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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turbulent_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Turbulent times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turbulent_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subdivision_and_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subdivision_and_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Subdivision and law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subdivision_and_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Churches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Churches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Churches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Churches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sami_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sami_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sami people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sami_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heraldry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heraldry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Heraldry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heraldry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Current_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Current_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Current administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Current_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Physical geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Physical geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Physical_geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wildlife subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Flora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Population-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Population subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Famous_natives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Famous_natives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Famous natives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Famous_natives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lifestyle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifestyle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Lifestyle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifestyle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Folklore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Folk_costumes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Folk_costumes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Folk costumes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Folk_costumes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dialects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dialects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>Dialects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dialects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provincial_character" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provincial_character"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Provincial character</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provincial_character-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Republic_of_Jamtland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republic_of_Jamtland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Republic of Jamtland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republic_of_Jamtland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.9</span> <span>Sports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input 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type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="يمتلاند – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يمتلاند" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Емтланд (правінцыя) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Емтланд (правінцыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8)" title="Емтланд (провинци) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Емтланд (провинци)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CE%AD%CE%BC%CF%84%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Γιέμτλαντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιέμτλαντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jemtia" title="Jemtia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Jemtia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="یمتلاند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یمتلاند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%98%ED%8B%80%EB%9E%80%EB%93%9C" title="옘틀란드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="옘틀란드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B5%D5%B4%D5%A9%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4" title="Եմթլանդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Եմթլանդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamtaland" title="Jamtaland – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Jamtaland" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iemtia" title="Iemtia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iemtia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_tartom%C3%A1ny" title="Jämtland tartomány – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jämtland tartomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AA%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ემტლანდიშ პროვინცია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ემტლანდიშ პროვინცია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%A0%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E5%9C%B0%E6%96%B9" title="イェムトランド地方 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イェムトランド地方" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamtland" title="Jamtland – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jamtland" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%B9%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88" title="جامٹلینڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جامٹلینڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="یمتلاند – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="یمتلاند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_(kraina)" title="Jämtland (kraina) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jämtland (kraina)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Емтланд (провинция) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Емтланд (провинция)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%84%D0%BC%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_(%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BF)" title="Ємтланд (ландскап) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ємтланд (ландскап)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%86%DA%88" title="جامتلنڈ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جامتلنڈ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Jämtland – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Jämtland" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y%C3%A4mtl%C3%A4ni%C3%A4n_(l%C3%A4natop%C3%A4d)" title="Yämtläniän (länatopäd) – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Yämtläniän (länatopäd)" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E5%A7%86%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD" title="耶姆特蘭 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耶姆特蘭" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=J%C3%A4mtland&params=63_00_N_14_40_E_region:SE_type:adm1st_source:GNS-enwiki"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">63°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">63.000°N 14.667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">63.000; 14.667</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemtia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Jemtia">Jemtia</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical province of Sweden</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the traditional province. For the administrative county, see <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_County" title="Jämtland County">Jämtland County</a>. For the Riksdag constituency, see <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_County_(Riksdag_constituency)" title="Jämtland County (Riksdag constituency)">Jämtland County (Riksdag constituency)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Special:EditPage/Jämtland">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22J%C3%A4mtland%22">"Jämtland"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22J%C3%A4mtland%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22J%C3%A4mtland%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22J%C3%A4mtland%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22J%C3%A4mtland%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22J%C3%A4mtland%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical province in Norrland, Sweden</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Jämtland</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">Historical province</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A4mtlands_vapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Jämtland"><img alt="Coat of arms of Jämtland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J%C3%A4mtlands_vapen.svg/100px-J%C3%A4mtlands_vapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J%C3%A4mtlands_vapen.svg/150px-J%C3%A4mtlands_vapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/J%C3%A4mtlands_vapen.svg/200px-J%C3%A4mtlands_vapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="300" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sverigekarta-Landskap_J%C3%A4mtland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sverigekarta-Landskap_J%C3%A4mtland.svg/250px-Sverigekarta-Landskap_J%C3%A4mtland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="569" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sverigekarta-Landskap_J%C3%A4mtland.svg/375px-Sverigekarta-Landskap_J%C3%A4mtland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Sverigekarta-Landskap_J%C3%A4mtland.svg/500px-Sverigekarta-Landskap_J%C3%A4mtland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="660" /></a></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=J%C3%A4mtland&params=63_00_N_14_40_E_type:city(119508)_region:SE"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">63°00′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°40′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">63.000°N 14.667°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">63.000; 14.667</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/40px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/60px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_Sweden" title="Lands of Sweden">Land</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norrland" title="Norrland">Norrland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Counties</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_County" title="Jämtland County">Jämtland County</a><br /><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sternorrland_County" title="Västernorrland County">Västernorrland County</a><br /><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten_County" title="Västerbotten County">Västerbotten County</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">34,009 km<sup>2</sup> (13,131 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(31 December 2023)<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">119,508</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">3.5/km<sup>2</sup> (9.1/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">jämtlending</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Ethnicity<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Dialect</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jamtlandic_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtlandic dialects">Jamtlandic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Culture<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Flower</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">Orchid</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Animal</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">Moose</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Bird</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_hawk-owl" title="Northern hawk-owl">Hawk owl</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Fish</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">Brown trout</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Time" title="Central European Time">CET</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B2" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+2">UTC+2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Central_European_Summer_Time" title="Central European Summer Time">CEST</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Jämtland</b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Swedish:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sv-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[ˈjɛ̌mːtland]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/ea\/Sv-J%C3%A4mtland.ogg\/Sv-J%C3%A4mtland.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Sv-J\u00e4mtland.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ea/Sv-J%C3%A4mtland.ogg/Sv-J%C3%A4mtland.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Sv-J%C3%A4mtland.ogg" title="File:Sv-Jämtland.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>) is a historical <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Sweden" title="Provinces of Sweden">province</a> (<span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">landskap</i></span>) in the centre of <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medelpad" title="Medelpad">Medelpad</a> to the south, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngermanland" title="Ångermanland">Ångermanland</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Lapland,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapland, Sweden">Lapland</a> to the north and <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndelag" title="Trøndelag">Trøndelag</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> to the west. Jämtland covers an area of 34,009 square kilometres, 8.3% of Sweden's total area and is the second largest province in Sweden. It has a population of 115,331,<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the majority of whom live in <span title="Swedish-language text"><i lang="sv">Storsjöbygden</i></span>, the area surrounding lake <a href="/wiki/Storsj%C3%B6n" title="Storsjön">Storsjön</a>. <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a> is Jämtland's only city and is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Sweden_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Sweden by population">24th most populous city in Sweden</a>. The historical province is one of the least densely populated. </p><p>Jämtland was originally an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-republic_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-republic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its own <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-republic_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-republic-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with its own <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament" title="Parliament">parliament</a>. Jämtland was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> in 1178 and stayed Norwegian for over 450 years until it was ceded to Sweden in 1645. The province has since been Swedish for roughly 370 years, though the population did not gain Swedish citizenship until 1699. The province's identity is manifested with the concept of a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Jamtland" title="Republic of Jamtland">republic</a> within the kingdom of Sweden, although this is only done semi-seriously.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, socially and politically Jämtland has been a special territory between Norway and Sweden. This in itself is symbolized in the province's coat of arms where Jämtland, the silver moose, is threatened from the east and from the west. During the unrest period in Jämtland's history (1563–1677) it shifted alignment between the two states no less than 13 times.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6stenen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6stenen.jpg/250px-Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6stenen.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6stenen.jpg/330px-Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6stenen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Frösö Runestone</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Etymology_of_J%C3%A4mtland" title="Etymology of Jämtland">Etymology of Jämtland</a></div> <p>Jämtland's name derives from its inhabitants, the Jamts.<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name can be traced back to Europe's northernmost <a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">runestone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6_Runestone" title="Frösö Runestone">Frösö Runestone</a> from the 11th century, where it is found as <i>eotalont</i> (normalized <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>: <i>Jamtaland</i>). The <a href="/wiki/Root_(linguistics)" title="Root (linguistics)">root</a> of Jamt (<a href="/wiki/Old_West_Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Old West Norse">Old West Norse</a>: <i>jamti</i>), and thus Jämtland, derives from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <a href="/wiki/Word_stem" title="Word stem">word stem</a> <i>emat-</i> meaning persistent, efficient, enduring and hardworking.<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Proto-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Norse">Proto-Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Prefix" title="Prefix">prefix</a> <i>eota</i> (<i>jamta</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a> <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a> case. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olav_den_helliges_saga_-_Torodd_Arnljott_Geline_-_H._Egedius_-_H._Egedius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Olav_den_helliges_saga_-_Torodd_Arnljott_Geline_-_H._Egedius_-_H._Egedius.jpg/250px-Olav_den_helliges_saga_-_Torodd_Arnljott_Geline_-_H._Egedius_-_H._Egedius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Olav_den_helliges_saga_-_Torodd_Arnljott_Geline_-_H._Egedius_-_H._Egedius.jpg/330px-Olav_den_helliges_saga_-_Torodd_Arnljott_Geline_-_H._Egedius_-_H._Egedius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Olav_den_helliges_saga_-_Torodd_Arnljott_Geline_-_H._Egedius_-_H._Egedius.jpg/500px-Olav_den_helliges_saga_-_Torodd_Arnljott_Geline_-_H._Egedius_-_H._Egedius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="576" data-file-height="346" /></a><figcaption>Jämtland does not mean "the even country" but rather "Jamts' land". In this picture the <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Viking</a> Arnljot Gelline from Jämtland is seen moving through the landscape.</figcaption></figure> <p>It is not known how the Jamts got their name. One possible explanation is presented in the <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Icelandic</a> work <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> from the 13th century. In the <a href="/wiki/Heimskringla#Contents" title="Heimskringla">Saga of Håkon Góði</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a> narrates about Kettil Jamti, a son of Anund <a href="/wiki/Jarl_(title)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jarl (title)">Jarl</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sparbu" title="Sparbu">Sparbu</a> in Trøndelag who fled from Norway when <a href="/wiki/Harald_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald I of Norway">Harald Fairhair</a> united the country with brute force in the 9th century. His descendants then came to bear his <a href="/wiki/Family_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Family name">name</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> An alternative explanation comes from the excessive iron production that took place in the province before the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Folk_etymology" title="Folk etymology">folk etymological</a> theory is that the name ought to have something to do with the "even" (as in level or flat) parts around the <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a> <a href="/wiki/Storsj%C3%B6n" title="Storsjön">Storsjön</a>. This theory is based on the similarity between the Swedish words <i>jämt</i> (from <i>emat-</i>) and <i>jämnt</i> (from Germanic <i>*ebna</i>, "even").