CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" xmlns:fb="http://www.facebook.com/2008/fbml" class="wf-loading"> <head prefix="og: https://ogp.me/ns# fb: https://ogp.me/ns/fb# academia: https://ogp.me/ns/fb/academia#"> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name=viewport content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/open_search.xml" title="Academia.edu"> <title>John Speakman | University of Aberdeen - Academia.edu</title>  <link href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-production.ico" rel="shortcut icon" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/apple-touch-icon-180x180.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-194x194.png" sizes="194x194"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/android-chrome-192x192.png" sizes="192x192"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"> <link rel="manifest" href="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/manifest.json"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#2b5797"> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="//a.academia-assets.com/images/favicons/mstile-144x144.png"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <script> window.performance && window.performance.measure && window.performance.measure("Time To First Byte", "requestStart", "responseStart"); </script> <script> (function() { if (!window.URLSearchParams || !window.history || !window.history.replaceState) { return; } var searchParams = new URLSearchParams(window.location.search); var paramsToDelete = [ 'fs', 'sm', 'swp', 'iid', 'nbs', 'rcc', // related content category 'rcpos', // related content carousel position 'rcpg', // related carousel page 'rchid', // related content hit id 'f_ri', // research interest id, for SEO tracking 'f_fri', // featured research interest, for SEO tracking (param key without value) 'f_rid', // from research interest directory for SEO tracking 'f_loswp', // from research interest pills on LOSWP sidebar for SEO tracking 'rhid', // referrring hit id ]; if (paramsToDelete.every((key) => searchParams.get(key) === null)) { return; } paramsToDelete.forEach((key) => { searchParams.delete(key); }); var cleanUrl = new URL(window.location.href); cleanUrl.search = searchParams.toString(); history.replaceState({}, document.title, cleanUrl); })(); </script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-5VKX33P2DS"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-5VKX33P2DS', { cookie_domain: 'academia.edu', send_page_view: false, }); gtag('event', 'page_view', { 'controller': "profiles/works", 'action': "summary", 'controller_action': 'profiles/works#summary', 'logged_in': 'false', 'edge': 'unknown', // Send nil if there is no A/B test bucket, in case some records get logged // with missing data - that way we can distinguish between the two cases. // ab_test_bucket should be of the form <ab_test_name>:<bucket> 'ab_test_bucket': null, }) </script> <script type="text/javascript"> window.sendUserTiming = function(timingName) { if (!(window.performance && window.performance.measure)) return; var entries = window.performance.getEntriesByName(timingName, "measure"); if (entries.length !== 1) return; var timingValue = Math.round(entries[0].duration); gtag('event', 'timing_complete', { name: timingName, value: timingValue, event_category: 'User-centric', }); }; window.sendUserTiming("Time To First Byte"); </script> <meta name="csrf-param" content="authenticity_token" /> <meta name="csrf-token" content="1JD0otuRb/Bw42Q5eBxa8yweuMTEW+YaPR7I0lqdfJ6OnrjcdwpR/yYyJkaADRfPV7TxPwbqjsc8/XHnDdzlLQ==" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow-77f7b87cb1583fc59aa8f94756ebfe913345937eb932042b4077563bebb5fb4b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/social/home-9e8218e1301001388038e3fc3427ed00d079a4760ff7745d1ec1b2d59103170a.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/heading-b2b823dd904da60a48fd1bfa1defd840610c2ff414d3f39ed3af46277ab8df3b.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/button-3cea6e0ad4715ed965c49bfb15dedfc632787b32ff6d8c3a474182b231146ab7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/text_button-73590134e40cdb49f9abdc8e796cc00dc362693f3f0f6137d6cf9bb78c318ce7.css" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/body-8d679e925718b5e8e4b18e9a4fab37f7eaa99e43386459376559080ac8f2856a.css" /><link crossorigin="" href="https://fonts.gstatic.com/" rel="preconnect" /><link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=DM+Sans:ital,opsz,wght@0,9..40,100..1000;1,9..40,100..1000&family=Gupter:wght@400;500;700&family=IBM+Plex+Mono:wght@300;400&family=Material+Symbols+Outlined:opsz,wght,FILL,GRAD@20,400,0,0&display=swap" rel="stylesheet" /><link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system/common-10fa40af19d25203774df2d4a03b9b5771b45109c2304968038e88a81d1215c5.css" /> <meta name="author" content="john speakman" /> <meta name="description" content="I run 2 research groups. One at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology in Beijing where I am a '1000 talents' A-grade…" /> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="bKJMBZA7E43xhDOopFZkssMMkBRjvYERV-NaN4R6mrs" /> <script> var $controller_name = 'works'; var $action_name = "summary"; var $rails_env = 'production'; var $app_rev = 'e2c9a2464e4ed2906f68001b55de50416fa4764a'; var $domain = 'academia.edu'; var $app_host = "academia.edu"; var $asset_host = "academia-assets.com"; var $start_time = new Date().getTime(); var $recaptcha_key = "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB"; var $recaptcha_invisible_key = "6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj"; var $disableClientRecordHit = false; </script> <script> window.Aedu = { hit_data: null }; window.Aedu.SiteStats = {"premium_universities_count":15258,"monthly_visitors":"121 million","monthly_visitor_count":121005025,"monthly_visitor_count_in_millions":121,"user_count":278736513,"paper_count":55203019,"paper_count_in_millions":55,"page_count":432000000,"page_count_in_millions":432,"pdf_count":16500000,"pdf_count_in_millions":16}; window.Aedu.serverRenderTime = new Date(1734140552000); window.Aedu.timeDifference = new