univ&rft.aufirst=Manchester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3d8NAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro2012" class="citation book cs1">Navarro, Jaume (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d_QgAwAAQBAJ&q=Rose+Paget,&pg=PA71"><i>A History of the Electron: J. J. and G. P. Thomson</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57671-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-57671-0"><bdi>978-1-139-57671-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Electron%3A+J.+J.+and+G.+P.+Thomson&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-139-57671-0&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Jaume&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dd_QgAwAAQBAJ%26q%3DRose%2BPaget%2C%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/r/1f6db32f-8bf0-4446-8883-5b8d29cbe74e">"Joan Paget Thomson (later Charnock), daughter"</a>. <i>The National Archives</i>. Cambridge University: Trinity College Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+National+Archives&rft.atitle=Joan+Paget+Thomson+%28later+Charnock%29%2C+daughter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fr%2F1f6db32f-8bf0-4446-8883-5b8d29cbe74e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNA2016" class="citation book cs1">NA, NA (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hi-xCwAAQBAJ&q=Joan+charnock+cambridge&pg=PA215"><i>Writers Directory</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-03650-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-03650-9"><bdi>978-1-349-03650-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writers+Directory&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-03650-9&rft.aulast=NA&rft.aufirst=NA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHi-xCwAAQBAJ%26q%3DJoan%2Bcharnock%2Bcambridge%26pg%3DPA215&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leadership-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leadership_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leadership_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leadership_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leadership_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leadership_18-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leadership_18-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2002" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Dong-Won (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iN13QvH8vnwC&pg=PA51"><i>Leadership and creativity : a history of the Cavendish Laboratory, 1871–1919</i></a>. Dordrecht: Kluwer Acad. Publ. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402004759" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402004759"><bdi>978-1402004759</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leadership+and+creativity+%3A+a+history+of+the+Cavendish+Laboratory%2C+1871%E2%80%931919&rft.place=Dordrecht&rft.pub=Kluwer+Acad.+Publ.&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1402004759&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Dong-Won&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiN13QvH8vnwC%26pg%3DPA51&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'The Abbey Scientists' Hall, A.R. p. 63: London; Roger & Robert Nicholson; 1966</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sirJJrestingplace-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sirJJrestingplace_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWestminster_Abbey" class="citation web cs1">Westminster Abbey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.westminster-abbey.org/our-history/people/sir-joseph-john-thomson">"Sir Joseph John Thomson"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Joseph+John+Thomson&rft.au=Westminster+Abbey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.westminster-abbey.org%2Four-history%2Fpeople%2Fsir-joseph-john-thomson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1917/barkla/biographical/">"Charles Glover Barkla – Biographical"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize</i>. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1901–1921, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1967<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>he worked under J. J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory in Cambridge.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Charles+Glover+Barkla+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.date=1967&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1917%2Fbarkla%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1922/bohr/biographical/">"Niels Bohr – Biographical"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize</i>. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941, Elsevier Publishing Company, Amsterdam. 1965<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>he made a stay at Cambridge, where he profited by following the experimental work going on in the Cavendish Laboratory under Sir J.J. Thomson's guidance</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Niels+Bohr+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1922%2Fbohr%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1922/aston/biographical/">"Max Born- Biographical"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize</i>. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1942–1962, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1964<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Born next went to Cambridge for a short time, to study under Larmor and J. J. Thomson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Max+Born-+Biographical&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1922%2Faston%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Owen-Willans-Richardson">"Sir Owen Willans Richardson, British physicist"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>Richardson, a graduate (1900) of Trinity College, Cambridge, and a student of J. J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Owen+Willans+Richardson%2C+British+physicist&rft.pub=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FOwen-Willans-Richardson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1922/aston/biographical//">"Francis W. Aston – Biographical"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize</i>. Nobel Lectures, Physics 1922–1941, Elsevier Publishing Company. 1966<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2022</span>. <q>At the end of 1909 he accepted the invitation of Sir J. J. Thomson to work as his assistant at the Cavendish Laboratory</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=Francis+W.+Aston+%E2%80%93+Biographical&rft.date=1966&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1922%2Faston%2Fbiographical%2F%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nobelprize-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nobelprize_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/1908/rutherford/biographical/">"Ernest Rutherford – Biography"</a>. NobelPrize.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 August</span> 2013</span>. <q>as a research student at the Cavendish Laboratory under J.J. Thomson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ernest+Rutherford+%E2%80%93+Biography&rft.pub=NobelPrize.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fchemistry%2F1908%2Frutherford%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1937/thomson/biographical/">"George Paget Thomson Biographical"</a>. <i>The Nobel Prize</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 June</span> 2022</span>. <q>he carried out experiments on the behaviour of electrons ... which showed that electrons behave as waves ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.atitle=George+Paget+Thomson+Biographical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fphysics%2F1937%2Fthomson%2Fbiographical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackenzie,_A._Stanley1896" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Stanley_Mackenzie" title="Arthur Stanley Mackenzie">Mackenzie, A. Stanley</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/bull/1896-02-10/S0002-9904-1896-00357-8/S0002-9904-1896-00357-8.pdf">"Review: <i>Elements of the Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism</i> by J. J. Thomson"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc</i>. <b>2</b> (10): 329–333. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1896-00357-8">10.1090/s0002-9904-1896-00357-8</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bull.+Amer.+Math.+Soc.&rft.atitle=Review%3A+Elements+of+the+Mathematical+Theory+of+Electricity+and+Magnetism+by+J.+J.+Thomson&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=329-333&rft.date=1896&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2Fs0002-9904-1896-00357-8&rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+A.+Stanley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fbull%2F1896-02-10%2FS0002-9904-1896-00357-8%2FS0002-9904-1896-00357-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-referenceB-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-referenceB_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-referenceB_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1897" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, J.J. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vBZbAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA104">"Cathode Rays"</a>. <i>The Electrician</i>. <b>39</b>: 104.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Electrician&rft.atitle=Cathode+Rays&rft.volume=39&rft.pages=104&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvBZbAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalconer2001" class="citation book cs1">Falconer, Isobel (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isobelf.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/falconer_corpusclestoelectrons_preprint.pdf">"Corpuscles to electrons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Buchwald, J. Z.; Warwick, A. (eds.). <i>Histories of the Electron</i>. MIT Press. pp. 77–100. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262024945" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262024945"><bdi>978-0262024945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Corpuscles+to+electrons&rft.btitle=Histories+of+the+Electron&rft.pages=77-100&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0262024945&rft.aulast=Falconer&rft.aufirst=Isobel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fisobelf.files.wordpress.com%2F2013%2F08%2Ffalconer_corpusclestoelectrons_preprint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PhilMag-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PhilMag_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilMag_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilMag_31-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilMag_31-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PhilMag_31-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1897" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, J. J. (7 August 1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/records/1431235/files/article.pdf">"Cathode Rays"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 5. <b>44</b> (269): 293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786449708621070">10.1080/14786449708621070</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cathode+Rays&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=269&rft.pages=293&rft.date=1897-08-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786449708621070&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecords%2F1431235%2Ffiles%2Farticle.