<sup id="cite_ref-etymology_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-etymology-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The name Jämtland with an <a href="/wiki/%C3%84" title="Ä">Ä</a> is a 20th-century Swedish alteration of the older spelling <i>Jemtland</i>. Localities settled by Jamtish emigrants such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jemtland,_Ringsaker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jemtland, Ringsaker (page does not exist)">Jemtland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ringsaker" title="Ringsaker">Ringsaker</a>, Norway and <a href="/wiki/Jemtland,_Maine" title="Jemtland, Maine">Jemtland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>, United States were founded before the alteration occurred. In the nearby Norwegian province of Trøndelag old settlements such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamt%C3%B8ya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamtøya (page does not exist)">Jamtøya</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamtgarden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamtgarden (page does not exist)">Jamtgarden</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamt%C3%A5sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamtåsen (page does not exist)">Jamtåsen</a> all use the prefix <i>Jamt-</i>, just like the regional name, however the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a> name for Jämtland is <i>Jamtlainn</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-verdal_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verdal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whilst the Jamtish name is <i>Jamtland</i>. As the d is silent the form <i>Jamtlann</i> is also common. The regional name <i>Jamtland</i> has only status as an official form in <a href="/wiki/Nynorsk" title="Nynorsk">Nynorsk</a><sup id="cite_ref-verdal_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-verdal-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but is popularly used among locals which is one of the reasons as to why the regional museum was given the dialectal name <a href="/wiki/Jamtli" title="Jamtli">Jamtli</a> (Swedish <i>jämtsk backsluttning</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Jamtish hillside". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Overly_detailed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-overly_detailed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>may contain an excessive amount of intricate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DETAIL" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DETAIL">detail</a> that may interest only a particular audience</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Content_forking#Article_spinoffs:_.22Summary_style.22_meta-articles_and_summary_sections" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Content forking">spinning off</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">October 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_J%C3%A4mtland" title="History of Jämtland">History of Jämtland</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elanden_van_Glosa_20juli2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Elanden_van_Glosa_20juli2005.jpg/260px-Elanden_van_Glosa_20juli2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Elanden_van_Glosa_20juli2005.jpg/390px-Elanden_van_Glosa_20juli2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Elanden_van_Glosa_20juli2005.jpg/520px-Elanden_van_Glosa_20juli2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Petroglyphs in <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B6sa" title="Glösa">Glösa</a>, made approximately 5,000 years ago, displaying primarily moose. Several internal <a href="/wiki/Organ_(anatomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ (anatomy)">organs</a> have been painted out. The carvings are very similar to the ones found in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moelv_(Tr%C3%B8ndelag)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moelv (Trøndelag) (page does not exist)">Moelv</a> in Trøndelag and also resemble the <a href="/wiki/Cave_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave art">cave art</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Altamira" title="Cave of Altamira">Altamira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>. A carved ram from Glösa appears in <a href="/wiki/Krokom_Municipality" title="Krokom Municipality">Krokom's</a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Some finds from the time before humans have been discovered in Jämtland, most notably the remains from a <a href="/wiki/Woolly_mammoth" title="Woolly mammoth">woolly mammoth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimstad" title="Pilgrimstad">Pilgrimstad</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first humans came to Jämtland from the west across <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">the Keel</a> approximately 7000–6000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Before Christ">BC</a>, after the <a href="/wiki/Last_glacial_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Last glacial period">last ice age</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The climate was at the time much warmer than today and trees such as <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak</a> were growing at the top of today's mountains. Several thousand archaeological remains have been located in the province, predominantly near old camp-sites, beaches and lakes. The oldest settlement found is located at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Foskvattnet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Foskvattnet (page does not exist)">Foskvattnet</a>, not far way from the so-called <a href="/wiki/Fosna-Hensbacka_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Fosna-Hensbacka culture">Fosna culture</a>, this settlement has been dated to 6600 BC. In Jämtland the moose was the dominant prey, which is clearly shown on <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> and rock paintings in for example <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A4rde" title="Gärde">Gärde</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%B6sa" title="Glösa">Glösa</a>. Jämtland has over 20,000 documented <a href="/wiki/Ancient_monument" title="Ancient monument">ancient monuments</a>, the oldest one being an arrowhead found in Åflo near <a href="/wiki/Kax%C3%A5s" title="Kaxås">Kaxås</a> in <a href="/wiki/Offerdal" title="Offerdal">Offerdal</a> parish possibly older than 8,000 years, which would make it one of the oldest Stone Age finds in all of Sweden.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Rock paintings found in Jämtland often collocates with various <a href="/wiki/Trapping_pit" title="Trapping pit">trapping pits</a> and well over 10,000 pits used for hunting have been located, which is much more than any other Scandinavian region. Trapping or hunting pits were placed in areas in close proximity of the hunted animal in question, usually in known places where the animals moved. Because of this there are several places where pits have been dug separately in lines stretching on for miles throughout the landscape. Several <a href="/wiki/Place_name" class="mw-redirect" title="Place name">place names</a> in Jämtland still display the significance these pits had to the tribes. </p> <table border="0" align="center" cellpadding="10px cellspacing" style="height:230; valign:bottom"> <tbody><tr align="center" valign="top"> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A5ngstgrop_Hoting_070715.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/F%C3%A5ngstgrop_Hoting_070715.JPG/163px-F%C3%A5ngstgrop_Hoting_070715.JPG" decoding="async" width="163" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/F%C3%A5ngstgrop_Hoting_070715.JPG/244px-F%C3%A5ngstgrop_Hoting_070715.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/F%C3%A5ngstgrop_Hoting_070715.JPG/325px-F%C3%A5ngstgrop_Hoting_070715.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:F%C3%A5ngsj%C3%B6n_h%C3%A4llm%C3%A5lning_%C3%A4lg_010423.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/F%C3%A5ngsj%C3%B6n_h%C3%A4llm%C3%A5lning_%C3%A4lg_010423.JPG/250px-F%C3%A5ngsj%C3%B6n_h%C3%A4llm%C3%A5lning_%C3%A4lg_010423.JPG" decoding="async" width="163" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/F%C3%A5ngsj%C3%B6n_h%C3%A4llm%C3%A5lning_%C3%A4lg_010423.JPG/330px-F%C3%A5ngsj%C3%B6n_h%C3%A4llm%C3%A5lning_%C3%A4lg_010423.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fangsjon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fangsjon.jpg/163px-Fangsjon.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fangsjon.jpg/244px-Fangsjon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Fangsjon.jpg/325px-Fangsjon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skorbrant,_Stromsund,_15_juni_2005.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Skorbrant%2C_Stromsund%2C_15_juni_2005.JPG/250px-Skorbrant%2C_Stromsund%2C_15_juni_2005.JPG" decoding="async" width="163" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Skorbrant%2C_Stromsund%2C_15_juni_2005.JPG/330px-Skorbrant%2C_Stromsund%2C_15_juni_2005.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr align="center" valign="top"> <td width="100">Trapping pit </td> <td width="100">A moose painted with <a href="/wiki/Red_ochre" class="mw-redirect" title="Red ochre">red ochre</a> near <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A5ngsj%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fångsjön (page does not exist)">Fångsjön</a> </td> <td width="100">Fångsjön rock art site, dated to 2500-2000 BC </td> <td width="100">Burned rocks in northern Jämtland </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A Jamtish <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> culture emerged during late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Storsj%C3%B6bygden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storsjöbygden (page does not exist)">Storsjöbygden</a>, although the hunter-gatherers had come in contact with this lifestyle long before they settled down themselves. Since the hunts were rich and successful in Jämtland, it took a long time before a change occurred.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> happened quickly once initiated since the <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8nder" class="mw-redirect" title="Trønder">Trønders</a> had been farmers for a long time and some of the Jamts had already begun <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Jamtish farmers grew first and foremost <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, although <a href="/wiki/Palynological" class="mw-redirect" title="Palynological">palynological</a> study also show <a href="/wiki/Hemp" title="Hemp">hemp</a>. At the end of the 4th century a <a href="/wiki/Fortress" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress">fortress</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mj%C3%A4lleborgen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mjälleborgen (page does not exist)">Mjälleborgen</a>, was established on Frösön to control the iron production and <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> that took place. At the same time <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgans</a> start appearing in the Jamtish landscape, just like in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bertnem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bertnem (page does not exist)">Bertnem</a> in Trøndelag and <a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B6gom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Högom (page does not exist)">Högom</a> in Medelpad. The western influence from Trøndelag through Jämtland to Norrland was at the time extensive. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.JPG/330px-Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.JPG/500px-Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.JPG/960px-Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3256" data-file-height="1806" /></a><figcaption>Frösön during winter. This island, named after <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>, the Norse god of <a href="/wiki/Fecundity" title="Fecundity">fecundity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Love" title="Love">love</a>, was the regional centre of Jämtland for ages.</figcaption></figure> <p>The expansion of settlement was somewhat halted in the 7th century and Mjälleborgen was abandoned in the 8th century. A <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">human migration</a> occurred at the same time and the people concentrated themselves around Storsjön with villages such as <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n" title="Frösön">Frösön</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brunflo" title="Brunflo">Brunflo</a>, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6d%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Rödön">Rödön</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hack%C3%A5s" title="Hackås">Hackås</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lockne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lockne (page does not exist)">Lockne</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=N%C3%A4s_(village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Näs (village) (page does not exist)">Näs</a> being larger communities. Storsjöbygden became an <a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">oasis</a> in the middle of the Scandinavian inland, surrounded by dense forest. <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">Horses</a> were the only reliable means of transportation and therefore a necessity. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>, the settlement in the province grew. This confirms the sagas written by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>, where he narrates about the Vikings who fled from <a href="/wiki/Harald_Fairhair" title="Harald Fairhair">Harald Fairhair</a> and Norway and took residence in Jämtland, just like many Norwegians at the same time fled and colonized Iceland. When a <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_(general_concept)" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change (general concept)">climate change</a> (which later resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Warm_Period" title="Medieval Warm Period">Medieval Warm Period</a>) took place, Frösön acquired the position as regional centre. The warmer climate made the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> flourish, the stock-raising and the special inland Scandinavian <a href="/wiki/Herding" title="Herding">herding</a> or "livestock drifting", <i>buföring</i>, was developed further. This is especially true for the southern parts of Jämtland when the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fell</a> cow" was introduced. The hunt for moose and other wild animals increased during this period. <a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religiously</a> the Jamts had abandoned the <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">indigenous Germanic tribal religion</a> in favour of the Christian faith. In religious practice, Jämtland was dominated by the older <a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir">Vanir</a> gods (<a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Njord" class="mw-redirect" title="Njord">Njord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a> etc.), although the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsirs</a> were also worshiped.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As the population continued to grow, the Jamts established a <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">Thing (assembly)</a>, just like other Germanic tribes. <a href="/wiki/Jamtam%C3%B3t" title="Jamtamót">Jamtamót</a> came into existence shortly after the world's oldest parliament, the Icelandic <a href="/wiki/Althing" title="Althing">Althing</a>, was instituted in 930 CE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jamtamót is unique in Scandinavia since it is the only one referred to as <i>mót</i> instead of <i>þing</i>, although they have the same meaning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval_period">Medieval period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Medieval period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_Jamtland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Seal_of_Jamtland.svg/220px-Seal_of_Jamtland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Seal_of_Jamtland.svg/330px-Seal_of_Jamtland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8b/Seal_of_Jamtland.svg/440px-Seal_of_Jamtland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="314" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Magnus_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus VI of Norway">Magnus VI of Norway</a>, named “the law-mender”, gave Jämtland its first known <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">seal</a> 1274. <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Norway" title="Coat of arms of Norway">The Norwegian Lion</a> has an <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olav</a>-axe and the shield is crownless, which indicates that it is a “realm seal”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and not a province dito. Besides Jämtland, only the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney islands</a> received this type of seal.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mattmar_kyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mattmar_kyrka.jpg/220px-Mattmar_kyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mattmar_kyrka.jpg/330px-Mattmar_kyrka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Mattmar_kyrka.jpg/440px-Mattmar_kyrka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Medieval church in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mattmar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mattmar (page does not exist)">Mattmar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Jämtland was <a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianized</a> in the middle of the 11th century when the <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6_Runestone" title="Frösö Runestone">Frösö Runestone</a> appeared (the only one in the world that tells about the christening of a country), shortly after <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf II of Norway</a> died in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stiklestad" title="Battle of Stiklestad">Battle of Stiklestad</a> just west of Jämtland. During this period Jämtland turned into a Christian region and the first church, <a href="/w/index.php?title=V%C3%A4sterhus_chapel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Västerhus chapel (page does not exist)">Västerhus chapel</a> was built shortly after the runestone appeared. </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>'s Sagas<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2013)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> the Jamts sometimes paid taxes to Norwegian kings such as <a href="/wiki/Haakon_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon I of Norway">Håkon Adalsteinsfostre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eystein_I_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Eystein I of Norway">Øystein Magnusson</a> for protection. The Sagas also mentions that the Jamts at one occasion also paid taxes to a king in <a href="/wiki/Svealand" title="Svealand">Svealand</a>. The Sagas reliability on the matter has been defined as low.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the oldest written source for Norway, <i><a href="/wiki/Historia_Norwegi%C3%A6" title="Historia Norwegiæ">Historia Norwegiæ</a></i>, it is however clearly stated that Norway borders in the north-east to Jämtland. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Civil_war_era_in_Norway" title="Civil war era in Norway">civil war era in Norway</a> Jämtland was defeated by king <a href="/wiki/Sverre_of_Norway" title="Sverre of Norway">Sverre of Norway</a> after losing the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Storsj%C3%B6n" title="Battle of Storsjön">Battle of Storsjön</a>. This was the last war fought by the Jamts under their own elected leaders.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The consequences of this defeat was less <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Jämtland never became a fully integrated part of Norway and had the same status in the Kingdom of Norway (872–1397) as the Atlantic isles like <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, even though Jämtland was connected by land with the rest of Norway. This is clearly shown when <a href="/wiki/Haakon_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon V of Norway">Haakon V of Norway</a> refers to Jämtland as his "eastern realm — <i>öystræ rikinu</i>".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iempihia,_Carta_Marina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Iempihia%2C_Carta_Marina.jpg/220px-Iempihia%2C_Carta_Marina.