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Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geskiedenisse_van_Tacitus" title="Geskiedenisse van Tacitus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Geskiedenisse van Tacitus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE" title="التواريخ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="التواريخ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B2ries_(T%C3%A0cit)" title="Històries (Tàcit) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Històries (Tàcit)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiae_(Tacitus)" title="Historiae (Tacitus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Historiae (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historias_(T%C3%A1cito)" title="Historias (Tácito) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Historias (Tácito)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AE_(%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B3)" title="تواریخ (تاسیتوس) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تواریخ (تاسیتوس)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoires_(Tacite)" title="Histoires (Tacite) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoires (Tacite)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%EC%8B%9C%EB%8C%80%EC%82%AC" title="동시대사 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동시대사" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povijesti_(Tacit)" title="Povijesti (Tacit) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Povijesti (Tacit)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiae_(Tacito)" title="Historiae (Tacito) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Historiae (Tacito)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiae_(Tacitus)" title="Historiae (Tacitus) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Historiae (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istorias_(Tacito)" title="Istorias (Tacito) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Istorias (Tacito)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiae_(Tacitus)" title="Historiae (Tacitus) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Historiae (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hist%C3%B3rias_(T%C3%A1cito)" title="Histórias (Tácito) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Histórias (Tácito)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="История (Тацит) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="История (Тацит)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zgodovine_(Tacit)" title="Zgodovine (Tacit) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Zgodovine (Tacit)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historije_(Tacit)" title="Historije (Tacit) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Historije (Tacit)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taistelu_keisarivallasta" title="Taistelu keisarivallasta – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Taistelu keisarivallasta" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiae_(Tacitus)" title="Historiae (Tacitus) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Historiae (Tacitus)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%82)" title="Історія (Тацит) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Історія (Тацит)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2_(%E5%A1%94%E8%A5%BF%E4%BD%97)" title="歷史 (塔西佗) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="歷史 (塔西佗)" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Tacitus' history of Rome from Nero to Domitian</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Histories_(Tacitus)" title="Special:EditPage/Histories (Tacitus)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Histories%22+Tacitus">"Histories" Tacitus</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Histories%22+Tacitus+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Histories%22+Tacitus&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Histories%22+Tacitus+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Histories%22+Tacitus">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Histories%22+Tacitus&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tacitus_Historiae_Liber_I._(Editio_princeps,_Venedig_1472).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tacitus_Historiae_Liber_I._%28Editio_princeps%2C_Venedig_1472%29.jpg/180px-Tacitus_Historiae_Liber_I._%28Editio_princeps%2C_Venedig_1472%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tacitus_Historiae_Liber_I._%28Editio_princeps%2C_Venedig_1472%29.jpg/270px-Tacitus_Historiae_Liber_I._%28Editio_princeps%2C_Venedig_1472%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Tacitus_Historiae_Liber_I._%28Editio_princeps%2C_Venedig_1472%29.jpg/360px-Tacitus_Historiae_Liber_I._%28Editio_princeps%2C_Venedig_1472%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="894" data-file-height="1179" /></a><figcaption>First page of the <i>Histories</i> in its <a href="/wiki/Editio_princeps" title="Editio princeps">first printed edition</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Histories</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Historiae</i>) is a Roman historical chronicle by <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a>. Written <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 100–110</span>, its complete form covered <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 69–96</span>, a period which includes the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_Four_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Year of Four Emperors">Year of Four Emperors</a> following the downfall of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, as well as the period between the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a> under <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> and the death of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin104_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin104-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the surviving portion of the work only reaches the year 70 and the very beginning of the reign of Vespasian. </p><p>Together, the <i>Histories</i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> amounted to 30 books. <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> refers to these books explicitly, and about half of them have survived. Although scholars disagree on how to assign the books to each work, traditionally, fourteen are assigned to <i>Histories</i> and sixteen to the <i>Annals</i>. Tacitus' friend <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a> referred to "your histories" when writing to Tacitus about the earlier work.<sup id="cite_ref-Yardley_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Yardley-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time Tacitus had completed the <i>Histories</i>, it covered <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman history</a> from AD 69, following <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s death, to AD 96, the end of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>'s reign. The <i>Annals</i> deals with the five decades before Nero, from AD 14, the reign of <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a>, to AD 68, when Nero died.