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smaller formats </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1999–2005:_Creation_and_introduction_of_smaller_formats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-miniSD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#miniSD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 miniSD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-miniSD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-microSD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#microSD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 microSD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-microSD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2006–2008:_SDHC_and_SDIO" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2006–2008:_SDHC_and_SDIO"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 2006–2008: SDHC and SDIO </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2006–2008:_SDHC_and_SDIO-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2009–2019:_SDXC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2009–2019:_SDXC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 2009–2019: SDXC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2009–2019:_SDXC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2019–present:_SDUC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2019–present:_SDUC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 2019–present: SDUC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2019–present:_SDUC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capacity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capacity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Capacity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Capacity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Capacity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SD_(SDSC)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SD_(SDSC)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 SD (SDSC) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SD_(SDSC)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SDHC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDHC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 SDHC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDHC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SDXC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDXC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 SDXC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDXC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SDUC" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDUC"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 SDUC </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDUC-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-exFAT_filesystem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#exFAT_filesystem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 exFAT filesystem </div> </a> <ul id="toc-exFAT_filesystem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Speed </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Speed-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Speed subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Bus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Default_Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Default_Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Default Speed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Default_Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_Speed" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_Speed"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 High Speed </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_Speed-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ultra_High_Speed_(UHS)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ultra_High_Speed_(UHS)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Ultra High Speed (UHS) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ultra_High_Speed_(UHS)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-UHS-I" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UHS-I"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.1 UHS-I </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UHS-I-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UHS-II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UHS-II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.2 UHS-II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UHS-II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UHS-III" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UHS-III"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.3 UHS-III </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UHS-III-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SD_Express" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SD_Express"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 SD Express </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SD_Express-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-microSD_Express" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#microSD_Express"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4.1 microSD Express </div> </a> <ul id="toc-microSD_Express-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bus_speed_comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bus_speed_comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Bus speed comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bus_speed_comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.6 Compatibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-(Original)_Speed_Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#(Original)_Speed_Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 (Original) Speed Class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-(Original)_Speed_Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UHS_Speed_Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UHS_Speed_Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 UHS Speed Class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UHS_Speed_Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_Speed_Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_Speed_Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Video Speed Class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_Speed_Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SD_Express_Speed_Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SD_Express_Speed_Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 SD Express Speed Class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SD_Express_Speed_Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparison" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparison"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 Comparison </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparison-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Application_Performance_Class" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Application_Performance_Class"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.6 Application Performance Class </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Application_Performance_Class-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"×"_rating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"×"_rating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.7 "×" rating </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"×"_rating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Real-world_performance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-world_performance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Real-world performance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-world_performance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Features </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Features subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Features-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Card_security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Card_security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Card security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Card_security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commands_to_disable_writes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commands_to_disable_writes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Commands to disable writes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commands_to_disable_writes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Write-protect_notch" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Write-protect_notch"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Write-protect notch </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Write-protect_notch-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Card_password" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Card_password"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Card password </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Card_password-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-smartSD_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#smartSD_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 smartSD cards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-smartSD_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vendor_enhancements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vendor_enhancements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Vendor enhancements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vendor_enhancements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SDIO_cards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDIO_cards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 SDIO cards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDIO_cards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Compatibility_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compatibility_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Compatibility </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compatibility_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Markets </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Markets-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Markets subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mobile_phones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_phones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Mobile phones </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_phones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterfeits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterfeits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Counterfeits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterfeits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_cameras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_cameras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Digital cameras </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_cameras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_computers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_computers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Personal computers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_computers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedded_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Embedded systems </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embedded_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Music distribution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technical_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technical_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Technical details </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Technical details subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Technical_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Physical_size" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_size"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Physical size </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_size-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Standard </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MiniSD_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MiniSD_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 MiniSD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MiniSD_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-microSD_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#microSD_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 microSD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-microSD_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transfer_modes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transfer_modes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Transfer modes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transfer_modes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Interface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Command_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Command_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Command interface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Command_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Electrical_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Electrical_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 Electrical interface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Electrical_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-MBR_and_FAT" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#MBR_and_FAT"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 MBR and FAT </div> </a> <ul id="toc-MBR_and_FAT-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risks_of_reformatting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risks_of_reformatting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 Risks of reformatting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Risks_of_reformatting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power_consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power_consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Power consumption </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power_consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_capacity_and_compatibilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_capacity_and_compatibilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Storage capacity and compatibilities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Storage_capacity_and_compatibilities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Storage capacity and compatibilities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Storage_capacity_and_compatibilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SDSC_cards_above_1_GB" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SDSC_cards_above_1_GB"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 SDSC cards above 1 GB </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SDSC_cards_above_1_GB-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Storage_capacity_calculations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Storage_capacity_calculations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Storage capacity calculations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Storage_capacity_calculations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Version_1" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Version_1"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 Version 1 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Version_1-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Versions_2_and_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Versions_2_and_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 Versions 2 and 3 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Versions_2_and_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Openness_of_specification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Openness_of_specification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Openness of specification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Openness_of_specification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_recovery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_recovery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Data recovery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_recovery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" > 41 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%82%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A2%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A9" title="بطاقة ذاكرة رقمية آمنة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بطاقة ذاكرة رقمية آمنة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="এসডি কার্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এসডি কার্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeta_Secure_Digital" title="Targeta Secure Digital – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Targeta Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD-Karte" title="SD-Karte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="SD-Karte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%87_%D8%A7%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="حافظه اس‌دی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حافظه اس‌دی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carte_SD" title="Carte SD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Carte SD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_%EC%B9%B4%EB%93%9C" title="SD 카드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="SD 카드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kartu_Secure_Digital" title="Kartu Secure Digital – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kartu Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD-kaart" title="SD-kaart – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="SD-kaart" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD%E3%83%A1%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89" title="SDメモリーカード – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="SDメモリーカード" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital_Card" title="Secure Digital Card – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Secure Digital Card" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karta_SD" title="Karta SD – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karta SD" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital_card" title="Secure Digital card – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Secure Digital card" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_kartica" title="SD kartica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="SD kartica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" title="SD картица – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SD картица" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D" title="సెక్యూర్ డిజిటల్ కార్డ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సెక్యూర్ డిజిటల్ కార్డ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94" title="เอสดีการ์ด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เอสดีการ์ด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD_kart" title="SD kart – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="SD kart" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Digital" title="Secure Digital – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Secure Digital" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BB_SD" title="Thẻ SD – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thẻ SD" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/SD%E5%8D%A1" title="SD卡 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="SD卡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Type of memory storage for portable devices</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SDHC" redirects here. For the gene, see <a href="/wiki/SDHC_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="SDHC (gene)">SDHC (gene)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_memory_cards" title="Comparison of memory cards">Comparison of memory cards</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the earlier form, see <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Secure Digital (SD, SDHC, SDXC, SDUC)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SD-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/220px-SD-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/330px-SD-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/440px-SD-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="300" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Cards.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SD_Cards.svg/220px-SD_Cards.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SD_Cards.svg/330px-SD_Cards.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/SD_Cards.svg/440px-SD_Cards.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="458" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">From top to bottom: SD, miniSD, microSD</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Media type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>SD: Up to 2 GB</li><li>SDHC: over 2 GB to 32 GB</li><li>SDXC: over 32 GB to 2 TB</li><li>SDUC: over 2 TB to 128 TB</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Block size</th><td class="infobox-data">Variable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Read mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"><li>Standard: 12.5 MB/s</li><li>High-speed: 25 MB/s</li><li>UHS-I: 50 MB/s or 104 MB/s</li><li>UHS-II: 156 MB/s full-duplex, or 312 MB/s half-duplex</li><li>UHS-III: 312 MB/s full-duplex, or 624 MB/s half-duplex</li><li>Express: ≥ 985 MB/s full-duplex</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Write mechanism</th><td class="infobox-data">Variable</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">Standard</a></th><td class="infobox-data">SD Standard</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SD_Association" title="SD Association">SD Association</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dimensions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Standard:</li><li>32.0×24.0×2.1 mm (1.260×0.945×0.083 in) 1,612.8 mm3 (0.09842 cu in)</li><li>Mini:</li><li>21.5×20.0×1.4 mm (0.846×0.787×0.055 in) 602 mm3 (0.0367 cu in)</li><li>Micro:</li><li>15.0×11.0×1.0 mm (0.591×0.433×0.039 in) 165 mm3 (0.0101 cu in)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Weight</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Standard: ~2 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a></li><li>Mini: ~800 mg</li><li>Micro: ~250 mg</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Usage</th><td class="infobox-data">Portable devices, such as digital cameras and mobile phones (including most smartphones)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Extended from</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Released</th><td class="infobox-data">August 1999</td></tr></tbody></table> Secure Digital, officially abbreviated as SD, is a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_hardware" title="Proprietary hardware">proprietary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-volatile_memory" title="Non-volatile memory">non-volatile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> card format the <a href="/wiki/SD_Association" title="SD Association">SD Association</a> (SDA) developed for use in portable devices. Because of their small physical dimensions, SD cards became widely used in many consumer electronic devices, such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_camera" title="Action camera">action cameras</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/GoPro#HERO_cameras" title="GoPro">GoPro Hero</a> series, and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">camera drones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> The standard was introduced in August 1999 by <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> (Matsushita) and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> as an improvement on <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCards</a> (MMCs).<a href="#cite_note-partnership-3">[3]</a> SDs have become an industry standard. The three companies formed SD-3C, LLC, a company that licenses and enforces intellectual property (IP) rights associated with SD memory cards and SD host-and-ancillary products.<a href="#cite_note-SD-3C-4">[4]</a> In January 2000, the companies formed the <a href="/wiki/SD_Association" title="SD Association">SD Association</a> (SDA), a non-profit organization to create and promote SD Card standards.<a href="#cite_note-SD_Association-5">[5]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit">[update]</a>, the SDA has approximately 1,000 member companies. It uses several SD-3C-owned trademarked logos to enforce compliance with its specifications and denote compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1999–2005:_Creation_and_introduction_of_smaller_formats">1999–2005: Creation and introduction of smaller formats</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1999–2005: Creation and introduction of smaller formats">edit</a>]</div> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> (Matsushita) and <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> agreed to develop and market the Secure Digital (SD) memory card.