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Iempihia%2C_Carta_Marina.jpg/330px-Iempihia%2C_Carta_Marina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Iempihia%2C_Carta_Marina.jpg/440px-Iempihia%2C_Carta_Marina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="443" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>A detail from <a href="/wiki/Olaus_Magnus" title="Olaus Magnus">Olaus Magnus</a>’ <i><a href="/wiki/Carta_Marina" class="mw-redirect" title="Carta Marina">Carta Marina</a></i> (1539). Jämtland is <a href="/wiki/Latinisation_(literature)" class="mw-redirect" title="Latinisation (literature)">Latinized</a> as "Iempihia".</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turbulent_times">Turbulent times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Turbulent times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Norway was forced into a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denmark-Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Denmark-Norway">Denmark-Norway</a>) in 1536 Jämtland came to be governed from <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> When the <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant Reformation">reformation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a> survived in some places into the 17th century) was forced upon the population when the kings took control of the church. Sweden's separation from the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a> transferred Jämtland from a central Scandinavian region into a border region between two aggressive states. This eventually led to conflict, first in 1563 during the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Seven_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Seven Years' War">Nordic Seven Years' War</a> (after which Jämtland was put under the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Nidaros" title="Diocese of Nidaros">diocese of Nidaros</a>), then in 1611 during the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a>. Conflict continued and Jämtland was occupied yet again in 1644 during the <a href="/wiki/Hannibal_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannibal War">Hannibal War</a> by Swedish forces under the command of <a href="/wiki/Henrik_Fleming" title="Henrik Fleming">Henrik Fleming</a>. The Swedish troops were however quickly driven out by Norwegians and locals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Sweden did however win that war in the south and received Jämtland as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Br%C3%B6msebro_(1645)" title="Second Treaty of Brömsebro (1645)">Treaty of Brömsebro</a> in 1645.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jemtland.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jemtland.png/310px-Jemtland.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Jemtland.png/465px-Jemtland.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Jemtland.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption>Jämtland – the land in between (<i>mitt emellom</i>). There are only a few kilometers to the <a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a> as well as to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>, which has led Jämtland often to be occupied by foreign powers. This map from 1905 shows the then <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_County" title="Jämtland County">Jämtland County</a>, comprising Jämtland and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A4rjedalen" title="Härjedalen">Härjedalen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After this Denmark-Norway tried to regain the province, first in 1657 (<a href="/wiki/Dano-Swedish_War_(1657-1658)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dano-Swedish War (1657-1658)">Dano-Swedish war of 1657</a>) where the Norwegians were hailed as liberators.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Then for a longer period in 1677 with the <i><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Jemtland" title="Conquest of Jemtland">conquest of Jemtland</a></i>. The Jamts conducted <a href="/wiki/Snapphane" title="Snapphane">snapphane</a> (guerilla) warfare against the Swedish army and during this time a Jamt from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lockne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lockne (page does not exist)">Lockne</a>, the first known Jamtish poet, wrote a scurrilous song that was sung throughout the province during the war. It involved the Swedish governor of Jämtland and he had the song translated into <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jamtish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtish">Jamtish</a> and sent to the king. The last segment of the song was the most derisive one (direct English translation to the right): </p> <table width="60%"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <dl><dd><i>Vii hafva nu lefft uti 30 åhrs tijdh</i></dd> <dd><i>allt under Sveriges chrona</i></dd> <dd><i>uti strijdh och tyrani ingen persohn att skona.</i></dd> <dd><i>Tiig vari priss o Gudh, vår vän,</i></dd> <dd><i>som gaf oss danske kungen igen</i></dd> <dd><i>med gledie.</i></dd></dl> </td> <td> <p><i>We have now lived for 30 years time</i><br /> <i>certainly under the Swedish crown</i><br /> <i>through battle and tyranny no person to spare</i><br /> <i>You be praised oh God, our friend</i><br /> <i>who gave us the Danish king again</i><br /> <i>with joy.</i> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The conquest failed and once Jämtland was in Swedish hands a Swedification process began.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand" title="Diocese of Härnösand">Diocese of Härnösand</a> was instituted at the Swedish coast. Schools were established (to direct the Jamts away from Trondheim). The population did not receive Swedish citizenship until 1699. Thus the Jamts were the last people from an acquired territory in Sweden to become Swedish.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Jamtish people maintained some <a href="/wiki/Self-governance" title="Self-governance">self-governance</a>. The Jamtamót had been transformed into a Danish <a href="/wiki/Thing_(assembly)" title="Thing (assembly)">landsting</a> in the early 16th century. Even though it was banned in the end of the same century, it continued to be held in secret.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> After the transition to Sweden some parts were transmitted<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2011)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> into a Swedish <i>landsjämnadsting</i>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:D%C3%B6da_fallet_20061014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/D%C3%B6da_fallet_20061014.jpg/260px-D%C3%B6da_fallet_20061014.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/D%C3%B6da_fallet_20061014.jpg/390px-D%C3%B6da_fallet_20061014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/D%C3%B6da_fallet_20061014.jpg/520px-D%C3%B6da_fallet_20061014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>The "dead waterfall" in the autumn of 2006.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sweden's intentions in the province were first and foremost focused on defense, which led to a burden on the Jamtish farmers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Jamts managed to enforce a treaty in 1688 which stated that Jamts were under no circumstances obligated to defend anything but their own province. This treaty was eventually broken by king <a href="/wiki/Charles_XII_of_Sweden" title="Charles XII of Sweden">Charles XII</a> and Jamts participated in <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Armfeldt" title="Carl Gustaf Armfeldt">Carl Gustaf Armfeldt</a>'s Norwegian campaign during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>. The campaign was unsuccessful and when Charles XII died in southern Norway Armfeldt marched back to Jämtland. On <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> 1718 a massive <a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">blizzard</a> arose and over 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Caroleans" title="Caroleans">Caroleans</a> succumbed in Jämtland's mountains mostly due to poor clothing.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The time that followed "the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Liberty" title="Age of Liberty">Age of Liberty</a>" brought changes to the province's agriculture, with significances such as the <a href="/wiki/Potato" title="Potato">potato</a> and better <a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granaries</a> through national politics. The <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a> was greatly improved during this period. However, the visions and ideas behind the improvements also led to one of the greatest environmental disasters in Scandinavia when the lake <a href="/wiki/Ragundasj%C3%B6n" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragundasjön">Ragundasjön</a> was drained and the great rapid Gedungsen cut off, creating the so-called "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6da_Fallet" class="mw-redirect" title="Döda Fallet">dead waterfall</a>". It was the result of a project that sought to circumvent the obstacle posed by the waterfall for <a href="/wiki/Timber" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber">timber</a> transportation on <a href="/wiki/Indals%C3%A4lven" title="Indalsälven">Indalsälven</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vy_%C3%B6ver_%C3%96stersund_fr%C3%A5n_Gustavsbergsbacken_p%C3%A5_Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vy_%C3%B6ver_%C3%96stersund_fr%C3%A5n_Gustavsbergsbacken_p%C3%A5_Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.jpg/260px-Vy_%C3%B6ver_%C3%96stersund_fr%C3%A5n_Gustavsbergsbacken_p%C3%A5_Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Vy_%C3%B6ver_%C3%96stersund_fr%C3%A5n_Gustavsbergsbacken_p%C3%A5_Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.jpg/390px-Vy_%C3%B6ver_%C3%96stersund_fr%C3%A5n_Gustavsbergsbacken_p%C3%A5_Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b6/Vy_%C3%B6ver_%C3%96stersund_fr%C3%A5n_Gustavsbergsbacken_p%C3%A5_Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6n.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a>, the winter city.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_period">Modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In order to end the free trade conducted by "faring-men" or "faring-farmers" (<i>fælmännan</i> or <i>fælbönnran</i> in dialect), Jämtland's first and only city, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a>, was founded by <a href="/wiki/Gustav_III" title="Gustav III">Gustav III</a> 1786, though plans had existed since the province was seceded. It took almost one hundred years after this before the province began industrializing when the rail road <a href="/wiki/Mittbanan" class="mw-redirect" title="Mittbanan">Mittbanan</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mer%C3%A5kerbanen" class="mw-redirect" title="Meråkerbanen">Meråkerbanen</a> was established between <a href="/wiki/Sundsvall" title="Sundsvall">Sundsvall</a>, Östersund and <a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a>. This evolved the <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> process and also led to more people migrating to Jämtland, not to mention all the tourists who came for the "fresh air". As a side effect the rail road also meant the end of the faring traditions. After the unsuccessful (or successful, depending on the viewer) channelling of Gedungsen Jämtland's rich forests could be used in <a href="/wiki/Sawmill" title="Sawmill">sawmills</a> along the coast. A great deal of the forest was sold to large corporations since for the first time in history the farmers could earn money from their forests. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Str%C3%B6msund30-tal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Str%C3%B6msund30-tal.jpg/250px-Str%C3%B6msund30-tal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Str%C3%B6msund30-tal.jpg/330px-Str%C3%B6msund30-tal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Str%C3%B6msund30-tal.jpg/500px-Str%C3%B6msund30-tal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1850" /></a><figcaption>The town <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6msund" title="Strömsund">Strömsund</a> in northern Jämtland in the 1930s.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 19th century the province was struck by <a href="/wiki/Social_movement" title="Social movement">social movements</a>. In Jämtland the "<a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">free minded</a>" <a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Good_Templars" title="International Organisation of Good Templars">Good Templar movement</a> (a part of the <a href="/wiki/Temperance_movement" title="Temperance movement">temperance movement</a>) came to dominate completely, in fact, the movement drew its strongest support (in relation to the population) in Jämtland in the entire world, and it was also here, in Östersund, that the world's largest order house was built. Jämtland failed to industrialize, mostly due to the residents opposition to industries, which were seen as the destroyers of society. Keeping Jämtland as a clean environment, but also making it a region of <a href="/wiki/Raw_material" title="Raw material">raw material</a> extraction. Due to the rail road the city of Östersund quickly grew with settlers arriving from the countryside and southern Sweden, giving it the true character of a city, rather than a mere village with city status. The rise of Östersund brought a more excessive trade than before, <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicrafts</a> etc. Just like in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> a modernisation process started in the 20th century. New items such as <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Fridge">fridges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> etc. made their way into people's lives. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oviken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Oviken.jpg/330px-Oviken.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Oviken.jpg/500px-Oviken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Oviken.jpg/520px-Oviken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="795" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>Houses on the countryside in Oviken, southern Jämtland.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a> <a href="/wiki/Folkhemmet" title="Folkhemmet">Folkhemmet</a> (<i>the people's home</i>) and the <a href="/wiki/Rehn-Meidner_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Rehn-Meidner model">Rehn-Meidner model</a> Jämtland became a true neglected area in Sweden. The model deemed it necessary to concentrate the Swedish population in cities, at the coast and in the south. Jämtland an inland region in Norrland with the largest part of the population living in the countryside in Sweden was by far the most unprofitable region one could imagine. When the politics were launched Jämtland experienced the largest population loss in modern Swedish history. Local companies were forced into bankruptcy and unemployed people were encouraged to move to cities at the coast or in the south through subsidies and governmental commercials. At the same time taxes were rising and the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> growing. Opposition to the loss of population and the <a href="/wiki/Centralization" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralization">centralist</a> plans among officials regarding <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_County" title="Jämtland County">Jämtland County</a> led to the creation of the <i>Republic of Jamtland</i> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Republic_of_Jamtland">see below</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivision_and_law">Subdivision and law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Subdivision and law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andersonbrygga.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andersonbrygga.JPG/260px-Andersonbrygga.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andersonbrygga.JPG/390px-Andersonbrygga.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Andersonbrygga.JPG/520px-Andersonbrygga.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The jetty on Andersön island</figcaption></figure> <p>Jämtland was originally divided into four parts, so called farthings (<i>fjalingan</i> or <i>fjålingan</i> in Jamtish), just like Iceland (<i>fjórðungr</i> in <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a>). This division is similar to the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred (country subdivision)">hundred subdivision</a> the rest of Scandinavia had. Just like on Iceland these farthings were named after <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_direction" title="Cardinal direction">cardinal directions</a>. Exactly how the borders for each farthing went is unknown although it has been suggested that they all reached Storsjön in the center of the province. The eastern farthing at <a href="/wiki/Brunflo" title="Brunflo">Brunflo</a>, the western from <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A5ngsviken" title="Trångsviken">Trångsviken</a> to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6d%C3%B6_peninsula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rödö peninsula (page does not exist)">Rödö peninsula</a> and the south farthing from <a href="/wiki/Oviken" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviken">Oviken</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hack%C3%A5s" title="Hackås">Hackås</a> and southwards. The northern farthing is assumed to have covered all the northern parts in addition to all the islands in Storsjön (like Frösön, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norder%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norderön (page does not exist)">Norderön</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anders%C3%B6n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andersön (page does not exist)">Andersön</a> etc.) and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6rsil" title="Mörsil">Mörsil</a> plus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hallen_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hallen parish (page does not exist)">Hallen parish</a> all the way to <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oviksfj%C3%A4llen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oviksfjällen (page does not exist)">Oviksfjällen</a></i>. </p><p>The farthings were lesser administrative regions, more or less <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">juridical districts</a> with their own assemblies, all parallel with the common assembly on Frösön. The old <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">law</a> used in Jämtland is the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamtish_Law&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamtish Law (page does not exist)">Jamtish Law</a>, referred to in old documents as e.g. <i>Jamptskum laughom</i>. Old documents also makes reference to a specific law book — <i>Jamskre loghbok</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The law book has never been recovered and it is assumed to have been destroyed in the 16th century, or never having existed at all. Nevertheless, the Jamtish law was either the same, or strongly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Frostating" title="Frostating">Frostating</a> law applied on Trøndelag. </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Magnus_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus VI of Norway">Magnus the law-mender</a> became the king of Norway he instituted a national law for Norway in 1276, however Jämtland was not applied by this law. Jämtland came under this law either in 1365 or in the middle of the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The divisions by farthings were replaced in the 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Category:Provincial_Court_Districts_of_Sweden" title="Category:Provincial Court Districts of Sweden">Court Districts</a>, shortly after Jämtland got its own Norwegian law thing. </p> <dl><dt>Court Districts in Jämtland</dt></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Are2o.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Are2o.jpg/330px-Are2o.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Are2o.jpg/500px-Are2o.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Are2o.jpg/620px-Are2o.jpg 2x" data-file-width="806" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>Someone from western Jämtland lives <i>opp i lännan</i>, “up in the lands”, which alludes to the high position this region is known for. This is hinted by <a href="/wiki/%C3%85reskutan" title="Åreskutan">Åreskutan</a> behind the old church of Åre in this picture.