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor1917" class="citation cs2">Mellor, Joseph William (1917), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1iQ7AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA868"><i>Modern Inorganic Chemistry</i></a>, Longmans, Green and Company, p. 868, <q>According to J. J. Thomson's hypothesis, atoms are built of systems of rotating rings of electrons.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.pages=868&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Joseph+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1iQ7AQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA868&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDahl1997">Dahl (1997)</a>, p. 324: "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xUzaWGocMdMC&pg=PA324">Thomson's model, then, consisted of a uniformly charged sphere of positive electricity (the pudding), with discrete corpuscles (the plums) rotating about the center in circular orbits, whose total charge was equal and opposite to the positive charge.</a>"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChown1997" class="citation journal cs1">Chown, Marcus (29 March 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg15320756-400-forum-just-who-did-discover-the-electron-marcus-chown-says-the-truth-is-not-quite-as-the-history-books-suggest/">"Forum: Just who did discover the electron?"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i> (2075)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 October</span> 2020</span>. <q>Marcus Chown says the truth is not quite as the history books suggest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Forum%3A+Just+who+did+discover+the+electron%3F&rft.issue=2075&rft.date=1997-03-29&rft.aulast=Chown&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg15320756-400-forum-just-who-did-discover-the-electron-marcus-chown-says-the-truth-is-not-quite-as-the-history-books-suggest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OHara1975-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OHara1975_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Hara1975" class="citation journal cs1">O'Hara, J. G. (March 1975). "George Johnstone Stoney, F.R.S., and the Concept of the Electron". <i>Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>29</b> (2). Royal Society: 265–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsnr.1975.0018">10.1098/rsnr.1975.0018</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/531468">531468</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145353314">145353314</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Notes+and+Records+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=George+Johnstone+Stoney%2C+F.R.S.%2C+and+the+Concept+of+the+Electron&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=265-276&rft.date=1975-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145353314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F531468%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsnr.1975.0018&rft.aulast=O%27Hara&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Johnstone_Stoney1891" class="citation journal cs1">George Johnstone Stoney (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalarchive.rds.ie/files/show/4769">"On the Cause of Double Lines and of Equidistant Satellites in the Spectra of Gases"</a>. <i>The Scientific Transactions of the Royal Dublin Society</i>. <b>4</b>: 583–608.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Scientific+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Dublin+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+Cause+of+Double+Lines+and+of+Equidistant+Satellites+in+the+Spectra+of+Gases&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=583-608&rft.date=1891&rft.au=George+Johnstone+Stoney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalarchive.rds.ie%2Ffiles%2Fshow%2F4769&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Johnstone_Stoney1894" class="citation journal cs1">George Johnstone Stoney (1894). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/londonedinburgh5381894lon/page/418/mode/2up">"Of the "Electron", or Atom of Electricity"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. Series 5. <b>38</b> (233): 418–420.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Of+the+%22Electron%22%2C+or+Atom+of+Electricity&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=233&rft.pages=418-420&rft.date=1894&rft.au=George+Johnstone+Stoney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondonedinburgh5381894lon%2Fpage%2F418%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._J._Thomson1907" class="citation journal cs1">J. J. Thomson (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ni9HAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA467">"The Modern Theory of Electrical Conductivity of Metals"</a>. <i>Journal of the Institution of Electrical Engineers</i>. <b>38</b> (183): 455–468. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1049%2Fjiee-1.1907.0026">10.1049/jiee-1.1907.0026</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Institution+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Theory+of+Electrical+Conductivity+of+Metals&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=183&rft.pages=455-468&rft.date=1907&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1049%2Fjiee-1.1907.0026&rft.au=J.+J.+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNi9HAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA467&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span>: "Perhaps I can best show my appreciation by trying to answer the questions which Professor Silvanus Thompson addressed to me. I think his first question was a question rather of notation, as to the difference between the electron and the corpuscle. I prefer the corpuscle for two reasons: first of all, it is my own child, and I have a kind of parental affection for it; and, secondly, I think it has one merit which the term electron has not. We talk about positive and negative electrons, and I think when you use the same term for the two the suggestion is that there is an equality, so to speak, in the properties. From my point of view the difference between the negative and the positive is essential, and much greater than I think would be suggested by the term positive electron and negative electron. Therefore I prefer to use a special term for the negative units and call it a corpuscle. A corpuscle is just a negative electron."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._J._Thomson1914" class="citation book cs1">J. J. Thomson (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atomictheorythom00thomrich/page/n3/mode/2up"><i>The Atomic Theory</i></a>. Oxford Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Atomic+Theory&rft.pub=Oxford+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1914&rft.au=J.+J.+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatomictheorythom00thomrich%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrme_Masson1921" class="citation journal cs1">Orme Masson (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/records/1430963/files/article.pdf%3Fdownload%3D1&ved=2ahUKEwjN-YzeqIiGAxVyUqQEHaM_COwQFnoECBwQAQ&usg=AOvVaw1G76aUFXByKGSDekUwv2sa">"The Constitution of Atoms"</a>. <i>The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</i>. <b>41</b> (242): 281–285. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786442108636219">10.1080/14786442108636219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London%2C+Edinburgh%2C+and+Dublin+Philosophical+Magazine+and+Journal+of+Science&rft.atitle=The+Constitution+of+Atoms&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=242&rft.pages=281-285&rft.date=1921&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786442108636219&rft.au=Orme+Masson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecords%2F1430963%2Ffiles%2Farticle.pdf%253Fdownload%253D1%26ved%3D2ahUKEwjN-YzeqIiGAxVyUqQEHaM_COwQFnoECBwQAQ%26usg%3DAOvVaw1G76aUFXByKGSDekUwv2sa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span><br />Footnote by Ernest Rutherford: 'At the time of writing this paper in Australia, Professor Orme Masson was not aware that the name "proton" had already been suggested as a suitable name for the unit of mass nearly 1, in terms of oxygen 16, that appears to enter into the nuclear structure of atoms. The question of a suitable name for this unit was discussed at an informal meeting of a number of members of Section A of the British Association [for the Advancement of Science] at Cardiff this year. The name "baron" suggested by Professor Masson was mentioned, but was considered unsuitable on account of the existing variety of meanings. Finally the name " proton" met with general approval, particularly as it suggests the original term "protyle " given by Prout in his well-known hypothesis that all atoms are built up of hydrogen. The need of a special name for the nuclear unit of mass 1 was drawn attention to by Sir Oliver Lodge at the Sectional meeting, and the writer then suggested the name "proton."'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J.J. Thomson (1912) "Further experiments on positive rays," <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, series 6, <b>24</b> (140): 209–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">J. J. Thomson (1913) "Rays of positive electricity", <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i> A, <b>89</b>: 1–20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1897" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, J. J. (8 February 1897). "On the cathode rays". <i>Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</i>. <b>9</b>: 243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Cambridge+Philosophical+Society&rft.atitle=On+the+cathode+rays&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=243&rft.date=1897-02-08&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Philosophical_Magazine_1897-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Philosophical_Magazine_1897_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1897" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, J. J. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html">"Cathode rays"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>44</b>: 293.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=Cathode+rays&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=293&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.lemoyne.edu%2F~GIUNTA%2Fthomson1897.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phil_Mag_1905-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phil_Mag_1905_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1905" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, J. J. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430786">"On the emission of negative corpuscles by the alkali metals"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. Series 6. <b>10</b> (59): 584–590. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440509463405">10.1080/14786440509463405</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+emission+of+negative+corpuscles+by+the+alkali+metals&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=584-590&rft.date=1905&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440509463405&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1430786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHellemansBunch1988" class="citation book cs1">Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan (1988). <i>The Timetables of Science</i>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. p. 411. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0671621300" title="Special:BookSources/0671621300"><bdi>0671621300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Timetables+of+Science&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0671621300&rft.aulast=Hellemans&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Bunch%2C+Bryan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phil_Mag_1906-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Phil_Mag_1906_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1906" class="citation journal cs1">Thomson, J. J. (June 1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/1430808">"On the Number of Corpuscles in an Atom"</a>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. <b>11</b> (66): 769–781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440609463496">10.1080/14786440609463496</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Number+of+Corpuscles+in+an+Atom&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=769-781&rft.date=1906-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440609463496&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F1430808&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EBThomson-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EBThomson_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Sir George Paget. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/593074/Sir-JJ-Thomson">"Sir J.J. Thomson, British Physicist"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Sir+J.J.+Thomson%2C+British+Physicist&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Sir+George+Paget&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F593074%2FSir-JJ-Thomson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amacad.org/person/joseph-john-thomson">"Joseph John Thomson"</a>. <i>American Academy of Arts & Sciences</i>. 10 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Academy+of+Arts+%26+Sciences&rft.atitle=Joseph+John+Thomson&rft.date=2023-02-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amacad.org%2Fperson%2Fjoseph-john-thomson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Joseph+J.+Thomson&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DJoseph%2BJ.%2BThomson%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasonline.org/member-directory/deceased-members/20001201.html">"Joseph J. Thomson"</a>. <i>www.nasonline.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nasonline.org&rft.atitle=Joseph+J.+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasonline.org%2Fmember-directory%2Fdeceased-members%2F20001201.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150111042826/https://www.theleys.net/about-us/history/thomson-building">"Opening of the New Science Building: Thomson"</a>. 1 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theleys.net/about-us/history/thomson-building">the original</a> on 11 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opening+of+the+New+Science+Building%3A+Thomson&rft.date=2005-12-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theleys.net%2Fabout-us%2Fhistory%2Fthomson-building&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooksA._L._Rockwood1991" class="citation journal cs1">Cooks, R. G.; A. L. Rockwood (1991). "The 'Thomson'. A suggested unit for mass spectroscopists". <i><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Communications_in_Mass_Spectrometry" title="Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry">Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry</a></i>. <b>5</b> (2): 93.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rapid+Communications+in+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=The+%27Thomson%27.+A+suggested+unit+for+mass+spectroscopists&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=93&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Cooks&rft.aufirst=R.+G.&rft.au=A.+L.+Rockwood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202024535/http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/cambridge-physicist-is-streets-ahead/">"Cambridge Physicist is streets ahead"</a>. 18 July 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgenetwork.co.uk/news/cambridge-physicist-is-streets-ahead/">the original</a> on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+Physicist+is+streets+ahead&rft.date=2002-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgenetwork.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fcambridge-physicist-is-streets-ahead%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190513131140/https://www.imss.nl/awards.html">"Awards Page - Thomson Medal Award"</a>. <i>International Mass Spectrometry Foundation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imss.nl/awards.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>. <q>The Thomson Medal Award is named after Sir J. J. Thomson, who was responsible for the first mass spectrograph</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Mass+Spectrometry+Foundation&rft.atitle=Awards+Page+-+Thomson+Medal+Award&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imss.nl%2Fawards.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iop.org/about/awards/silver-subject-medals#thomson">"Silver Subject Medals and Prizes"</a>. <i>Institute of Physics</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+of+Physics&rft.atitle=Silver+Subject+Medals+and+Prizes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iop.org%2Fabout%2Fawards%2Fsilver-subject-medals%23thomson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomson-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page to Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism (1893)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thomson-8.jpg/150px-Thomson-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thomson-8.jpg/225px-Thomson-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Thomson-8.jpg/300px-Thomson-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3018" data-file-height="4933" /></a><figcaption>Title page to <i>Notes on Recent Researches in Electricity and Magnetism</i> (1893)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomson-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Title page to Electricity and Matter (1904)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thomson-2.jpg/150px-Thomson-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thomson-2.jpg/225px-Thomson-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Thomson-2.jpg/300px-Thomson-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2526" data-file-height="4079" /></a><figcaption>Title page to <i>Electricity and Matter</i> (1904)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1883. <i>A Treatise on the Motion of Vortex Rings: An essay to which the Adams Prize was adjudged in 1882, in the University of Cambridge</i>. London: Macmillan and Co., pp. 146. Recent reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-543-95696-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-543-95696-2">0-543-95696-2</a>.</li> <li>1888. <i>Applications of Dynamics to Physics and Chemistry</i>. London: Macmillan and Co., pp. 326. Recent reprint: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4021-8397-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-4021-8397-6">1-4021-8397-6</a>.</li> <li>1893. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1674O3899X03Q.1860471&profile=rev-nbl&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!44260~!4&ri=5&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=Notes+on+Recent+Researches+in+Electricity+and+Magnetism&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=5"><i>Notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism: intended as a sequel to Professor Clerk-Maxwell's 'Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism<span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span></i>.</a> Oxford University Press, pp. xvi & 578. 1991, Cornell University Monograph: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4297-4053-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-4297-4053-1">1-4297-4053-1</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Joseph_John1893" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Joseph John (1893). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=11926786"><i>Notes on recent researches in electricity and magnetism</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notes+on+recent+researches+in+electricity+and+magnetism&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Joseph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D11926786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Joseph_John1900" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomson, Joseph John (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6577088"><i>Discharge of electricity through gases</i></a> (in German). Leipzig: Johann Ambrosius Barth.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discharge+of+electricity+through+gases&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Johann+Ambrosius+Barth&rft.date=1900&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Joseph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D6577088&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Thomson, Joseph John (1904). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libserv.aip.org/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=1674O3899X03Q.1860471&profile=rev-nbl&source=~!horizon&view=subscriptionsummary&uri=full=3100006~!44622~!2&ri=8&aspect=power&menu=search&ipp=20&spp=20&staffonly=&term=%22Electricity+and+Matter%22&index=.GW&uindex=&aspect=power&menu=search&ri=8">Electricity and matter</a></i> (in English). Oxford : Clarendon Press.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Joseph_John1905" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomson, Joseph John (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=7160090"><i>Electricity and matter</i></a> (in Italian). Milano: Hoepli.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electricity+and+matter&rft.place=Milano&rft.pub=Hoepli&rft.date=1905&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Joseph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D7160090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson,_Joseph_John1908" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thomson, Joseph John (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=6577571"><i>Corpuscular theory of matter</i></a> (in German). Braunschweig: Vieweg und Sohn.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Corpuscular+theory+of+matter&rft.place=Braunschweig&rft.pub=Vieweg+und+Sohn&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Thomson%2C+Joseph+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D6577571&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>1921 (1895). <i>Elements Of The Mathematical Theory Of Electricity And Magnetism</i>. London: Macmillan and Co. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w9kEAAAAYAAJ&q=elements+of+the+mathematical+theory+of+electricity+and+magnetism">Scan of 1895 edition.</a></li> <li><i>A Text book of Physics in Five Volumes</i>, co-authored with <a href="/wiki/J.H._Poynting" class="mw-redirect" title="J.H. Poynting">J.H. Poynting</a>: (1) <a href="//archive.org/details/textbookofphysic01poynuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:textbookofphysic01poynuoft">Properties of Matter</a>, (2) <a href="//archive.org/details/atextbookphysic02thomgoog" class="extiw" title="iarchive:atextbookphysic02thomgoog">Sound</a>, (3) <a href="//archive.org/details/textbookofphysic00poynuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:textbookofphysic00poynuoft">Heat</a>, (4) Light, and (5) <a href="//archive.org/details/textbookofphysi00poynuoft" class="extiw" title="iarchive:textbookofphysi00poynuoft">Electricity and Magnetism</a>. Dated 1901 and later, and with revised later editions.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDahl1997" class="citation book cs1">Dahl, Per F. (1997). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flashofcathodera0000dahl/page/n5/mode/2up"><i>Flash of the Cathode Rays: A History of J J Thomson's Electron</i></a></span>. Bristol and Philadelphia: Institute of Physics Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7503-0453-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-7503-0453-7"><bdi>0-7503-0453-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flash+of+the+Cathode+Rays%3A+A+History+of+J+J+Thomson%27s+Electron&rft.place=Bristol+and+Philadelphia&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-7503-0453-7&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.aufirst=Per+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflashofcathodera0000dahl%2Fpage%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>J.J. Thomson (1897) "Cathode Rays", <i>The Electrician</i> 39, 104, also published in <i>Proceedings of the Royal Institution</i> 30 April 1897, 1–14 – first announcement of the "corpuscle" (before the classic mass and charge experiment)</li> <li>J.J. Thomson (1897), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~GIUNTA/thomson1897.html"><i>Cathode rays</i></a>, <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, 44, 293 – the classic measurement of the electron mass and charge</li> <li>J.J. Thomson (1904), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131213172104/http://www.cond-mat.physik.uni-mainz.de/~oettel/ws10/thomson_PhilMag_7_237_1904.pdf">"On the Structure of the Atom</a>: an Investigation of the Stability and Periods of Oscillation of a number of Corpuscles arranged at equal intervals around the Circumference of a Circle; with Application of the Results to the Theory of Atomic Structure," <i>Philosophical Magazine</i> Series 6, Volume 7, Number 39, pp. 237–265. This paper presents the classical "<a href="/wiki/Plum_pudding_model" title="Plum pudding model">plum pudding model</a>" from which the <a href="/wiki/Thomson_Problem" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomson Problem">Thomson Problem</a> is posed.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._J._Thomson1906" class="citation journal cs1">J. J. Thomson (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gilles.montambaux.com/files/histoire-physique/Thomson-1906.pdf">"On the Number of Corpuscles in an Atom"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>. 6. <b>11</b> (66): 769–781. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14786440609463496">10.1080/14786440609463496</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Magazine&rft.atitle=On+the+Number+of+Corpuscles+in+an+Atom&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=66&rft.pages=769-781&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14786440609463496&rft.au=J.+J.+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgilles.montambaux.com%2Ffiles%2Fhistoire-physique%2FThomson-1906.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoseph_John_Thomson1908" class="citation book cs1">Joseph John Thomson (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A0RBAAAAYAAJ"><i>On the Light Thrown by Recent Investigations on Electricity on the Relation Between Matter and Ether: The Adamson Lecture Delivered at the University on November 4, 1907</i></a>. University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Light+Thrown+by+Recent+Investigations+on+Electricity+on+the+Relation+Between+Matter+and+Ether%3A+The+Adamson+Lecture+Delivered+at+the+University+on+November+4%2C+1907&rft.pub=University+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.au=Joseph+John+Thomson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DA0RBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomson,_Joseph_John_%E2%80%93_Corpuscular_theory_of_matter,_1908_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6577571.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomson%2C_Joseph_John_%E2%80%93_Corpuscular_theory_of_matter%2C_1908_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6577571.jpg/150px-Thomson%2C_Joseph_John_%E2%80%93_Corpuscular_theory_of_matter%2C_1908_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6577571.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomson%2C_Joseph_John_%E2%80%93_Corpuscular_theory_of_matter%2C_1908_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6577571.jpg/225px-Thomson%2C_Joseph_John_%E2%80%93_Corpuscular_theory_of_matter%2C_1908_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6577571.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Thomson%2C_Joseph_John_%E2%80%93_Corpuscular_theory_of_matter%2C_1908_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6577571.jpg/299px-Thomson%2C_Joseph_John_%E2%80%93_Corpuscular_theory_of_matter%2C_1908_%E2%80%93_BEIC_6577571.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1798" /></a><figcaption><i>Corpuscular theory of matter</i>, 1908</figcaption></figure></li> <li>J.J. Thomson (1912), "Further experiments on positive rays" <i>Philosophical Magazine</i>, 24, 209–253 – first announcement of the two neon parabolae</li> <li>J.J. Thomson (1913), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/canal.html"><i>Rays of positive electricity</i></a>, <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society</i>, A 89, 1–20 – discovery of neon isotopes</li> <li>J.J. Thomson (1923), <i>The Electron in Chemistry: Being Five Lectures Delivered at the Franklin Institute,</i> Philadelphia.</li> <li>Thomson, Sir J. J. (1936), <i>Recollections and Reflections</i>, London: G. Bell & Sons, Ltd. Republished as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K8mn6N7oPzwC&q=Recollections+and+Reflections+thomson">digital edition</a>, Cambridge: University Press, 2011 (Cambridge Library Collection series).</li> <li>Thomson, George Paget. (1964) <i>J.J. Thomson: Discoverer of the Electron</i>. Great Britain: Thomas Nelson & Sons, Ltd.</li> <li>Davis, Eward Arthur & Falconer, Isobel (1997), <i>J.J. Thomson and the Discovery of the Electron</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0696-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7484-0696-8">978-0-7484-0696-8</a></li> <li>Falconer, Isobel (1988) "J.J. Thomson's Work on Positive Rays, 1906–1914" <i>Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences</i> 18(2) 265–310</li> <li>Falconer, Isobel (2001) "Corpuscles to Electrons" in J Buchwald and A Warwick (eds) <i>Histories of the Electron</i>, Cambridge, Mass: MIT Press, pp. 77–100.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNavarro2005" class="citation journal cs1">Navarro, Jaume (2005). "J. J. Thomson on the Nature of Matter: Corpuscles and the Continuum". <i>Centaurus</i>. <b>47</b> (4): 259–282. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005Cent...47..259N">2005Cent...47..259N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.2005.00028.x">10.1111/j.1600-0498.2005.00028.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centaurus&rft.atitle=J.+J.+Thomson+on+the+Nature+of+Matter%3A+Corpuscles+and+the+Continuum&rft.volume=47&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=259-282&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.2005.00028.x&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005Cent...47..259N&rft.aulast=Navarro&rft.aufirst=Jaume&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDownard2009" class="citation journal cs1">Downard, Kevin M. (2009). "J. J. Thomson goes to America". <i>Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry</i>. <b>20</b> (11): 1964–1973. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009JASMS..20.1964D">2009JASMS..20.1964D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jasms.2009.07.008">10.1016/j.jasms.2009.07.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19734055">19734055</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34371775">34371775</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Society+for+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.atitle=J.+J.+Thomson+goes+to+America&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1964-1973&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jasms.2009.07.008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34371775%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19734055&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009JASMS..20.1964D&rft.aulast=Downard&rft.aufirst=Kevin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ.+J.+Thomson" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>J. J. Thomson</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7472229">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=viaf&su=7472229&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><b>By J. J. Thomson</b> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7472229&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7472229">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?at=viaf&au=7472229&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li></ul> </div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Joseph_John_Thomson" class="extiw" title="commons:Joseph John Thomson"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Joseph John Thomson</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Joseph_John_Thomson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Joseph John Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/J._J._Thomson" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aip.org/history/electron/">The Discovery of the Electron</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080316233916/http://www.aip.org/history/electron/">Archived</a> 16 March 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/10">J. J. Thomson</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47285#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> with the Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1906 <i>Carriers of Negative Electricity</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060714181852/http://alsos.wlu.edu/qsearch.aspx?browse=people%2FThomson%2C+Joseph+J.">Annotated bibliography for Joseph J. Thomson from the Alsos Digital Library for Nuclear Issues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151201005910/http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1986/JASA6-86Seeger.html">Essay on Thomson life and religious views</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140701141404/http://www.crtsite.com/page3.html">The Cathode Ray Tube site</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DyUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA521">Thomson's discovery of the isotopes of Neon</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719091132/http://www-outreach.phy.cam.ac.uk/camphy/museum/area2/cabinet3.htm">Photos of some of Thomson's remaining apparatus at the Cavendish Laboratory Museum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/mediaplayer/?id=322">A short film of Thomson lecturing on electrical engineering and the discovery of the electron</a> (1934)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/author/Thomson,+J.