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> The card was derived from the <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a> (MMC)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> and provided <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) based on the <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital_Music_Initiative" title="Secure Digital Music Initiative">Secure Digital Music Initiative</a> (SDMI) standard and a high <a href="/wiki/Memory_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory density">memory density</a> ("data/bits per physical space"), i.e. a large quantity of data could be stored in a small physical space.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] SD was designed to compete with the <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a>, a flash storage format with DRM <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> had released the year before. Toshiba hoped the SD card’s DRM would encourage music suppliers concerned about piracy to use SD cards.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> The trademarked SD logo was originally developed for the <a href="/wiki/Super_Density_Disc" class="mw-redirect" title="Super Density Disc">Super Density Disc</a>, which was the unsuccessful Toshiba entry in the <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a> format war. For this reason, the letter "D" is styled to resemble an optical disc.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> At the 2000 <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> (CES), the three companies announced the creation of the <a href="/wiki/SD_Association" title="SD Association">SD Association</a> (SDA) to promote SD cards. The SD Association, which was headquartered in <a href="/wiki/San_Ramon,_California" title="San Ramon, California">San Ramon, California</a>, United States, then had 30 member companies and product manufacturers that made interoperable memory cards and devices. Early samples of the SD card<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> became available in the first quarter of 2000, and production quantities of 32 and 64 <a href="/wiki/Megabyte" title="Megabyte">megabyte</a> (MB)<a href="#cite_note-12">[a]</a> cards became available three months later.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The first 64 MB cards were offered for sale for 200 USD.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> SD was envisioned as a single memory card format for several kinds of electronic devices, that could also function as an expansion slot for adding new capabilities for a device.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> The first 256 MB and 512 MB SD cards were announced in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="miniSD">miniSD</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: miniSD">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MiniSD_memory_card_including_adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MiniSD_memory_card_including_adapter.jpg/220px-MiniSD_memory_card_including_adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MiniSD_memory_card_including_adapter.jpg/330px-MiniSD_memory_card_including_adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/MiniSD_memory_card_including_adapter.jpg/440px-MiniSD_memory_card_including_adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2168" data-file-height="1502" /></a><figcaption>MiniSD memory card including adapter</figcaption></figure> At March 2003 <a href="/wiki/CeBIT" title="CeBIT">CeBIT</a>, SanDisk Corporation introduced, announced and demonstrated the miniSD form factor.<a href="#cite_note-miniSD_announcement-16">[15]</a> The SDA adopted the miniSD card in 2003 as a small-form-factor extension to the SD card standard. While the new cards were designed for mobile phones, they were usually packaged with a miniSD adapter that provided compatibility with a standard SD memory card slot.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="microSD">microSD</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: microSD">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_Galaxy_A02s_microSD_slot.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Samsung_Galaxy_A02s_microSD_slot.JPG/220px-Samsung_Galaxy_A02s_microSD_slot.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Samsung_Galaxy_A02s_microSD_slot.JPG/330px-Samsung_Galaxy_A02s_microSD_slot.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Samsung_Galaxy_A02s_microSD_slot.JPG/440px-Samsung_Galaxy_A02s_microSD_slot.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3840" data-file-height="2160" /></a><figcaption>microSD card inserted on a <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a></figcaption></figure> MicroSD form-factor memory cards were introduced in 2004 by SanDisk at CeBIT<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and originally called T-Flash,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> and later TransFlash,<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> commonly abbreviated to "TF". T-Flash was renamed microSD in 2005 when it was adopted by the SDA.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> TransFlash and microSD cards are functionally identical, allowing either to operate in devices made for the other.<a href="#cite_note-Phonescoop-21">[20]</a> A passive adapter allows the use of microSD and TransFlash cards in SD card slots.<a href="#cite_note-Phonescoop-21">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2006–2008:_SDHC_and_SDIO">2006–2008: SDHC and SDIO</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 2006–2008: SDHC and SDIO">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg/220px-8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg/330px-8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg/440px-8_bytes_vs._8Gbytes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>This microSDHC card holds 8 billion bytes. Beneath it is a section of a <a href="/wiki/Magnetic-core_memory" title="Magnetic-core memory">magnetic-core memory</a> (used until the 1970s) that holds eight bytes using 64 cores. The card covers approximately 20 bits (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>2+1⁄2 bytes).</figcaption></figure> In September 2006, SanDisk announced the 4 GB miniSDHC.<a href="#cite_note-miniSDHC_announcement-23">[22]</a> Like the SD and SDHC, the miniSDHC card has the same form factor as the older miniSD card but the HC card requires HC support built into the host device.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Devices that support miniSDHC work with miniSD and miniSDHC, but devices without specific support for miniSDHC work only with the older miniSD card. Since 2008, miniSD cards are no longer produced, due to market domination of the even smaller microSD cards.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2009–2019:_SDXC">2009–2019: SDXC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2009–2019: SDXC">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MicroSDXC.64GB.P1127589.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MicroSDXC.64GB.P1127589.jpg/220px-MicroSDXC.64GB.P1127589.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MicroSDXC.64GB.P1127589.jpg/330px-MicroSDXC.64GB.P1127589.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/MicroSDXC.64GB.P1127589.jpg/440px-MicroSDXC.64GB.P1127589.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1550" data-file-height="2067" /></a><figcaption>Macro shot of a microSDXC memory card with eight gold plated electrical contacts</figcaption></figure> The storage density of memory cards increased significantly[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">quantify</a>] throughout the 2010s, allowing the earliest devices to offer support for the SD:XC standard, such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III" title="Samsung Galaxy S III">Samsung Galaxy S III</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_II" title="Samsung Galaxy Note II">Samsung Galaxy Note II</a> mobile phones, to expand their available storage to several hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Gigabyte" title="Gigabyte">gigabytes</a>. In January 2009, the SDA announced the SDXC family, which supports cards up to 2 TB<a href="#cite_note-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024-24">[b]</a> and speeds up to 300 MB/s.<a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a> SDXC cards are formatted with the <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> file system by default.<a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a> SDXC was announced at the <a href="/wiki/Consumer_Electronics_Show" title="Consumer Electronics Show">Consumer Electronics Show</a> (CES) 2009 (January 7–10). At the same show, <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> also announced a comparable <a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick_XC" class="mw-redirect" title="Memory Stick XC">Memory Stick XC</a> variant with the same 2 TB<a href="#cite_note-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024-24">[b]</a> maximum as SDXC,<a href="#cite_note-27">[25]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> announced plans to produce 64 GB SDXC cards.<a href="#cite_note-betanews_2t_sdxc-28">[26]</a> On March 6, Pretec introduced the first SDXC card,<a href="#cite_note-dpreview_pretec_sdxc-29">[27]</a> a 32 GB card with a read/write speed of 400 Mbit/s. But only early in 2010 did compatible host devices come onto the market, including <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Handycam" title="Handycam">Handycam</a> HDR-CX55V <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canon_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon (company)">Canon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Canon_EOS_550D" title="Canon EOS 550D">EOS 550D</a> (also known as Rebel T2i) Digital SLR camera,<a href="#cite_note-The-Digital-Picture.com-T2i_500D-30">[28]</a> a USB card reader from Panasonic, and an integrated SDXC card reader from JMicron.<a href="#cite_note-JMicron-31">[29]</a> The earliest laptops to integrate SDXC card readers relied on a USB 2.0 bus, which does not have the bandwidth to support SDXC at full speed.<a href="#cite_note-Laptops-32">[30]</a> In early 2010, commercial SDXC cards appeared from <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a> (64 GB),<a href="#cite_note-DailyTech-33">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrunchGear-34">[32]</a> Panasonic (64 GB and 48 GB),<a href="#cite_note-Panasonic-35">[33]</a> and SanDisk (64 GB).<a href="#cite_note-SanDisk-36">[34]</a> In early 2011, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Centon_Electronics,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Centon Electronics, Inc. (page does not exist)">Centon Electronics, Inc.</a> (64 GB and 128 GB) and <a href="/wiki/Lexar" title="Lexar">Lexar</a> (128 GB) began shipping SDXC cards rated at Speed Class 10.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> Pretec offered cards from 8 GB to 128 GB rated at Speed Class 16.<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a> In September 2011, SanDisk released a 64 GB microSDXC card.<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Kingmax released a comparable product in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> In April 2012, Panasonic introduced <a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a> card format for professional video applications. The cards are essentially full-size SDHC or SDXC UHS-II cards, rated at UHS Speed Class U1.<a href="#cite_note-www2.panasonic.com-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a> An adapter allows MicroP2 cards to work in current <a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2 card</a> equipment.<a href="#cite_note-43">[41]</a> Panasonic MicroP2 cards shipped in March 2013 and were the first UHS-II compliant products on market; initial offer includes a 32 GB SDHC card and a 64 GB SDXC card.<a href="#cite_note-www2.panasonic.com-41">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> Later that year, Lexar released the first 256 GB SDXC card, based on 20 nm <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND flash</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> In February 2014, SanDisk introduced the first 128 GB microSDXC card,<a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> which was followed by a 200 GB microSDXC card in March 2015.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> September 2014 saw SanDisk announce the first 512 GB SDXC card.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a> Samsung announced the world's first EVO Plus 256 GB microSDXC card in May 2016,<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> and in September 2016 <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> (SanDisk) announced that a prototype of the first 1 TB<a href="#cite_note-50">[c]</a> SDXC card would be demonstrated at <a href="/wiki/Photokina" title="Photokina">Photokina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> In August 2017, SanDisk launched a 400 GB microSDXC card.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> In January 2018, Integral Memory unveiled its 512 GB microSDXC card.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> In May 2018, <a href="/wiki/PNY_Technologies" title="PNY Technologies">PNY</a> launched a 512 GB microSDXC card. In June 2018 <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Technology" title="Kingston Technology">Kingston</a> announced its Canvas series of microSD cards which were capable of capacities up to 512 GB,<a href="#cite_note-GiB-54">[d]</a> in three variations, Select, Go! and React.<a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> In February 2019, <a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a> and <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a> unveiled their microSDXC cards of 1 TB capacity.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2019–present:_SDUC">2019–present: SDUC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 2019–present: SDUC">edit</a>]</div> The Secure Digital Ultra Capacity (SDUC) format supports cards up to 128 TB<a href="#cite_note-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024-24">[b]</a> and offers speeds up to 985 MB/s. In April 2024, <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> (SanDisk) revealed the world's first 4 TB SD card at <a href="/wiki/NAB_Show" title="NAB Show">NAB 2024</a>, which will make use of the SDUC format. It is set to release in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Capacity">Capacity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Capacity">edit</a>]</div> Secure Digital includes five card families available in <a href="#Physical_size">three form factors</a>. The five families are the original standard capacity (SDSC), high capacity (SDHC), extended capacity (<a href="#SDXC">SDXC</a>), ultra capacity (<a href="#SDUC">SDUC</a>) and <a href="#SDIO_cards">SDIO</a>, which combines <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> functions with data storage.<a href="#cite_note-sdcard_capacity-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-sdcard_using_sdxc-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-sdcard_sdio-60">[56]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Comparison of SD card capacity standards<a href="#cite_note-61">[57]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col">SD (SDSC) </th> <th scope="col">SDHC </th> <th scope="col">SDXC </th> <th scope="col">SDUC </th></tr> <tr style="background: white;"> <th colspan="2">Logo </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SD-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/90px-SD-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/135px-SD-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/180px-SD-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="300" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDHC-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SDHC-Logo.svg/90px-SDHC-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SDHC-Logo.svg/135px-SDHC-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SDHC-Logo.svg/180px-SDHC-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="301" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDXC-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SDXC-Logo.svg/90px-SDXC-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SDXC-Logo.svg/135px-SDXC-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SDXC-Logo.svg/180px-SDXC-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="307" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDUC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/SDUC.svg/90px-SDUC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/SDUC.svg/135px-SDUC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/SDUC.svg/180px-SDUC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="330" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Year </th> <td>1999 </td> <td>2006 </td> <td>2009 </td> <td>2018 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Capacity </th> <th>Min </th> <td>— </td> <td>>2 GB </td> <td>>32 GB </td> <td>>2 TB </td></tr> <tr> <th>Max </th> <td>2 GB </td> <td>32 GB </td> <td>2 TB </td> <td>128 TB </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Typical <abbr title="file system">FS</abbr> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a>/<a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SD_(SDSC)"> SD (SDSC)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: SD (SDSC)">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SD-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/140px-SD-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/210px-SD-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/SD-Logo.svg/280px-SD-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="910" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Secure Digital Standard Capacity (SD) logo. The specification defines cards with a capacity of up to 2 GB.</figcaption></figure> The second-generation Secure Digital (SDSC or Secure Digital Standard Capacity) card was developed to improve on the <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a> (MMC) standard, which continued to evolve, but in a different direction. Secure Digital changed the MMC design in several ways: <ul><li>Asymmetrical shape of the sides of the SD card prevents inserting it upside down (whereas an MMC goes in most of the way but makes no contact if inverted).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Most standard size SD cards are 2.1 mm (0.083 inches)<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[58]</a> thick, with microSD versions being 1.0 mm (0.039 inches)<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[58]</a> thick, compared to 1.4 mm (0.055 inches) for MMCs. The SD specification defines a card called Thin SD with a thickness of 1.4 mm,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] but they occur only rarely, as the SDA went on to define even smaller form factors.</li> <li>The card's electrical contacts are recessed beneath the surface of the card, protecting them from contact with a user's fingers.</li> <li>The SD specification envisioned capacities and transfer rates exceeding those of MMC, and both of these functionalities have grown over time.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] For a comparison table, see <a href="#Comparison_to_other_flash_memory_formats">below</a>.</li> <li>While MMC uses a single pin for data transfers, the SD card added a four-wire bus mode for higher data rates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The SD card added <a href="/wiki/Content_Protection_for_Recordable_Media" title="Content Protection for Recordable Media">Content Protection for Recordable Media</a> (CPRM) security circuitry for <a href="/wiki/Digital_rights_management" title="Digital rights management">digital rights management</a> (DRM) content-protection.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>Addition of a write-protect notch[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> Full-size SD cards do not fit into the slimmer MMC slots, and other issues also affect the ability to use one format in a host device designed for the other.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDHC">SDHC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SDHC">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDHC-Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SDHC-Logo.svg/140px-SDHC-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SDHC-Logo.svg/210px-SDHC-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/SDHC-Logo.svg/280px-SDHC-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="509" data-file-height="301" /></a><figcaption>Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC) logo. The specification defines cards with a capacity of more than 2 GB up to 32 GB.</figcaption></figure> The Secure Digital High Capacity (SDHC) format, announced in January 2006 and defined in version 2.0 of the SD specification, supports cards with capacities up to 32 GB.<a href="#cite_note-GiB-54">[d]</a><a href="#cite_note-sdcard_capacity-58">[54]</a> The SDHC trademark is licensed to ensure compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-sandisk-sdhc-63">[59]</a> SDHC cards are physically and electrically identical to standard-capacity SD cards (SDSC). The major compatibility issues between SDHC and SDSC cards are the redefinition of the Card-Specific Data (CSD) register in version 2.0 (see <a href="#Storage_capacity_calculations">below</a>), and the fact that SDHC cards are shipped preformatted with the <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> file system. Version 2.0 also introduces a high-speed bus mode for both SDSC and SDHC cards, which doubles the original Standard Speed clock to produce 25 <a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sd-association-64">[60]</a> SDHC host devices are required to accept older SD cards.<a href="#cite_note-sdcard.org-65">[61]</a> However, older host devices do not recognize SDHC or SDXC memory cards, although some devices can do so through a firmware upgrade.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] Older Windows operating systems released before Windows 7 require patches or service packs to support access to SDHC cards.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDXC">SDXC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: SDXC">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDXC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SDXC.svg/140px-SDXC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SDXC.svg/210px-SDXC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/SDXC.svg/280px-SDXC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="166" /></a><figcaption>Secure Digital eXtended Capacity logo. The specification defines cards with a capacity of more than 32 GB up to 2 TB.</figcaption></figure> The Secure Digital eXtended Capacity (SDXC) format, announced in January 2009 and defined in version 3.01 of the SD specification, supports cards up to 2 TB,<a href="#cite_note-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024-24">[b]</a> compared to a limit of 32 GB<a href="#cite_note-GiB-54">[d]</a> for SDHC cards in the SD 2.0 specification. SDXC adopts Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> file system as a mandatory feature.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> Version 3.01 also introduced the Ultra High Speed (UHS) bus for both SDHC and SDXC cards, with interface speeds from 50 MB/s to 104 MB/s for four-bit UHS-I bus.<a href="#cite_note-BS-71">[67]</a> (this number has since been exceeded with SanDisk proprietary technology for 170 MB/s read, which is not proprietary anymore, as Lexar has the 1066x running at 160 MB/s read and 120 MB/s write via UHS 1, and Kingston also has their Canvas Go! Plus, also running at 170 MB/s).<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a> Version 4.0, introduced in June 2011, allows speeds of 156 MB/s to 312 MB/s over the four-lane (two differential lanes) UHS-II bus, which requires an additional row of physical pins.<a href="#cite_note-BS-71">[67]</a> Version 5.0 was announced in February 2016 at CP+ 2016, and added "Video Speed Class" ratings for UHS cards to handle higher resolution video formats like <a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sda_video_speed-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The new ratings define a minimal write speed of 90 MB/s.<a href="#cite_note-sd50_video_speed-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDUC">SDUC</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: SDUC">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDUC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/SDUC.svg/140px-SDUC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/SDUC.svg/210px-SDUC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/bf/SDUC.svg/280px-SDUC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="330" /></a><figcaption>Secure Digital Ultra Capacity (SDUC) logo. The specification defines cards with a capacity of more than 2 TB up to 128 TB.