<sup id="cite_ref-Martin104_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin104-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subject_matter">Subject matter</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histories_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subject matter"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Empire_69.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/300px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/450px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Roman_Empire_69.svg/600px-Roman_Empire_69.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2228" data-file-height="1675" /></a><figcaption>The Roman Empire, 69. After the death of emperor <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>, the four most influential noblemen in the Empire successively vied for the imperial power.</figcaption></figure> <p>In one of the first chapters of the <i><a href="/wiki/Agricola_(book)" title="Agricola (book)">Agricola</a></i>, Tacitus states that he wishes to speak about the years of <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a>. In the <i>Histories</i>, the project has been modified: in the introduction, Tacitus says that he will deal with the age of Nerva and Trajan at a later time. Instead, he covers the period that started with the civil wars of the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_Four_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Year of Four Emperors">Year of Four Emperors</a> and ended with the despotism of the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavians</a>. Only the first four books and the first 26 chapters of the fifth book have survived, covering the year 69 and the first part of 70. The work is believed to have continued up to <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>'s death on September 18, 96. The fifth book contains—as a prelude to the account of Titus' victory in the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>—a short ethnographic survey of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a>—and is an invaluable record of the educated Romans' attitude towards that people. </p><p>Tacitus wrote the <i>Histories</i> 30 years later, not long after Nerva's seizure of power, which bore similarities to the events of the year 69, when four emperors — <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> — each took power in quick succession. The mode of their accession showed that because imperial power was based on the support of the legions, an emperor could now be chosen not only at Rome, but anywhere in the empire where sufficient legions were amassed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a>, like Galba, came to the throne by senatorial designation, after the violent death of the previous emperor, Domitian. Like Galba, Nerva had to deal with a revolt of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorians</a> and like Galba, he had designated his successor by the traditional expedient of <a href="/wiki/Adoption" title="Adoption">adoption</a>. Galba, described by Tacitus as a feeble old man, had chosen a successor unable, due to his severity, to obtain the faith and the control of the troops. Nerva, instead, had consolidated his power by making a link between the throne and Trajan, who was general of the Upper Rhine legions and popular throughout the army. It is probable that Tacitus was a member of the imperial council in which Trajan was chosen to be adopted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ideology">Ideology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histories_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ideology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the first book of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Historiae</i></span>, a speech put in the mouth of Galba makes clear Tacitus' ideological and political position. Galba's pure respect for formality and lack of political realism rendered him unable to control events. In contrast, Nerva adopted Trajan, who was able to keep the legions unified, to keep the army out of imperial politics, to stop disorder among the legions, and thus to prevent rival claimants to the throne. Tacitus was sure that only the <i><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">principatus</a></i> (the "prince", that is, the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">monarchical</a> emperor) could maintain peace, the fidelity of the armies, and the cohesion of the empire. </p><p>Discussing <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Augustus Caesar</a>'s rise to power, Tacitus says that after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Battle of Actium</a>, the unification of the power in the hands of a prince was necessary to keep the peace. The prince ought not to be a tyrant, like Domitian, nor a fool, like Galba. He should be able to keep the <i><a href="/wiki/Imperium" title="Imperium">imperium</a></i> safe, while saving the prestige and the dignity of the Senate. (<a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca</a> addresses the same point). Tacitus considered the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Five_Good_Emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Good Emperors">adoptive Emperors</a> the only possible solution to the problems of Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Style">Style</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histories_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The style of narration is rapid, reflecting the speed of the events. The narrative rhythm leaves no space to slow down or digress. To write effectively in this style, Tacitus had to summarize substantial information from his sources. Sometimes he skips parts; more usually he divides the story into single scenes and, in this way, creates a dramatic narration. </p><p>Tacitus is a master at describing a mass of people. He knows how to portray the mass when it is calm; he knows equally how to show the threat of insurrection and panic-stricken flight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Opinion" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view/FAQ#Assert_facts,_not_opinions" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ"><span title="This statement may be opinion presented as fact. (September 2022)">opinion</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Tacitus writes from the point of view of an aristocrat. He shows fear, mixed with disdain, for the soldiers' tumult and for the rabble of the capital. He also holds in low esteem those members of the Senate whose behavior he describes with malice, insisting upon the contrast between their public image and the unconfessable reality: adulation, conspiracy, and ambition. The <i>Historiae</i> is a grim work; it speaks throughout of violence, dishonesty, and injustice. </p><p>Tacitus skillfully shows the characters, alternating short and sharp notations with complete portraits. His technique is similar to that of <a href="/wiki/Sallust" title="Sallust">Sallust</a>: incongruency, <a href="/wiki/Parataxis" title="Parataxis">parataxis</a>, and loose stylistic structure combine to make the characters sharp. The influence of Sallust is clear in the rest of