+J.">Works by J. J. Thomson</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Thomson%2C%20Joseph%20John%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomson%2C%20Joseph%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Thomson%2C%20J%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joseph%20John%20Thomson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Joseph%20J%2E%20Thomson%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20J%2E%20Thomson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joseph%20John%20Thomson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Joseph%20J%2E%20Thomson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20J%2E%20Thomson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20John%20Thomson%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomson%2C%20Joseph%20John%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomson%2C%20Joseph%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomson%2C%20J%2E%20J%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Thomson%2C%20J%2E%20John%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joseph%20John%20Thomson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Joseph%20J%2E%20Thomson%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20J%2E%20Thomson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joseph%20John%20Thomson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Joseph%20J%2E%20Thomson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20J%2E%20Thomson%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomson%2C%20Joseph%20John%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Thomson%2C%20Joseph%20J%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221856-1940%22%20AND%20Thomson%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about J. J. Thomson</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/za/academic/subjects/physics/history-philosophy-and-foundations-physics/history-electron-j-j-and-g-p-thomson?format=PB&isbn=9781108724432">A history of the electron: JJ and GP Thomson</a> published by the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Basque_Country" title="University of the Basque Country">University of the Basque Country</a> (2013)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu_Butler" title="Henry Montagu Butler">Henry Montagu Butler</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="List of masters of Trinity College, Cambridge">Master of Trinity College, Cambridge</a> </b><br />1918–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="mw-redirect" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan">George Macaulay Trevelyan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Cavendish_Professor_of_Physics" title="Cavendish Professor of Physics">Cavendish Professor of Experimental Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> </b><br />1884–1919 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid lightgreen">Professional and academic associations </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>42nd <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a> </b><br />1915–1920 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Template talk:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Copley_Medallists_1901%E2%80%931950" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Copley Medallists 1901–1950"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Copley_Medallists_(1901–1950)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Copley_Medal" title="Copley Medal">Copley Medallists</a> (1901–1950)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Josiah Willard Gibbs</a> (1901)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1902)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eduard_Suess" title="Eduard Suess">Eduard Suess</a> (1903)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1904)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_Metchnikoff" title="Élie Metchnikoff">Élie Metchnikoff</a> (1906)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Albert A. Michelson</a> (1907)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Russel_Wallace" title="Alfred Russel Wallace">Alfred Russel Wallace</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_William_Hill" title="George William Hill">George William Hill</a> (1909)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> (1910)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Darwin" title="George Darwin">George Darwin</a> (1911)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Felix_Klein" title="Felix Klein">Felix Klein</a> (1912)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_Lankester" title="Ray Lankester">Ray Lankester</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. J. Thomson</a> (1914)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Pavlov" title="Ivan Pavlov">Ivan Pavlov</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Dewar" title="James Dewar">James Dewar</a> (1916)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> (1917)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Hendrik Lorentz</a> (1918)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bayliss" title="William Bayliss">William Bayliss</a> (1919)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" title="Horace Tabberer Brown">Horace Tabberer Brown</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Larmor" title="Joseph Larmor">Joseph Larmor</a> (1921)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1922)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Lamb" title="Horace Lamb">Horace Lamb</a> (1923)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Albert_Sharpey-Schafer" title="Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer">Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer</a> (1924)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1926)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Algernon_Parsons" title="Charles Algernon Parsons">Charles Algernon Parsons</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" title="Arthur Schuster">Arthur Schuster</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Ellery_Hale" title="George Ellery Hale">George Ellery Hale</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Theobald_Smith" title="Theobald Smith">Theobald Smith</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Scott_Haldane" title="John Scott Haldane">John Scott Haldane</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">Charles Thomson Rees Wilson</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hunt_Morgan" title="Thomas Hunt Morgan">Thomas Hunt Morgan</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Langevin" title="Paul Langevin">Paul Langevin</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lewis_(cardiologist)" title="Thomas Lewis (cardiologist)">Thomas Lewis</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(chemist)" title="Robert Robinson (chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barcroft" title="Joseph Barcroft">Joseph Barcroft</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._I._Taylor" title="G. I. Taylor">Geoffrey Ingram Taylor</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Avery" title="Oswald Avery">Oswald Avery</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Douglas Adrian</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/G._H._Hardy" title="G. H. Hardy">G. H. Hardy</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Hill" title="Archibald Hill">Archibald Hill</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">James Chadwick</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a href="/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1906_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1906_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1906 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1906_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1906 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Moissan" title="Henri Moissan">Henri Moissan</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1906_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1906 Nobel Prize in Literature">1906</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> (Italy)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. J. Thomson</a> (Great Britain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> (Italy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ram%C3%B3n_y_Cajal" title="Santiago Ramón y Cajal">Santiago Ramón y Cajal</a> (Spain)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1901_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1901 Nobel Prize winners">1901</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1902_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1902 Nobel Prize winners">1902</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1903_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1903 Nobel Prize winners">1903</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1904_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1904 Nobel Prize winners">1904</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1905_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1905 Nobel Prize winners">1905</a></dd> <dd><b>1906 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1907_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1907 Nobel Prize winners">1907</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1908_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1908 Nobel Prize winners">1908</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1909_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1909 Nobel Prize winners">1909</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1910_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1910 Nobel Prize winners">1910</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1911_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1911 Nobel Prize winners">1911</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Template talk:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Royal_Society_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Royal Society presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="List of presidents of the Royal Society">Presidents</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Brouncker,_2nd_Viscount_Brouncker" title="William Brouncker, 2nd Viscount Brouncker">Viscount Brouncker</a> (1662)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Williamson_(English_politician)" title="Joseph Williamson (English politician)">Joseph Williamson</a> (1677)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wren" title="Christopher Wren">Christopher Wren</a> (1680)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_John_Hoskyns,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir John Hoskyns, 2nd Baronet">John Hoskyns</a> (1682)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Wyche" title="Cyril Wyche">Cyril Wyche</a> (1683)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> (1684)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Vaughan,_3rd_Earl_of_Carbery" title="John Vaughan, 3rd Earl of Carbery">Earl of Carbery</a> (1686)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Herbert,_8th_Earl_of_Pembroke" title="Thomas Herbert, 8th Earl of Pembroke">Earl of Pembroke</a> (1689)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Southwell_(diplomat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Robert Southwell (diplomat)">Robert Southwell</a> (1690)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Montagu,_1st_Earl_of_Halifax" title="Charles Montagu, 1st Earl of Halifax">Charles Montagu</a> (1695)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Somers,_1st_Baron_Somers" title="John Somers, 1st Baron Somers">Lord Somers</a> (1698)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (1703)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Sloane" title="Hans Sloane">Hans Sloane</a> (1727)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Folkes" title="Martin Folkes">Martin Folkes</a> (1741)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Parker,_2nd_Earl_of_Macclesfield" title="George Parker, 2nd Earl of Macclesfield">Earl of Macclesfield</a> (1752)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Douglas,_14th_Earl_of_Morton" title="James Douglas, 14th Earl of Morton">Earl of Morton</a> (1764)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_West_(antiquary)" title="James West (antiquary)">James West</a> (1768)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_Burrow" title="James Burrow">James Burrow</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Pringle_(physician)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Pringle (physician)">John Pringle</a> (1772)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a> (1778)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Hyde_Wollaston" title="William Hyde Wollaston">William Hyde Wollaston</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Humphry_Davy" title="Humphry Davy">Humphry Davy</a> (1820)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Davies_Gilbert" title="Davies