</figcaption></figure> The Secure Digital Ultra Capacity (SDUC) format, described in the SD 7.0 specification, and announced in June 2018, supports cards up to 128 TB<a href="#cite_note-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024-24">[b]</a> and offers speeds up to 985 MB/s, regardless of form factor, either micro or full size, or interface type including UHS-I, UHS-II, UHS-III or SD Express.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> The SD Express interface can also be used with SDHC and SDXC cards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="exFAT_filesystem">exFAT filesystem</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: exFAT filesystem">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a></div> SDXC and SDUC cards are required to be formatted using <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:0-62">[58]</a> but many operating systems will support others.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> (SP1) and later<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a> and <a href="/wiki/OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="OS X">OS X</a> (10.6.5 and later) have native support for exFAT.<a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> (Windows XP and Server 2003 can support exFAT via an optional update from Microsoft.)<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a> Most <a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Software_Distribution" title="Berkeley Software Distribution">BSD</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> distributions did not have exFAT support for legal reasons, though in Linux kernel 5.4 Microsoft open-sourced the spec and allowed the inclusion of an exFAT driver.<a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> Users of older kernels or BSD can manually install third-party implementations of exFAT (as a <a href="/wiki/Filesystem_in_Userspace" title="Filesystem in Userspace">FUSE</a> module) in order to be able to mount exFAT-formatted volumes.<a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a> However, SDXC cards can be reformatted to use any file system (such as <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">UFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/VFAT" class="mw-redirect" title="VFAT">VFAT</a> or <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS</a>), alleviating the restrictions associated with exFAT availability. Except for the change of file system, SDXC cards are mostly backward compatible with SDHC readers, and many SDHC host devices can use SDXC cards if they are first reformatted to the FAT32 file system.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> The SD Association provides a formatting utility for Windows and Mac OS X that checks and formats SD, SDHC, SDXC and SDUC cards.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Speed">Speed</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Speed">edit</a>]</div> SD card speed is customarily rated by its sequential read or write speed. The sequential performance aspect is the most relevant for storing and retrieving large files (relative to block sizes internal to the <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a>), such as images and multimedia. Small data (such as file names, sizes and timestamps) falls under the much lower <a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">speed limit of random access</a>, which can be the limiting factor in some use cases.<a href="#cite_note-necstudy-91">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gough2014-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> With early SD cards, a few card manufacturers specified the speed as a "times" ("×") rating, which compared the average speed of reading data to that of the original <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive. This was superseded by the Speed Class Rating, which guarantees a minimum rate at which data can be written to the card.<a href="#cite_note-sda_speed_class-94">[90]</a> The newer families of SD card improve card speed by increasing the bus rate (the frequency of the clock signal that strobes information into and out of the card). Whatever the bus rate, the card can signal to the host that it is "busy" until a read or a write operation is complete. Compliance with a higher speed rating is a guarantee that the card limits its use of the "busy" indication. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bus">Bus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bus">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Default_Speed">Default Speed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Default Speed">edit</a>]</div> SD cards will read and write at speeds of 12.5 MB/s. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High_Speed">High Speed</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: High Speed">edit</a>]</div> High-Speed Mode (25 MB/s) was introduced to support digital cameras with 1.10 spec version.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ultra_High_Speed_(UHS)"> Ultra High Speed (UHS)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ultra High Speed (UHS)">edit</a>]</div> The Ultra High Speed (UHS) bus is available on some SDHC and SDXC cards.<a href="#cite_note-sda_bus_speed-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> Cards that comply with UHS show Roman numerals 'I', 'II' or 'III' next to the SD card logo,<a href="#cite_note-sda_bus_speed-96">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-sda_speed_class-94">[90]</a> and report this capability to the host device. Use of UHS-I requires that the host device command the card to drop from 3.3-volt to 1.8-volt operation over the I/O interface pins and select the four-bit transfer mode, while UHS-II requires 0.4-volt operation. The higher speed rates of UHS-II and III are achieved by using two-lane 0.4 V <a href="/wiki/Low-voltage_differential_signaling" title="Low-voltage differential signaling">low-voltage differential signaling</a> (LVDS) on a second row of pins.<a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> Each lane is capable of transferring up to 156 MB/s. In full-duplex mode, one lane is used for Transmit while the other is used for Receive. In half-duplex mode both lanes are used for the same direction of data transfer allowing a double data rate at the same clock speed. In addition to enabling higher data rates, the UHS-II interface allows for lower interface power consumption, lower I/O voltage and lower electromagnetic interference (EMI). The following ultra-high speeds are specified: <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="UHS-I">UHS-I</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: UHS-I">edit</a>]</div> Specified in SD version 3.01.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> Supports a clock frequency of 100 MHz (a quadrupling of the original "Default Speed"), which in four-bit transfer mode could transfer 50 MB/s (SDR50). UHS-I cards declared as UHS104 (SDR104) also support a clock frequency of 208 MHz, which could transfer 104 MB/s. <a href="/wiki/Double_data_rate" title="Double data rate">Double data rate</a> operation at 50 MHz (DDR50) is also specified in Version 3.01, and is mandatory for microSDHC and microSDXC cards labeled as UHS-I. In this mode, four bits are transferred when the clock signal rises and another four bits when it falls, transferring an entire byte on each full clock cycle, hence a 50 MB/s operation could be transferred using a 50 MHz clock. There is a proprietary UHS-I extension, called DDR200, originally created by SanDisk that increases transfer speed further to 170 MB/s. Unlike UHS-II, it does not use additional pins. It achieves this by using the 208 MHz frequency of the standard SDR104 mode, but using DDR transfers.<a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> This extension has since then been used by Lexar for their 1066x series (160 MB/s), Kingston Canvas Go Plus (170 MB/s) and the MyMemory PRO SD card (180 MB/s). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="UHS-II">UHS-II</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: UHS-II">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Back.jpg/170px-Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Back.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Back.jpg/255px-Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Back.jpg/340px-Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption>Back side of a Lexar UHS-II microSDHC card, showing the additional row of UHS-II connections</figcaption></figure> Specified in version 4.0, further raises the data transfer rate to a theoretical maximum of 156 MB/s (full-<a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">duplex</a>) or 312 MB/s (half-duplex) using an additional row of pins for LVDS signalling<a href="#cite_note-firstsdxc-103">[99]</a> (a total of 17 pins for full-size and 16 pins for micro-size cards).<a href="#cite_note-sda_bus_speed-96">[92]</a> While first implementations in compact system cameras were seen three years after specification (2014), it took many more years until UHS-II was implemented on a regular basis. At the beginning of 2024, almost 90 DSLR and mirrorless cameras support UHS-II.<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="UHS-III">UHS-III</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: UHS-III">edit</a>]</div> Version 6.0, released in February 2017, added two new data rates to the standard. FD312 provides 312 MB/s while FD624 doubles that. Both are full-duplex. The physical interface and pin-layout are the same as with UHS-II, retaining backward compatibility.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SD_Express"> SD Express</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: SD Express">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Express_Highest_Speed_Card_Standard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SD_Express_Highest_Speed_Card_Standard.jpg/220px-SD_Express_Highest_Speed_Card_Standard.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SD_Express_Highest_Speed_Card_Standard.jpg/330px-SD_Express_Highest_Speed_Card_Standard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SD_Express_Highest_Speed_Card_Standard.jpg/440px-SD_Express_Highest_Speed_Card_Standard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Front and back of an SD Express card</figcaption></figure> The SD Express bus was released in June 2018 with SD specification 7.0. It uses a single <a href="/wiki/PCIe" class="mw-redirect" title="PCIe">PCIe</a> lane to provide full-duplex 985 MB/s transfer speed. Supporting cards must also implement the <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> storage access protocol. The Express bus can be implemented by SDHC, SDXC and SDUC cards. For legacy application use, SD Express cards must also support High-Speed bus and UHS-I bus. The Express bus re-uses the pin layout of UHS-II cards and reserves the space for additional two pins that may be introduced in the future.<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> Hosts which implement version 7.0 of the spec allow SD Cards to do <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">direct memory access</a>, which increases the attack surface of the host dramatically in the face of malicious SD cards.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a> Version 8.0 was announced on 19 May 2020, with support for two PCIe lanes with an additional row of contacts and PCIe 4.0 transfer rates, for a maximum bandwidth of 3,938 MB/s.<a href="#cite_note-108">[104]</a> Version 9.0 was released in February 2022.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> Version 9.1 was announced in October 2023.<a href="#cite_note-SDver9.1-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="microSD_Express"> microSD Express</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: microSD Express">edit</a>]</div> In February 2019, the SD Association announced microSD Express.<a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> The microSD Express cards offer PCI Express and NVMe interfaces, as the June 2018 SD Express release did, alongside the legacy microSD interface for continued backwards compatibility. The SDA also released visual marks to denote microSD Express memory cards to make matching the card and device easier for optimal device performance.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bus_speed_comparison">Bus speed comparison</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bus speed comparison">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Comparison of SD card bus speeds<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Bus interface </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Bus logo </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Bus speed </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_lane" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express lane">lanes</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telecommunications)" title="Duplex (telecommunications)">Duplex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4">Card types </th> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Spec version </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">SD </th> <th scope="col">SDHC </th> <th scope="col">SDXC </th> <th scope="col">SDUC </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Default Speed </th> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>00,012.5 MB/s </td> <td rowspan="9" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">? </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td rowspan="13" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td rowspan="13" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td rowspan="13" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td>1.01 </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">High Speed </th> <td>0025 MB/s </td> <td>1.10 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3" scope="row">UHS-I </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/File:UHS-I.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UHS-I.svg/11px-UHS-I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UHS-I.svg/17px-UHS-I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/UHS-I.svg/23px-UHS-I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="592" /></a> </td> <td>0050 MB/s </td> <td>Half / Full </td> <td rowspan="11" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td rowspan="2">3.01 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0104 MB/s </td> <td rowspan="2">Half </td></tr> <tr> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>0180 MB/s<a href="#cite_note-114">[e]</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row">UHS-II </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/File:UHS-II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UHS-II.svg/23px-UHS-II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UHS-II.svg/35px-UHS-II.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/UHS-II.svg/47px-UHS-II.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="690" data-file-height="592" /></a> </td> <td>0156 MB/s </td> <td>Full </td> <td rowspan="2">4.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0312 MB/s </td> <td>Half </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="row">UHS-III </th> <td rowspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/File:UHS-III.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/UHS-III.svg/35px-UHS-III.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/UHS-III.svg/53px-UHS-III.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/UHS-III.svg/70px-UHS-III.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1035" data-file-height="592" /></a> </td> <td>0312 MB/s </td> <td rowspan="6">Full </td> <td rowspan="2">6.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>0624 MB/s </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4" scope="row">SD Express </th> <td rowspan="4" style="text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/File:SDex(short).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SDex%28short%29.svg/40px-SDex%28short%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SDex%28short%29.svg/60px-SDex%28short%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/SDex%28short%29.svg/80px-SDex%28short%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:SDexpress.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/SDexpress.svg/124px-SDexpress.svg.png" decoding="async" width="124" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/SDexpress.svg/186px-SDexpress.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/SDexpress.svg/247px-SDexpress.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="83" /></a> </td> <td>0985 MB/s </td> <td>3.1 ×1 </td> <td>7.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1,969 MB/s </td> <td>3.1 ×2 </td> <td rowspan="3">8.00 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.0 ×1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3,938 MB/s </td> <td>4.0 ×2 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Compatibility">Compatibility</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Compatibility">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Bus speed of host and card combinations (in MB/s)<a href="#cite_note-115">[110]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2" class="diagonal-split-header unsortable" style="line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141225670">.mw-parser-output .diagonal-split-header{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/43/Diagonal_line.svg");background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:100%100%;background-position:center}</style><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Host</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Card</div> </th> <th colspan="2">UHS-I </th> <th colspan="2">UHS-II </th> <th rowspan="2">UHS-III </th> <th rowspan="2">Express </th></tr> <tr> <th>UHS50 </th> <th>UHS104 </th> <th><abbr title="Full-duplex">Full</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Half-duplex">Half</abbr> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">UHS-I </th> <th>UHS50 </th> <td>050 </td> <td>050 </td> <td>050 </td> <td>050 </td> <td>050 </td> <td>050 </td></tr> <tr> <th>UHS104 </th> <td>050 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">UHS-II </th> <th><abbr title="Full-duplex">Full</abbr> </th> <td>050 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>156 </td> <td>156 </td> <td>156 </td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="Half-duplex">Half</abbr> </th> <td>050 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>156 </td> <td>312 </td> <td>312 </td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">UHS-III </th> <td>050 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>156 </td> <td>312 </td> <td>624 </td> <td>104 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Express </th> <td>050 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>104 </td> <td>985 </td></tr></tbody></table> NOTE: If the card reader uses the DDR208 controller on the UHS 1 pins, the card reader will perform at 180 MB/s on applicable UHS 1 cards <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Class">Class</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Class">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanDisk_Ultra_microSDHC_card,_32GB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/SanDisk_Ultra_microSDHC_card%2C_32GB.png/220px-SanDisk_Ultra_microSDHC_card%2C_32GB.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/SanDisk_Ultra_microSDHC_card%2C_32GB.png/330px-SanDisk_Ultra_microSDHC_card%2C_32GB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/SanDisk_Ultra_microSDHC_card%2C_32GB.png/440px-SanDisk_Ultra_microSDHC_card%2C_32GB.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>32 GB SanDisk Ultra microSDHC card (with Speed Class 10, UHS-I, UHS Speed Class 1, and Application Performance Class 1 markings)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Front.jpg/220px-Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Front.jpg/330px-Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Front.jpg/440px-Lexar_1000x_MicroSDHC_UHS-II_U3_Class_10_-_Front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2217" data-file-height="1616" /></a><figcaption>32 GB Lexar 1000x microSDHC card (with UHS-II and UHS Speed Class 3 markings)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSIIBEIDE.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSIIBEIDE.png/220px-Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSIIBEIDE.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSIIBEIDE.png/330px-Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSIIBEIDE.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSIIBEIDE.png/440px-Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSIIBEIDE.png 2x" data-file-width="11334" data-file-height="6868" /></a><figcaption>The front and back of the Sony 64 GB SF-M Tough Series UHS-II SDXC Memory Card</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/SD_Association" title="SD Association">SD Association</a> defines standard speed classes for SDHC/SDXC cards indicating minimum performance (minimum serial data writing speed). Both read and write speeds must exceed the specified value. The specification defines these classes in terms of performance curves that translate into the following minimum read-write performance levels on an empty card and suitability for different applications:<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-sda_speed_class-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-sda_speed_class_consumer-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-sda_logos_2017-117">[112]</a> The SD Association defines three types of Speed Class ratings: the original Speed Class, UHS Speed Class and Video Speed Class. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="(Original)_Speed_Class">(Original) Speed Class</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: (Original) Speed Class">edit</a>]</div> Speed Class ratings 2, 4 and 6 assert that the card supports the respective number of megabytes per second as a minimum sustained write speed for a card in a fragmented state. Class 10 asserts that the card supports 10 MB/s as a minimum non-fragmented sequential write speed and uses a High Speed bus mode.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> The host device can read a card's speed class and warn the user if the card reports a speed class that falls below an application's minimum need.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> By comparison, the older "×" rating measured maximum speed under ideal conditions, and was vague as to whether this was read speed or write speed. The graphical symbol for the speed class has a number encircled with 'C' (C2, C4, C6 and C10). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="UHS_Speed_Class">UHS Speed Class</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: UHS Speed Class">edit</a>]</div> UHS-I and UHS-II cards can use UHS Speed Class rating with two possible grades: class 1 for minimum write performance of at least 10 MB/s ('U1' symbol featuring number 1 inside 'U') and class 3 for minimum write performance of 30 MB/s ('U3' symbol featuring 3 inside 'U'), targeted at recording <a href="/wiki/4K_video" class="mw-redirect" title="4K video">4K video</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[113]</a> Before November 2013, the rating was branded UHS Speed Grade and contained grades 0 (no symbol) and 1 ('U1' symbol). Manufacturers can also display standard speed class symbols (C2, C4, C6 and C10) alongside, or in place of UHS speed class. UHS memory cards work best with UHS host devices. The combination lets the user record HD resolution videos with <a href="/wiki/Tapeless_camcorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Tapeless camcorder">tapeless camcorders</a> while performing other functions. It is also suitable for real-time broadcasts and capturing large HD videos. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Video_Speed_Class">Video Speed Class</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Video Speed Class">edit</a>]</div> Video Speed Class defines a set of requirements for UHS cards to match the modern <a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">MLC NAND flash</a> memory<a href="#cite_note-sd50_video_speed-78">[74]</a> and supports progressive 4K and 8K video with minimum sequential writing speeds of 6 – 90 MB/s.<a href="#cite_note-sda_video_speed-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-sda_speed_class-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-sda_speed_class_consumer-116">[111]</a> The graphical symbols use a stylized 'V' followed by a number designating write speed (i.e. V6, V10, V30, V60 and V90). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="SD_Express_Speed_Class">SD Express Speed Class</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: SD Express Speed Class">edit</a>]</div> Version 9.1 of the SD specification, introduced in October 2023, defines new SD Express speed classes. The graphical symbols use a stylized 'E' followed by a number designating the minimum read/write speed. The specified classes are E150, E300, E450 and E600.