Date().getTime() - 1734140552000; window.Aedu.isUsingCssV1 = false; window.Aedu.enableLocalization = true; window.Aedu.activateFullstory = false; window.Aedu.serviceAvailability = { status: {"attention_db":"on","bibliography_db":"on","contacts_db":"on","email_db":"on","indexability_db":"on","mentions_db":"on","news_db":"on","notifications_db":"on","offsite_mentions_db":"on","redshift":"on","redshift_exports_db":"on","related_works_db":"on","ring_db":"on","user_tests_db":"on"}, serviceEnabled: function(service) { return this.status[service] === "on"; }, readEnabled: function(service) { return this.serviceEnabled(service) || this.status[service] === "read_only"; }, }; window.Aedu.viewApmTrace = function() { // Check if x-apm-trace-id meta tag is set, and open the trace in APM // in a new window if it is. var apmTraceId = document.head.querySelector('meta[name="x-apm-trace-id"]'); if (apmTraceId) { var traceId = apmTraceId.content; // Use trace ID to construct URL, an example URL looks like: // https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%31298410148923562634 var apmUrl = 'https://app.datadoghq.com/apm/traces?query=trace_id%3A' + traceId; window.open(apmUrl, '_blank'); } }; </script>  <link href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Roboto:100,100i,300,300i,400,400i,500,500i,700,700i,900,900i" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="//maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/font-awesome/4.3.0/css/font-awesome.min.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/libraries-a9675dcb01ec4ef6aa807ba772c7a5a00c1820d3ff661c1038a20f80d06bb4e4.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/academia-0fb6fc03c471832908791ad7ddba619b6165b3ccf7ae0f65cf933f34b0b660a7.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/design_system_legacy-056a9113b9a0f5343d013b29ee1929d5a18be35fdcdceb616600b4db8bd20054.css" /> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/runtime-bundle-005434038af4252ca37c527588411a3d6a0eabb5f727fac83f8bbe7fd88d93bb.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/webpack_libraries_and_infrequently_changed.wjs-bundle-ef8bdd9e6fe14f709ac2c17454275b572f42cadc208750aa782d6f17d9a3fc6e.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/core_webpack.wjs-bundle-dfda5927ae1ee89f8950b2f04db8d76f24f5e9fb4811e0663938ed174af2ce52.js"></script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/sentry.wjs-bundle-5fe03fddca915c8ba0f7edbe64c194308e8ce5abaed7bffe1255ff37549c4808.js"></script> <script> jade = window.jade || {}; jade.helpers = window.$h; jade._ = window._; </script>  <script id="tag-manager-head-root">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= 'https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer_old','GTM-5G9JF7Z');</script>  <script> window.gptadslots = []; window.googletag = window.googletag || {}; window.googletag.cmd = window.googletag.cmd || []; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> // TODO(jacob): This should be defined, may be rare load order problem. // Checking if null is just a quick fix, will default to en if unset. // Better fix is to run this immedietely after I18n is set. if (window.I18n != null) { I18n.defaultLocale = "en"; I18n.locale = "en"; I18n.fallbacks = true; } </script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman" /> </head>   <body class='c-profiles/works a-summary logged_out'>  <div id="fb-root"></div><script>window.fbAsyncInit = function() { FB.init({ appId: "2369844204", version: "v8.0", status: true, cookie: true, xfbml: true }); // Additional initialization code. if (window.InitFacebook) { // facebook.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitFacebook(); } else { // Set a flag for facebook.ts to find when it loads. window.academiaAuthReadyFacebook = true; } };</script><script>window.fbAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function if (window.FB) { return; } (function(d, s, id){ var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) {return;} js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id; js.src = "//connect.facebook.net/en_US/sdk.js"; fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs); }(document, 'script', 'facebook-jssdk')); } if (!window.defer_facebook) { // Autoload if not deferred window.fbAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.fbAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="google-root"></div><script>window.loadGoogle = function() { if (window.InitGoogle) { // google.ts already loaded, set it up. window.InitGoogle("331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"); } else { // Set a flag for google.ts to use when it loads. window.GoogleClientID = "331998490334-rsn3chp12mbkiqhl6e7lu2q0mlbu0f1b"; } };</script><script>window.googleAsyncLoad = function() { // Protection against double calling of this function (function(d) { var js; var id = 'google-jssdk'; var ref = d.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; if (d.getElementById(id)) { return; } js = d.createElement('script'); js.id = id; js.async = true; js.onload = loadGoogle; js.src = "https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client" ref.parentNode.insertBefore(js, ref); }(document)); } if (!window.defer_google) { // Autoload if not deferred window.googleAsyncLoad(); } else { // Defer loading by 5 seconds setTimeout(function() { window.googleAsyncLoad(); }, 5000); }</script> <div id="tag-manager-body-root">  <noscript><iframe src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5G9JF7Z" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript>   <script> window.addEventListener('load', function() { if (document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]')) { document.querySelector('input[name="commit"]').addEventListener('click', function() { gtag('event', 'click', { event_category: 'button', event_label: 'Log In' }) }) } }); </script> </div> <script>var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "26766707" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })();</script><img src="https://sb.