Gilbert">Davies Gilbert</a> (1827)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prince_Augustus_Frederick,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex">Duke of Sussex</a> (1830)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Compton,_2nd_Marquess_of_Northampton" title="Spencer Compton, 2nd Marquess of Northampton">Marquess of Northampton</a> (1838)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Parsons,_3rd_Earl_of_Rosse" title="William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse">Earl of Rosse</a> (1848)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Wrottesley,_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley">Lord Wrottesley</a> (1854)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet">Benjamin Collins Brodie</a> (1858)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Sabine" title="Edward Sabine">Edward Sabine</a> (1861)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Biddell_Airy" title="George Biddell Airy">George Biddell Airy</a> (1871)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dalton_Hooker" title="Joseph Dalton Hooker">Joseph Dalton Hooker</a> (1873)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Spottiswoode" title="William Spottiswoode">William Spottiswoode</a> (1878)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Henry_Huxley" title="Thomas Henry Huxley">Thomas Henry Huxley</a> (1883)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">George Gabriel Stokes</a> (1885)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (1890)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister" title="Joseph Lister">Joseph Lister</a> (1895)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Huggins" title="William Huggins">William Huggins</a> (1900)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a> (1905)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Geikie" title="Archibald Geikie">Archibald Geikie</a> (1908)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Crookes" title="William Crookes">William Crookes</a> (1913)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. J. Thomson</a> (1915)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Scott_Sherrington" title="Charles Scott Sherrington">Charles Scott Sherrington</a> (1920)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Ernest Rutherford</a> (1925)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Gowland_Hopkins" title="Frederick Gowland Hopkins">Frederick Gowland Hopkins</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Hallett_Dale" title="Henry Hallett Dale">Henry Hallett Dale</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Robinson_(organic_chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Robinson (organic chemist)">Robert Robinson</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Lord Adrian</a> (1950)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Cyril Norman Hinshelwood</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Florey" title="Howard Florey">Howard Florey</a> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Lloyd_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan Lloyd Hodgkin">Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_R._Todd" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander R. Todd">Lord Todd</a> (1975)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_Porter" title="George Porter">George Porter</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Sir Michael Atiyah</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Klug" title="Aaron Klug">Sir Aaron Klug</a> (1995)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_May,_Baron_May_of_Oxford" title="Robert May, Baron May of Oxford">Lord May</a> (2000)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees,_Baron_Rees_of_Ludlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin Rees, Baron Rees of Ludlow">Lord Rees</a> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Nurse" title="Paul Nurse">Sir Paul Nurse</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Venki_Ramakrishnan" title="Venki Ramakrishnan">Venki Ramakrishnan</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" title="Adrian Smith (statistician)">Adrian Smith</a> (2020)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used as units"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Scientists whose names are used as units</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI base units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">ampere</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin">Lord Kelvin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">kelvin</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SI derived units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Becquerel" title="Becquerel">becquerel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Celsius" title="Anders Celsius">Anders Celsius</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Celsius" title="Celsius">Celsius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a> (<a href="/wiki/Coulomb" title="Coulomb">coulomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">farad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Harold_Gray" title="Louis Harold Gray">Louis Harold Gray</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">gray</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> (<a href="/wiki/Henry_(unit)" title="Henry (unit)">henry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Hertz" title="Heinrich Hertz">Heinrich Hertz</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">hertz</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">James Prescott Joule</a> (<a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">joule</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">newton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ohm" title="Georg Ohm">Georg Ohm</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">ohm</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">pascal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_von_Siemens" title="Werner von Siemens">Werner von Siemens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siemens_(unit)" title="Siemens (unit)">siemens</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolf_Maximilian_Sievert" title="Rolf Maximilian Sievert">Rolf Maximilian Sievert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sievert" title="Sievert">sievert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tesla_(unit)" title="Tesla (unit)">tesla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watt" title="James Watt">James Watt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">watt</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Eduard Weber</a> (<a href="/wiki/Weber_(unit)" title="Weber (unit)">weber</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-SI metric (<a href="/wiki/Centimetre%E2%80%93gram%E2%80%93second_system_of_units" title="Centimetre–gram–second system of units">cgs</a>) units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anders_Jonas_%C3%85ngstr%C3%B6m" title="Anders Jonas Ångström">Anders Jonas Ångström</a> (<a href="/wiki/Angstrom" title="Angstrom">angstrom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Debye" title="Peter Debye">Peter Debye</a> (<a href="/wiki/Debye" title="Debye">debye</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lor%C3%A1nd_E%C3%B6tv%C3%B6s" title="Loránd Eötvös">Loránd Eötvös</a> (<a href="/wiki/Eotvos_(unit)" title="Eotvos (unit)">eotvos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gal_(unit)" title="Gal (unit)">gal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauss_(unit)" title="Gauss (unit)">gauss</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gilbert_(physicist)" title="William Gilbert (physicist)">William Gilbert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(unit)" title="Gilbert (unit)">gilbert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Kayser" title="Heinrich Kayser">Heinrich Kayser</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kayser_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayser (unit)">kayser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lambert_(unit)" title="Lambert (unit)">lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Langley" title="Samuel Langley">Samuel Langley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Langley_(unit)" title="Langley (unit)">langley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maxwell_(unit)" title="Maxwell (unit)">maxwell</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oersted" title="Oersted">oersted</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_L%C3%A9onard_Marie_Poiseuille" title="Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille">Jean Léonard Marie Poiseuille</a> (<a href="/wiki/Poise_(unit)" title="Poise (unit)">poise</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Stokes,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet">Sir George Stokes, 1st Baronet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stokes_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stokes (unit)">stokes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rayl" title="Rayl">rayl</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_units" title="Imperial units">Imperial</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_customary_units" title="United States customary units">US<br /> customary</a> units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gabriel_Fahrenheit" title="Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit">Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit</a> (degree <a href="/wiki/Fahrenheit" title="Fahrenheit">Fahrenheit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Heinrich_Lambert" title="Johann Heinrich Lambert">Johann Heinrich Lambert</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foot-lambert" title="Foot-lambert">foot-lambert</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquorn_Rankine" class="mw-redirect" title="Macquorn Rankine">William John Macquorn Rankine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rankine_scale" title="Rankine scale">degree Rankine</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-systematic units</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bel_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bel (unit)">bel</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curie_(unit)" title="Curie (unit)">curie</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalton_(unit)" title="Dalton (unit)">dalton</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Faraday (unit)">faraday</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Mache" title="Heinrich Mache">Heinrich Mache</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mache_(unit)" title="Mache (unit)">Mache</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Napier" title="John Napier">John Napier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Neper" title="Neper">neper</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Antoine_Ferchault_de_R%C3%A9aumur" title="René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur">René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur</a> (<a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9aumur_scale" title="Réaumur scale">degree Réaumur</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roentgen_(unit)" title="Roentgen (unit)">roentgen</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. J. Thomson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thomson_(unit)" title="Thomson (unit)">thomson</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torr" title="Torr">torr</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as units</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a> · <a href="/wiki/List_of_chemical_elements_named_after_people" title="List of chemical elements named after people">People whose names are used in chemical