<a href="#cite_note-SDver9.1-110">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparison">Comparison</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Comparison">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_(2021_EDITION)_FRONT.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_FRONT.jpg/218px-Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_FRONT.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_FRONT.jpg/327px-Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_FRONT.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_FRONT.jpg/436px-Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_FRONT.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5551" data-file-height="3634" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:220px;max-width:220px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_(2021_EDITION)_REAR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_REAR.jpg/218px-Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_REAR.jpg" decoding="async" width="218" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_REAR.jpg/327px-Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_REAR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_REAR.jpg/436px-Panasonic_CFEXPRESS_CARD_128_GB_%26_SAMSUNG_SD_CARD_PRO_PLUS_256_GB_%282021_EDITION%29_REAR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5880" data-file-height="3615" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Top: A 128 GB <a href="/wiki/CFexpress" title="CFexpress">CFexpress</a> Type B card by <a href="/wiki/Panasonic" title="Panasonic">Panasonic</a> (1700 MByte/s reading) next to 256 GB SD card V30 (160 MByte/s reading) by <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> Bottom: Bottom view showing SD card contacts</div></div></div></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"> <caption>Comparison of SD card Speed Class ratings<a href="#cite_note-119">[114]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" rowspan="2">Minimum sequential writing speed </th> <th rowspan="2">Suggested max. bitrate </th> <th scope="col" colspan="3">Speed Class </th> <th scope="col" colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Video_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Video format">Video format</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[f]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="col">Speed Class </th> <th scope="col">UHS Speed Class </th> <th scope="col">Video Speed Class </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Standard-definition_television" title="Standard-definition television">SD</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/High-definition_video" title="High-definition video">HD</a> / <a href="/wiki/Full_HD" class="mw-redirect" title="Full HD">Full HD</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/4K_resolution" title="4K resolution">4K</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/8K_resolution" title="8K resolution">8K</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">02 <a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a> </th> <th>015 Mbit/s </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg/30px-SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg/45px-SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg/60px-SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="71" /></a> Class 2 (C2) </td> <td rowspan="3" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="2" data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td rowspan="7" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">04 MB/s </th> <th>030 Mbit/s </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg/30px-SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg/45px-SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg/60px-SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a> Class 4 (C4) </td> <td rowspan="6" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">06 MB/s </th> <th>045 Mbit/s </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg/30px-SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg/45px-SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg/60px-SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a> Class 6 (C6) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Video_Speed_Class_6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/SD_Video_Speed_Class_6.svg/30px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/SD_Video_Speed_Class_6.svg/45px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a2/SD_Video_Speed_Class_6.svg/60px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="362" /></a> Class 6 (V6) </td> <td rowspan="5" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">10 MB/s </th> <th>075 Mbit/s </th> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Class_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/SD_Class_10.svg/30px-SD_Class_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/SD_Class_10.svg/45px-SD_Class_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/SD_Class_10.svg/60px-SD_Class_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a> Class 10 (C10) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SD_UHS_Speed_Class_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/SD_UHS_Speed_Class_1.svg/30px-SD_UHS_Speed_Class_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/SD_UHS_Speed_Class_1.svg/45px-SD_UHS_Speed_Class_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/SD_UHS_Speed_Class_1.svg/60px-SD_UHS_Speed_Class_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a> Class 1 (U1) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Video_Speed_Class_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/SD_Video_Speed_Class_10.svg/30px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/SD_Video_Speed_Class_10.svg/45px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/aa/SD_Video_Speed_Class_10.svg/60px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="275" /></a> Class 10 (V10) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">30 MB/s </th> <th>220 Mbit/s </th> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_UHS_Speed_Class_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/SD_UHS_Speed_Class_3.svg/30px-SD_UHS_Speed_Class_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/SD_UHS_Speed_Class_3.svg/45px-SD_UHS_Speed_Class_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/14/SD_UHS_Speed_Class_3.svg/60px-SD_UHS_Speed_Class_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="436" /></a> Class 3 (U3) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Video_Speed_Class_30.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/SD_Video_Speed_Class_30.svg/30px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_30.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/SD_Video_Speed_Class_30.svg/45px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_30.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/98/SD_Video_Speed_Class_30.svg/60px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_30.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="254" /></a> Class 30 (V30) </td> <td rowspan="3" style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">60 MB/s </th> <th>460 Mbit/s </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Video_Speed_Class_60.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/SD_Video_Speed_Class_60.svg/30px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_60.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/SD_Video_Speed_Class_60.svg/45px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_60.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/15/SD_Video_Speed_Class_60.svg/60px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_60.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="254" /></a> Class 60 (V60) </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">90 MB/s </th> <th>700 Mbit/s </th> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Video_Speed_Class_90.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/SD_Video_Speed_Class_90.svg/30px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_90.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/SD_Video_Speed_Class_90.svg/45px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_90.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b3/SD_Video_Speed_Class_90.svg/60px-SD_Video_Speed_Class_90.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="254" /></a> Class 90 (V90) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Application_Performance_Class">Application Performance Class</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Application Performance Class">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:26389-Raspberry-Pi-A2-Class-SD-Card-64GB-Front_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/26389-Raspberry-Pi-A2-Class-SD-Card-64GB-Front_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-26389-Raspberry-Pi-A2-Class-SD-Card-64GB-Front_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/26389-Raspberry-Pi-A2-Class-SD-Card-64GB-Front_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-26389-Raspberry-Pi-A2-Class-SD-Card-64GB-Front_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/26389-Raspberry-Pi-A2-Class-SD-Card-64GB-Front_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-26389-Raspberry-Pi-A2-Class-SD-Card-64GB-Front_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="704" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>A 64 GB microSDXC card from <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a> (with Speed Class 30, UHS-I, UHS Speed Class 3, Video Speed Class V30 and Application Performance Class 2 markings)</figcaption></figure> Application Performance Class is a newly defined standard from the SD Specification 5.1 and 6.0 which not only define sequential Writing Speeds but also mandates a minimum <a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a> for reading and writing. Class A1 requires a minimum of 1,500 reading and 500 writing operations per second using 4 kbytes blocks, while class A2 requires 4,000 and 2,000 IOPS.<a href="#cite_note-121">[115]</a> A2 class cards require host driver support as they use command queuing and write caching to achieve their higher speeds. Without they are guaranteed to at least reach A1 speeds. As of Linux kernel 5.15, it fully supports A2.<a href="#cite_note-122">[116]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of SD card Application Performance Class ratings<a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Name </th> <th colspan="2" scope="col">Minimum random <a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a> </th> <th rowspan="2" scope="col">Minimum sustained sequential writing </th></tr> <tr> <th>Read </th> <th>Write </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_App_Performance_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/SD_App_Performance_1.svg/40px-SD_App_Performance_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/SD_App_Performance_1.svg/60px-SD_App_Performance_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/SD_App_Performance_1.svg/80px-SD_App_Performance_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="253" /></a> Application Performance Class 1 (A1) </th> <td>1,500 IOPS </td> <td>0500 IOPS </td> <td rowspan="2">10 <a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_App_Performance_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/SD_App_Performance_2.svg/40px-SD_App_Performance_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/SD_App_Performance_2.svg/60px-SD_App_Performance_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c7/SD_App_Performance_2.svg/80px-SD_App_Performance_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="254" /></a> Application Performance Class 2 (A2) </th> <td>4,000 IOPS </td> <td>2,000 IOPS </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""×"_rating">"×" rating</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: "×" rating">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CD_and_DVD_writing_speed" class="mw-redirect" title="CD and DVD writing speed">CD and DVD writing speed</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th valign="top">Rating </th> <th valign="top">Approx. (MB/s) </th> <th valign="top">Comparable speed class </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>16× </td> <td>2.34 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg/28px-SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg/42px-SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg/56px-SDHC_Speed_Class_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="71" /></a> (13×) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>32× </td> <td>4.69 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg/28px-SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg/42px-SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg/56px-SDHC_Speed_Class_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a> (27×) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>48× </td> <td>7.03 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg/28px-SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg/42px-SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg/56px-SDHC_Speed_Class_6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a> (40×) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td>100× </td> <td>14.6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:SD_Class_10.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/SD_Class_10.svg/28px-SD_Class_10.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/SD_Class_10.svg/42px-SD_Class_10.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e3/SD_Class_10.svg/56px-SD_Class_10.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="531" /></a> (67×) </td></tr></tbody></table> The "×" rating, which was used by some card manufacturers and made obsolete by speed classes, is a multiple of the standard <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> drive speed of 150 <a href="/wiki/KB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="KB/s">KB/s</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[g]</a> (approximately 1.23 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a>). Basic cards transfer data at up to six times (6×) the CD-ROM speed; that is, 900 kbit/s or 7.37 Mbit/s. The 2.0 specification[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] defines speeds up to 200×, but is not as specific as Speed Classes are on how to measure speed. Manufacturers may report best-case speeds and may report the card's fastest read speed, which is typically faster than the write speed. Some vendors, including <a href="/wiki/Transcend_Information" title="Transcend Information">Transcend</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingston_Technology" title="Kingston Technology">Kingston</a>, report their cards' write speed.<a href="#cite_note-125">[118]</a> When a card lists both a speed class and an "×" rating, the latter may be assumed a read speed only.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-world_performance">Real-world performance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Real-world performance">edit</a>]</div> In applications that require sustained write throughput, such as video recording, the device might not perform satisfactorily if the SD card's class rating falls below a particular speed. For example, a high-definition <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorder</a> may require a card of not less than Class 6, suffering dropouts or corrupted video if a slower card is used. <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">Digital cameras</a> with slow cards may take a noticeable time after taking a photograph before being ready for the next, while the camera writes the first picture. The speed class rating does not totally characterize card performance. Different cards of the same class may vary considerably while meeting class specifications. A card's speed depends on many factors, including: <ul><li>The frequency of soft errors that the card's controller must re-try</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">Write amplification</a>: The flash controller may need to overwrite more data than requested. This has to do with performing read-modify-write operations on write blocks, freeing up (the much larger) erase blocks, while moving data around to achieve <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_fragmentation" class="mw-redirect" title="File fragmentation">File fragmentation</a>: where there is not sufficient space for a file to be recorded in a contiguous region, it is split into non-contiguous fragments. This does not cause rotational or head-movement delays as with electromechanical <a href="/wiki/Hard_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard drive">hard drives</a>, but may decrease speed⁠—for instance, by requiring additional reads and computation to determine where on the card the file's next fragment is stored.</li></ul> In addition, speed may vary markedly between writing a large amount of data to a single file (<a href="/wiki/Sequential_access" title="Sequential access">sequential access</a>, as when a <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital camera</a> records large photographs or videos) and writing a large number of small files (a <a href="/wiki/Random_access" title="Random access">random-access</a> use common in <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>). A study in 2012 found that, in this random-access use, some Class 2 cards achieved a write speed of 1.38 <a href="/wiki/MB/s" class="mw-redirect" title="MB/s">MB/s</a>, while all cards tested of Class 6 or greater (and some of lower Classes; lower Class does not necessarily mean better small-file performance), including those from major manufacturers, were over 100 times slower.<a href="#cite_note-necstudy-91">[87]</a> In 2014, a blogger measured a 300-fold performance difference on small writes; this time, the best card in this category was a class 4 card.<a href="#cite_note-Gough2014-92">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features">Features</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Features">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Card_security">Card security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Card security">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commands_to_disable_writes">Commands to disable writes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Commands to disable writes">edit</a>]</div> The host device can command the SD card to become read-only (to reject subsequent commands to write information to it). There are both reversible and irreversible host commands that achieve this.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Write-protect_notch">Write-protect notch</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Write-protect notch">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_card_unlocked_and_locked.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SD_card_unlocked_and_locked.svg/220px-SD_card_unlocked_and_locked.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SD_card_unlocked_and_locked.svg/330px-SD_card_unlocked_and_locked.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/SD_card_unlocked_and_locked.svg/440px-SD_card_unlocked_and_locked.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="281" data-file-height="198" /></a><figcaption>Unlocked and locked SD cards</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vorderseite_Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSII011CORRklein.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vorderseite_Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSII011CORRklein.png/170px-Vorderseite_Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSII011CORRklein.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vorderseite_Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSII011CORRklein.png/255px-Vorderseite_Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSII011CORRklein.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Vorderseite_Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSII011CORRklein.png/340px-Vorderseite_Sony_Tough_SF-M64T_SDUHSII011CORRklein.png 2x" data-file-width="2694" data-file-height="3534" /></a><figcaption>Sony 64 GB SF-M Tough Series UHS-II SDXC Memory Card is one of the few cards in the market without a sliding tab on the write protect notch.</figcaption></figure> Most full-size SD cards have a "mechanical write protect switch" allowing the user to advise the host computer that the user wants the device to be treated as read-only. This does not protect the data on the card if the host is compromised: "It is the responsibility of the host to protect the card. The position [i.e., setting] of the write protect switch is unknown to the internal circuitry of the card."<a href="#cite_note-128">[121]</a> Some host devices do not support write protection, which is an optional feature of the SD specification, and drivers and devices that do obey a read-only indication may give the user a way to override it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The switch is a sliding tab that covers a notch in the card. The miniSD and microSD formats do not directly support a write protection notch, but they can be inserted into full-size adapters which do.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When looking at the SD card from the top, the right side (the side with the beveled corner) must be notched.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On the left side, there may be a write-protection notch. If the notch is omitted, the card can be read and written. If the card is notched, it is read-only. If the card has a notch and a sliding tab which covers the notch, the user can slide the tab upward (toward the contacts) to declare the card read/write, or downward to declare it read-only.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The diagram to the right shows an orange sliding write-protect tab in both the unlocked and locked positions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cards sold with content that must not be altered are permanently marked read-only by having a notch and no sliding tab.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Card_password">Card password</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Card password">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sdadaptersandcards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sdadaptersandcards.jpg/220px-Sdadaptersandcards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sdadaptersandcards.jpg/330px-Sdadaptersandcards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sdadaptersandcards.jpg/440px-Sdadaptersandcards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1161" data-file-height="736" /></a><figcaption>MicroSD-to-SD adapter (left), microSD-to-miniSD adapter (middle), microSD card (right)</figcaption></figure> A host device can lock an SD card using a password of up to 16 bytes, typically supplied by the user.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A locked card interacts normally with the host device except that it rejects commands to read and write data.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] A locked card can be unlocked only by providing the same password. The host device can, after supplying the old password, specify a new password or disable locking. Without the password (typically, in the case that the user forgets the password), the host device can command the card to erase all the data on the card for future re-use (except card data under DRM), but there is no way to gain access to the existing data.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone_7" title="Windows Phone 7">Windows Phone 7</a> devices use SD cards designed for access only by the phone manufacturer or mobile provider. An SD card inserted into the phone underneath the battery compartment becomes locked "to the phone with an automatically generated key" so that "the SD card cannot be read by another phone, device, or PC".<a href="#cite_note-129">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Symbian_OS" class="mw-redirect" title="Symbian OS">Symbian</a> devices, however, are some of the few that can perform the necessary low-level format operations on locked SD cards. It is therefore possible to use a device such as the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N8" title="Nokia N8">Nokia N8</a> to reformat the card for subsequent use in other devices.<a href="#cite_note-130">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="smartSD_cards">smartSD cards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: smartSD cards">edit</a>]</div> A smartSD memory card is a microSD card with an internal "<a href="/wiki/Secure_element" title="Secure element">secure element</a>" that allows the transfer of ISO 7816 <a href="/wiki/Smart_card_application_protocol_data_unit" title="Smart card application protocol data unit">Application Protocol Data Unit</a> commands to, for example, <a href="/wiki/JavaCard" class="mw-redirect" title="JavaCard">JavaCard</a> applets running on the internal secure element through the SD bus.<a href="#cite_note-131">[124]</a> Some of the earliest versions of microSD memory cards with secure elements were developed in 2009 by <a href="/w/index.php?title=DeviceFidelity,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeviceFidelity, Inc. (page does not exist)">DeviceFidelity, Inc.