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=26766707&cv=2.0&cj=1" style="position: absolute; visibility: hidden" /> <div id='react-modal'></div> <div class='DesignSystem'> <a class='u-showOnFocus' href='#site'> Skip to main content </a> </div> <div id="upgrade_ie_banner" style="display: none;"><p>Academia.edu no longer supports Internet Explorer.</p><p>To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and more securely, please take a few seconds to <a href="https://www.academia.edu/upgrade-browser">upgrade your browser</a>.</p></div><script>// Show this banner for all versions of IE if (!!window.MSInputMethodContext || /(MSIE)/.test(navigator.userAgent)) { document.getElementById('upgrade_ie_banner').style.display = 'block'; }</script> <div class="DesignSystem bootstrap ShrinkableNav"><div class="navbar navbar-default main-header"><div class="container-wrapper" id="main-header-container"><div class="container"><div class="navbar-header"><div class="nav-left-wrapper u-mt0x"><div class="nav-logo"><a data-main-header-link-target="logo_home" href="https://www.academia.edu/"><img class="visible-xs-inline-block" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015-A.svg" width="24" height="24" /><img width="145.2" height="18" class="hidden-xs" style="height: 24px;" alt="Academia.edu" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/academia-logo-redesign-2015.svg" /></a></div><div class="nav-search"><div class="SiteSearch-wrapper select2-no-default-pills"><form class="js-SiteSearch-form DesignSystem" action="https://www.academia.edu/search" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="get"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><i class="SiteSearch-icon fa fa-search u-fw700 u-positionAbsolute u-tcGrayDark"></i><input class="js-SiteSearch-form-input SiteSearch-form-input form-control" data-main-header-click-target="search_input" name="q" placeholder="Search" type="text" value="" /></form></div></div></div><div class="nav-right-wrapper pull-right"><ul class="NavLinks js-main-nav list-unstyled"><li class="NavLinks-link"><a class="js-header-login-url Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" id="nav_log_in" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="NavLinks-link u-p0x"><a class="Button Button--inverseGray Button--sm u-mb4x" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li></ul><button class="hidden-lg hidden-md hidden-sm u-ml4x navbar-toggle collapsed" data-target=".js-mobile-header-links" data-toggle="collapse" type="button"><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span><span class="icon-bar"></span></button></div></div><div class="collapse navbar-collapse js-mobile-header-links"><ul class="nav navbar-nav"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/login">Log In</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Sign Up</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"><a href="#">more&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li><li><ul class="js-mobile-nav-expand-section nav navbar-nav u-m0x collapse"><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="false" href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><i class="fa fa-briefcase"></i> We're Hiring!</a></li><li class="u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1"><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><i class="fa fa-question-circle"></i> Help Center</a></li><li class="js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger u-borderColorGrayLight u-borderBottom1 dropup" style="display:none"><a href="#">less&nbsp<span class="caret"></span></a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></div><script>(function(){ var $moreLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-expand-trigger"); var $lessLink = $(".js-mobile-nav-collapse-trigger"); var $section = $('.js-mobile-nav-expand-section'); $moreLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.hide(); $lessLink.show(); $section.collapse('show'); }); $lessLink.click(function(ev){ ev.preventDefault(); $moreLink.show(); $lessLink.hide(); $section.collapse('hide'); }); })() if ($a.is_logged_in() || false) { new Aedu.NavigationController({ el: '.js-main-nav', showHighlightedNotification: false }); } else { $(".js-header-login-url").attr("href", $a.loginUrlWithRedirect()); } Aedu.autocompleteSearch = new AutocompleteSearch({el: '.js-SiteSearch-form'});</script></div></div> <div id='site' class='fixed'> <div id="content" class="clearfix"> <script>document.addEventListener('DOMContentLoaded', function(){ var $dismissible = $(".dismissible_banner"); $dismissible.click(function(ev) { $dismissible.hide(); }); });</script> <script src="//a.academia-assets.com/assets/webpack_bundles/profile.wjs-bundle-36387d83cd539e943b9d18620c497f48603267394609b45253ce1c9c57bf7240.js" defer="defer"></script><script>Aedu.rankings = { showPaperRankingsLink: false } $viewedUser = Aedu.User.set_viewed( {"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman","photo":"https://0.academia-photos.com/5928060/2529169/2935892/s65_john.speakman.jpg","has_photo":true,"department":{"id":87873,"name":"Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/Departments/Institute_of_Biological_and_Environmental_Sciences/Documents","university":{"id":774,"name":"University of Aberdeen","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/"}},"position":"Faculty Member","position_id":1,"is_analytics_public":false,"interests":[{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":95689,"name":"Healthy Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthy_Aging"},{"id":939453,"name":"Life Histories Methodology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Histories_Methodology"},{"id":14292,"name":"Oxidative Stress","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Stress"},{"id":18194,"name":"Ecophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecophysiology"},{"id":36039,"name":"Environmental Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Physiology"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"},{"id":343231,"name":"Doubly Labeled Water","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Doubly_Labeled_Water"},{"id":276324,"name":"Daily Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daily_Energy_Expenditure"},{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism"},{"id":61214,"name":"Longevity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Longevity"},{"id":82981,"name":"vitamin