element names</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Template:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Template talk:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scientists whose names are used in physical constants"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_in_physical_constants" title="List of scientists whose names are used in physical constants">Scientists whose names are used in physical constants</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Physical_constant" title="Physical constant">Physical <br />constants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Newtonian_constant_of_gravitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtonian constant of gravitation">Newtonian constant of gravitation</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> (<a href="/wiki/Faraday_constant" title="Faraday constant">Faraday constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Josef_Loschmidt" title="Johann Josef Loschmidt">Johann Josef Loschmidt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loschmidt_constant" title="Loschmidt constant">Loschmidt constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Balmer" title="Johann Jakob Balmer">Johann Jakob Balmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josef_Stefan" title="Josef Stefan">Josef Stefan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan–Boltzmann constant">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Ludwig Boltzmann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Boltzmann_constant" title="Boltzmann constant">Boltzmann constant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefan%E2%80%93Boltzmann_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan–Boltzmann constant">Stefan–Boltzmann constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Rydberg" title="Johannes Rydberg">Johannes Rydberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rydberg_constant" title="Rydberg constant">Rydberg constant</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Max Planck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Planck_constant" title="Planck constant">Planck constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wilhelm Wien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Sackur" title="Otto Sackur">Otto Sackur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bohr_radius" title="Bohr radius">Bohr radius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hubble_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble constant">Hubble constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Tetrode" title="Hugo Tetrode">Hugo Tetrode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Hartree" title="Douglas Hartree">Douglas Hartree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Brian Josephson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Josephson_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Josephson constant">Josephson constant</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">Klaus von Klitzing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Von_Klitzing_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Von Klitzing constant">von Klitzing constant</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units#Scientists_and_SI_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">List of scientists whose names are used as SI units</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_scientists_whose_names_are_used_as_units#Scientists_and_non-SI_units" title="List of scientists whose names are used as units">non SI units</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Template:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Template talk:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="List of masters of Trinity College, Cambridge">Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Redman_(Trinity_College)" title="John Redman (Trinity College)">John Redman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bill" title="William Bill">William Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopherson" title="John Christopherson">John Christopherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Beaumont_(Master_of_Trinity_College)" title="Robert Beaumont (Master of Trinity College)">Robert Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Still" title="John Still">John Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nevile" title="Thomas Nevile">Thomas Nevile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(translator)" title="John Richardson (translator)">John Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mawe" title="Leonard Mawe">Leonard Mawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brooke" title="Samuel Brooke">Samuel Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Comber_(dean_of_Carlisle)" title="Thomas Comber (dean of Carlisle)">Thomas Comber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(Cambridge)" title="Thomas Hill (Cambridge)">Thomas Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arrowsmith_(scholar)" title="John Arrowsmith (scholar)">John Arrowsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ferne" title="Henry Ferne">Henry Ferne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pearson_(bishop)" title="John Pearson (bishop)">John Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_North_(Trinity)" title="John North (Trinity)">John North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu_(Trinity)" title="John Montagu (Trinity)">John Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentley" title="Richard Bentley">Richard Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(mathematician)" title="Robert Smith (mathematician)">Robert Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hinchliffe" title="John Hinchliffe">John Hinchliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Postlethwaite" title="Thomas Postlethwaite">Thomas Postlethwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lort_Mansel" title="William Lort Mansel">William Lort Mansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wordsworth_(divine)" title="Christopher Wordsworth (divine)">Christopher Wordsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hepworth_Thompson" title="William Hepworth Thompson">William Hepworth Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu_Butler" title="Henry Montagu Butler">Henry Montagu Butler</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Davies_(doctor)" title="Sally Davies (doctor)">Sally Davies</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_College_(Cambridge)_shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Trinity_College_%28Cambridge%29_shield.svg/80px-Trinity_College_%28Cambridge%29_shield.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Trinity_College_%28Cambridge%29_shield.svg/120px-Trinity_College_%28Cambridge%29_shield.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Trinity_College_%28Cambridge%29_shield.svg/160px-Trinity_College_%28Cambridge%29_shield.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="353" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dalton_Medallists" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dalton_Medallists" title="Template:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dalton_Medallists" title="Template talk:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dalton_Medallists" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dalton Medallists"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dalton_Medallists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society#Dalton_Medal" title="Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Dalton Medallists</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;;width:1%;text-align:left;">Recipients</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Schunck" title="Edward Schunck">Henry Edward Schunck</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Enfield_Roscoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Enfield Roscoe">Sir Henry Roscoe</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Reynolds" title="Osborne Reynolds">Osborne Reynolds</a> (1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Sir Ernest Rutherford</a> (1919)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sir Joseph 'J. J.' Thomson</a> (1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">Sir Lawrence Bragg</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Patrick Blackett</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_Norman_Hinshelwood" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyril Norman Hinshelwood">Sir Cyril Hinshelwood</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hodgkin" title="Dorothy Hodgkin">Dorothy Hodgkin</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Kroto" title="Harry Kroto">Sir Harold Kroto</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fred_Bodmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Fred Bodmer">Sir Walter Bodmer</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Sir Roger Penrose</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" title="Bernard Lovell">Sir Bernard Lovell</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Lord Rees of Ludlow</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Sir Konstantin Novoselov</a> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #DC143C; color:white;"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Manchester_Literary_and_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_Kingdom" title="Portal:United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/19px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/29px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg/38px-Nuvola_apps_kalzium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Science" title="Portal:Science">Science</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47285#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47285#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47285#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121194340">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/7472229">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1733514/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxhtkYGhFvgPmtvCwxYyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118802089">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50013536">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12386792g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12386792g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621558">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Thomson, Joseph John"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CUBV153066">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35548544">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2010585094&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1779238">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071358595">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90711497">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/97mprl5t22jhwks">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810638830805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463364205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058514413006706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01818642?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=50701">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:thomson.joseph-john">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/645523">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/2161d956-1acd-4951-b799-e8a4a54c04cb">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/992059">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118802089.