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-132">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[126]</a> a pioneer in <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a> (NFC) and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_payments" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile payments">mobile payments</a>, with the introduction of In2Pay and CredenSE products, later commercialized and certified for mobile contactless transactions by <a href="/wiki/Visa_Inc." title="Visa Inc.">Visa</a> in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-134">[127]</a> DeviceFidelity also adapted the In2Pay microSD to work with the Apple iPhone using the iCaisse, and pioneered the first NFC transactions and mobile payments on an Apple device in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-135">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[130]</a> Various implementations of smartSD cards have been done for payment applications and secured authentication.<a href="#cite_note-138">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[132]</a> In 2012 <a href="/wiki/Good_Technology" title="Good Technology">Good Technology</a> partnered with DeviceFidelity to use microSD cards with secure elements for <a href="/wiki/Mobile_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Mobile identity">mobile identity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Access_control" title="Access control">access control</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[133]</a> microSD cards with Secure Elements and NFC (<a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a>) support are used for mobile payments, and have been used in direct-to-consumer mobile wallets and mobile banking solutions, some of which were launched by major banks around the world, including <a href="/wiki/Bank_of_America" title="Bank of America">Bank of America</a>, <a href="/wiki/US_Bank" class="mw-redirect" title="US Bank">US Bank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wells_Fargo" title="Wells Fargo">Wells Fargo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-141">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[136]</a> while others were part of innovative new direct-to-consumer <a href="/wiki/Neobank" title="Neobank">neobank</a> programs such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Moneto&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moneto (page does not exist)">moneto</a>, first launched in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-144">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[140]</a> microSD cards with Secure Elements have also been used for secure <a href="/wiki/Voice_encryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice encryption">voice encryption</a> on mobile devices, which allows for one of the highest levels of security in person-to-person voice communications.<a href="#cite_note-148">[141]</a> Such solutions are heavily used in intelligence and security. In 2011, <a href="/wiki/HID_Global" title="HID Global">HID Global</a> partnered with <a href="/wiki/Arizona_State_University" title="Arizona State University">Arizona State University</a> to launch campus access solutions for students using microSD with Secure Element and <a href="/w/index.php?title=MiFare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MiFare (page does not exist)">MiFare</a> technology provided by <a href="/w/index.php?title=DeviceFidelity,_Inc.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DeviceFidelity, Inc. (page does not exist)">DeviceFidelity, Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[143]</a> This was the first time regular mobile phones could be used to open doors without need for electronic access keys. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vendor_enhancements"> Vendor enhancements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Vendor enhancements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:382px;max-width:382px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:238px;max-width:238px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Eye-Fi_Wifi_Card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Eye-Fi_Wifi_Card.jpg/236px-Eye-Fi_Wifi_Card.jpg" decoding="async" width="236" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Eye-Fi_Wifi_Card.jpg/354px-Eye-Fi_Wifi_Card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Eye-Fi_Wifi_Card.jpg/472px-Eye-Fi_Wifi_Card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1335" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Eye-Fi Mobi 16 GB</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:157px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FlashAir_014_(15247275839)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FlashAir_014_%2815247275839%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/138px-FlashAir_014_%2815247275839%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FlashAir_014_%2815247275839%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/207px-FlashAir_014_%2815247275839%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/FlashAir_014_%2815247275839%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/276px-FlashAir_014_%2815247275839%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Toshiba FlashAir 16 GB</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pqi-air-card_%E9%96%8B%E7%AE%B1_(8536928274)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pqi-air-card_%E9%96%8B%E7%AE%B1_%288536928274%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/190px-Pqi-air-card_%E9%96%8B%E7%AE%B1_%288536928274%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pqi-air-card_%E9%96%8B%E7%AE%B1_%288536928274%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/285px-Pqi-air-card_%E9%96%8B%E7%AE%B1_%288536928274%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Pqi-air-card_%E9%96%8B%E7%AE%B1_%288536928274%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/380px-Pqi-air-card_%E9%96%8B%E7%AE%B1_%288536928274%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="333" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">PQI air card 4 GB</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:186px;max-width:186px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Transcend_WiFi_SD-Card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Transcend_WiFi_SD-Card.jpg/184px-Transcend_WiFi_SD-Card.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Transcend_WiFi_SD-Card.jpg/276px-Transcend_WiFi_SD-Card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Transcend_WiFi_SD-Card.jpg/368px-Transcend_WiFi_SD-Card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2383" data-file-height="2044" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Transcend Wi-Fi 16 GB</div></div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:USB-SD-Cards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USB-SD-Cards.jpg/220px-USB-SD-Cards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USB-SD-Cards.jpg/330px-USB-SD-Cards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/USB-SD-Cards.jpg/440px-USB-SD-Cards.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>SD cards with dual interfaces: SD and <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a></figcaption></figure> Vendors have sought to differentiate their products in the market through various vendor-specific features: <ul><li>Integrated <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> – Several companies produce SD cards with built-in Wi-Fi transceivers supporting static security (WEP 40/104/128, WPA-PSK and WPA2-PSK). The card lets any digital camera with an SD slot transmit captured images over a wireless network, or store the images on the card's memory until it is in range of a wireless network. Examples include: <a href="/wiki/Eye-Fi" title="Eye-Fi">Eye-Fi</a> / <a href="/wiki/SanDisk_Eye-Fi" class="mw-redirect" title="SanDisk Eye-Fi">SanDisk</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcend_Wi-Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcend Wi-Fi (page does not exist)">Transcend Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Toshiba_FlashAir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toshiba FlashAir (page does not exist)">Toshiba FlashAir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trek_Flucard" class="mw-redirect" title="Trek Flucard">Trek Flucard</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PQI_Air_Card&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PQI Air Card (page does not exist)">PQI Air Card</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=LZeal_ez_Share&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LZeal ez Share (page does not exist)">LZeal ez Share</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[144]</a> Some models <a href="/wiki/Geotagging" title="Geotagging">geotag</a> their pictures.</li> <li>Pre-loaded content – In 2006, SanDisk announced <a href="/wiki/Gruvi" title="Gruvi">Gruvi</a>, a microSD card with extra digital rights management features, which they intended as a medium for publishing content. SanDisk again announced pre-loaded cards in 2008, under the <a href="/wiki/SlotMusic" title="SlotMusic">slotMusic</a> name, this time not using any of the DRM capabilities of the SD card.<a href="#cite_note-152">[145]</a> In 2011, SanDisk offered various collections of 1000 songs on a single slotMusic card for about $40,<a href="#cite_note-153">[146]</a> now restricted to compatible devices and without the ability to copy the files.</li> <li>Integrated USB connector – The <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a> SD Plus product can be plugged directly into a <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> port without needing a USB card reader.<a href="#cite_note-154">[147]</a> Other companies introduced comparable products, such as the Duo SD product of <a href="/wiki/OCZ_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="OCZ Technology">OCZ Technology</a> and the 3 Way (microSDHC, SDHC and USB) product of <a href="/wiki/A-DATA" class="mw-redirect" title="A-DATA">A-DATA</a>, which was available in 2008 only.</li> <li>Different colors – SanDisk has used various colors of plastic or adhesive label, including a "gaming" line in translucent plastic colors that indicated the card's capacity. In 2006, the first 256MB microSD to used color-coded cards by Kingmax, which later other brands (e.g., SanDisk, Kioxia) had been implemented to this day.</li> <li>Integrated display – In 2006, ADATA announced a Super Info SD card with a digital display that provided a two-character label and showed the amount of unused memory on the card.<a href="#cite_note-155">[148]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDIO_cards">SDIO cards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: SDIO cards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SDIO_Vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SDIO_Vector.svg/140px-SDIO_Vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SDIO_Vector.svg/210px-SDIO_Vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/SDIO_Vector.svg/280px-SDIO_Vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="387" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Secure Digital Input Output (SDIO) logo.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HP_PhotoSmart_SDIO_Kamera_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HP_PhotoSmart_SDIO_Kamera_%28cropped%29.jpg/170px-HP_PhotoSmart_SDIO_Kamera_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HP_PhotoSmart_SDIO_Kamera_%28cropped%29.jpg/255px-HP_PhotoSmart_SDIO_Kamera_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/HP_PhotoSmart_SDIO_Kamera_%28cropped%29.jpg/340px-HP_PhotoSmart_SDIO_Kamera_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Camera using the SDIO interface to connect to some HP <a href="/wiki/IPAQ" title="IPAQ">iPAQ</a> devices</figcaption></figure> A SDIO (Secure Digital Input Output) card is an extension of the SD specification to cover I/O functions. SDIO cards are only fully functional in host devices designed to support their input-output functions (typically PDAs like the <a href="/wiki/Palm_Treo" title="Palm Treo">Palm Treo</a>, but occasionally laptops or mobile phones).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These devices can use the SD slot to support <a href="/wiki/GPS" class="mw-redirect" title="GPS">GPS</a> receivers, <a href="/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barcode_reader" title="Barcode reader">barcode readers</a>, <a href="/wiki/FM_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="FM radio">FM radio</a> tuners, TV tuners, <a href="/wiki/RFID" class="mw-redirect" title="RFID">RFID</a> readers, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a> and interfaces to <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> and <a href="/wiki/IrDA" class="mw-redirect" title="IrDA">IrDA</a>. Many other SDIO devices have been proposed, but it is now more common for I/O devices to connect using the USB interface.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] SDIO cards support most of the memory commands of SD cards. SDIO cards can be structured as eight logical cards, although currently, the typical way that an SDIO card uses this capability is to structure itself as one I/O card and one memory card.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The SDIO and SD interfaces are mechanically and electrically identical. Host devices built for SDIO cards generally accept SD memory cards without I/O functions. However, the reverse is not true, because host devices need suitable drivers and applications to support the card's I/O functions. For example, an HP SDIO camera usually does not work with PDAs that do not list it as an accessory. Inserting an SDIO card into any SD slot causes no physical damage nor disruption to the host device, but users may be frustrated that the SDIO card does not function fully when inserted into a seemingly compatible slot. (USB and Bluetooth devices exhibit comparable compatibility issues, although to a lesser extent thanks to standardized <a href="/wiki/Class_driver" title="Class driver">USB device classes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_profiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth profiles">Bluetooth profiles</a>.)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="#SDIO">SDIO</a> family comprises Low-Speed and Full-Speed cards. Both types of SDIO cards support <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface" title="Serial Peripheral Interface">Serial Peripheral Interface</a> (SPI) and one-bit SD bus types. Low-Speed SDIO cards are allowed to also support the four-bit SD bus; Full-Speed SDIO cards are required to support the four-bit SD bus. To use an SDIO card as a "combo card" (for both memory and I/O), the host device must first select four-bit SD bus operation. Two other unique features of Low-Speed SDIO are a maximum clock rate of 400 kHz for all communications, and the use of Pin 8 as "interrupt" to try to initiate dialogue with the host device.<a href="#cite_note-SDIOspec-156">[149]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compatibility_2">Compatibility</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Compatibility">edit</a>]</div> Host devices that comply with newer versions of the specification provide <a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">backward compatibility</a> and accept older SD cards.<a href="#cite_note-sdcard.org-65">[61]</a> For example, SDXC host devices accept all previous families of SD memory cards, and SDHC host devices also accept standard SD cards. Older host devices generally do not support newer card formats, and even when they might support the bus interface used by the card,<a href="#cite_note-sdcard_using_sdxc-59">[55]</a> there are several factors that arise: <ul><li>A newer card may offer <a href="#Types_of_cards">greater capacity</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] than the host device can handle (over 4 GB for SDHC, over 32 GB for SDXC).</li> <li>A newer card may use a <a href="#File_system">file system</a>[<a href="/wiki/MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:BROKENSECTIONLINKS">broken anchor</a>] the host device cannot navigate (<a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> for SDHC, <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> for SDXC)</li> <li>Use of an SDIO card requires the host device be designed for the input/output functions the card provides.</li> <li>The hardware interface of the card was changed starting with the version 2.0 (new high-speed bus clocks, redefinition of <a href="#Storage_capacity_calculations">storage capacity bits</a>) and <a href="#SDHC">SDHC</a> family (ultra-high speed (UHS) bus)</li> <li>UHS-II has physically more pins but is backwards compatible to UHS-I and non-UHS for both slot and card.<a href="#cite_note-sda_bus_speed-96">[92]</a></li> <li>Some vendors produced SDSC cards above 1 GB before the SDA had standardized a method of doing so.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>SD compatibility table </caption> <tbody><tr> <th class="diagonal-split-header unsortable" style="line-height:1.2;padding:0.1em 0.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1141225670"><div style="margin-left:2em;text-align:right">Card</div><div style="margin-right:2em;text-align:left">Slot</div> </th> <th scope="col">SDSC </th> <th scope="col">SDHC </th> <th scope="col">SDHC UHS </th> <th scope="col">SDXC </th> <th scope="col">SDXC UHS </th> <th scope="col">SDIO </th></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">SDSC </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Partial<a href="#cite_note-sdsccompat-157">[h]</a></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">FAT16, < 4 GB<a href="#cite_note-sdsccompat-157">[h]</a></td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">FAT16, < 4 GB<a href="#cite_note-sdsccompat-157">[h]</a></td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">SDHC </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #BFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes2 table-yes2">In non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">FAT32</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">FAT32 in non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">SDHC UHS </th> <td style="background: #BFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes2 table-yes2">In non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background: #BFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes2 table-yes2">In non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">In UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">FAT32 in non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">FAT32 in UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">SDXC </th> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #BFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes2 table-yes2">In non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes</td> <td style="background: #BFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes2 table-yes2">In non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">SDXC UHS </th> <td style="background: #BFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes2 table-yes2">In non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background: #BFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes2 table-yes2">In non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">In UHS mode</td> <td style="background: #BFD; color:black; vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="yes2 table-yes2">In non-UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">In UHS mode</td> <td style="background:#FFC7C7;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-no">No </td></tr> <tr> <th style="text-align:left;">SDIO </th> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Varies</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Varies</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Varies</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Varies</td> <td style="background:#FFB; color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-partial">Varies</td> <td style="background:#9EFF9E;color:black;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center;" class="table-yes">Yes </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markets">Markets</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Markets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Micro-SD-Kartenleser_der_Nintendo_Switch_20230405_HOF09182_RAW-Export.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="This image shows an internal MicroSD card reader, as it can be found in game consoles like the Nintendo Switch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Micro-SD-Kartenleser_der_Nintendo_Switch_20230405_HOF09182_RAW-Export.png/220px-Micro-SD-Kartenleser_der_Nintendo_Switch_20230405_HOF09182_RAW-Export.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Micro-SD-Kartenleser_der_Nintendo_Switch_20230405_HOF09182_RAW-Export.png/330px-Micro-SD-Kartenleser_der_Nintendo_Switch_20230405_HOF09182_RAW-Export.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Micro-SD-Kartenleser_der_Nintendo_Switch_20230405_HOF09182_RAW-Export.png/440px-Micro-SD-Kartenleser_der_Nintendo_Switch_20230405_HOF09182_RAW-Export.png 2x" data-file-width="1856" data-file-height="2092" /></a><figcaption>An internal microSD card reader, taken from a <a href="/wiki/Nintendo_Switch" title="Nintendo Switch">Nintendo Switch</a></figcaption></figure> Due to their compact size, Secure Digital cards are used in many consumer electronic devices, and have become a widespread means of storing several gigabytes of data in a small size. Devices in which the user may remove and replace cards often, such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, tend to use full-sized cards. Devices in which small size is paramount, such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Action_camera" title="Action camera">action cameras</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/GoPro#HERO_cameras" title="GoPro">GoPro Hero</a> series, and <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">camera drones</a>, tend to use microSD cards.<a href="#cite_note-:1-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-2">[2]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_phones">Mobile phones</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Mobile phones">edit</a>]</div> The microSD card has helped propel the smartphone market by giving both manufacturers and consumers greater flexibility and freedom. While <a href="/wiki/Cloud_storage" title="Cloud storage">cloud storage</a> depends on stable internet connection and sufficiently voluminous <a href="/wiki/Data_plan" title="Data plan">data plans</a>, memory cards in mobile devices provide location-independent and <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">private</a> storage expansion with much higher transfer rates and no <a href="/wiki/Network_delay" title="Network delay">network delay</a>, enabling applications such as <a href="/wiki/Photography" title="Photography">photography</a> and <a href="/wiki/Video_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Video recording">video recording</a>. While data stored internally on <a href="/wiki/Brick_(electronics)" title="Brick (electronics)">bricked devices</a> is <a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">inaccessible</a>, data stored on the memory card can be salvaged and accessed externally by the user as <a href="/wiki/Mass_storage" title="Mass storage">mass storage</a> device. A benefit over <a href="/wiki/USB_on_the_go" class="mw-redirect" title="USB on the go">USB on the go</a> storage expansion is uncompromised <a href="/wiki/Ergonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomy">ergonomy</a>. The usage of a memory card also protects the mobile phone's non-replaceable internal storage from weardown from heavy applications such as excessive camera usage and portable <a href="/wiki/FTP_server" title="FTP server">FTP server</a> hosting over <a href="/wiki/WiFi_Direct" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi Direct">WiFi Direct</a>. Due to the <a href="#2009–2019:_SDXC">technical development</a> of memory cards, users of existing mobile devices are able to expand their storage further and priceworthier with time.<a href="#cite_note-158">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[152]</a> Recent versions of major operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a> and <a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android</a> allow applications to run from microSD cards, creating possibilities for new usage models for SD cards in mobile computing markets, as well as clearing available internal storage space.<a href="#cite_note-161">[153]</a> SD cards are not the most economical solution in devices that need only a small amount of non-volatile memory, such as station presets in small radios. They may also not present the best choice for applications that require higher storage capacities or speeds as provided by other flash card standards such as <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a>. These limitations may be addressed by evolving memory technologies, such as the new SD 7.0 specifications which allow storage capabilities of up to 128 TB.