C","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/vitamin_C"},{"id":156734,"name":"Vitamin E","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Vitamin_E"},{"id":241044,"name":"Food intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_intake"},{"id":133295,"name":"Energy Balance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Balance"},{"id":766081,"name":"Caloric Restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caloric_Restriction"},{"id":427871,"name":"Oxidative Damage","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Oxidative_Damage"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology"},{"id":7710,"name":"Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology"},{"id":146,"name":"Bioinformatics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Bioinformatics"},{"id":2513,"name":"Molecular Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Biology"},{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":18845,"name":"Environmental Sustainability","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Environmental_Sustainability"}]} ); if ($a.is_logged_in() && $viewedUser.is_current_user()) { $('body').addClass('profile-viewed-by-owner'); } $socialProfiles = [{"id":430898,"link":"http://scholar.google.com/citations?user=nEVwdxoAAAAJ\u0026hl=en","name":"Google Scholar","link_domain":"scholar.google.com","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=scholar.google.com"},{"id":432198,"link":"http://www.abdn.ac.uk/energetics-research","name":"Homepage","link_domain":"www.abdn.ac.uk","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=www.abdn.ac.uk"},{"id":432199,"link":"https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Speakman3/?ev=hdr_xprf","name":"researchgate","link_domain":"www.researchgate.net","icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain=www.researchgate.net"},{"id":432207,"link":"skype:john.speakman44?userinfo","name":"Skype","link_domain":null,"icon":"//www.google.com/s2/u/0/favicons?domain="}]</script><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman","location":"/JohnSpeakman","scheme":"https","host":"aberdeen.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/JohnSpeakman","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate" data-props="{}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-1d9da8d6-3a0b-4d6d-8bde-66008279d08a"></div> <div id="ProfileCheckPaperUpdate-react-component-1d9da8d6-3a0b-4d6d-8bde-66008279d08a"></div> <div class="DesignSystem"><div class="onsite-ping" id="onsite-ping"></div></div><div class="profile-user-info DesignSystem"><div class="social-profile-container"><div class="left-panel-container"><div class="user-info-component-wrapper"><div class="user-summary-cta-container"><div class="user-summary-container"><div class="social-profile-avatar-container"><img class="profile-avatar u-positionAbsolute" alt="John Speakman" border="0" onerror="if (this.src != '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png') this.src = '//a.academia-assets.com/images/s200_no_pic.png';" width="200" height="200" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/5928060/2529169/2935892/s200_john.speakman.jpg" /></div><div class="title-container"><h1 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-sm">John Speakman</h1><div class="affiliations-container fake-truncate js-profile-affiliations"><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/">University of Aberdeen</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/Departments/Institute_of_Biological_and_Environmental_Sciences/Documents">Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div><div><a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://gucas.academia.edu/">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a>, <a class="u-tcGrayDarker" href="https://gucas.academia.edu/Departments/Institute_Of_Genetics_And_Developmental_Biology/Documents">Institute Of Genetics And Developmental Biology</a>, <span class="u-tcGrayDarker">Faculty Member</span></div></div></div></div><div class="sidebar-cta-container"><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-follow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.follow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-follow-button" data-follow-user-fname="John" data-follow-user-id="5928060" data-follow-user-source="profile_button" data-has-google="false"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">add</span>Follow</button><button class="ds2-5-button hidden profile-cta-button grow js-profile-unfollow-button" data-broccoli-component="user-info.unfollow-button" data-click-track="profile-user-info-unfollow-button" data-unfollow-user-id="5928060"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">done</span>Following</button></div></div><div class="user-stats-container"><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followers"><p class="label">Followers</p><p class="data">676</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-followees" data-broccoli-component="user-info.followees-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-following"><p class="label">Following</p><p class="data">2</p></div></a><a><div class="stat-container js-profile-coauthors" data-broccoli-component="user-info.coauthors-count" data-click-track="profile-expand-user-info-coauthors"><p class="label">Co-authors</p><p class="data">7</p></div></a><a href="/JohnSpeakman/mentions"><div class="stat-container"><p class="label">Mentions</p><p class="data">1</p></div></a><span><div class="stat-container"><p class="label"><span class="js-profile-total-view-text">Public Views</span></p><p class="data"><span class="js-profile-view-count"></span></p></div></span></div><div class="user-bio-container"><div class="profile-bio fake-truncate js-profile-about" style="margin: 0px;">I run 2 research groups. One at the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology in Beijing where I am a '1000 talents' A-grade Professor, and a second group at the University of Aberdeen in Scotland, UK.  