</figcaption></figure> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Berg_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg Court District">Berg Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Brunflo_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunflo Court District">Brunflo Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hack%C3%A5s_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hackås Court District">Hackås Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hallen_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallen Court District">Hallen Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hammerdal_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammerdal Court District">Hammerdal Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Lits_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lits Court District">Lits Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Offerdal_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Offerdal Court District">Offerdal Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Oviken_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviken Court District">Oviken Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Ragunda_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragunda Court District">Ragunda Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Revsund_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Revsund Court District">Revsund Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6d%C3%B6n_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rödön Court District">Rödön Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sunne_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunne Court District">Sunne Court District</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Unders%C3%A5ker_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersåker Court District">Undersåker Court District</a></dd></dl> <p>There is also an historical subdivision of Jämtland in Jamtlandic. One area is referred to as <i>Nol i bygdom</i> "the north countryside" and consist of <a href="/wiki/Lits_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lits Court District">Lit</a>-<a href="/wiki/Hammerdal_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammerdal Court District">Hammerdal</a> and the area further north. <i>Sö i bygdom</i> "the south countryside" or <i>Sunna sjön</i> consists of the area just south of Storsjön; <a href="/wiki/Oviken_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Oviken Court District">Oviken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berg_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg Court District">Berg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunne_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunne Court District">Sunne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallen_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallen Court District">Hallen</a>. <i>Öst i bygdom</i> (also <i>ast, äst, ust, åst</i> etc. instead of "öst") for eastern Jämtland, mainly <a href="/wiki/Ragunda_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragunda Court District">Ragunda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revsund_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Revsund Court District">Revsund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brunflo_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunflo Court District">Brunflo</a>. <i>Opp i lännan</i> "up in the lands" refers to western Jämtland, <a href="/wiki/Unders%C3%A5ker_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersåker Court District">Undersåker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Offerdal_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Offerdal Court District">Offerdal</a>. <i>Fram på lännan</i> "the front", "central lands" or <i>in på lännan</i> "in on the lands" consists of the area around Storsjön like Frösön, <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6d%C3%B6n_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Rödön Court District">Rödön</a> etc. A person from this area is called a <i>framlänning</i> "front lander". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Churches">Churches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Churches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A5sj%C3%B6_Gamla_Kyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/H%C3%A5sj%C3%B6_Gamla_Kyrka.jpg/220px-H%C3%A5sj%C3%B6_Gamla_Kyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/H%C3%A5sj%C3%B6_Gamla_Kyrka.jpg/330px-H%C3%A5sj%C3%B6_Gamla_Kyrka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/H%C3%A5sj%C3%B6_Gamla_Kyrka.jpg/440px-H%C3%A5sj%C3%B6_Gamla_Kyrka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="2579" /></a><figcaption>The old church in Håsjö. The churches were almost always placed centrally where everybody could gaze upon them. A copy of this <a href="/wiki/Bell_tower" title="Bell tower">bell tower</a>, typical for Jämtland, is located at <a href="/wiki/Skansen" title="Skansen">Skansen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>After the conversion to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> several <a href="/wiki/Parish" title="Parish">parishes</a> (so called <i>socknar</i>, related to "seek") were established in Jämtland, these are now replaced by over 40 <i>församlingar</i>, meaning "assemblage". These are organized by so-called <i>kontrakt</i> "contracts", collaboration units within the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Sweden" title="Church of Sweden">Swedish church's</a> each <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>. Jämtland is a part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_H%C3%A4rn%C3%B6sand" title="Diocese of Härnösand">Härnösand diocese</a>, established two years after Jämtland was ceded to Sweden. In Jämtland there are five contracts; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Br%C3%A4cke-Ragunda_contract&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bräcke-Ragunda contract (page does not exist)">Bräcke-Ragunda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Krokom-%C3%85re_contract&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krokom-Åre contract (page does not exist)">Krokom-Åre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Str%C3%B6msund%27s_contract&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Strömsund's contract (page does not exist)">Strömsund</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96stersund%27s_contract&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Östersund's contract (page does not exist)">Östersund's contract</a>, along with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berg-H%C3%A4rjedalen%27s_contract&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berg-Härjedalen's contract (page does not exist)">Berg-Härjedalen</a>. Although only half of the parishes in the last one are actually located in Jämtland, the rest are located in Härjedalen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Froso_kyrka_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Froso_kyrka_side.jpg/220px-Froso_kyrka_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Froso_kyrka_side.jpg/330px-Froso_kyrka_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Froso_kyrka_side.jpg/440px-Froso_kyrka_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%B6s%C3%B6_church&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frösö church (page does not exist)">Frösö church</a> is located on top of an older Norse cult site.</figcaption></figure> <p>When the first churches were established in Jämtland during the medieval period they were done so by a small number of farmers. Estimations show that there were seldom more than 30 to 40 farmers in each parish. In some cases, like in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kyrk%C3%A5s_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kyrkås parish (page does not exist)">Kyrkås</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marby_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marby parish (page does not exist)">Marby</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norder%C3%B6_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norderö parish (page does not exist)">Norderö parish</a> the farmers were probably 20 or less. These original parishioners built churches that's lasted for centuries, many are still existing and functioning today. This is quite remarkable given that they built these churches in stones, much larger than their ordinary timber houses and in a material the parishioners were not accustomed to (given that they only used timber). The churches became a matter of concern for every parishioner, the centre in each parish. Everybody had to help build them and their descendants had to maintain them, this carried on for generations. Families have decorated the churches throughout history with various ornaments and art such as valuable inventories, <a href="/wiki/Wood_carving" title="Wood carving">wood carvings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">paintings</a> (predominantly biblical illustrations), <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> along with various <a href="/wiki/Handicraft" title="Handicraft">handicrafts</a>. Almost the entire older <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a> in Jämtland is tied to the churches. Making them the core of Jämtland's cultural heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Br%C3%A4cke_kyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Br%C3%A4cke_kyrka.jpg/250px-Br%C3%A4cke_kyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Br%C3%A4cke_kyrka.jpg/330px-Br%C3%A4cke_kyrka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Br%C3%A4cke_kyrka.jpg/500px-Br%C3%A4cke_kyrka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic</a>-styled church in <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4cke" title="Bräcke">Bräcke</a>, built by the parishioners in the 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The churches have symbolized a connection between Jämtland's population through generations and this is still the case for many today. People are joined through cheerful moments such as <a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">christening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">Holy Matrimony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Confirmation#Lutheran_view" title="Confirmation">confirmation</a>, through <a href="/wiki/Crisis" title="Crisis">crisis</a> and mournful times like <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funerals</a>. In Jämtland-Härjedalen the <a href="/wiki/Free_church" title="Free church">free church</a> movement did not become near as widespread as in the rest of Sweden. Because of this Jämtland and Härjedalen have a large number of members in the Swedish church since nine out of ten in fact are members. Although nowadays church attendance is much lower, back then every parishioner gathered on the Sabbath because no one was allowed to work. Within each parish distinctive customs, <a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad">bunads</a> and dialects developed because of this, especially the dialects are known to differ from parish to parish in Jämtland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Str%C3%B6msunds_hembygdsg%C3%A5rd3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Str%C3%B6msunds_hembygdsg%C3%A5rd3.jpg/260px-Str%C3%B6msunds_hembygdsg%C3%A5rd3.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Str%C3%B6msunds_hembygdsg%C3%A5rd3.jpg/390px-Str%C3%B6msunds_hembygdsg%C3%A5rd3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Str%C3%B6msunds_hembygdsg%C3%A5rd3.jpg/520px-Str%C3%B6msunds_hembygdsg%C3%A5rd3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Old parish house from the 18th century in Ström's parish</figcaption></figure> <p>Jämtland also had a great deal of <a href="/wiki/Social_equality" title="Social equality">equality</a> between each parishioner, Jämtland lacked a <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a> and there are no noble family coats of arms nor authorial marks in the churches, which is very common in the rest of Sweden. Jämtland also lacked a specific "bench order" (an order based on rank that defined where you were allowed to sit in the church), something that other churches had. In Jämtland the principle "among farmers no other rank except age and life-time"<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> applied. </p><p>Each parish also had an assembly, where every parishioner was present and decisions were only taken unanimously. If they were not able to come to a mutual understanding the matter had to rest and be resumed later until everybody agreed. In the community houses the village's prominent people, so called <i>byalag</i>, gathered to decide on mutual concerns such as <a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">split-rail fences</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ditch" title="Ditch">ditch</a> construction and agricultural related stuff. The central figure in each district was the <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>. He dealt with most matters since he was in contact with every parishioner. He meddled in conflicts and gave advice and comfort in various situations. Besides preaching and informing the priest was also a farmer himself, often a forerunner in the field. The priest did not always go the authority's errand, sometimes he tried to help his fellow parishioners fend off extra taxes and military services.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div align="center"> <p><b><big>Gallery</big></b> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kastalostersund.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The medieval fortification next to Brunflo's church"><img alt="The medieval fortification next to Brunflo's church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kastalostersund.jpg/75px-Kastalostersund.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kastalostersund.jpg/113px-Kastalostersund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Kastalostersund.jpg/151px-Kastalostersund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="698" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The medieval fortification next to Brunflo's church</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20090720BoddaPrayerhouseIMG_5576.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bodda Prayerhouse"><img alt="Bodda Prayerhouse" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/20090720BoddaPrayerhouseIMG_5576.jpg/120px-20090720BoddaPrayerhouseIMG_5576.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/20090720BoddaPrayerhouseIMG_5576.jpg/180px-20090720BoddaPrayerhouseIMG_5576.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/20090720BoddaPrayerhouseIMG_5576.jpg/240px-20090720BoddaPrayerhouseIMG_5576.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodda_Prayerhouse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodda Prayerhouse (page does not exist)">Bodda Prayerhouse</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marby_old_church_interior.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Interior from the old church of Marby"><img alt="Interior from the old church of Marby" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Marby_old_church_interior.jpg/80px-Marby_old_church_interior.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Marby_old_church_interior.jpg/120px-Marby_old_church_interior.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Marby_old_church_interior.jpg/160px-Marby_old_church_interior.jpg 2x" data-file-width="648" data-file-height="972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Interior from the old church of Marby</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_church_in_%C3%85sarna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old church of Åsarne"><img alt="Old church of Åsarne" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_church_in_%C3%85sarna.jpg/120px-Old_church_in_%C3%85sarna.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Old_church_in_%C3%85sarna.jpg/250px-Old_church_in_%C3%85sarna.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old church of Åsarne</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%85re_gamla_kyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Åre Old Church"><img alt="Åre Old Church" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%C3%85re_gamla_kyrka.jpg/120px-%C3%85re_gamla_kyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/%C3%85re_gamla_kyrka.jpg/250px-%C3%85re_gamla_kyrka.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1590" data-file-height="1193" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/%C3%85re_Old_Church" title="Åre Old Church">Åre Old Church</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%96sd_stora_kyrka_fr%C3%A5n_%C3%B6ster%C3%A4ngsparken.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The large church in Östersund"><img alt="The large church in Östersund" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%96sd_stora_kyrka_fr%C3%A5n_%C3%B6ster%C3%A4ngsparken.jpg/85px-%C3%96sd_stora_kyrka_fr%C3%A5n_%C3%B6ster%C3%A4ngsparken.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%96sd_stora_kyrka_fr%C3%A5n_%C3%B6ster%C3%A4ngsparken.jpg/127px-%C3%96sd_stora_kyrka_fr%C3%A5n_%C3%B6ster%C3%A4ngsparken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/%C3%96sd_stora_kyrka_fr%C3%A5n_%C3%B6ster%C3%A4ngsparken.jpg/170px-%C3%96sd_stora_kyrka_fr%C3%A5n_%C3%B6ster%C3%A4ngsparken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1418" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The large church in Östersund</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:20080725IMG_7038RevsundChurchStables.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Revsund church with service visitor's stables"><img alt="Revsund church with service visitor's stables" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20080725IMG_7038RevsundChurchStables.jpg/120px-20080725IMG_7038RevsundChurchStables.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/20080725IMG_7038RevsundChurchStables.jpg/250px-20080725IMG_7038RevsundChurchStables.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Revsund church with service visitor's stables</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hack%C3%A5s_kyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Hackås"><img alt="Church of Hackås" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hack%C3%A5s_kyrka.jpg/120px-Hack%C3%A5s_kyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Hack%C3%A5s_kyrka.jpg/250px-Hack%C3%A5s_kyrka.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Hackås</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ragunda_gamla_kyrka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old church of Ragunda"><img alt="Old church of Ragunda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ragunda_gamla_kyrka.jpg/120px-Ragunda_gamla_kyrka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Ragunda_gamla_kyrka.jpg/250px-Ragunda_gamla_kyrka.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old church of Ragunda</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kolasen_chapel_in_Kall_parish.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kolåsen Sami Chapel"><img alt="Kolåsen Sami Chapel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kolasen_chapel_in_Kall_parish.jpg/120px-Kolasen_chapel_in_Kall_parish.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Kolasen_chapel_in_Kall_parish.jpg/250px-Kolasen_chapel_in_Kall_parish.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="627" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kolåsen Sami Chapel</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A4ggen%C3%A5s_kyrka_H%C3%B6st.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Häggenås"><img alt="Church of Häggenås" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/H%C3%A4ggen%C3%A5s_kyrka_H%C3%B6st.jpg/81px-H%C3%A4ggen%C3%A5s_kyrka_H%C3%B6st.jpg" decoding="async" width="81" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/H%C3%A4ggen%C3%A5s_kyrka_H%C3%B6st.jpg/121px-H%C3%A4ggen%C3%A5s_kyrka_H%C3%B6st.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/H%C3%A4ggen%C3%A5s_kyrka_H%C3%B6st.jpg/162px-H%C3%A4ggen%C3%A5s_kyrka_H%C3%B6st.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="3768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Häggenås</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kalls_kyrka_old1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of Kall"><img alt="Church of Kall" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kalls_kyrka_old1.jpg/120px-Kalls_kyrka_old1.