<a href="#cite_note-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024-24">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[154]</a> Many personal computers of all types, including tablets and mobile phones, use SD cards, either through built-in slots or through an active electronic adapter. Adapters exist for the <a href="/wiki/PC_card" class="mw-redirect" title="PC card">PC card</a>, ExpressBus, <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>, <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">parallel printer port</a>. Active adapters also let SD cards be used in devices designed for other formats, such as <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a>. The <a href="/wiki/FlashPath" title="FlashPath">FlashPath</a> adapter lets SD cards be used in a <a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">floppy disk</a> drive. Some devices such as the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Fit_(smartphone)" title="Samsung Galaxy Fit (smartphone)">Samsung Galaxy Fit</a> (2011) and <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_Note_8.0" title="Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0">Samsung Galaxy Note 8.0</a> (2013) have an SD card compartment located externally and accessible by hand, while it is located under the battery cover on other devices. More recent mobile phones use a pin-hole ejection system for the tray which houses both the memory card and <a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterfeits">Counterfeits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Counterfeits">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_Pro_64gb_micro-SDXC_original_and_falsification_front_and_back.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Samsung_Pro_64gb_micro-SDXC_original_and_falsification_front_and_back.jpg/220px-Samsung_Pro_64gb_micro-SDXC_original_and_falsification_front_and_back.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Samsung_Pro_64gb_micro-SDXC_original_and_falsification_front_and_back.jpg/330px-Samsung_Pro_64gb_micro-SDXC_original_and_falsification_front_and_back.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Samsung_Pro_64gb_micro-SDXC_original_and_falsification_front_and_back.jpg/440px-Samsung_Pro_64gb_micro-SDXC_original_and_falsification_front_and_back.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2333" data-file-height="1989" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a> Pro 64 GB microSDXC original (left) and counterfeit (right): The counterfeit claims to have 64 GB in capacity, but only 8 GB (Class 4 speed) are usable: When trying to write more than 8 GB, <a href="/wiki/Data_loss" title="Data loss">data loss</a> occurs. Also used for <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a> 64 GB fakes.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Decapsulated_microSD_memory_card_lineup-genuine,_questionable,_and_fake-counterfeit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Decapsulated_microSD_memory_card_lineup-genuine%2C_questionable%2C_and_fake-counterfeit.jpg/220px-Decapsulated_microSD_memory_card_lineup-genuine%2C_questionable%2C_and_fake-counterfeit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Decapsulated_microSD_memory_card_lineup-genuine%2C_questionable%2C_and_fake-counterfeit.jpg/330px-Decapsulated_microSD_memory_card_lineup-genuine%2C_questionable%2C_and_fake-counterfeit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Decapsulated_microSD_memory_card_lineup-genuine%2C_questionable%2C_and_fake-counterfeit.jpg/440px-Decapsulated_microSD_memory_card_lineup-genuine%2C_questionable%2C_and_fake-counterfeit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1824" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Images of genuine, questionable and counterfeit microSD (Secure Digital) cards before and after decapsulation. Details <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bunniestudios.com/blog/?page_id=1022">at source</a>, photo by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huang_(hacker)" title="Andrew Huang (hacker)">Andrew Huang</a></figcaption></figure> Commonly found on the market are mislabeled or counterfeit Secure Digital cards that report a fake capacity or run slower than labeled.<a href="#cite_note-163">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-c't2007-164">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-c't2013-häufiges-165">[157]</a> Software tools exist to check and detect <a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive#Counterfeit_products" title="USB flash drive">counterfeit products</a>,<a href="#cite_note-h2testw-166">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-f3-167">[159]</a> <a href="#cite_note-168">[160]</a> and in some cases it is possible to repair these devices to remove the false capacity information and use its real storage limit.<a href="#cite_note-169">[161]</a> Detection of counterfeit cards usually involves copying files with <a href="/wiki/Random_data" class="mw-redirect" title="Random data">random data</a> to the SD card until the card's capacity is reached, and copying them back. The files that were copied back can be tested either by comparing checksums (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Md5sum" title="Md5sum">MD5</a>), or trying to <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">compress</a> them. The latter approach leverages the fact that counterfeited cards let the user read back files, which then consist of easily compressible uniform data (for example, repeating <a href="/wiki/0xFF" class="mw-redirect" title="0xFF">0xFFs</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Digital_cameras">Digital cameras</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Digital cameras">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pentax_K10D_with_SanDiskSD_card.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pentax_K10D_with_SanDiskSD_card.jpg/220px-Pentax_K10D_with_SanDiskSD_card.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pentax_K10D_with_SanDiskSD_card.jpg/330px-Pentax_K10D_with_SanDiskSD_card.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pentax_K10D_with_SanDiskSD_card.jpg/440px-Pentax_K10D_with_SanDiskSD_card.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>SD card in a <a href="/wiki/DSLR" class="mw-redirect" title="DSLR">DSLR</a> camera</figcaption></figure> Secure Digital memory cards can be used in Sony <a href="/wiki/XDCAM" title="XDCAM">XDCAM</a> EX <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a> with an adapter.<a href="#cite_note-170">[162]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Personal_computers">Personal computers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Personal computers">edit</a>]</div> Although many <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a> accommodate SD cards as an auxiliary storage device using a built-in slot, or can accommodate SD cards by means of a USB adapter, SD cards cannot be used as the primary <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> through the onboard ATA controller, because none of the SD card variants support ATA signalling. Primary <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> use requires a separate SD host controller<a href="#cite_note-171">[163]</a> or an SD-to-CompactFlash converter. However, on computers that support <a href="/wiki/Bootstrapping" title="Bootstrapping">bootstrapping</a> from a USB interface, an SD card in a USB adapter can be the boot disk, provided it contains an operating system that supports USB access once the bootstrap is complete. In <a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">laptop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, memory cards in an integrated <a href="/wiki/Memory_card_reader" title="Memory card reader">memory card reader</a> offer an <a href="/wiki/Ergonomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ergonomy">ergonomical</a> benefit over USB <a href="/wiki/Flash_drive" title="Flash drive">flash drives</a>, as the latter sticks out of the device, and the user would need to be cautious not to bump it while transporting the device, which could damage the USB port. Memory cards have a unified shape and do not reserve a USB port when inserted into a computer's dedicated card slot. Since late 2009, newer <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> computers with installed SD card readers have been able to boot in <a href="/wiki/MacOS" title="MacOS">macOS</a> from SD storage devices, when properly formatted to <a href="/wiki/HFS_Plus" title="HFS Plus">Mac OS Extended</a> file format and the default partition table set to <a href="/wiki/GUID_Partition_Table" title="GUID Partition Table">GUID Partition Table</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[164]</a> SD cards are increasing in usage and popularity among owners of <a href="/wiki/Vintage_computer" title="Vintage computer">vintage computers</a> like <a href="/wiki/Atari_8-bit_computers" title="Atari 8-bit computers">Atari 8-bit computers</a>. For example SIO2SD (<a href="/wiki/Atari_SIO" title="Atari SIO">SIO</a> is an Atari port for connecting external devices) is used nowadays. Software for an 8-bit Atari may be included on one SD card that may have less than 4–8 GB of disk size (2019).<a href="#cite_note-173">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Embedded_systems">Embedded systems</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Embedded systems">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arduino_Ethernet_Shield_(pre-production_sample).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Arduino_Ethernet_Shield_%28pre-production_sample%29.jpg/220px-Arduino_Ethernet_Shield_%28pre-production_sample%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Arduino_Ethernet_Shield_%28pre-production_sample%29.jpg/330px-Arduino_Ethernet_Shield_%28pre-production_sample%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Arduino_Ethernet_Shield_%28pre-production_sample%29.jpg/440px-Arduino_Ethernet_Shield_%28pre-production_sample%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2822" data-file-height="1881" /></a><figcaption>A shield (<a href="/wiki/Daughterboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Daughterboard">daughterboard</a>) that gives <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> prototyping microprocessors access to SD cards</figcaption></figure> In 2008, the SDA specified Embedded SD, "leverag[ing] well-known SD standards" to enable non-removable SD-style devices on printed circuit boards.<a href="#cite_note-174">[166]</a> However this standard was not adopted by the market while the <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MMC</a> standard became the de facto standard for embedded systems. SanDisk provides such embedded memory components under the iNAND brand.<a href="#cite_note-175">[167]</a> While some modern <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> integrate SDIO hardware which uses the faster proprietary four-bit SD bus mode, almost all modern microcontrollers at least have <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">SPI</a> units that can interface to an SD card operating in the slower one-bit SPI bus mode. If not, SPI can also be emulated by <a href="/wiki/Bit_banging" title="Bit banging">bit banging</a> (e.g. a SD card slot <a href="/wiki/Soldered" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldered">soldered</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Linksys" title="Linksys">Linksys</a> <a href="/wiki/WRT54G" class="mw-redirect" title="WRT54G">WRT54G-TM</a> router and wired to <a href="/wiki/General-purpose_input/output" title="General-purpose input/output">GPIO</a> pins using <a href="/wiki/DD-WRT" title="DD-WRT">DD-WRT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel" title="Linux kernel">Linux kernel</a> achieved only 1.6 <a href="/wiki/Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Mbit/s">Mbit/s</a> throughput).<a href="#cite_note-176">[168]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_distribution">Music distribution</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Music distribution">edit</a>]</div> Prerecorded microSDs have been used to commercialize music under the brands <a href="/wiki/SlotMusic" title="SlotMusic">slotMusic</a> and <a href="/wiki/SlotRadio" title="SlotRadio">slotRadio</a> by <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astell_%26_Kern#Mastering_Quality_Sound_(MQS)" title="Astell & Kern">MQS</a> by <a href="/wiki/Astell_%26_Kern" title="Astell & Kern">Astell & Kern</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technical_details">Technical details</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Technical details">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:179px;max-width:179px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">microSD card and standard SD card adapter</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_card_adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SD_card_adapter.jpg/175px-SD_card_adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SD_card_adapter.jpg/263px-SD_card_adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/SD_card_adapter.jpg/350px-SD_card_adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1540" data-file-height="1548" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:177px;max-width:177px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SD_card_adapters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SD_card_adapters.jpg/175px-SD_card_adapters.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SD_card_adapters.jpg/263px-SD_card_adapters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/SD_card_adapters.jpg/350px-SD_card_adapters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2829" data-file-height="2364" /></a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_size">Physical size</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Physical size">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> The SD card specification defines three physical sizes. The SD and SDHC families are available in all three sizes, but the SDXC and SDUC families are not available in the mini size, and the SDIO family is not available in the micro size. Smaller cards are usable in larger slots through use of a passive adapter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Standard">Standard</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Standard">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MicroSD_MemoryCard_002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MicroSD_MemoryCard_002.jpg/170px-MicroSD_MemoryCard_002.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MicroSD_MemoryCard_002.jpg/255px-MicroSD_MemoryCard_002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/MicroSD_MemoryCard_002.jpg/340px-MicroSD_MemoryCard_002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1650" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of families: SD (blue), miniSD (green), microSD (red)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>SD (SDSC), SDHC, SDXC, SDIO, SDUC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">32 mm × 24 mm × 2.1 mm (1+17⁄64 in × 15⁄16 in × 5⁄64 in)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">32 mm × 24 mm × 1.4 mm (1+17⁄64 in × 15⁄16 in × 1⁄16 in) (as thin as MMC) for Thin SD (rare)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MiniSD_2">MiniSD</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: MiniSD">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>miniSD, miniSDHC, miniSDIO</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">21.5 mm × 20 mm × 1.4 mm (27⁄32 in × 25⁄32 in × 1⁄16 in)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="microSD_2"> microSD</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: microSD">edit</a>]</div> The micro form factor is the smallest SD card format.<a href="#cite_note-sdcard_choices-177">[169]</a> <ul><li>microSD, microSDHC, microSDXC, microSDUC</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">15 mm × 11 mm × 1 mm (19⁄32 in × 7⁄16 in × 3⁄64 in)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transfer_modes">Transfer modes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Transfer modes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Cards may support various combinations of the following bus types and transfer modes. The SPI bus mode and one-bit SD bus mode are mandatory for all SD families, as explained in the next section. Once the host device and the SD card negotiate a bus interface mode, the usage of the numbered pins is the same for all card sizes. <ul><li>SPI bus mode: <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">Serial Peripheral Interface Bus</a> is primarily used by embedded <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a>. This bus type supports only a 3.3-volt interface. This is the only bus type that does not require a host license.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>One-bit SD bus mode: Separate command and data channels and a proprietary transfer format.</li> <li>Four-bit SD bus mode: Uses extra pins plus some reassigned pins. This is the same protocol as the one-bit SD bus mode which uses one command and four data lines for faster data transfer. All SD cards support this mode. UHS-I and UHS-II require this bus type.</li> <li>Two differential lines SD UHS-II mode: Uses two <a href="/wiki/Low-voltage_differential_signaling" title="Low-voltage differential signaling">low-voltage differential signaling</a> interfaces to transfer commands and data. UHS-II cards include this interface in addition to the SD bus modes.</li></ul> The physical interface comprises 9 pins, except that the miniSD card adds two unconnected pins in the center and the microSD card omits one of the two VSS (Ground) pins.<a href="#cite_note-178">[170]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MMC-SD-miniSD-microSD-Color-Numbers-Names.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MMC-SD-miniSD-microSD-Color-Numbers-Names.gif/170px-MMC-SD-miniSD-microSD-Color-Numbers-Names.gif" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MMC-SD-miniSD-microSD-Color-Numbers-Names.gif/255px-MMC-SD-miniSD-microSD-Color-Numbers-Names.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/MMC-SD-miniSD-microSD-Color-Numbers-Names.gif/340px-MMC-SD-miniSD-microSD-Color-Numbers-Names.gif 2x" data-file-width="384" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption>Official pin numbers for each card type (top to bottom): <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MMC</a>, SD, miniSD, microSD. This shows the evolution from the older MMC, on which SD is based. NOTE: This drawing does not show 8 new UHS-II contacts that were added in spec 4.0.</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>SPI bus mode </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MMC</a> pin</th> <th>SD pin</th> <th>miniSD pin</th> <th>microSD pin</th> <th>Name</th> <th>I/O</th> <th>Logic</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>nCS</td> <td>I</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">SPI Card Select [CS] (Negative logic) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>DI</td> <td>I</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">SPI Serial Data In [MOSI] </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>VSS</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Ground </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>VDD</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Power </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>CLK</td> <td>I</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">SPI Serial Clock [SCLK] </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>VSS</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Ground </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>DO</td> <td>O</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">SPI Serial Data Out [MISO] </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>NC nIRQ</td> <td>. O</td> <td>. OD</td> <td style="text-align:left">Unused (memory cards) Interrupt (SDIO cards) (negative logic) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>1</td> <td>NC</td> <td>.</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Unused </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>10</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>NC</td> <td>.</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Reserved </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>11</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>NC</td> <td>.</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Reserved </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>One-bit SD bus mode </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MMC</a> pin</th> <th>SD pin</th> <th>miniSD pin</th> <th>microSD pin</th> <th>Name</th> <th>I/O</th> <th>Logic</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>CD</td> <td>I/O</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Card detection (by host) and non-SPI mode detection (by card) </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>CMD</td> <td>I/O</td> <td>PP, OD</td> <td style="text-align:left">Command, Response </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>VSS</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Ground </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>VDD</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Power </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>CLK</td> <td>I</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">Serial clock </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>VSS</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Ground </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>DAT0</td> <td>I/O</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">SD Serial Data 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>NC nIRQ</td> <td>. O</td> <td>. OD</td> <td style="text-align:left">Unused (memory cards) Interrupt (SDIO cards) (negative Logic) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>1</td> <td>NC</td> <td>.</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Unused </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>10</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>NC</td> <td>.</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Reserved </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>11</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>NC</td> <td>.</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Reserved </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Four-bit SD bus mode </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MMC</a> pin</th> <th>SD pin</th> <th>miniSD pin</th> <th>microSD pin</th> <th>Name</th> <th>I/O</th> <th>Logic</th> <th>Description </th></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td>1</td> <td>1</td> <td>2</td> <td>DAT3</td> <td>I/O</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">SD Serial Data 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td>2</td> <td>2</td> <td>3</td> <td>CMD</td> <td>I/O</td> <td>PP, OD</td> <td style="text-align:left">Command, Response </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td>3</td> <td>3</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>VSS</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Ground </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>4</td> <td>VDD</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Power </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>5</td> <td>CLK</td> <td>I</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">Serial clock </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>6</td> <td>VSS</td> <td>S</td> <td>S</td> <td style="text-align:left">Ground </td></tr> <tr> <td>.</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>7</td> <td>DAT0</td> <td>I/O</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">SD Serial Data 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>8</td> <td>DAT1 nIRQ</td> <td>I/O O</td> <td>PP OD</td> <td style="text-align:left">SD Serial Data 1 (memory cards) Interrupt Period (SDIO cards share pin via protocol) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>9</td> <td>9</td> <td>1</td> <td>DAT2</td> <td>I/O</td> <td>PP</td> <td style="text-align:left">SD Serial Data 2 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>10</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>NC</td> <td>.</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Reserved </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>11</td> <td style="background: gray"> </td> <td>NC</td> <td>.</td> <td>.</td> <td style="text-align:left">Reserved </td></tr></tbody></table> Notes: <ol><li>Direction is relative to card. I = Input, O = Output.</li> <li>PP = <a href="/wiki/Push%E2%80%93pull_output" title="Push–pull output">Push-Pull</a> logic, OD = <a href="/wiki/Open_collector" title="Open collector">Open-Drain</a> logic.</li> <li>S = <a href="/wiki/IC_power_supply_pin" class="mw-redirect" title="IC power supply pin">Power Supply</a>, NC = Not Connected (or <a href="/wiki/Pull-up_resistor" title="Pull-up resistor">logical high</a>).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interface">Interface</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Interface">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sd_insides.