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118802089">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032937369">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n29x8k">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&oldid=1258955151">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&oldid=1258955151</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1856_births" title="Category:1856 births">1856 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1940_deaths" title="Category:1940 deaths">1940 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_physicists" title="Category:20th-century British physicists">20th-century British physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge">Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Westminster_Abbey" title="Category:Burials at Westminster Abbey">Burials at Westminster Abbey</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:English_Anglicans" title="Category:English Anglicans">English Anglicans</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_British_mathematicians" title="Category:20th-century British mathematicians">20th-century British mathematicians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:British_Nobel_laureates" title="Category:British Nobel laureates">British Nobel laureates</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Experimental_physicists" title="Category:Experimental physicists">Experimental physicists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Fellows of the Royal Society">Fellows of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_associates_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Category:Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences">Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Category:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge">Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_Order_of_Merit" title="Category:Members of the Order of Merit">Members of the Order of Merit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="Category:Nobel laureates in Physics">Nobel laureates in Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Cheetham_Hill" title="Category:People from Cheetham Hill">People from Cheetham Hill</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Category:Presidents of the Royal Society">Presidents of the Royal Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Copley_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Copley Medal">Recipients of the Copley Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Royal_Medal_winners" title="Category:Royal Medal winners">Royal Medal winners</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Knights_Bachelor" title="Category:Knights Bachelor">Knights Bachelor</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Second_Wranglers" title="Category:Second Wranglers">Second Wranglers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Alumni_of_the_Victoria_University_of_Manchester" title="Category:Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester">Alumni of the Victoria University of Manchester</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_British_Science_Association" title="Category:Presidents of the British Science Association">Presidents of the British Science Association</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" title="Category:Presidents of the Institute of Physics">Presidents of the Institute of Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Physical_Society" title="Category:Presidents of the Physical Society">Presidents of the Physical Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_spectrometrists" title="Category:Mass spectrometrists">Mass spectrometrists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_the_Dalton_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of the Dalton Medal">Recipients of the Dalton Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cavendish_Professors_of_Physics" title="Category:Cavendish Professors of Physics">Cavendish Professors of Physics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Recipients_of_Franklin_Medal" title="Category:Recipients of Franklin Medal">Recipients of Franklin Medal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Members_of_the_American_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Members of the American Philosophical Society">Members of the American Philosophical Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_Cambridge_Philosophical_Society" title="Category:Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society">Presidents of the Cambridge Philosophical Society</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_missing_ISBNs" title="Category:Pages with missing ISBNs">Pages with missing ISBNs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_October_2013" title="Category:Use British English from October 2013">Use British English from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2013" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2013">Use dmy dates from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Biography_with_signature" title="Category:Biography with signature">Biography with signature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2012" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_August_2017" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from August 2017">Articles needing additional references from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Italian-language_sources_(it)" title="Category:CS1 Italian-language sources (it)">CS1 Italian-language sources (it)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons link is on Wikidata">Commons link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nobelprize_template_using_Wikidata_property_P8024" title="Category:Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024">Nobelprize template using Wikidata property P8024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Project_Gutenberg_links" title="Category:Articles with Project Gutenberg links">Articles with Project Gutenberg links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Internet_Archive_links" title="Category:Articles with Internet Archive links">Articles with Internet Archive links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 15:27<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=J._J._Thomson&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-szrlp","wgBackendResponseTime":214,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.547","walltime":"1.968","ppvisitednodes":{"value":28207,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":350209,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28955,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":13,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":316025,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1639.643 1 -total"," 31.98% 524.417 2 Template:Infobox_officeholder"," 23.39% 383.479 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.99% 262.180 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 10.14% 166.214 20 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.70% 142.669 34 Template:Infobox_officeholder/office"," 6.23% 102.124 7 Template:Navbox"," 5.13% 84.169 21 Template:Cite_web"," 4.51% 73.960 4 Template:Side_box"," 4.30% 70.445 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.836","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":14110029,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFChown1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooksA._L._Rockwood1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDahl1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDownard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalconer2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Johnstone_Stoney1891\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Johnstone_Stoney1894\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrayson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._J._Thomson1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._J._Thomson1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._J._Thomson1914\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_John_Thomson1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph_Thomson1876\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKim2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackenzie,_A._Stanley1896\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMellor1917\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNA2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarro2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNavarro2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Hara1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrme_Masson1921\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayleigh1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_John_Strutt1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSengupta2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson,_Joseph_John1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson,_Joseph_John1900\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson,_Joseph_John1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson,_Joseph_John1908\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1897\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThomson1906\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUniv1882\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWestminster_Abbey\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"1906 Nobel Prize winners\"] = 1,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Acad\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Birth date\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 21,\n [\"Clear\"] = 4,\n [\"Collapsible list\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons\"] = 1,\n [\"Copley Medallists 1901-1950\"] = 1,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Thomson, J. J.\"] = 1,\n [\"Dalton Medallists\"] = 1,\n [\"Death date and age\"] = 1,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Gutenberg author\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvtxt\"] = 1,\n [\"Hlist\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"ISBN missing\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox officeholder\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox scientist\"] = 1,\n [\"Internet Archive author\"] = 1,\n [\"Library resources box\"] = 1,\n [\"Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge\"] = 1,\n [\"More citations needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1901-1925\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobelprize\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Post-nominals\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Royal Society presidents 1900s\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aca\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 3,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 3,\n [\"S-break\"] = 1,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-npo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 3,\n [\"Scientists whose names are used as non SI units\"] = 1,\n [\"Scientists whose names are used in physical constants\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"The Timetables of Science\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 3,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikisource author\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-ccdbz","timestamp":"20241123231552","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"J. J. Thomson","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/J._J._Thomson","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47285","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q47285","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-07-27T01:42:14Z","dateModified":"2024-11-22T15:27:47Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c1\/J.J_Thomson.jpg","headline":"British physicist (1856-1940)"}</script> </body> </html>