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Kalls_kyrka_old1.jpg/250px-Kalls_kyrka_old1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of Kall</div> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sami_people">Sami people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Sami people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami people</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%A5ta_i_V%C3%A4stra_%C3%85r%C3%A5dalen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/K%C3%A5ta_i_V%C3%A4stra_%C3%85r%C3%A5dalen.JPG/250px-K%C3%A5ta_i_V%C3%A4stra_%C3%85r%C3%A5dalen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/K%C3%A5ta_i_V%C3%A4stra_%C3%85r%C3%A5dalen.JPG/330px-K%C3%A5ta_i_V%C3%A4stra_%C3%85r%C3%A5dalen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/K%C3%A5ta_i_V%C3%A4stra_%C3%85r%C3%A5dalen.JPG/500px-K%C3%A5ta_i_V%C3%A4stra_%C3%85r%C3%A5dalen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Sami <a href="/wiki/Goahti" title="Goahti">goahti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ar%C3%A5dalen" title="Arådalen">Arådalen</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Jämtland there are also Sami people. The Sami in Jämtland are Southern Sami people and speak <a href="/wiki/Southern_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Sami language">Southern Sami</a> (or <i>åarjelsaemien giele</i>, as it is known in Southern Sami), a <a href="/wiki/Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami language">language</a> mutually unintelligible with the other Sami languages. The Sami in Jämtland have historically been referred to as "Lapps" and sometimes by using the vague word "Finns" (supposedly related to English "find", see <a href="/wiki/Fenni" title="Fenni">Fenni</a>), though they prefer to call themselves Sami. There have been Sami peoples in Jämtland from pre-historic times; exactly how many, however, is disputed.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The northernmost part of Jämtland, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frostviken_Parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frostviken Parish (page does not exist)">Frostviken</a>, is originally a Sami area, historically referred to as a <i>finnmark</i>. However, the ancestors to the Sami people who live south of this area today probably did not come to the area before the 16th century,<sup id="cite_ref-nationalencyklopedin_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nationalencyklopedin-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when large-scale <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a> herding began, leading to a nomadic lifestyle among the Sami people. This also led to several conflicts in court between Sami people in Jämtland and the <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">land owners</a>. At the dawn of the 20th century, the Swedish state had an official policy which stated that "Lapp should be Lapp" and that they should all live a "traditional" Sami life and not integrate in the society. This has now changed and only a minority are in fact reindeer-herders. The Sami people in Jämtland are closely connected to their brethren living in Trøndelag, and a distinctive feature of the Southern Sami culture is the <a href="/wiki/Yoik" class="mw-redirect" title="Yoik">yoik</a> called <i>vuoille</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heraldry">Heraldry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Heraldry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A4mtland_coat_of_arms.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/J%C3%A4mtland_coat_of_arms.png/220px-J%C3%A4mtland_coat_of_arms.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/J%C3%A4mtland_coat_of_arms.png/330px-J%C3%A4mtland_coat_of_arms.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/J%C3%A4mtland_coat_of_arms.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Popular belief holds that the scene represents Jämtland torn between Norway and Sweden.<sup id="cite_ref-Nev_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nev-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The arms are represented with a ducal coronet. <a href="/wiki/Blazon" title="Blazon">Blazon</a>: </p> <dl><dd><i>I blått fält en gående älg av silver med en lyftande falk på ryggen och i posten åtföljd av en vänstervänd, upprest hund, båda av guld.</i><sup id="cite_ref-Nev_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nev-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SHS_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SHS-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> translation: </p> <dl><dd>"In a blue field, a walking <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a> of silver [with red antlers] with a striking falcon on its back accompanied by a reared hound in front, both of gold."</dd></dl> <p>The coat of arms of Jämtland, created for <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_Gustav_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles X Gustav of Sweden">Karl X Gustav</a>'s funeral, derived from a seal which had been granted to Jämtland in 1635 by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Danish-Norwegian king</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nev_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nev-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The beasts on this seal were difficult to identify. (Is the primary animal a deer, moose or reindeer? Is it a dog, wolf or bear? An eagle or a falcon?) The identity of these animals as a moose between a dog and a falcon was settled in 1884. According to popular perception, these represent Jämtland torn between Norway and Sweden, though obviously this meaning was not officially assigned by any royal authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Nev_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nev-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Svante Höglin claimed the scene to portray a moose hunted by a trained hunting dog and falcon, and in 1935 the coat of arms was revised, adding a collar and a bell to aid in identifying the dog and the falcon, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-Nev_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nev-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Strangely, the revised blazon does not mention the moose's <a href="/wiki/Antler" title="Antler">attire</a> although the prototype in the <i>Riksheraldikerämbetet</i> (Swedish National Heraldry Office) is provided with secondary colours for the antlers, beak, hooves and claws.<sup id="cite_ref-Nev_19-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nev-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jämtland's first seal was the one depicted above from the medieval period. It was abolished after the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Seven_Years%27_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Nordic Seven Years' War">Nordic Seven Years' War</a> and the second seal of Jämtland was used between 1575 and 1614. This seal contained two <a href="/w/index.php?title=Olav-axe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Olav-axe (page does not exist)">Olav-axes</a> and was also abolished after a Swedish occupation, the one during the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a>. When Jämtland became Swedish it was not suitable to use one of the older seals with such a strong Norwegian influence as a basis for a new Swedish coat of arms. So the latest seal was used instead, even though it was in fact of Danish origin.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A4mtlands_flygflottilj_vapen,_pre_1994.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of the Jämtland Air Force Wing"><img alt="Arms of the Jämtland Air Force Wing" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/J%C3%A4mtlands_flygflottilj_vapen%2C_pre_1994.svg/120px-J%C3%A4mtlands_flygflottilj_vapen%2C_pre_1994.svg.png" decoding="async" width="73" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/J%C3%A4mtlands_flygflottilj_vapen%2C_pre_1994.svg/250px-J%C3%A4mtlands_flygflottilj_vapen%2C_pre_1994.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="495" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of the Jämtland Air Force Wing</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A4mtland_l%C3%A4n_vapen.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Arms of Jämtland County"><img alt="Arms of Jämtland County" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/J%C3%A4mtland_l%C3%A4n_vapen.svg/99px-J%C3%A4mtland_l%C3%A4n_vapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/J%C3%A4mtland_l%C3%A4n_vapen.svg/149px-J%C3%A4mtland_l%C3%A4n_vapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/J%C3%A4mtland_l%C3%A4n_vapen.svg/198px-J%C3%A4mtland_l%C3%A4n_vapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Arms of Jämtland County</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_administration">Current administration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Current administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Just like every other historical province of Sweden Jämtland serves no administrative purposes, but serves as an historical, geographical and cultural region. Jämtland makes up three quarters of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4n" title="Län">Swedish administrative province</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland_County" title="Jämtland County">Jämtland County</a>, though a small uninhabited part in northern Jämtland is a part of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterbotten_County" title="Västerbotten County">Västerbotten County</a> and the area around <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96verturingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Överturingen (page does not exist)">Överturingen</a> is a part of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sternorrland_County" title="Västernorrland County">Västernorrland County</a>. The landsting, <i><a href="/wiki/County_Councils_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="County Councils of Sweden">County Council</a></i>, is an elected assembly and the successor of Jamtamót. This County Council was the role model for the rest of the Swedish County Councils when they were established in 1863.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The province is also divided into primarily seven <a href="/wiki/Municipalities" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipalities">municipalities</a>; <a href="/wiki/Berg_Municipality" title="Berg Municipality">Berg Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4cke_Municipality" title="Bräcke Municipality">Bräcke Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krokom_Municipality" title="Krokom Municipality">Krokom Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragunda_Municipality" title="Ragunda Municipality">Ragunda Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6msund_Municipality" title="Strömsund Municipality">Strömsund Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85re_Municipality" title="Åre Municipality">Åre Municipality</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund_Municipality" title="Östersund Municipality">Östersund Municipality</a>. The uninhabited part in northern Jämtland belongs to <a href="/wiki/Dorotea_Municipality" title="Dorotea Municipality">Dorotea Municipality</a> and the area around Överturingen is a part of <a href="/wiki/%C3%85nge_Municipality" title="Ånge Municipality">Ånge Municipality</a>. </p><p>Though, even if these municipalities and the county are serving as administrative regions most Jamts still identify themselves with the parishes and with Jämtland as a province. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Physical_geography">Physical geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Physical geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/J%C3%A4mtland" title="Special:EditPage/Jämtland">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Storsj%C3%B6n_med_fj%C3%A4ll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Storsj%C3%B6n_med_fj%C3%A4ll.jpg/220px-Storsj%C3%B6n_med_fj%C3%A4ll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Storsj%C3%B6n_med_fj%C3%A4ll.jpg/330px-Storsj%C3%B6n_med_fj%C3%A4ll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Storsj%C3%B6n_med_fj%C3%A4ll.jpg/440px-Storsj%C3%B6n_med_fj%C3%A4ll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2707" data-file-height="1535" /></a><figcaption>The mountains in Scandinavia are referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Fell" title="Fell">fells</a></i>. This picture shows Storsjön, "the Great Lake" and distant fells.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jämtland is a large land-locked province in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian peninsula">Scandinavian peninsula</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">northern Europe</a>. Jämtland stretches 315 kilometers in north–south direction and 250 kilometers in east–west direction and is equal in size with e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>. Jämtland's western border is made out by <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Mountains" title="Scandinavian Mountains">Kölen</a> which stretches throughout the province from north to south with branches into the landscape's southeastern parts. The fell <a href="/wiki/Massif" title="Massif">massif</a> is broken at some places by large valleys stretching all the way to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a>. These valleys have been used for centuries as paths connecting Jämtland to the west. The valleys were particularly heavily used during <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimages</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nidaros" title="Nidaros">Nidaros</a>, the fourth most visited pilgrimage site during the medieval period. In fact no less than three pilgrim roads went through Jämtland. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T%C3%A4nnforsen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/T%C3%A4nnforsen.jpg/220px-T%C3%A4nnforsen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/T%C3%A4nnforsen.jpg/330px-T%C3%A4nnforsen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/T%C3%A4nnforsen.jpg/440px-T%C3%A4nnforsen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C3%A4nnforsen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tännforsen (page does not exist)">Tännforsen</a> in western Jämtland</figcaption></figure> <p>The entire province is more or less a <a href="/wiki/Highland_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Highland (geography)">highland region</a> with the highest peak being <a href="/wiki/Storsylen" title="Storsylen">Storsylen</a>, a peak in the <a href="/wiki/Sylan" title="Sylan">Sylan</a> mountain range with an <a href="/wiki/Altitude" title="Altitude">altitude</a> of 1 728 meters above sea level. Though this is not the highest peak in the mountain range, since that peak is in fact located on the other side of the border. Another large peak in Jämtland worthy of mention is <a href="/wiki/%C3%85reskutan" title="Åreskutan">Åreskutan</a> (1 420 meters above sea level). The lowest point in the province is as low as 35 meters above sea level and is located in the eastern part of Jämtland. </p><p>Approximately 8 per cent of Jämtland's area is covered by water and the province has two larger <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ljungan" title="Ljungan">Ljungan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indals%C3%A4lven" title="Indalsälven">Indalsälven</a> (also known as <i>Jämtlandsälven</i>). Both of which emanates from the Scandinavian Mountains and drains several lakes on their way eastwards to lower altitudes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jamtlandvy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jamtlandvy.jpg/250px-Jamtlandvy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jamtlandvy.jpg/330px-Jamtlandvy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Jamtlandvy.jpg/500px-Jamtlandvy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Summer scenery in Jämtland</figcaption></figure> <p>Jämtland has a <a href="/wiki/Temperate_climate" title="Temperate climate">temperate climate</a> and belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Temperate_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate zone">temperate zone</a>'s northernmost area. The climate in Jämtland is both <a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">humid continental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">subarctic</a>, depending on the location. The climate is greatly affected by the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a>, due to several <a href="/wiki/Mountain_pass" title="Mountain pass">mountain passes</a> in Scandinavian mountain range. </p><p>In western Jämtland mild winters with excessive <a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(meteorology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precipitation (meteorology)">precipitation</a> are common. This is because of the warm winds brought to the area by the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a>. The average precipitation in the Jamtish Fells is roughly 1 000 <a href="/wiki/Millimetre" title="Millimetre">millimetres</a> per year, with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sk%C3%A4ckerfj%C3%A4llen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skäckerfjällen (page does not exist)">Skäckerfjällen</a> as extreme with about 1 500 mm. The precipitation rates in the middle of the province are much more moderate. In fact the central and eastern parts of Jämtland have precipitation shortages, in Storsjöbygden the annual averages is as low as 500 mm. Due to the warm winds the temperature during the winters reaches its maximum in the fell region with about -7-8<a href="/wiki/%C2%B0C" class="mw-redirect" title="°C">°C</a> in <a href="/wiki/Storlien" title="Storlien">Storlien</a> and the environs. The coldest winter temperatures are found in the province's outskirts like <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C3%B6rtnan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Börtnan (page does not exist)">Börtnan</a> with roughly -11 °C.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Maximum temperatures in the summer months average from the 14 °C in Jämtland's eastern parts to around 11 °C in the fell region.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Though on certain mountain peaks the averages are usually as low as 5 °C. </p><p>The highest (34.0 °C) and lowest (-45.8 °C) temperatures ever recorded in Jämtland were found in its easternmost parts near <a href="/wiki/Hammarstrand" title="Hammarstrand">Hammarstrand</a> in 1947 and 1950, respectively. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Blizzard" title="Blizzard">Blizzards</a> are common in Jämtland, and especially in the fell region. The most notable blizzard is the one that arose on <a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Eve" title="New Year's Eve">New Year's Eve</a> 1718 (see above). The heaviest winds in Jämtland may gust to 55 metres/s (198 km/h, 123 mph). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flora">Flora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Flora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nigritella_nigra_brunkulla.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nigritella_nigra_brunkulla.JPG/100px-Nigritella_nigra_brunkulla.JPG" decoding="async" width="100" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nigritella_nigra_brunkulla.JPG/150px-Nigritella_nigra_brunkulla.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Nigritella_nigra_brunkulla.JPG/200px-Nigritella_nigra_brunkulla.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1228" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption><i>Gymnadenia nigra</i>, known as <i>brunkulla</i> — the <i>brown maiden</i> in Jamtish dialect.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Jamtish <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> is heavily characterized by <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">temperate coniferous forest</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, a forest inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Norway_spruce" class="mw-redirect" title="Norway spruce">Norway spruce</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pine" title="Pine">pine</a> trees. Among the two the Norway spruce is more common. The Norway spruce actually grows most densely in Jämtland together with the southern parts of <a href="/wiki/Lapland,_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapland, Sweden">Lapland</a>. Here roughly 60 percent of the forests consist of spruces. </p><p>In Jämtland over 2,300 mineral-rich <a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">marshes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>) containing a very high <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> level have been located. These marshes cover an area of 550 square kilometers. 400 of these marshes are also very rich in <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> and because of the chalk-rich soil Jämtland displays the largest concentration of these type of marshes on the entire European continent. The chalk-rich soil has attracted several chalk-dependent plants, such as <a href="/wiki/Orchid" title="Orchid">orchids</a>, in Jämtland there are 19 different kinds of orchids. </p><p>Each province in Sweden has symbols associated with them and Jämtland's provincial <a href="/wiki/Flower" title="Flower">flower</a> is an extremely rare orchid, the <i><a href="/wiki/Gymnadenia_nigra" title="Gymnadenia nigra">Gymnadenia nigra</a></i>, an orchid that's only common in the province and a few other places in central Scandinavia. Several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Berry" title="Berry">berries</a> are found in Jämtland like e.g. <a href="/wiki/Bilberry" title="Bilberry">bilberry</a> (<i>blåbär</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lingonberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Lingonberry">lingonberry</a> (<i>lyngbär</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Cloudberry" class="mw-redirect" title="Cloudberry">cloudberry</a> (referred to as <i>mylhta</i> in Jämtland). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fauna">Fauna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moose_Zoo_%C3%96stersund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Moose_Zoo_%C3%96stersund.jpg/250px-Moose_Zoo_%C3%96stersund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Moose_Zoo_%C3%96stersund.jpg/330px-Moose_Zoo_%C3%96stersund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Moose_Zoo_%C3%96stersund.jpg/500px-Moose_Zoo_%C3%96stersund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2088" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>A tame Jamtish moose from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moose_Garden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moose Garden (page does not exist)">Moose Garden</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orrviken" title="Orrviken">Orrviken</a> outside Östersund. The moose is Jämtland's provincial animal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to the diversified <a href="/wiki/Natural_environment" title="Natural environment">natural environment</a> in Jämtland it displays a great deal of different <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>. The animal most commonly associated with Jämtland is (as already hinted) the <a href="/wiki/Moose" title="Moose">moose</a>. It is Jämtland's provincial animal and is referred to in dialect as simply <i>djur</i>, "animal". Moose may be found throughout Jämtland but to a lesser extent in the mountainous area in the province's eastern parts and in the north. </p><p>However northern Jämtland is the most densely populated <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> habitat in the world. The brown bear (<i>bjenn</i> in Jamtish) is also more or less common throughout Jämtland. Other large predators in Jämtland include the <a href="/wiki/Felidae" title="Felidae">cat</a> <i>gaupa</i> (<a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>), the <i>filfras</i> meaning the glutton (<a href="/wiki/Wolverine" title="Wolverine">wolverine</a>) and smaller such as the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_fox" title="Arctic fox">Arctic fox</a>. Jämtland has had populations of <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolves</a> (<i>skrågg</i>, <i>gråbein</i>) from time to time after it practically became extinct in Scandinavia during the 20th century. There are however currently no wolves with an established <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a> in Jämtland. There is also one large <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">raptor</a> in the province, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_eagle" title="Golden eagle">golden eagle</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaver_dam_J%C3%A4mtland.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Beaver_dam_J%C3%A4mtland.JPG/220px-Beaver_dam_J%C3%A4mtland.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Beaver_dam_J%C3%A4mtland.JPG/330px-Beaver_dam_J%C3%A4mtland.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Beaver_dam_J%C3%A4mtland.JPG/440px-Beaver_dam_J%C3%A4mtland.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Beaver_dam" title="Beaver dam">beaver dam</a> in Jämtland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The last native <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beaver</a> in Sweden was shot in northern Jämtland 1871 at <a href="/wiki/Bjur%C3%A4lven" title="Bjurälven">Bjurälven</a> (<i>bjur</i> or <i>björ</i> is the Jamtish word for beaver). It was also in Jämtland that the beaver was reintroduced in Sweden from Norway in 1922. The current beaver population is quite large and common. Among the smaller mammals inhabiting Jämtland that are rare in the rest of Scandinavia are e.g. the <a href="/wiki/Taiga_shrew" title="Taiga shrew">taiga shrew</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_birch_mouse" title="Northern birch mouse">northern birch mouse</a>. The <i>læmel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norway_lemming" title="Norway lemming">Norway lemming</a> is also present in Jämtland and the latest major population boom usual for this species occurred in 2001. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Albino_raindeer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Albino_raindeer.jpg/250px-Albino_raindeer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Albino_raindeer.jpg/330px-Albino_raindeer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Albino_raindeer.jpg/500px-Albino_raindeer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="687" /></a><figcaption>Reindeer in Jämtland's mountain range.</figcaption></figure> <p>Jämtland is inhabited by several mammals from the <a href="/wiki/Weasel_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Weasel family">weasel family</a>. Besides the already mentioned wolverine the <i>oter</i>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_otter" title="Eurasian otter">otter</a>, is widespread in the province and common near several streams, the <a href="/wiki/Least_weasel" title="Least weasel">least or snow weasel</a> exists, along with planted, released and escaped <a href="/wiki/Mink" title="Mink">minks</a>. The province is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Pine_marten" class="mw-redirect" title="Pine marten">pine marten</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stoat" title="Stoat">ermine</a>. These mammals have often been hunted for their valuable fur, for Jämtland this is especially true for the ermine. </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">deer</a> the moose is as already stated common. Other deer are <a href="/wiki/Roe_deer" title="Roe deer">roe deer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reindeer" title="Reindeer">reindeer</a>, in the shape of Sami herds or wilded originally tame reindeers. </p><p>The provincial <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Brown_trout" title="Brown trout">brown trout</a> which is found together with <a href="/wiki/Common_whitefish" class="mw-redirect" title="Common whitefish">common whitefish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thymallus_thymallus" title="Thymallus thymallus">grayling</a>, <a href="/wiki/European_perch" title="European perch">European perch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arctic_char" title="Arctic char">Arctic char</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burbot" title="Burbot">burbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salmon" title="Salmon">salmon</a> and the carnivorous <a href="/wiki/Northern_pike" title="Northern pike">northern pike</a>. Roughly 250 types of <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a> have been observed in Jämtland. The species presence greatly varies, in the fells <a href="/wiki/Bluethroat" title="Bluethroat">bluethroat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Long-tailed_skua" class="mw-redirect" title="Long-tailed skua">long-tailed skua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_dotterel" title="Eurasian dotterel">Eurasian dotterel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_ptarmigan" title="Rock ptarmigan">ptarmigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapland_bunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapland bunting">Lapland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snow_bunting" title="Snow bunting">snow bunting</a> are found. The forested region is inhabited by species such as <a href="/wiki/Hazel_hen" class="mw-redirect" title="Hazel hen">hazel hen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_grouse" title="Black grouse">black grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capercaillie" class="mw-redirect" title="Capercaillie">capercaillie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siberian_jay" title="Siberian jay">Siberian jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_three-toed_woodpecker" title="Eurasian three-toed woodpecker">three-toed woodpecker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rustic_bunting" title="Rustic bunting">rustic bunting</a>. Several different types of <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> dwells in the province and the provincial owl is the <a href="/wiki/Northern_hawk_owl" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hawk owl">northern hawk owl</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jon_Olsson_invitational.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jon_Olsson_invitational.jpg/220px-Jon_Olsson_invitational.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jon_Olsson_invitational.jpg/330px-Jon_Olsson_invitational.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Jon_Olsson_invitational.jpg/440px-Jon_Olsson_invitational.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1572" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Freeskiing" title="Freeskiing">freeskiing</a> competition <a href="/wiki/Jon_Olsson" title="Jon Olsson">Jon Olsson</a> invitational in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85re" title="Åre">Åre</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first humans came to Jämtland after the last ice age and later switched to a more agricultural lifestyle. Though the agriculture could not sustain the population so it was combined with a great deal of trading, hunting and iron production. When the rise of industrialism begun, Jämtland was one of the few Swedish regions that never became fully industrialized. Instead Jämtland supplied the Norrlandic coast with raw materials, mainly <a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>. The focus in Jämtland's <a href="/wiki/Economy" title="Economy">economy</a> was directed towards tourism after the construction of the railroad, starting with the "clean air tourists" who came to experience the fresh air, to see the snow clad fells, the waterfalls and the natural environment. Today the tourism in Jämtland is dominated by winter sports and especially alpine skiing in various facilities in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85re_(ski_area)" class="mw-redirect" title="Åre (ski area)">Åre</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bydalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bydalen (page does not exist)">Bydalen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storlien" title="Storlien">Storlien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%B6vsj%C3%B6" title="Klövsjö">Klövsjö</a>, etc. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lill%C3%A4nge_handelsplats_070616.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lill%C3%A4nge_handelsplats_070616.jpg/220px-Lill%C3%A4nge_handelsplats_070616.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lill%C3%A4nge_handelsplats_070616.jpg/330px-Lill%C3%A4nge_handelsplats_070616.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Lill%C3%A4nge_handelsplats_070616.jpg/440px-Lill%C3%A4nge_handelsplats_070616.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lill%C3%A4nge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lillänge (page does not exist)">Lillänge</a> is an external shopping centre in Östersund</figcaption></figure> <p>As Jämtland never industrialized the agricultural sector is larger compared to the rest of Sweden. In Jämtland County this sector employs 4,4 per cent of the labour force compared to 1,8 per cent for Sweden as whole.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just like the rest of Sweden the <a href="/wiki/Public_sector" title="Public sector">public sector</a> in Jämtland is large and the high <a href="/wiki/Taxes" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxes">taxes</a> fund the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish welfare">public welfare</a>. </p><p>Jämtland has large concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a> and deposits of e.g. <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a> have been found. However, the only <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> of importance in Jämtland's history are the former copper mines in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fr%C3%B6%C3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fröå (page does not exist)">Fröå</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hus%C3%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Huså (page does not exist)">Huså</a>. </p><p>Jämtland is heavily dominated by many <a href="/wiki/Small_business" title="Small business">small businesses</a> and together with Härjedalen Jämtland has the second highest number of <a href="/wiki/Company_owner" class="mw-redirect" title="Company owner">company owners</a> in Sweden (in relation to the population), the highest number of enterprising women<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by far the most <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a> is the centre of trade and commerce in Jämtland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20080719ChulalongkornPavilionIMG_6672.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20080719ChulalongkornPavilionIMG_6672.jpg/220px-20080719ChulalongkornPavilionIMG_6672.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20080719ChulalongkornPavilionIMG_6672.jpg/330px-20080719ChulalongkornPavilionIMG_6672.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/20080719ChulalongkornPavilionIMG_6672.jpg/440px-20080719ChulalongkornPavilionIMG_6672.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/King_Chulalongkorn_Memorial_Building" title="King Chulalongkorn Memorial Building">King Chulalongkorn Memorial Building</a> nearby the small village <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_Bispg%C3%A5rden" title="Västra Bispgården">Bispgården</a>, easternmost Jämtland</figcaption></figure> <p>With the exception of the city of <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a> and its surrounding areas, Jämtland is a very sparsely populated region. In Jämtland as a whole, there are only 3.4 people per square kilometre, and the population of 115,331<sup id="cite_ref-population_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-population-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is unevenly distributed, with more than half its population (approximately 60 000) living in the Östersund area. </p><p>In Jämtland County (including the province of Härjedalen) the number of people living outside an urban area is 34% of the total population, making Jämtland one of the largest rural regions in Scandinavia. Most people in Jämtland live in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Storsj%C3%B6bygden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Storsjöbygden (page does not exist)">Storsjöbygden</a>, the area around lake Storsjön which includes Jämtland's only <a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Sweden">chartered city</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a>, founded 1786 (now including Frösön), <a href="/wiki/Krokom" title="Krokom">Krokom</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85s,_Krokom" class="mw-redirect" title="Ås, Krokom">Ås</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svenstavik" title="Svenstavik">Svenstavik</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A4lden" title="Nälden">Nälden</a> and Jämtland's second largest town <a href="/wiki/Brunflo" title="Brunflo">Brunflo</a>. This region is actually quite densely populated. The largest urban areas outside Storsjöbygden are primly the municipality seats <a href="/wiki/Str%C3%B6msund" title="Strömsund">Strömsund</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rpen" title="Järpen">Järpen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A4cke" title="Bräcke">Bräcke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hammarstrand" title="Hammarstrand">Hammarstrand</a>, along with towns such as <a href="/wiki/Hammerdal" title="Hammerdal">Hammerdal</a>, Lit, and the ski resort <a href="/wiki/%C3%85re" title="Åre">Åre</a>. </p><p>A resident or native of Jämtland is commonly referred to as <i>Jamt</i> (Swedish: <i>jämte</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Famous_natives">Famous natives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Famous natives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kjell_Albin_Abrahamson" title="Kjell Albin Abrahamson">Kjell Albin Abrahamson</a>, journalist and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Adlersparre" title="Georg Adlersparre">Georg Adlersparre</a>, army commander, revolutionary leader of 1809</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann-Margret" title="Ann-Margret">Ann-Margret</a>, actress, singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulf_Dahl%C3%A9n" title="Ulf Dahlén">Ulf Dahlén</a>, ice hockey player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alx_Danielsson" title="Alx Danielsson">Alx Danielsson</a>, racing driver</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Edler" title="Alexander Edler">Alexander Edler</a>, ice hockey player (<a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks" title="Vancouver Canucks">Vancouver Canucks</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Edwall" title="Allan Edwall">Allan Edwall</a>, actor and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunder_H%C3%A4gg" title="Gunder Hägg">Gunder Hägg</a>, runner</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_H%C3%A4rdelin" title="Emma Härdelin">Emma Härdelin</a>, singer in bands <a href="/wiki/Garmarna" title="Garmarna">Garmarna</a> and Triakel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peja_Lindholm" title="Peja Lindholm">Peja Lindholm</a>, curler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrik_Lundqvist" title="Henrik Lundqvist">Henrik Lundqvist</a>, ice hockey player (<a href="/wiki/New_York_Rangers" title="New York Rangers">New York Rangers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodil_Malmsten" title="Bodil Malmsten">Bodil Malmsten</a>, novelist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Nilsson_(chef)" title="Magnus Nilsson (chef)">Magnus Nilsson</a>, chef (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A4viken" title="Fäviken">Fäviken</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annika_Norlin" title="Annika Norlin">Annika Norlin</a>, pop artist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Ottosson" title="Anna Ottosson">Anna Ottosson</a>, alpine skier</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helge_Palmcrantz" title="Helge Palmcrantz">Helge Palmcrantz</a>, inventor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pehr_Wilhelm_Wargentin" title="Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin">Pehr Wilhelm Wargentin</a>, astronomer and father of <a href="/wiki/Statistics_Sweden" title="Statistics Sweden">Statistics Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Blix" title="Hans Blix">Hans Blix</a> former UNMOVIC chairman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96rjan_Sandler" title="Örjan Sandler">Örjan Sandler</a> Olympic bronze medalist in speed skating</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigvard_Ericsson" title="Sigvard Ericsson">Sigvard Ericsson</a> Olympic gold and silver medalist in speed skating</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostra_Aradalen1_Sweden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ostra_Aradalen1_Sweden.jpg/250px-Ostra_Aradalen1_Sweden.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Ostra_Aradalen1_Sweden.jpg/500px-Ostra_Aradalen1_Sweden.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Traditional summer houses, <i>buvåll</i> "critter house" in Jämtland. 'Bu' is <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> to the English word "booth" and 'våll' to "<a href="/wiki/Weald" title="Weald">weald</a>"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gr%C3%A4ft%C3%A5vallen.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Goats at Gräftåvallen, southern Jämtland"><img alt="Goats at Gräftåvallen, southern Jämtland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gr%C3%A4ft%C3%A5vallen.jpg/250px-Gr%C3%A4ft%C3%A5vallen.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gr%C3%A4ft%C3%A5vallen.jpg/375px-Gr%C3%A4ft%C3%A5vallen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Gr%C3%A4ft%C3%A5vallen.jpg/500px-Gr%C3%A4ft%C3%A5vallen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3348" data-file-height="2232" /></a><figcaption>Goats at Gräftåvallen, southern Jämtland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:J%C3%A4mthund_drvd.