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sd_insides.png/220px-Sd_insides.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sd_insides.png/330px-Sd_insides.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Sd_insides.png/440px-Sd_insides.png 2x" data-file-width="1403" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Inside a 512 MB SD card: <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND flash</a> chip that holds the data (bottom) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_controller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SD controller (page does not exist)">SD controller</a> (top)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SD-extreMEmory_2GB_alt_innen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/SD-extreMEmory_2GB_alt_innen.jpg/170px-SD-extreMEmory_2GB_alt_innen.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/SD-extreMEmory_2GB_alt_innen.jpg/255px-SD-extreMEmory_2GB_alt_innen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/SD-extreMEmory_2GB_alt_innen.jpg/340px-SD-extreMEmory_2GB_alt_innen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Inside a 2 GB SD card: two <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND flash</a> chips (top and middle), SD controller chip (bottom)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pretec_16GB_SDHC_without_cover_20090420.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pretec_16GB_SDHC_without_cover_20090420.jpg/170px-Pretec_16GB_SDHC_without_cover_20090420.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pretec_16GB_SDHC_without_cover_20090420.jpg/255px-Pretec_16GB_SDHC_without_cover_20090420.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Pretec_16GB_SDHC_without_cover_20090420.jpg/340px-Pretec_16GB_SDHC_without_cover_20090420.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption>Inside a 16 GB SDHC card</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Command_interface">Command interface</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Command interface">edit</a>]</div> SD cards and host devices initially communicate through a <a href="/wiki/Synchronous" class="mw-redirect" title="Synchronous">synchronous</a> one-bit interface, where the host device provides a clock signal that strobes single bits in and out of the SD card. The host device thereby sends 48-bit commands and receives responses. The card can signal that a response will be delayed, but the host device can abort the dialogue.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> Through issuing various commands, the host device can:<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> <ul><li>Determine the type, memory capacity and capabilities of the SD card</li> <li>Command the card to use a different voltage, different clock speed, or advanced electrical interface</li> <li>Prepare the card to receive a block to write to the flash memory, or read and reply with the contents of a specified block.</li></ul> The command interface is an extension of the <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a> (MMC) interface. SD cards dropped support for some of the commands in the MMC protocol, but added commands related to copy protection. By using only commands supported by both standards until determining the type of card inserted, a host device can accommodate both SD and MMC cards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Electrical_interface">Electrical interface</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Electrical interface">edit</a>]</div> All SD card families initially use a 3.3 <a href="/wiki/Volt" title="Volt">volt</a> electrical interface. On command, SDHC and SDXC cards can switch to 1.8 V operation.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> At power-up or card insertion, the voltage on pin 1 selects either the Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus or the SD bus. The SD bus starts in one-bit mode, but the host device may issue a command to switch to the four-bit mode, if the SD card supports it. For various card types, support for the four-bit SD bus is either optional or mandatory.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> After determining that the SD card supports it, the host device can also command the SD card to switch to a <a href="#Speed">higher transfer speed</a>. Until determining the card's capabilities, the host device should not use a clock speed faster than 400 kHz. SD cards other than SDIO (see below) have a "Default Speed" clock rate of 25 MHz. The host device is not required to use the maximum clock speed that the card supports. It may operate at less than the maximum clock speed to conserve power.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> Between commands, the host device can stop the clock entirely. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="MBR_and_FAT">MBR and FAT</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: MBR and FAT">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Most SD cards ship preformatted with one or more <a href="/wiki/Master_boot_record" title="Master boot record">MBR partitions</a>, where the first or only partition contains a <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>. This lets them operate like the <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk">hard disk</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a>. Per the SD card specification, an SD card is formatted with MBR and the following file system: <ul><li>For SDSC cards: <ul><li>Capacity of less than 32,680 logical sectors (smaller than 16 MB<a href="#cite_note-here,_MB_=_1024-179">[i]</a>): <a href="/wiki/FAT12" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT12">FAT12</a> with partition type <a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_01h" title="Partition type">01h</a> and <a href="/wiki/BPB_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="BPB 3.0">BPB 3.0</a> or <a href="/wiki/EBPB_4.1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPB 4.1">EBPB 4.1</a><a href="#cite_note-SDG_2000_SD-P2-V1.0-180">[171]</a></li> <li>Capacity of 32,680 to 65,535 logical sectors (between 16 MB and 32 MB):<a href="#cite_note-here,_MB_=_1024-179">[i]</a> <a href="/wiki/FAT16" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16">FAT16</a> with partition type <a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_04h" title="Partition type">04h</a> and <a href="/wiki/BPB_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="BPB 3.0">BPB 3.0</a> or <a href="/wiki/EBPB_4.1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPB 4.1">EBPB 4.1</a><a href="#cite_note-SDG_2000_SD-P2-V1.0-180">[171]</a></li> <li>Capacity of at least 65,536 logical sectors (larger than 32 MB):<a href="#cite_note-here,_MB_=_1024-179">[i]</a> <a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a> with partition type <a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_06h" title="Partition type">06h</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBPB_4.1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPB 4.1">EBPB 4.1</a><a href="#cite_note-SDG_2000_SD-P2-V1.0-180">[171]</a></li></ul></li> <li>For SDHC cards: <ul><li>Capacity of less than 16,450,560 logical sectors (smaller than 7.8 GB): <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> with partition type <a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Bh" title="Partition type">0Bh</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBPB_7.1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPB 7.1">EBPB 7.1</a></li> <li>Capacity of at least 16,450,560 logical sectors (larger than 7.8 GB): <a href="/wiki/FAT32" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT32">FAT32</a> with partition type <a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_0Ch" title="Partition type">0Ch</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBPB_7.1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPB 7.1">EBPB 7.1</a></li></ul></li> <li>For SDXC cards: <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> with partition type <a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_07h" title="Partition type">07h</a></li></ul> Most consumer products that take an SD card expect that it is partitioned and formatted in this way. Universal support for FAT12, FAT16, FAT16B and FAT32 allows the use of SDSC and SDHC cards on most host computers with a compatible SD reader, to present the user with the familiar method of named files in a hierarchical directory tree.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] On such SD cards, standard utility programs such as Mac OS X's "<a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a>" or Windows' <a href="/wiki/SCANDISK" class="mw-redirect" title="SCANDISK">SCANDISK</a> can be used to repair a corrupted filing system and sometimes recover deleted files. <a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a> tools for FAT file systems may be used on such cards. The resulting consolidation of files may provide a marginal improvement in the time required to read or write the file,<a href="#cite_note-Fragmentation_and_Speed-181">[172]</a> but not an improvement comparable to defragmentation of hard drives, where storing a file in multiple fragments requires additional physical and relatively slow, movement of a drive head.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Moreover, defragmentation performs writes to the SD card that count against the card's rated lifespan. The write endurance of the physical memory is discussed in the article on <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory_degradation" class="mw-redirect" title="Flash memory degradation">flash memory</a>; newer technology to increase the storage capacity of a card provides worse write endurance.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When reformatting an SD card with a capacity of at least 32 MB<a href="#cite_note-here,_MB_=_1024-179">[i]</a> (65,536 logical sectors or more), but not more than 2 GB,<a href="#cite_note-GiB-54">[d]</a> <a href="/wiki/FAT16B" class="mw-redirect" title="FAT16B">FAT16B</a> with partition type <a href="/wiki/Partition_type#PID_06h" title="Partition type">06h</a> and <a href="/wiki/EBPB_4.1" class="mw-redirect" title="EBPB 4.1">EBPB 4.1</a><a href="#cite_note-SDG_2000_SD-P2-V1.0-180">[171]</a> is recommended if the card is for a consumer device. (FAT16B is also an option for 4 GB cards, but it requires the use of 64 KB <a href="/wiki/Cluster_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (file system)">clusters</a>, which are not widely supported.) FAT16B does not support cards above 4 GB<a href="#cite_note-GiB-54">[d]</a> at all. The SDXC specification mandates the use of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_format" class="mw-redirect" title="Proprietary format">proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/ExFAT" title="ExFAT">exFAT</a> file system,<a href="#cite_note-engadget_sdxc_2t_300m-182">[173]</a> which sometimes requires appropriate drivers (e.g. <code>exfat-utils</code>/<code>exfat-fuse</code> on Linux). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Risks_of_reformatting">Risks of reformatting</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Risks of reformatting">edit</a>]</div> Reformatting an SD card with a different file system, or even with the same one, may make the card slower, or shorten its lifespan. Some cards use <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a>, in which frequently modified blocks are mapped to different portions of memory at different times, and some wear-leveling algorithms are designed for the access patterns typical of FAT12, FAT16 or FAT32.<a href="#cite_note-183">[174]</a> In addition, the preformatted file system may use a cluster size that matches the erase region of the physical memory on the card; reformatting may change the cluster size and make writes less efficient. The SD Association provides freely downloadable SD Formatter software to overcome these problems for Windows and Mac OS X.<a href="#cite_note-sdfmt-184">[175]</a> SD/SDHC/SDXC memory cards have a "Protected Area" on the card for the SD standard's security function. Neither standard formatters nor the SD Association formatter will erase it. The SD Association suggests that devices or software which use the SD security function may format it.<a href="#cite_note-sdfmt-184">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power_consumption">Power consumption</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Power consumption">edit</a>]</div> The power consumption of SD cards varies by its speed mode, manufacturer and model.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] During transfer it may be in the range of 66–330 mW (20–100 mA at a supply voltage of 3.3 V). Specifications from <a href="/w/index.php?title=TwinMOS&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TwinMOS (page does not exist)">TwinMOS Technologies</a> list a maximum of 149 mW (45 mA) during transfer. Toshiba lists 264–330 mW (80–100 mA).<a href="#cite_note-185">[176]</a> Standby current is much lower, less than 0.2 mA for one 2006 microSD card.<a href="#cite_note-186">[177]</a> If there is data transfer for significant periods, battery life may be reduced noticeably; for reference, the capacity of smartphone batteries is typically around 6 Wh (Samsung Galaxy S2: 1650 mAh @ 3.7 V). Modern UHS-II cards can consume up to 2.88 W, if the host device supports bus speed mode SDR104 or UHS-II. Minimum power consumption in the case of a UHS-II host is 720 mW.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Card requirements in different bus speed modes<a href="#cite_note-187">[178]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Bus speed mode</th> <th>Max. bus speed [MB/s]</th> <th>Max. clock frequency [MHz]</th> <th>Signal voltage [V]</th> <th>SDSC [W]</th> <th>SDHC [W]</th> <th>SDXC [W] </th></tr> <tr> <td>HD312</td> <td>312</td> <td>52</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>–</td> <td>2.88</td> <td>2.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>FD156</td> <td>156</td> <td>52</td> <td>0.4</td> <td>–</td> <td>2.88</td> <td>2.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SDR104</td> <td>104</td> <td>208</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>–</td> <td>2.88</td> <td>2.88 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SDR50</td> <td>50</td> <td>100</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>–</td> <td>1.44</td> <td>1.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DDR50</td> <td>50</td> <td>50</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>–</td> <td>1.44</td> <td>1.44 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SDR25</td> <td>25</td> <td>50</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.72</td> <td>0.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>SDR12</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>25</td> <td>1.8</td> <td>–</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>0.36 / 0.54 </td></tr> <tr> <td>High Speed</td> <td>25</td> <td>50</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>0.72</td> <td>0.72</td> <td>0.72 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Default Speed</td> <td>12.5</td> <td>25</td> <td>3.3</td> <td>0.33</td> <td>0.36</td> <td>0.36 / 0.54 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Storage_capacity_and_compatibilities">Storage capacity and compatibilities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Storage capacity and compatibilities">edit</a>]</div> All SD cards let the host device determine how much information the card can hold, and the specification of each SD family gives the host device a guarantee of the maximum capacity a compliant card reports. By the time the version 2.0 (SDHC) specification was completed in June 2006,<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a> vendors had already devised 2 GB and 4 GB SD cards, either as specified in Version 1.01, or by creatively reading Version 1.00. The resulting cards do not work correctly in some host devices.<a href="#cite_note-189">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SDSC_cards_above_1_GB">SDSC cards above 1 GB</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: SDSC cards above 1 GB">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sd4gy_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sd4gy_crop.jpg/220px-Sd4gy_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sd4gy_crop.jpg/330px-Sd4gy_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Sd4gy_crop.jpg/440px-Sd4gy_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="504" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>4 GB SDSC card</figcaption></figure> SD version 1.00 assumed 512 bytes per block. This permitted SDSC cards up to 4,096 × 512 × 512 B = 1 GB.<a href="#cite_note-GiB-54">[d]</a> Version 1.01 let an SDSC card use a 4-bit field to indicate 1,024 or 2,048 bytes per block instead.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> Doing so enabled cards with 2 GB and 4 GB capacity, such as the Transcend 4 GB SD card, the Memorette 4 GB SD card and the Hoco 4 GB microSD card.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Storage_capacity_calculations">Storage capacity calculations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Storage capacity calculations">edit</a>]</div> The format of the Card-Specific Data (CSD) register changed between version 1 (SDSC) and version 2.0 (which defines SDHC and SDXC). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Version_1">Version 1</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Version 1">edit</a>]</div> In version 1 of the SD specification, capacities up to 2 GB<a href="#cite_note-GiB-54">[d]</a> are calculated by combining fields of the CSD as follows: <pre>Capacity = (C_SIZE + 1) × 2(C_SIZE_MULT + READ_BL_LEN + 2) where 0 ≤ C_SIZE ≤ 4095, 0 ≤ C_SIZE_MULT ≤ 7, READ_BL_LEN is 9 (for 512 bytes/sector) or 10 (for 1024 bytes/sector) </pre> Later versions state (at Section 4.3.2) that a 2 GB SDSC card shall set its READ_BL_LEN (and WRITE_BL_LEN) to indicate 1,024 bytes, so that the above computation correctly reports the card's capacity, but that, for consistency, the host device shall not request (by CMD16) block lengths over 512 B.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Versions_2_and_3">Versions 2 and 3</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Versions 2 and 3">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In the definition of SDHC cards in version 2.0, the C_SIZE portion of the CSD is 22 bits and it indicates the memory size in multiples of 512 KB (the C_SIZE_MULT field is removed and READ_BL_LEN is no longer used to compute capacity). Two bits that were formerly reserved now identify the card family: 0 is SDSC; 1 is SDHC or SDXC; 2 and 3 are reserved.<a href="#cite_note-SDHCspec-100">[96]</a> Because of these redefinitions, older host devices do not correctly identify SDHC or SDXC cards nor their correct capacity. <ul><li>SDHC cards are restricted to reporting a capacity not over 32 GB.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>SDXC cards are allowed to use all 22 bits of the C_SIZE field. An SDHC card that did so (reported C_SIZE > 65,375 to indicate a capacity of over 32 GB) would violate the specification. A host device that relied on C_SIZE rather than the specification to determine the card's maximum capacity might support such a card, but the card might fail in other SDHC-compatible host devices.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> Capacity is calculated thus: <pre>Capacity = (C_SIZE + 1) × 524288 where for SDHC 4112 ≤ C_SIZE ≤ 65375 ≈2 GB ≤ Capacity ≤ ≈32 GB where for SDXC 65535 ≤ C_SIZE ≈32 GB ≤ Capacity ≤ 2 TB[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </pre> Capacities above 4 GB can only be achieved by following version 2.0 or later versions. In addition, capacities equal to 4 GB must also do so to guarantee compatibility.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Openness_of_specification">Openness of specification</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Openness of specification">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/SD_card" title="Special:EditPage/SD card">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22SD+card%22">"SD card"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22SD+card%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22SD+card%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22SD+card%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22SD+card%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2023) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MicroSD_to_SD_adapter,_disassembled.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MicroSD_to_SD_adapter%2C_disassembled.png/220px-MicroSD_to_SD_adapter%2C_disassembled.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MicroSD_to_SD_adapter%2C_disassembled.png/330px-MicroSD_to_SD_adapter%2C_disassembled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/MicroSD_to_SD_adapter%2C_disassembled.png/440px-MicroSD_to_SD_adapter%2C_disassembled.png 2x" data-file-width="1476" data-file-height="1980" /></a><figcaption>Dismantled microSD to SD adapter showing the passive connection from the microSD card slot on the bottom to the SD pins on the top</figcaption></figure> Like most memory card formats, SD is covered by numerous <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademarks</a>. Excluding <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital#SDIO_cards" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">SDIO</a> cards, <a href="/wiki/Royalty_payment" title="Royalty payment">royalties</a> for SD card licenses are imposed for manufacture and sale of memory cards and host adapters (US$1,000/year plus membership at US$1,500/year)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Early versions of the SD specification were available under a <a href="/wiki/Non-disclosure_agreement" title="Non-disclosure agreement">non-disclosure agreement</a> (NDA) prohibiting development of <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open-source</a> drivers. However, the system was eventually <a href="/wiki/Reverse-engineered" class="mw-redirect" title="Reverse-engineered">reverse-engineered</a> and free software drivers provided access to SD cards not using DRM. Subsequent to the release of most open-source drivers, the SDA provided a simplified version of the specification under a less restrictive license helping reduce some incompatibility issues.<a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> Under a disclaimers agreement, the simplified specification released by the SDA in 2006 – as opposed to that of SD cards – was later extended to the physical layer, ASSD extensions, SDIO and SDIO <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a> Type-A.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> The Simplified Specification<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> is available. Again, most of the information had already been discovered and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> had a fully free driver for it. Still, building a chip conforming to this specification caused the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_per_Child" title="One Laptop per Child">One Laptop per Child</a> project to claim "the first truly Open Source SD implementation, with no need to obtain an SDI license or sign NDAs to create SD drivers or applications."<a href="#cite_note-194">[185]</a> The proprietary nature of the complete SD specification affects <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, laptop computers and some desktop computers; many desktop computers do not have card slots, instead using <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Card_reader#Memory_card_readers" title="Card reader">card readers</a> if necessary.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] These card readers present a standard <a href="/wiki/USB_mass_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="USB mass storage">USB mass storage</a> interface to memory cards, thus separating the operating system from the details of the underlying SD interface.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, embedded systems (such as portable music players) usually gain direct access to SD cards and thus need complete programming information.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Desktop card readers are themselves embedded systems; their manufacturers have usually paid the SDA for complete access to the SD specifications.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Many notebook computers now include SD card readers not based on USB; device drivers for these essentially gain direct access to the SD card, as do embedded systems.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">SPI</a>-bus interface mode is the only type that does not require a host license for accessing SD cards.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flash_memory_cards_size.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flash_memory_cards_size.jpg/220px-Flash_memory_cards_size.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="234" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flash_memory_cards_size.jpg/330px-Flash_memory_cards_size.