Tacitus' style as well. Tacitus improves on the method, stressing the tension between <i><a href="/wiki/Gravitas" title="Gravitas">gravitas</a></i>, which connects the narrative with the past, and <i><a href="/wiki/Pathos" title="Pathos">pathos</a></i>, which makes it dramatic. Tacitus loves <a href="/wiki/Ellipsis" title="Ellipsis">ellipsis</a> of verbs and conjunctions. He uses irregular constructs and frequent changes of subject, to give variety and movement to the narration. It often happens that when a sentence seems finished, it is extended with a surprising <i>tail</i> that adds a comment, which is usually alluding or indirect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>It has been theorized that Tacitus' style is based on that of <a href="/wiki/Pompeius_Trogus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeius Trogus">Pompeius Trogus</a>, due to the similarity between his style and that of the later <a href="/wiki/Justin_(historian)" title="Justin (historian)">Justin</a> in his <a href="/wiki/Historia_Philippicae_et_Totius_Mundi_Origines_et_Terrae_Situs" class="mw-redirect" title="Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs">Historia Philippicae et Totius Mundi Origines et Terrae Situs</a>, which was based on the work of Trogus. However, this interpretation is disputed, and an alternative is that Justin's style was based on the work of Tacitus.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content">Content</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histories_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Content"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Book</th> <th>Subject </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Reign of <a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> threatens Otho's reign. </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Otho loses to Vitellius at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bedriacum" title="Battle of Bedriacum">Bedriacum</a>; Otho's suicide. <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a> ascends to the emperorship, is challenged by <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Vitellius is challenged by Vespasian in Italy. Vitellius's forces collapse, and Vitellius is murdered by Vespasian's troops. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Batavian units of the Roman Army revolt, beginning of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Batavian_War&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Batavian War (page does not exist)">Batavian War</a>. Vespasian and his son <a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a> are discussed.. </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> is placed in command of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>. Batavian War ends. </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histories_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)"><i>Annals</i> (Tacitus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitean_studies" title="Tacitean studies">Tacitean studies</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histories_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Martin104-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Martin104_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Martin104_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMartin,_Ronald_H.1981" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Ronald H. (1981). <i>Tacitus and the Writing of History</i>. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-04427-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-04427-4"><bdi>0-520-04427-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tacitus+and+the+Writing+of+History&rft.pages=104-105&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-520-04427-4&rft.au=Martin%2C+Ronald+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistories+%28Tacitus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Yardley-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Yardley_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacitus,_Cornelius2008" class="citation book cs1">Tacitus, Cornelius (12 June 2008). <i>The Annals: The Reigns of Tiberius, Claudius, and Nero</i>. Translated by Yardley, J. C. Oxford. pp. ii–xxvii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282421-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-282421-9"><bdi>978-0-19-282421-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals%3A+The+Reigns+of+Tiberius%2C+Claudius%2C+and+Nero&rft.pages=ii-xxvii&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2008-06-12&rft.isbn=978-0-19-282421-9&rft.au=Tacitus%2C+Cornelius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistories+%28Tacitus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett2014" class="citation journal cs1">Bartlett, Brett (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.ncl.ac.uk/histos/documents/2014A09BartlettJustinsEpitome.pdf">"Justin's <i>Epitome</i>: The unlikely adaptation of Trogus' world history"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Histos</i>. <b>8</b>: 250<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Histos&rft.atitle=Justin%27s+Epitome%3A+The+unlikely+adaptation+of+Trogus%27+world+history&rft.volume=8&rft.pages=250&rft.date=2014-07&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=Brett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.ncl.ac.uk%2Fhistos%2Fdocuments%2F2014A09BartlettJustinsEpitome.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistories+%28Tacitus%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histories_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1958" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1958). <i>Tacitus</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-814327-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-814327-3"><bdi>0-19-814327-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tacitus&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=0-19-814327-3&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistories+%28Tacitus%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Damon" title="Cynthia Damon">Damon, Cynthia</a> (2003) <i>Tacitus, Histories, Book I</i> (Cambridge Greek and Latin Classics) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-57822-6">978-0-521-57822-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Histories_(Tacitus)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> 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oratoribus</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Histories</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_(Tacitus)" title="Annals (Tacitus)">Annals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_on_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacitus on Christ">Tacitus on Christ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tacitean_studies" title="Tacitean studies">Tacitean studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_mentioned_in_the_works_of_Tacitus" title="List of people mentioned in the works of Tacitus">List of people mentioned in the works of Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_Trap" title="Tacitus Trap">Tacitus Trap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span 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