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Jämthund"><img alt="Jämthund" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J%C3%A4mthund_drvd.png/250px-J%C3%A4mthund_drvd.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J%C3%A4mthund_drvd.png/375px-J%C3%A4mthund_drvd.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/J%C3%A4mthund_drvd.png/500px-J%C3%A4mthund_drvd.png 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1178" /></a><figcaption>Jämthund</figcaption></figure> <p>The culture of Jämtland has been greatly affected by the fact that Jämtland's never had an <a href="/wiki/Upper_class" title="Upper class">upper class</a>, since the population have mostly consisted of free sovereign farmers with wide connections and a strong regional identity.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been the case for many generations. When <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a> punished the Jamts severely after having sworn the Swedish king their allegiance (see above) by turning them into <a href="/wiki/Tenant_farmer" title="Tenant farmer">tenant farmers</a> and abolished their seal, he told them to stay put on their farms. They did not heed this call but instead sought help from their own organized advisors and "the land's defense", an insolence that further outraged the Danish king. Jämtland started out free and remained autonomous during its time as a Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependency</a>. Because of Jämtland's historical background the local culture shows great similarities with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwegian_farm_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwegian farm culture (page does not exist)">Norwegian farm culture</a>. </p><p>Today, the history of Jämtland is exhibited in the regional museum <a href="/wiki/Jamtli" title="Jamtli">Jamtli</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a>. The museum consists of an <a href="/wiki/Open-air_museum" title="Open-air museum">open-air section</a> with historical buildings, as well as an indoor museum which houses exhibitions about the region's cultural history, from the Stone Age until modern times. Local history has been very popular in Jämtland for over 100 years, due to the extensive cultural home ground movement that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th century. The movement founded Jamtli to preserve the cultural heritage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifestyle">Lifestyle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Lifestyle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The culture in Jämtland has been marked by the stages in human development; the hunting-gathering stage, the semi-nomadic herding stage, the fully agricultural stage and the modern technological stage. </p><p>Remnants from the hunter-gathering stage is first and foremost hunting itself. Jämtland's population remained in this stage for a very long time due to the hunters ability to sustain the population. Today the moose hunt is regarded by many Jamts as the major holiday of the year. When the first humans came to Jämtland they brought dogs with them as helpers. The local dog, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mthund" title="Jämthund">Jämthund</a>, is a canine breed eponymous to Jämtland. Even if it is not explicitly stated, popular perception holds that the dog depicted in the coat of arms is of that breed. The Jämthund is often described having a <a href="/wiki/Wolf" title="Wolf">wolf</a>-like appearance. </p><p>One of the first things <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> mentions in his work <i><a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a></i> is that the Germanic people treasure their animals above all else. Tacitus also concludes that the Germanic people found cultivation repulsive. Instead, he states, the Germanic people devote themselves to food and sleep and besides that they prefer to remain idle. All of this, to certain extents, applied to Jämtland. When the people of Jämtland settled down they relied mostly on <a href="/wiki/Pastoralism" title="Pastoralism">pastoralism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transhumance" title="Transhumance">transhumance</a>). Their animals were the source of wealth and they were therefore loved by their owners. This love for the <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> has manifested itself in the dialect, a male <a href="/wiki/Nipple" title="Nipple">nipple</a> is called <i>bokkjen</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Goat#Etymology" title="Goat">buck</a>) and a female nipple is known as <i>geita</i> (the <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>). </p><p>In Jämtland the Scandinavian inland transhumance, <i>buföring</i>, has always been more important than cultivation. In fact it was crucial to take care of the livestock and supply them with food, and rewarding. Every summer for several weeks, from May to September, <i>gjetaran</i> (herd boys) and <i>butøusan</i> (herd girls, <i>bu</i> is cognate to "booth") followed and guarded <i>kreka</i>, the critter, on their way to a <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing land</a> on higher altitudes where several critter houses had been raised. The common animals taken out on these journeys were <i>gjettran</i> (Jämtland goats) and <i>kynnan</i> (the fell cows) a white, brisk and headstrong cow race, lacking horns. It was a hard work and it depended on cooperation between males and females. This lifestyle lived on for thousand years and it was first in the 1950s it became obsolete. This tradition has however been resurrected as of late, mostly for touristic purposes. </p><p>When the population settled down the society greatly changed, first coexisting with the older societies, later absorbing them. Trade became much more important, a political institution elected by the people came into existence, the very same institution whose successor is the current County Council. Jämtland got its name and a somewhat <a href="/wiki/Hierarchy" title="Hierarchy">hierarchical</a> social structure emerged, though, as already pointed out, Jämtland never had an upper class. Strong families such as <a href="/wiki/Skanke" class="mw-redirect" title="Skanke">Skanke</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Blix_(noble_family)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blix (noble family) (page does not exist)">Blix</a> did exist though and on the countryside in Jämtland people still live in networks of relatives, <i>families</i>. Where they provide a second <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a> for many, in the rest of Sweden and in e.g. Östersund this has completely or almost entirely been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Public_welfare" class="mw-redirect" title="Public welfare">public welfare</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Norway">Cuisine of Norway</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Sweden">Cuisine of Sweden</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Messmor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Messmor.jpg/250px-Messmor.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Messmor.jpg/330px-Messmor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Messmor.jpg/500px-Messmor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="985" /></a><figcaption><i>Messmör</i>, soft whey butter, is a Jamtish product popular in Sweden</figcaption></figure> <p>Much of Jämtland's cuisine is remnant from the herding stage. Just like other Scandinavians, it is common among Jamts to drink <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a> throughout their entire life. There are many different types of Jamtish <a href="/wiki/Dairy_products" class="mw-redirect" title="Dairy products">dairy products</a>, especially cheese, since it was by far the easiest way to conserve milk. <a href="/wiki/Brunost" title="Brunost">Mesost</a> is particularly associated with Jämtland and also e.g. a local variant of <a href="/wiki/Cottage_cheese" title="Cottage cheese">cottage cheese</a> called <i>grynost</i>. In Jämtland there are several small <a href="/wiki/Dairy" title="Dairy">dairies</a> in the villages, most famous is the one in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sk%C3%A4rv%C3%A5ngen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skärvången (page does not exist)">Skärvången</a>. Other products associated with Jämtland are the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soft_whey_butter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soft whey butter (page does not exist)">soft whey butter</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_fil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long fil (page does not exist)">long fil</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kjesfil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kjesfil (page does not exist)">kjesfil</a>, <i>flautgröt</i> "<a href="/wiki/Cream" title="Cream">cream</a> <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a>", <a href="/wiki/Tunnbr%C3%B6d" title="Tunnbröd">tunnbröd</a>, a version of <a href="/wiki/Palt" title="Palt">palt</a> called <i>kams</i>, klobb etc. </p><p>The ancient practice of brewing <i>Julöl</i> (yule beer) persists even today with the <a href="/wiki/Microbrewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbrewery">microbrewery</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtlands_Bryggeri" title="Jämtlands Bryggeri">Jämtlands Bryggeri</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimstad" title="Pilgrimstad">Pilgrimstad</a>. </p><p>Local projects such as the internet portal <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodofjamtland.se/english">Food of Jämtland</a> and the trading mark <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smakriket.se">Smakriket Jämtland'</a>' (the "taste realm" Jämtland) are two major contributors in marketing, preserving and developing the cuisine of Jämtland.</i> </p><p>Some of the newest merchandises in Jämtland are a <a href="/wiki/Sparkling_wine" title="Sparkling wine">sparkling wine</a> made of <a href="/wiki/Birch" title="Birch">birch</a> <a href="/wiki/Sap" title="Sap">sap</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausage</a> called <i>Jämtlandsfalu</i>, wilderness juice, the <a href="/wiki/Snaps" title="Snaps">snaps</a> <i>kallsup</i> and tunnbröd <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/chips" class="extiw" title="wikt:chips">chips.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folklore">Folklore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Folklore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Scandinavian folklore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PB190187.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PB190187.JPG/220px-PB190187.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PB190187.JPG/330px-PB190187.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/PB190187.JPG/440px-PB190187.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Lake Storsjön</figcaption></figure> <p>The folklore of Jämtland mostly correspond to <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_folklore" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian folklore">Scandinavian folklore</a> as whole, although the folklore is seldom regarded as popular belief nowadays, with one major exception, <a href="/wiki/Storsj%C3%B6odjuret" title="Storsjöodjuret">Storsjöodjuret</a>. </p><p>According to legend it is believed that <a href="/wiki/Storsj%C3%B6n" title="Storsjön">Storsjön</a> (literally <i>the Great Lake</i>) harbors a large lake creature, Storsjöodjuret. There are many witness reports but the creature's existence remains to be established conclusively. Regardless of any proven existence, Storsjöodjuret was officially placed under the protection of a degree issued in 1986 by the <a href="/wiki/County_Administrative_Boards_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="County Administrative Boards of Sweden">County Administrative Board</a> to guarantee its safety from hunters and fortune seekers, the protection was lifted in November 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first description of Storsjöodjuret was made in this tale from 1635; </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Draak_%C3%96stersund_22jul2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Draak_%C3%96stersund_22jul2006.jpg/220px-Draak_%C3%96stersund_22jul2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Draak_%C3%96stersund_22jul2006.jpg/330px-Draak_%C3%96stersund_22jul2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Draak_%C3%96stersund_22jul2006.jpg/440px-Draak_%C3%96stersund_22jul2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1360" /></a><figcaption>Storsjöodjuret is commonly represented by this figure.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>A long, long time ago two trolls, Jata and Kata, stood on the shores of the Great Lake brewing a concoction in their cauldrons. They brewed and mixed and added to the liquid for days and weeks and years. They knew not what would result from their brew but they wondered about it a great deal. One evening there was heard a strange sound from one of their cauldrons. There was a wailing, a groaning and a crying, then suddenly came a loud bang. A strange animal with a black serpentine body and a cat-like head jumped out of the cauldron and disappeared into the lake. The monster enjoyed living in the lake, grew unbelievably larger and awakened terror among the people whenever it appeared. Finally, it extended all the way round the island of Frösön, and could even bite its own tail. Ketil Runske bound the mighty monster with a strong spell which was carved on a stone and raised on the island of Frösön. The serpent was pictured on the stone. Thus was the spell to be tied till the day someone came who could read and understand the inscription on the stone.</p></blockquote> <p><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Puken&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puken (page does not exist)">Puken</a></i> is a magical ball of <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">yarn</a> summoned by a witch to draw objects to her. It often steals milk to the witch by milking <a href="/wiki/Cow" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow">cows</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Just like in the rest of the world <a href="/wiki/Dragon" title="Dragon">dragons</a> have been known for a long time. In Jämtland they resemble <a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">brooms</a>, that flies quickly and strikes down where <a href="/wiki/Treasury" title="Treasury">treasuries</a> are buried.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6r%C3%A5" title="Sjörå">Sjörå</a></i> is a keeper of freshwater, that master fish, <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">aas</a> and lakes. It is similar to the Jamtish <i><a href="/wiki/Hulder" title="Hulder">skogskjæringa</a></i> "wife of the forest". A being that, at day, takes the appearance of a <i><a href="/wiki/Siberian_jay" title="Siberian jay">rauvtjuksa</a></i> "red tail", a bird seen as ominous in Jamtish folklore. When in physical form her tail is always apparent. She tries to lure men to have <a href="/wiki/Sexual_intercourse" title="Sexual intercourse">sexual intercourse</a> with her. The <i>skogsrå</i> is not the same creature as skogskjæringa in Jamtish folklore, it is the keeper of the forest and master all the animals in it. It takes on the shape of a moose during hunting season, and grows larger and larger if hit by bullets and eventually forces the hunters out. It can however, be slain with a silver bullet.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Johan_Tirens_naecken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Johan_Tirens_naecken.jpg/200px-Johan_Tirens_naecken.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Johan_Tirens_naecken.jpg/300px-Johan_Tirens_naecken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Johan_Tirens_naecken.jpg/400px-Johan_Tirens_naecken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="2109" /></a><figcaption>Local artist <a href="/wiki/Johan_Tir%C3%A9n" title="Johan Tirén">Johan Tirén</a>'s painting <i>Jämtlandssägen</i> (Jämtland's tale) with a young fiddler wearing traditional Great Jamtish clothes, whilst listening to the Nix play.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tomte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomte">Tomten</a> is a common creature, it is quite tall and has an eye in the middle of his forehead. It is the keeper of <a href="/wiki/Barn" title="Barn">barns</a> and a very capricious being, though he usually brings luck.<sup id="cite_ref-p_98_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p_98-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Neck_(water_spirit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neck (water spirit)">Nix</a>, <i>Näkkjen</i>, is a common mythical creature, in Jämtland it refers to a male water spirit whose music was dangerous to women. Each year in the town of <a href="/wiki/Hack%C3%A5s" title="Hackås">Hackås</a> in southern Jämtland an annual <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Nordic_dance_music" title="Traditional Nordic dance music">traditional music</a> contest <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%85rets_N%C3%A4ck" title="Årets Näck">Årets Näck</a></i> is held where each contestant impersonates the Nix. </p><p>In Jämtland the <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">vættir</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf (mythology)">dwarves</a> goes by the name <i>jolbyggar</i> "earth builders". They herd large white goats and cows and live underground, they are considered innocuous though sometimes they exchange an unbaptized child for a so-called <i>bytningsbarn</i>. They are commonly associated with the grazing lands.<sup id="cite_ref-p_98_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p_98-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also go by the names <i>småruskan</i>, <i>smågubban</i> and <i>småtussan</i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Folk_costumes">Folk costumes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Folk costumes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jämtland has several different types of folk costumes or <i><a href="/wiki/Bunad" title="Bunad">bunads</a></i>. Unlike certain regions in Scandinavia a unitary bunad did not exist in Jämtland's parishes, with the exception of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hammerdal_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hammerdal parish (page does not exist)">Hammerdal parish</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Brown" title="Brown">brown</a>-striped clothing. </p><p>Usually Jämtland is divided into three different clothing parts, the North Jamtish (<a href="/wiki/Hammerdal_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammerdal Court District">Hammerdal</a>), the East Jamtish (<a href="/wiki/Ragunda_Court_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragunda Court District">Ragunda</a>) and the Great Jamtish area, covering the rest and the majority of Jämtland. </p><p>The North Jamtish clothing part is typically influenced by the folk costumes of northern Ångermanland and to a lesser degree Lapland, with the exception of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Frostviken_parish&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frostviken parish (page does not exist)">Frostviken parish</a> settled by <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trønders</a> in the 18th century. The East Jamtish part is the least old-fashioned of the three with many changes done to the costumes through time, making them closer to the kind used at the Swedish coast, rather than the others in Jämtland. The Great Jamtish part has typically old-fashioned and conservative homogeneous bunads with blue socks, red knitted caps among the males, dark bounded caps for ladies and coloured for girls. The skirts are usually of a single colour and the men have blue or black <a href="/wiki/Hodden" title="Hodden">hodden</a> <a href="/wiki/Coat_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat (clothing)">coats</a>, with yellow <a href="/wiki/Chamois_leather" title="Chamois leather">chamois leather</a> pants made from moose skin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dialects">Dialects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Dialects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The genuine dialect of Jämtland is <a href="/wiki/Jamtish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamtish">Jamtish</a>. The speakers of the dialect refer to it as <i>Jamska</i> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ˈjamskɐ]</span>), which is a definite form that translates to English as "the Jamtish". However, due to the lack of a well-established English name of the dialect both Jamtish and Jamtlandic are used. </p><p>Jamtish is in fact a group of dialects and there are distinctive dialects in every parish. Though they are usually classified in four groups; <i>framlänningsmålet</i> "the Central Jamtish tongue", <i>opplänningsmålet</i> (spoken in Western Jämtland), Southwest Jamtish and Northern Jamtish. The dialects in eastern Jämtland are sometimes considered as a fifth group of Jamtish, but also as dialects more related to the Swedish dialects spoken in <a href="/wiki/%C3%85ngermanland" title="Ångermanland">Ångermanland</a>. In the very north of Jämtland <i>lidmål</i>, a version of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B8ndersk" title="Trøndersk">Trøndersk</a>, is spoken. Jamtish is spoken by 50 000 people at most living in Jämtland and in other areas of Sweden, particularly the capital <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>. </p> <table width="100%"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Veit vår gräse ahllten e, brano grönt</i></dd> <dd><i>å grönar tre, veit vår all får væ i fre?