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flash_memory_cards_size.jpg/440px-Flash_memory_cards_size.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="1325" /></a><figcaption>Size comparison of various flash cards: SD, <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a>, <a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MMC</a>, <a href="/wiki/XD-Picture_Card" title="XD-Picture Card">xD</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Data_recovery">Data recovery</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: Data recovery">edit</a>]</div> A malfunctioning SD card can be repaired using specialized equipment, as long as the middle part, containing the flash storage, is not physically damaged. The controller can in this way be circumvented. This might be harder or even impossible in the case of monolithic card, where the controller resides on the same physical die.<a href="#cite_note-195">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=70" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_memory_cards" title="Comparison of memory cards">Comparison of memory cards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdrive" title="Microdrive">Microdrive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">Serial Peripheral Interface Bus</a> (SPI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">Universal Flash Storage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=71" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> except where indicated otherwise, 1 MB equals one million bytes </li> <li id="cite_note-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-here,_1&nbsp;TB_=_1024_24-5">f</a> here, 1 TB = 10244 B </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> except where stated otherwise, in this article 1 TB = 1000 billion bytes </li> <li id="cite_note-GiB-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GiB_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiB_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiB_54-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiB_54-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiB_54-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiB_54-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GiB_54-6">g</a> here, 1 GB = 1 <a href="/wiki/Byte#Units_based_on_powers_of_2" title="Byte">GiB</a> = 230 B </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> This speed is achievable using DDR208 controller. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> The necessary recording and playback speed class requirements may vary by device. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> 1 KB = 1024 B </li> <li id="cite_note-sdsccompat-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sdsccompat_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdsccompat_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdsccompat_157-2">c</a> See <a href="#Storage_capacity_and_compatibilities">discussion about storage capacity and compatibilities</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-here,_MB_=_1024-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-here,_MB_=_1024_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-here,_MB_=_1024_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-here,_MB_=_1024_179-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-here,_MB_=_1024_179-3">d</a> here, MB = 10242 B </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=SD_card&action=edit&section=72" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Bitwarsoft.com. 24 July 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181808/https://www.bitwarsoft.com/what-is-an-sd-card.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 30 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+is+SD+Card&rft.pub=Bitwarsoft.com&rft.date=2020-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitwarsoft.com%2Fwhat-is-an-sd-card.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorporation2000" class="citation web cs1">Corporation, Bonnier (27 August 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xA5vzkW8IDsC&dq=64mb+sd+card+second+quarter+2000&pg=PA40">"Popular Science"</a>. Bonnier Corporation – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Popular+Science&rft.pub=Bonnier+Corporation&rft.date=2000-08-27&rft.aulast=Corporation&rft.aufirst=Bonnier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxA5vzkW8IDsC%26dq%3D64mb%2Bsd%2Bcard%2Bsecond%2Bquarter%2B2000%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorporation2000" class="citation web cs1">Corporation, Bonnier (27 May 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VW7ZIgUJwSMC&dq=64mb+sd+card+second+quarter+2000&pg=PA90">"Popular Science"</a>. 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ITmedia NEWS. 22 March 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911012959/https://www.itmedia.co.jp/news/articles/0403/22/news002.html">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ITmedia+NEWS&rft.atitle=HD%E9%8C%B2%E7%94%BB%E3%81%AE%E3%82%AB%E3%83%A0%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%80%E3%80%81DVD-R%E5%86%85%E8%94%B5%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8B%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E2%80%A6%E2%80%A6%E4%BC%9A%E5%A0%B4%E3%81%A7%E8%A6%8B%E3%81%8B%E3%81%91%E3%81%9F%E6%96%B0%E8%A3%BD%E5%93%81&rft.date=2004-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itmedia.co.jp%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F0403%2F22%2Fnews002.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRojas2004" class="citation news cs1">Rojas, Peter (2 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2004/03/02/t-flash-aka-yet-another-memory-card-format/">"T-Flash: aka 'Yet Another Memory Card Format'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Engadget" title="Engadget">Engadget</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502064324/https://www.engadget.com/2004/03/02/t-flash-aka-yet-another-memory-card-format/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 May 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=T-Flash%3A+aka+%27Yet+Another+Memory+Card+Format%27&rft.date=2004-03-02&rft.aulast=Rojas&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2004%2F03%2F02%2Ft-flash-aka-yet-another-memory-card-format%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/sandisk-releases-new-memory-cards/">"SanDisk releases new memory cards"</a>. CNET. 24 May 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240222023250/https://www.cnet.com/tech/tech-industry/sandisk-releases-new-memory-cards/">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNET&rft.atitle=SanDisk+releases+new+memory+cards&rft.date=2004-05-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Ftech%2Ftech-industry%2Fsandisk-releases-new-memory-cards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2005/07/14/transflash_is_microsd/">"TransFlash becomes MicroSD"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911012959/https://www.theregister.com/2005/07/14/transflash_is_microsd/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TransFlash+becomes+MicroSD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2005%2F07%2F14%2Ftransflash_is_microsd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phonescoop-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Phonescoop_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Phonescoop_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phonescoop.com/articles/article.php?a=801">"SanDisk Reveals Tiny New Memory Cards for Phones"</a>. Phonescoop.com. 28 February 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722005048/http://www.phonescoop.com/articles/article.php?a=801">Archived</a> from the original on 22 July 2012. Retrieved 2 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SanDisk+Reveals+Tiny+New+Memory+Cards+for+Phones&rft.pub=Phonescoop.com&rft.date=2004-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phonescoop.com%2Farticles%2Farticle.php%3Fa%3D801&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ko.com.ua/cebit_2004_nastraivaemsya_na_volnu_budushhego_16835">"CeBIT 2004: "Настраиваемся на волну будущего" | Статьи | Компьютерное Обозрение"</a>. ko.com.ua. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911013022/https://ko.com.ua/cebit_2004_nastraivaemsya_na_volnu_budushhego_16835">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 12 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ko.com.ua&rft.atitle=CeBIT+2004%3A+%22%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%83+%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%22+%26%23124%3B+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%B8+%26%23124%3B+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fko.com.ua%2Fcebit_2004_nastraivaemsya_na_volnu_budushhego_16835&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-miniSDHC_announcement-23"><a href="#cite_ref-miniSDHC_announcement_23-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandisk.com/Corporate/PressRoom/PressReleases/PressRelease.aspx?ID=3530">SanDisk Introduces 4 GB miniSDHC Flash Card for Mobile Phones</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115110619/http://www.sandisk.com/Corporate/PressRoom/PressReleases/PressRelease.aspx?ID=3530">Archived</a> 2009-01-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SanDisk.com </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sdcard.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/SD_Association_Announces_SDXC_Revised_1-7-09.pdf">"SDXC SIGNALS NEW GENERATION OF REMOVABLE MEMORY WITH UP TO 2 TERABYTES OF STORAGE"</a> (PDF). sdcard.org. SD Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911012842/https://www.sdcard.org/cms/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/SD_Association_Announces_SDXC_Revised_1-7-09.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 September 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdcard.org&rft.atitle=SDXC+SIGNALS+NEW+GENERATION+OF+REMOVABLE+MEMORY+WITH+UP+TO+2+TERABYTES+OF+STORAGE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdcard.org%2Fcms%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F11%2FSD_Association_Announces_SDXC_Revised_1-7-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sdcard.org/developers/sd-standard-overview/capacity-sd-sdhc-sdxc-sduc/">"Capacity (SD/SDHC/SDXC/SDUC) | SD Association"</a>. sdcard.org. 11 December 2020. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220308120216/https://www.sdcard.org/developers/sd-standard-overview/capacity-sd-sdhc-sdxc-sduc/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2022. Retrieved 8 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sdcard.org&rft.atitle=Capacity+%28SD%2FSDHC%2FSDXC%2FSDUC%29+%7C+SD+Association&rft.date=2020-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sdcard.org%2Fdevelopers%2Fsd-standard-overview%2Fcapacity-sd-sdhc-sdxc-sduc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandisk.com/about-sandisk/press-room/press-releases/2009/2009-01-07-sandisk-and-sony-to-expand-%E2%80%9Cmemory-stick-pro%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cmemory-stick-micro%E2%80%9D-formats">"SanDisk and Sony to expand Memory Stick Pro and Memory Stick Micro formats"</a>. SanDisk. 7 January 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100107054251/http://www.sandisk.com/about-sandisk/press-room/press-releases/2009/2009-01-07-sandisk-and-sony-to-expand-%E2%80%9Cmemory-stick-pro%E2%80%9D-and-%E2%80%9Cmemory-stick-micro%E2%80%9D-formats">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2010. Retrieved 22 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SanDisk+and+Sony+to+expand+Memory+Stick+Pro+and+Memory+Stick+Micro+formats&rft.pub=SanDisk&rft.date=2009-01-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandisk.com%2Fabout-sandisk%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-releases%2F2009%2F2009-01-07-sandisk-and-sony-to-expand-%25E2%2580%259Cmemory-stick-pro%25E2%2580%259D-and-%25E2%2580%259Cmemory-stick-micro%25E2%2580%259D-formats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-betanews_2t_sdxc-28"><a href="#cite_ref-betanews_2t_sdxc_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMook2009" class="citation web cs1">Mook, Nate (8 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://betanews.com/2009/01/08/sd-card-memory-stick-formats-to-reach-2-terabytes-but-when">"SD Card, Memory Stick formats to reach 2 terabytes, but when?"</a>. Beta news. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240309234452/https://betanews.com/2009/01/08/sd-card-memory-stick-formats-to-reach-2-terabytes-but-when/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beta+news&rft.atitle=SD+Card%2C+Memory+Stick+formats+to+reach+2+terabytes%2C+but+when%3F&rft.date=2009-01-08&rft.aulast=Mook&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbetanews.com%2F2009%2F01%2F08%2Fsd-card-memory-stick-formats-to-reach-2-terabytes-but-when&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dpreview_pretec_sdxc-29"><a href="#cite_ref-dpreview_pretec_sdxc_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dpreview.com/news/0903/09030601pretecsdxc.asp">"Pretec introduces world's first SDXC card"</a>. Digital Photography Review. 6 March 2009. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100821022647/http://www.dpreview.com/news/0903/09030601pretecsdxc.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2010. 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Retrieved 22 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexar+Announces+Industry%27s+First+256+GB+SDXC+UHS-I+Memory+Card&rft.pub=Micron&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexar.com%2Fabout%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2Flexar-announces-industry-s-first-256gb-sdxc-uhs-i-memory-card&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanDisk" class="citation web cs1">SanDisk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandisk.com/about-sandisk/press-room/press-releases/2014/sandisk-introduces-worlds-highest-capacity-microsdxc-memory-card-at-128 gb/">"SANDISK INTRODUCES WORLD'S HIGHEST CAPACITY microSDXC MEMORY CARD AT 128GB"</a>. sandisk.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sandisk.com&rft.atitle=SANDISK+INTRODUCES+WORLD%27S+HIGHEST+CAPACITY+microSDXC+MEMORY+CARD+AT+128GB&rft.au=SanDisk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandisk.com%2Fabout-sandisk%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-releases%2F2014%2Fsandisk-introduces-worlds-highest-capacity-microsdxc-memory-card-at-128+gb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sandisk.com/about-sandisk/press-room/press-releases/2015/200gb-sandisk-ultra-microsdxc-uhs-i-card-premium-edition/">"SanDisk introduces the first 200GB microSDXC card"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SanDisk+introduces+the+first+200GB+microSDXC+card&rft.pub=SanDisk.com&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandisk.com%2Fabout-sandisk%2Fpress-room%2Fpress-releases%2F2015%2F200gb-sandisk-ultra-microsdxc-uhs-i-card-premium-edition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanDisk" class="citation web cs1">SanDisk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandisk.com/about/media-center/press-releases/2014/sandisk-premieres-worlds-highest-capacity-sd-card-for-high-performance-video-and-photo-capture">"SanDisk Premieres World's Highest Capacity SD Card for High Performance Video and Photo Capture"</a>. sandisk.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118081201/https://www.sandisk.com/about/media-center/press-releases/2014/sandisk-premieres-worlds-highest-capacity-sd-card-for-high-performance-video-and-photo-capture">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sandisk.com&rft.atitle=SanDisk+Premieres+World%27s+Highest+Capacity+SD+Card+for+High+Performance+Video+and+Photo+Capture&rft.au=SanDisk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandisk.com%2Fabout%2Fmedia-center%2Fpress-releases%2F2014%2Fsandisk-premieres-worlds-highest-capacity-sd-card-for-high-performance-video-and-photo-capture&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-introduces-the-evo-plus-256gb-microsd-card-with-the-highest-capacity-in-its-class">"Samsung Electronics Introduces the EVO Plus 256 GB MicroSD Card, with the Highest Capacity in its Class"</a>. news.samsung.com. 10 May 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160808115631/https://news.samsung.com/global/samsung-electronics-introduces-the-evo-plus-256gb-microsd-card-with-the-highest-capacity-in-its-class">Archived</a> from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Samsung+Electronics+Introduces+the+EVO+Plus+256+GB+MicroSD+Card%2C+with+the+Highest+Capacity+in+its+Class&rft.pub=news.samsung.com&rft.date=2016-05-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.samsung.com%2Fglobal%2Fsamsung-electronics-introduces-the-evo-plus-256gb-microsd-card-with-the-highest-capacity-in-its-class&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanDisk" class="citation web cs1">SanDisk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandisk.com/about/media-center/press-releases/2016/western-digital-demonstrates-prototype-of-the-worlds-first-1terabyte-SDXC-card">"Western Digital Demonstrates Prototype of the World's First 1Terabyte SDXC Card"</a>. sandisk.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170118081253/https://www.sandisk.com/about/media-center/press-releases/2016/western-digital-demonstrates-prototype-of-the-worlds-first-1terabyte-SDXC-card">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2017. Retrieved 20 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sandisk.com&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+Demonstrates+Prototype+of+the+World%27s+First+1Terabyte+SDXC+Card&rft.au=SanDisk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandisk.com%2Fabout%2Fmedia-center%2Fpress-releases%2F2016%2Fwestern-digital-demonstrates-prototype-of-the-worlds-first-1terabyte-SDXC-card&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShilov" class="citation web cs1">Shilov, Anton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandtech.com/show/11793/western-digital-launches-sandisk-ultra-microsd-card-with-400-gb-capacity">"Western Digital Launches SanDisk Ultra microSD Card with 400 GB Capacity"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170831223632/http://www.anandtech.com/show/11793/western-digital-launches-sandisk-ultra-microsd-card-with-400-gb-capacity">Archived</a> from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 11 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Western+Digital+Launches+SanDisk+Ultra+microSD+Card+with+400+GB+Capacity&rft.aulast=Shilov&rft.aufirst=Anton&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F11793%2Fwestern-digital-launches-sandisk-ultra-microsd-card-with-400-gb-capacity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIntegral_Memory2018" class="citation web cs1">Integral Memory (22 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/1/22/16921108/integral-memory-512gb-microsd-card-largest-ever-memory-storage">"Integral Memory's new 512GB microSD card is the biggest microSD card yet"</a>. theverge.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141951/https://www.theverge.com/circuitbreaker/2018/1/22/16921108/integral-memory-512gb-microsd-card-largest-ever-memory-storage">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 10 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theverge.com&rft.atitle=Integral+Memory%27s+new+512GB+microSD+card+is+the+biggest+microSD+card+yet&rft.date=2018-01-22&rft.au=Integral+Memory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2Fcircuitbreaker%2F2018%2F1%2F22%2F16921108%2Fintegral-memory-512gb-microsd-card-largest-ever-memory-storage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKingston" class="citation web cs1">Kingston. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kingston.com/en/company/press/article/50267?ArticleTitle=Kingston%20Digital%20Announces%20New%20%E2%80%98Canvas%E2%80%99%20Series%20of%20Flash%20Cards%20-%20(12%20March)">"Kingston Digital Announces New 'Canvas' Series of Flash Cards"</a>. 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Retrieved 19 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kingston+Digital+Announces+New+%27Canvas%27+Series+of+Flash+Cards&rft.pub=Kingston+Technology+Europe+Co+LLP&rft.au=Kingston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kingston.com%2Fen%2Fcompany%2Fpress%2Farticle%2F50267%3FArticleTitle%3DKingston%2520Digital%2520Announces%2520New%2520%25E2%2580%2598Canvas%25E2%2580%2599%2520Series%2520of%2520Flash%2520Cards%2520-%2520%2812%2520March%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/15/18626729/sandisks-1tb-microsd-card-available-b-h-photo-amazon-price">"SanDisk's 1TB microSD card is now available"</a>. theverge.com. 15 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617090004/https://www.theverge.com/2019/5/15/18626729/sandisks-1tb-microsd-card-available-b-h-photo-amazon-price">Archived</a> from the original on 17 June 2020. Retrieved 19 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theverge.com&rft.atitle=SanDisk%27s+1TB+microSD+card+is+now+available&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2019%2F5%2F15%2F18626729%2Fsandisks-1tb-microsd-card-available-b-h-photo-amazon-price&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.westerndigital.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2024/2024-04-11-western-digital-showcases-new-super-speeds-and-massive-capacities-at-nab-2024">"Western Digital Showcases New Super Speeds and Massive Capacities for M&E Workflows at NAB 2024"</a>. westerndigital.com. 11 April 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240911012946/https://www.westerndigital.com/company/newsroom/press-releases/2024/2024-04-11-western-digital-showcases-new-super-speeds-and-massive-capacities-at-nab-2024">Archived</a> from the original on 11 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=westerndigital.com&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+Showcases+New+Super+Speeds+and+Massive+Capacities+for+M%26E+Workflows+at+NAB+2024&rft.date=2024-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.westerndigital.com%2Fcompany%2Fnewsroom%2Fpress-releases%2F2024%2F2024-04-11-western-digital-showcases-new-super-speeds-and-massive-capacities-at-nab-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASD+card" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sdcard_capacity-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sdcard_capacity_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sdcard_capacity_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sdcard.org/developers/overview/capacity/">"Capacity"</a>. 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href="/wiki/File:Flash_memory_cards_size_comparison_(composite).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Top: CF, SD, Memory Stick Pro Duo, xD card; Bottom: MicroSD, Memory Stick Micro (M2)"><img alt="Top: CF, SD, Memory Stick Pro Duo, xD card; Bottom: MicroSD, Memory Stick Micro (M2)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flash_memory_cards_size_comparison_%28composite%29.svg/200px-Flash_memory_cards_size_comparison_%28composite%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flash_memory_cards_size_comparison_%28composite%29.svg/300px-Flash_memory_cards_size_comparison_%28composite%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Flash_memory_cards_size_comparison_%28composite%29.svg/400px-Flash_memory_cards_size_comparison_%28composite%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="135" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a> (CF, CFast, <a href="/wiki/CFexpress" title="CFexpress">CFexpress</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressCard" title="ExpressCard">Express Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEIDA_memory_card" title="JEIDA memory card">JEIDA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MultiMediaCard" title="MultiMediaCard">MultiMediaCard</a> (MMC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_Stick" title="Memory Stick">Memory Stick</a> (MS, MS-PRO, MS-PRO HG, MS-XC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiCard" class="mw-redirect" title="MiCard">miCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microdrive" title="Microdrive">Microdrive</a> (MD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_Card" title="Miniature Card">MiniCard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NT_Card" title="NT Card">NT Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P2_(storage_media)" title="P2 (storage media)">P2</a> (<a href="/wiki/MicroP2" title="MicroP2">MicroP2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC_Card" title="PC Card">PC Card</a> (PCMCIA, CardBus, CardBay)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">Secure Digital</a> (SDSC, SDHC, SDXC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SmartMedia" title="SmartMedia">SmartMedia</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SxS" title="SxS">SxS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">Universal Flash Storage</a> (UFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XD-Picture_Card" title="XD-Picture Card">xD-Picture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XQD_card" title="XQD card">XQD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" 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