My main research interest is in energy balance: the factors that determine energy expenditure and food intake, and hence variation in fat storage. We have a particular interest in the factors that limit food intake and the implications of energy demands for life histories and ageing. Our work stretches from the gene to the individual organism and includes studies of wild and captive animals as well as humans. We have an ongoing research program to study te impacts of caloric restriction. The lab in Aberdeen (www.abdn.ac.uk/energetics-research) includes a facility for measurement of stable isotopes in the context of applications of the doubly-labelled water method to measure free-living energy demands. We collaborate with groups worldwide to apply this methodology.<br /><b>Address: </b>Beijing, Beijing, China<br /><div class="js-profile-less-about u-linkUnstyled u-tcGrayDarker u-textDecorationUnderline u-displayNone">less</div></div></div><div class="ri-section"><div class="ri-section-header"><span>Interests</span><a class="ri-more-link js-profile-ri-list-card" data-click-track="profile-user-info-primary-research-interest" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5928060">View All (25)</a></div><div class="ri-tags-container"><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5928060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution"><div id="js-react-on-rails-context" style="display:none" data-rails-context="{"inMailer":false,"i18nLocale":"en","i18nDefaultLocale":"en","href":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman","location":"/JohnSpeakman","scheme":"https","host":"aberdeen.academia.edu","port":null,"pathname":"/JohnSpeakman","search":null,"httpAcceptLanguage":null,"serverSide":false}"></div> <div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Evolution"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-5b398abc-5b90-45fa-a343-f1073ab4a7aa"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-5b398abc-5b90-45fa-a343-f1073ab4a7aa"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5928060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Aging"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-6c8fa2d5-d6fc-473e-a55e-282b10541fce"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-6c8fa2d5-d6fc-473e-a55e-282b10541fce"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5928060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Obesity"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-5ad274fc-51d6-458e-ae95-9db97d64a8bc"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-5ad274fc-51d6-458e-ae95-9db97d64a8bc"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5928060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthy_Aging"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Healthy Aging"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-40a04a0e-dcf0-430a-8a71-f77f5cf06055"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-40a04a0e-dcf0-430a-8a71-f77f5cf06055"></div> </a><a data-click-track="profile-user-info-expand-research-interests" data-has-card-for-ri-list="5928060" href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Life_Histories_Methodology"><div class="js-react-on-rails-component" style="display:none" data-component-name="Pill" data-props="{"color":"gray","children":["Life Histories Methodology"]}" data-trace="false" data-dom-id="Pill-react-component-4becd236-a48f-467f-bb47-4598b9e09234"></div> <div id="Pill-react-component-4becd236-a48f-467f-bb47-4598b9e09234"></div> </a></div></div><div class="external-links-container"><ul class="profile-links new-profile js-UserInfo-social"><li><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--small" href="https://johnspeakman.academia.edu/"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content"><i class="fa fa-laptop"></i></span></a></li><li class="profile-profiles js-social-profiles-container"><i class="fa fa-spin fa-spinner"></i></li></ul></div></div></div><div class="right-panel-container"><div class="user-content-wrapper"><div class="uploads-container" id="social-redesign-work-container"><div class="upload-header"><h2 class="ds2-5-heading-sans-serif-xs">Uploads</h2></div><div class="nav-container backbone-profile-documents-nav hidden-xs"><ul class="nav-tablist" role="tablist"><li class="nav-chip active" role="presentation"><a data-section-name="" data-toggle="tab" href="#all" role="tab">all</a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Papers" data-toggle="tab" href="#papers" role="tab" title="Papers"><span>475</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Papers</span></a></li><li class="nav-chip" role="presentation"><a class="js-profile-docs-nav-section u-textTruncate" data-click-track="profile-works-tab" data-section-name="Books" data-toggle="tab" href="#books" role="tab" title="Books"><span>2</span> <span class="ds2-5-body-sm-bold">Books</span></a></li></ul></div><div class="divider ds-divider-16" style="margin: 0px;"></div><div class="documents-container backbone-social-profile-documents" style="width: 100%;"><div class="u-taCenter"></div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane active" id="all"><div class="profile--tab_heading_container js-section-heading" data-section="Papers" id="Papers"><h3 class="profile--tab_heading_container">Papers by John Speakman</h3></div><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49505618"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49505618/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67842705/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49505618/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice">Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cell metabolism</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause<br />adiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting<br />the expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated<br />hunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not<br />increased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein<br />diet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1<br />significantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not<br />observed with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased<br />food intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0432e0ce4e0972126ebc29a34a17e7dd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67842705,"asset_id":49505618,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67842705/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49505618"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49505618"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49505618; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49505618]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49505618]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49505618; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49505618']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49505618, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0432e0ce4e0972126ebc29a34a17e7dd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49505618]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49505618,"title":"Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.017","abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Cell metabolism"},"translated_abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49505618/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-01T23:53:21.923-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36664967,"work_id":49505618,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":396280,"email":"j***n@genetics.ac.cn","display_order":1,"name":"John Speakman","title":"Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67842705,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67842705/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67842705/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67842705/575-libre.pdf?1625210717=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVery_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144150\u0026Signature=OxvDxAeTzNZhGrG9WN8UilsJ8tA9tkU2IbcX2PdQshU~9-x7uUOR7O0cKNQ-KUU8zoVj82zE8Vqn4STR9-FAOtJOZuf5ltNd8R4BgatDy~aiVDzYpFkMBt5Nk~rztiuZcSrAdWnRF9dDD27qDGULsygYLliH3bKX-jOa0~bNJ5wsV-4SFaibELcb3HdbbrsI9IFqP8m6gVItW~~pDgxL0HlWgmzMQUbRuIGbCBYk2QyaQtijYJK1bulA32jsePflKTV0hPhoJ1E6L2BvF4h13modWpzFNrPjg4iv6VnUCnHp~JTofyspRFQqu9~3EPgGW1U-o6lRkf9otta6haqAeA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":67842705,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67842705/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67842705/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67842705/575-libre.pdf?1625210717=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVery_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144150\u0026Signature=OxvDxAeTzNZhGrG9WN8UilsJ8tA9tkU2IbcX2PdQshU~9-x7uUOR7O0cKNQ-KUU8zoVj82zE8Vqn4STR9-FAOtJOZuf5ltNd8R4BgatDy~aiVDzYpFkMBt5Nk~rztiuZcSrAdWnRF9dDD27qDGULsygYLliH3bKX-jOa0~bNJ5wsV-4SFaibELcb3HdbbrsI9IFqP8m6gVItW~~pDgxL0HlWgmzMQUbRuIGbCBYk2QyaQtijYJK1bulA32jsePflKTV0hPhoJ1E6L2BvF4h13modWpzFNrPjg4iv6VnUCnHp~JTofyspRFQqu9~3EPgGW1U-o6lRkf9otta6haqAeA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition"},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"},{"id":36213,"name":"Energy Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism"},{"id":52489,"name":"Adipose tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adipose_tissue"},{"id":60842,"name":"Appetite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Appetite"},{"id":95704,"name":"Hypothalamus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypothalamus"},{"id":186791,"name":"Overweight and Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Overweight_and_Obesity"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight"},{"id":585086,"name":"Body Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Fat"},{"id":1035361,"name":"mTOR signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mTOR_signaling"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49227483"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49227483/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67611456/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49227483/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice">Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cell Metabolism</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause<br />adiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting<br />the expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated<br />hunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not<br />increased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein<br />diet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1<br />significantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not<br />observed with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased<br />food intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1bd8cb503eabd066e4cc1a7a021fa702" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67611456,"asset_id":49227483,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67611456/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49227483"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49227483"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49227483; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49227483]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49227483]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49227483; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49227483']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49227483, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1bd8cb503eabd066e4cc1a7a021fa702" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49227483]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49227483,"title":"Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.017","abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Cell