</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Veit vår ingenting e svårst</i></dd> <dd><i>å e öft, e huskut kort</i></dd> <dd><i>om nättran er e lagom mårt?</i></dd></dl></dd></dl> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>De e västa nola værln</i></dd> <dd><i>å åsta sönna hagan</i></dd> <dd><i>nola västa sjön</i></dd> <dd><i>å sönna åsta dagom</i></dd> <dd>- From <a href="/wiki/Triakel" title="Triakel">Triakel</a>'s song <b>Veit</b><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl></dd></dl> </td> <td> <p><i>Where d'you find a life of ease, green grass </i><br /> <i>and greener trees, gently waving in the breeze?</i> </p><p><i>Where d'you think the bugs don't bite</i><br /> <i>And the work, as quick and light?</i><br /> <i>Where's it hardly dark at night?</i> </p><p><i>It's to the east of the waning moon</i><br /> <i>And to the west of the wide horizon,</i><br /> <i>North of where the sun goes down</i><br /> <i>And south of where it's rising. </i><br /> English version of the same song, though not a literal translation. </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Even if the Jamtish official status is a dialect many Jamtish people see it as an own language. There are multiple activists that are trying to make the Swedish government recognise Jamtish as a minority language just as <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> or <a href="/wiki/Sami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami people">Sami</a> have become one. The claimers say to look at the different words and pronunciations of them. Whether or not it is its own language has been widely debated since the early 20th century. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provincial_character">Provincial character</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Provincial character"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically each province in Sweden has been known for a specific provincial character or <i><a href="/wiki/Volksgeist" class="mw-redirect" title="Volksgeist">volksgeist</a></i>. This was a field of intense research in Sweden earlier but is viewed somewhat unmodern and considered prejudice today. </p><p>The provincial character of Jämtland was often portrayed as cheerful and the population have historically been known for their hospitality. Before the dawn of the railway it was common among farmers to leave their doors unlocked when the annual summer journey to the critter houses was due, often with the table set with food for travelers. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ostersund.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ostersund.JPG/250px-Ostersund.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Ostersund.JPG/500px-Ostersund.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Östersund was founded to stop the faring traditions in Jämtland. This happened first after the railroad was established and the city is now the trading center of Jämtland.</figcaption></figure> <p>The faring traditions of Jämtland are also very characteristic. The Jamts were known to neglect the agriculture and instead take on long trading journeys all over Scandinavia to various <a href="/wiki/Market_(place)" class="mw-redirect" title="Market (place)">markets</a> such as the ancients ones in <a href="/wiki/Levanger_(town)" title="Levanger (town)">Levanger</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregorius_market&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregorius market (page does not exist)">Gregorius market</a> on Frösön. This was regarded as sheer pleasure in itself and not as something they were obligated to do. In the middle of the 18th century Jämtland's population was roughly <span class="nowrap">20 000</span> and it was common that over <span class="nowrap">1 000 Jamts</span> were present during <i>Marsimartnan</i> in Levanger, it is also claimed that the city was built solely on spikes from Jämtland before the fire in the 19th century. The journeys took place during the winters when the landscape was more accessible (when <a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">swamps</a>, lakes and <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(lake)" title="Tarn (lake)">tarns</a> froze to ice) and was conducted by males, which left the females in complete charge of the <a href="/wiki/Household" title="Household">household</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">property</a>. The journeys were well-organized <a href="/wiki/Exploration" title="Exploration">expeditions</a> and no one traveled alone. These traditions has awarded the Jamt with traits such as enterprising and energetic. The Jamts' attempts to avoid tariffs were very successful which greatly angered Swedish officials through time. These journeys eventually stopped once the railway came, though it has recently been renewed by locals. Some say that the heritage from this age lives on, given the high number of enterprises per capita. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republic_of_Jamtland">Republic of Jamtland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Republic of Jamtland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Jamtland" title="Republic of Jamtland">Republic of Jamtland</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Unofficial_Flag_of_Jamtland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Unofficial_Flag_of_Jamtland.svg/200px-Unofficial_Flag_of_Jamtland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Unofficial_Flag_of_Jamtland.svg/300px-Unofficial_Flag_of_Jamtland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Unofficial_Flag_of_Jamtland.svg/400px-Unofficial_Flag_of_Jamtland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Jamtland" title="Flag of the Republic of Jamtland">Flag of the Republic of Jamtland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1960s, an <a href="/wiki/Independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Independence movement">independence movement</a> calling itself the "Republic of Jamtland" was created by humorist/actor/director <a href="/wiki/Yngve_Gamlin" title="Yngve Gamlin">Yngve Gamlin</a>. Motivated on paper as an attempt to return the province to Jamtlandic control, the republic was given some form of recognition in 1967 when Mr. Gamlin was invited to an event for visiting statesmen hosted by Swedish prime minister <a href="/wiki/Tage_Erlander" title="Tage Erlander">Tage Erlander</a>. Described in some sources as a form of criticism against <a href="/wiki/Centralized" class="mw-redirect" title="Centralized">centralized</a> Swedish government and in others as a <a href="/wiki/Marketing" title="Marketing">marketing</a> ploy, it is likely that both played some part in its foundation (Republic officials typically describe it as "51 percent serious"). The republic has a self-styled <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Jamtland" title="Flag of the Republic of Jamtland">flag</a> and national anthem (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtlandss%C3%A5ngen" class="mw-redirect" title="Jämtlandssången">Jämtlandssången</a>) and the independence movement hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Storsj%C3%B6yran" title="Storsjöyran">Storsjöyran</a> event in the capital, <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stersund" title="Östersund">Östersund</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Sports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Football in the province is administered by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4mtland-H%C3%A4rjedalens_Fotbollf%C3%B6rbund" title="Jämtland-Härjedalens Fotbollförbund">Jämtland-Härjedalens Fotbollförbund</a>. The clubs overseen by the association include <a href="/wiki/Myssj%C3%B6-Ovikens_IF" title="Myssjö-Ovikens IF">Myssjö-Ovikens IF</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFEkerwald2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl-G%C3%B6ran_Ekerwald" class="extiw" title="sv:Carl-Göran Ekerwald">Ekerwald, Carl-Göran</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Swedish]</span> (2004). <i>Jämtarnas historia intill 1319</i>. Östersund: Jengel - Förlaget för Jemtlandica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A4mtarnas+historia+intill+1319&rft.place=%C3%96stersund&rft.pub=Jengel+-+F%C3%B6rlaget+f%C3%B6r+Jemtlandica&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Ekerwald&rft.aufirst=Carl-G%C3%B6ran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPerssonPer-Lennart_PerssonBo_OscarssonBerta_Magnusson1986" class="citation book cs1">Persson, Margareta; Per-Lennart Persson; Bo Oscarsson; Berta Magnusson; Nils Simonsson (1986). <i>Dä glöm fell int Jamska</i>. Offerdal: Margareta Persson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A4+gl%C3%B6m+fell+int+Jamska&rft.place=Offerdal&rft.pub=Margareta+Persson&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Persson&rft.aufirst=Margareta&rft.au=Per-Lennart+Persson&rft.au=Bo+Oscarsson&rft.au=Berta+Magnusson&rft.au=Nils+Simonsson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNils-Arvid_BringéusKarl_Johan_EklundGunnar_Olof_Hyltén-Cavallius1963" class="citation book cs1">Nils-Arvid Bringéus; Karl Johan Eklund; <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Olof_Hylt%C3%A9n-Cavallius" title="Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius">Gunnar Olof Hyltén-Cavallius</a>; et al. (1963). Björkquist, Lennart (ed.). <i>Jämten 1964</i>. Östersund: Heimbygdas Förlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A4mten+1964&rft.place=%C3%96stersund&rft.pub=Heimbygdas+F%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Nils-Arvid+Bring%C3%A9us&rft.au=Karl+Johan+Eklund&rft.au=Gunnar+Olof+Hylt%C3%A9n-Cavallius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSteinar_ImsenKerstin_Modin1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="/wiki/Steinar_Imsen" title="Steinar Imsen">Steinar Imsen</a>; Kerstin Modin; et al. (1995). <a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sten_Rentzhog" class="extiw" title="sv:Sten Rentzhog">Rentzhog, Sten</a> <span class="cs1-format">[in Swedish]</span> (ed.). <i>Jämten 1996</i>. Östersund: <a href="/wiki/Jamtli" title="Jamtli">Jamtli</a>/Jämtlands läns museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A4mten+1996&rft.place=%C3%96stersund&rft.pub=Jamtli%2FJ%C3%A4mtlands+l%C3%A4ns+museum&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Steinar+Imsen&rft.au=Kerstin+Modin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarl-Göran_EkerwaldVille_RoempkeFrans_Järnankar1996" class="citation book cs1">Carl-Göran Ekerwald; Ville Roempke; Frans Järnankar; et al. (1996). Rentzhog, Sten (ed.). <i>Jämten 1997</i>. Östersund: Jamtli/Jämtlands läns museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A4mten+1997&rft.place=%C3%96stersund&rft.pub=Jamtli%2FJ%C3%A4mtlands+l%C3%A4ns+museum&rft.date=1996&rft.au=Carl-G%C3%B6ran+Ekerwald&rft.au=Ville+Roempke&rft.au=Frans+J%C3%A4rnankar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHans_WestlundHåkan_LarssonMerete_Røskaft1999" class="citation book cs1">Hans Westlund; <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5kan_Larsson_(politician)" title="Håkan Larsson (politician)">Håkan Larsson</a>; Merete Røskaft; et al. (1999). Rentzhog, Sten (ed.). <i>Jämten 2000</i>. Östersund: Jamtli/Jämtlands läns museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=J%C3%A4mten+2000&rft.place=%C3%96stersund&rft.pub=Jamtli%2FJ%C3%A4mtlands+l%C3%A4ns+museum&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Hans+Westlund&rft.au=H%C3%A5kan+Larsson&rft.au=Merete+R%C3%B8skaft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRumar1998" class="citation book cs1">Rumar, Lars (1998). <i>Historia kring Kölen</i>. Östersund: Jamtli/Jämtlands läns museum.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+kring+K%C3%B6len&rft.place=%C3%96stersund&rft.pub=Jamtli%2FJ%C3%A4mtlands+l%C3%A4ns+museum&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Rumar&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-population-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-population_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statistikdatabasen.scb.se/pxweb/sv/ssd/START__BE__BE0101__BE0101A/FolkmangdDistrikt/table/tableViewLayout1/">"Folkmängd 31 december; ålder"</a>. <i>Statistikdatabasen</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistikdatabasen&rft.atitle=Folkm%C3%A4ngd+31+december%3B+%C3%A5lder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistikdatabasen.scb.se%2Fpxweb%2Fsv%2Fssd%2FSTART__BE__BE0101__BE0101A%2FFolkmangdDistrikt%2Ftable%2FtableViewLayout1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-republic-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-republic_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-republic_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekerwald, Carl-Göran (2004). <i>Jämtarnas historia</i> (in Swedish), 124. "Svaret är att Jämtland före 1178 var ett självständigt bondesamfund, "dei vart verande ein nasjon för seg sjöl", för att nu citera <a href="/wiki/Halvdan_Koht" title="Halvdan Koht">Halfdan Koht</a>.. Jämtland var en bonderepublik.."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bracke.se/turism/ombracke/historia/jamtland.4.6771032d12c1b82669a80001948.html">Jämtland - Turism</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151006070345/http://www.bracke.se/turism/ombracke/historia/jamtland.4.6771032d12c1b82669a80001948.html">Archived</a> 2015-10-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, bracke.se</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamgo.se/sites/default/files/smakprov_historien_om_republiken.pdf">Historien om Republiken Jämtland</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171017223058/http://www.lamgo.se/sites/default/files/smakprov_historien_om_republiken.pdf">Archived</a> 2017-10-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, lamgo.se</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamtamot.org/hederspriset/1990/1990-are-kommuns-kultur-och-fritidsguide_1989_are-kommun-en-historisk-aterblick.html">Jamtamot i Uppsala</a>, jamtamot.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-etymology-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-etymology_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHellquist1922" class="citation book cs1">Hellquist, Elof (1922). <i>Svensk etymologisk ordbok</i>. Stockholm: Gleerups förlag. p. 285.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Svensk+etymologisk+ordbok&rft.place=Stockholm&rft.pages=285&rft.pub=Gleerups+f%C3%B6rlag&rft.date=1922&rft.aulast=Hellquist&rft.aufirst=Elof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-verdal-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-verdal_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-verdal_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090108040719/http://www.verdal.historielag.org/gatenavn/gatenavn_verdal_j.htm">"Jamtlandsvegen"</a> (in Norwegian). Verdal Historielag. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verdal.historielag.org/gatenavn/gatenavn_verdal_j.htm">the original</a> on 2009-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamtlandsvegen&rft.pub=Verdal+Historielag&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.verdal.historielag.org%2Fgatenavn%2Fgatenavn_verdal_j.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Oscarsson, Bo (1986). "1000 år av frihet", in Margareta Persson: <i>Dä glöm fell int jamska</i> (in Swedish). Offerdal: Margareta Persson, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080808122353/http://www.jamtli.com/3888.jamtlis_historia.html">"Jamtlis historia"</a> (in Swedish). Jamtli. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamtli.com/3888.jamtlis_historia.html">the original</a> on 2008-08-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jamtlis+historia&rft.pub=Jamtli&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jamtli.com%2F3888.jamtlis_historia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekerwald, Carl-Göran (2004). <i>Jämtarnas historia</i>, 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekerwald, Carl-Göran (2004). <i>Jämtarnas historia</i>, 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekerwald, Carl-Göran (2004). <i>Jämtarnas historia</i>, 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekerwald, Carl-Göran (2004). <i>Jämtarnas historia</i>, 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rentzhog, Sten (1996). "Tidernas Kyrka", in Sten Rentzhog: <i>Jämten 1997</i> (in Swedish), 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rentzhog, Sten (1996). "Tidernas Kyrka", in Sten Rentzhog: <i>Jämten 1997</i> (in Swedish), 29. "bönder emellan ingen annan rang än ålder och levnadsår"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rentzhog, Sten (1996). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.op.se/parser.php?level1=154&level2=691&id=820739">the original</a> on February 26, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-02-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kooperativ+%C3%A4r+i+ropet+och+j%C3%A4mtarna+%C3%A4r+b%C3%A4st&rft.pub=%C3%96stersunds-Posten&rft.au=Trapp%2C+Mikael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.op.se%2Fparser.php%3Flevel1%3D154%26level2%3D691%26id%3D820739&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekerwald, Carl-Göran (2004). <i>Jämtarnas historia</i>, 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.scotsman.com/scitech.cfm?id=2224092005">Scotsman.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringéus, Nils-Arvid (1963). "Folktraditioner från Jämtland" in Lennart Björkquist: <i>Jämten 1964</i> (in Swedish), 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringéus, Nils-Arvid (1963). "Folktraditioner från Jämtland" in Lennart Björkquist: <i>Jämten 1964</i> (in Swedish), 94-95</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringéus, Nils-Arvid (1963). "Folktraditioner från Jämtland" in Lennart Björkquist: <i>Jämten 1964</i> (in Swedish), 96-97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p_98-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p_98_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p_98_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bringéus, Nils-Arvid (1963). "Folktraditioner från Jämtland" in Lennart Björkquist: <i>Jämten 1964</i> (in Swedish), 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080521011309/http://www.noside.com/nsd6081note.html">"Triakel Songs from 63 Degrees N"</a>. NorthSide - Nordic Roots Music. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.noside.com/nsd6081note.html">the original</a> on 2008-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-07-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Triakel+Songs+from+63+Degrees+N&rft.pub=NorthSide+-+Nordic+Roots+Music&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.noside.com%2Fnsd6081note.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJ%C3%A4mtland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%A4mtland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20041208063652/http://www.jamtland.se/">Jamtland</a> - Official tourist site of Jämtland & Härjedalen</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamtland.info/">Experience Winter in Jämtland Härjedalen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060106205657/http://www.jamtland.info/">Archived</a> 2006-01-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> - Tourist info</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060616145845/http://web.telia.com/~u63501054/index.english.html">Jamtland - history and language</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flowersinsweden.com/plant_list_alpha.htm">Jämtland Wildflowers</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laponia_(historical_province)" title="Laponia (historical province)">Laponia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96sterland" title="Österland">Österland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">Dominions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Possessions_of_Sweden" title="Possessions of Sweden">Possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_proper" title="Sweden proper">Proper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link 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