Metabolism"},"translated_abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49227483/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-06-13T00:52:32.989-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67611456,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67611456/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67611456/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67611456/575-libre.pdf?1623570908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVery_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=TgcdAIocAnsuAtu-zTNxN2va5LuXByKfipB~5Kj~k4nEY3guCBRq8rZTUSVqijgYrShd2D2jVGr1swzHOOHdrKouUSuG2ZlisOtJoheBRpxid16o2SjVQJpMHjl7rkUWS0HjrERkTYJgSHwmwyXIhYgbXS3x~H5Zkwk8Gevs-7~Er7z3Ng32H7~Um0QLozNqp3eB930e1U4U4QbkW3TQNijC9xLcnGzFDHqfl8OmWTwpHZzCieQtvEVxiFNIhxlYM1ZOmLlgSkw-~X2dFWZZ7NI3wl6J0xQzUyFU~FMFNnIo1XsZhxvOtBVI8RkeJmUWcVWPlQDVeM6SkE4Ht--aMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":67611456,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67611456/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67611456/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67611456/575-libre.pdf?1623570908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVery_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=TgcdAIocAnsuAtu-zTNxN2va5LuXByKfipB~5Kj~k4nEY3guCBRq8rZTUSVqijgYrShd2D2jVGr1swzHOOHdrKouUSuG2ZlisOtJoheBRpxid16o2SjVQJpMHjl7rkUWS0HjrERkTYJgSHwmwyXIhYgbXS3x~H5Zkwk8Gevs-7~Er7z3Ng32H7~Um0QLozNqp3eB930e1U4U4QbkW3TQNijC9xLcnGzFDHqfl8OmWTwpHZzCieQtvEVxiFNIhxlYM1ZOmLlgSkw-~X2dFWZZ7NI3wl6J0xQzUyFU~FMFNnIo1XsZhxvOtBVI8RkeJmUWcVWPlQDVeM6SkE4Ht--aMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy"},{"id":10456,"name":"Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein"},{"id":61230,"name":"Dietary Restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dietary_Restriction"},{"id":89805,"name":"Weight Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Loss"},{"id":186791,"name":"Overweight and Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Overweight_and_Obesity"},{"id":241044,"name":"Food intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_intake"},{"id":1035361,"name":"mTOR signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mTOR_signaling"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="48914343"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/48914343/575_pdf"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 575.pdf" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319084/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/48914343/575_pdf">575.pdf</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cell metabolism</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause<br />adiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting<br />the expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated<br />hunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not<br />increased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein<br />diet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1<br />significantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not<br />observed with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased<br />food intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2d6d1d0bbdf1ce43f514b7f68cdd3c19" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67319084,"asset_id":48914343,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319084/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48914343"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48914343"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48914343; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48914343]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48914343]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48914343; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48914343']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48914343, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2d6d1d0bbdf1ce43f514b7f68cdd3c19" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48914343]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48914343,"title":"575.pdf","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.017","abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Cell metabolism"},"translated_abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48914343/575_pdf","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-05-14T00:19:06.548-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67319084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319084/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"575_pdf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67319084/575-libre.pdf?1620979936=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D575_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KDVO5ltZ3QhXfPHeImXCfKaoZZz3ByhvSPP4P1GIFHdQZ5rx48kDXmQ3eDa1BXBjDetEWhMgkEL-Fc2kjpR5mTlvykT-22OJCABeTKL1T-Q6vyWT41INHMCYRClEVRzwHF6awTpnyWTJTFB0O9eBe1TOsAozewy1dgo~1hwE~jW-yk0Cmp0vZY9V0upMTXJw2qRtFD7W7djf5RQlRxZcxTh4NSAg9IgKQ2GRKLiaHAz5Fhu7s~WpW6AKw66kxa8j9-CFVUjF2UpMp4hkxtcvczEFNOrvqLLR5YoK0wCSZ~1szwpt4uYW6sxFpVT1x7Q4l10j38UnDcMis6Fa~9eiKg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"575_pdf","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":67319084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319084/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"575_pdf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67319084/575-libre.pdf?1620979936=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D575_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KDVO5ltZ3QhXfPHeImXCfKaoZZz3ByhvSPP4P1GIFHdQZ5rx48kDXmQ3eDa1BXBjDetEWhMgkEL-Fc2kjpR5mTlvykT-22OJCABeTKL1T-Q6vyWT41INHMCYRClEVRzwHF6awTpnyWTJTFB0O9eBe1TOsAozewy1dgo~1hwE~jW-yk0Cmp0vZY9V0upMTXJw2qRtFD7W7djf5RQlRxZcxTh4NSAg9IgKQ2GRKLiaHAz5Fhu7s~WpW6AKw66kxa8j9-CFVUjF2UpMp4hkxtcvczEFNOrvqLLR5YoK0wCSZ~1szwpt4uYW6sxFpVT1x7Q4l10j38UnDcMis6Fa~9eiKg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience"},{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":1040,"name":"Food Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science"},{"id":1517,"name":"Exercise Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_Physiology"},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition"},{"id":10456,"name":"Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein"},{"id":52489,"name":"Adipose tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adipose_tissue"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="48914321"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/48914321/Science_Magazine"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Science Magazine" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319041/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/48914321/Science_Magazine">Science Magazine</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Science</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">this is a perspective article on the shortcomings of the carbohydrate-insulin model</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8d8cb2fd1aec72c694016b348b81fff5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67319041,"asset_id":48914321,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319041/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48914321"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48914321"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48914321; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48914321]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48914321]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48914321; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48914321']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48914321, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8d8cb2fd1aec72c694016b348b81fff5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48914321]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48914321,"title":"Science Magazine","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1126/science.aav0448","abstract":"this is a perspective article on the shortcomings of the carbohydrate-insulin model","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Science"},"translated_abstract":"this is a perspective article on the shortcomings of the carbohydrate-insulin model","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48914321/Science_Magazine","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-05-14T00:13:27.194-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36529612,"work_id":48914321,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":347384,"email":"k***h@niddk.nih.gov","display_order":2,"name":"Kevin Hall","title":"Science Magazine"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67319041,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319041/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"science_perspective.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319041/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Science_Magazine.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67319041/science_perspective-libre.pdf?1620979940=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScience_Magazine.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=MHhxxIcWNaYgrucJf4h58Em4Nv0Rb61E4wD74SQy2DrLM-1XtFO8~szoaaGzGg8M4cqXVAGBX4-sr6LYvES3GgFofm1No2aYCDLKtS8ipJwSoxRf5w8Q0jBT8zgOEsxwHQ1yFbjrrkK6RadgXZ9q2i4HMJ9p2DmQM8EcrxG~MiTGC-rm5B3cEK5REmSISXkSJFXQ4BG6tiZ7p2ffkVU3NXnSWfAnmncC-dpGKr5Y4VV-mbiplOcr3k-XCzzUj0nkbdX1DSRvrMtWCjCVMapYy9BID6CZD~V97Fk6lo0RDNJ4C6pEoKb9UZLzfRSUR8tnE6tadSdZEWcJsqe~8Cg1YA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Science_Magazine","translated_slug":"","page_count":3,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"this is a perspective article on the shortcomings of the carbohydrate-insulin model","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":67319041,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319041/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"science_perspective.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319041/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Science_Magazine.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67319041/science_perspective-libre.pdf?1620979940=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScience_Magazine.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=MHhxxIcWNaYgrucJf4h58Em4Nv0Rb61E4wD74SQy2DrLM-1XtFO8~szoaaGzGg8M4cqXVAGBX4-sr6LYvES3GgFofm1No2aYCDLKtS8ipJwSoxRf5w8Q0jBT8zgOEsxwHQ1yFbjrrkK6RadgXZ9q2i4HMJ9p2DmQM8EcrxG~MiTGC-rm5B3cEK5REmSISXkSJFXQ4BG6tiZ7p2ffkVU3NXnSWfAnmncC-dpGKr5Y4VV-mbiplOcr3k-XCzzUj0nkbdX1DSRvrMtWCjCVMapYy9BID6CZD~V97Fk6lo0RDNJ4C6pEoKb9UZLzfRSUR8tnE6tadSdZEWcJsqe~8Cg1YA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1040,"name":"Food Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science"},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40407308"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407308/Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Restriction_Induced_Weight_and_Fat_Loss_in_Outbred_Mice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Partitioning the Variance in Calorie Restriction-Induced Weight and Fat Loss in Outbred Mice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660987/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407308/Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Restriction_Induced_Weight_and_Fat_Loss_in_Outbred_Mice">Partitioning the Variance in Calorie Restriction-Induced Weight and Fat Loss in Outbred Mice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Obesity</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in cal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss is necessary to combat the current obesity epidemic. This study investigated the partitioning of the phenotypic variation in CR-induced wight loss. Methods: Two generations of male and female outbred MF1 mice raised by their biological mother or a foster mother were studied. Mice were exposed to 4 weeks of 30% CR when 6 months old. Results: Heritability was estimated at 0.43 6 0.12 for CR-induced changes in body mass and 0.24 6 0.10 for fat mass using mid-parent-offspring regressions. No significant relationships between weight loss in fathers or foster mothers and offspring were observed. Partitioning of phenotypic variance in weight loss using maximum likelihood modeling indicated 19 6 17% of the variation could be attributed to additive genetic effects, 8 6 14% to maternal effects during pregnancy, and <1% to maternal effects during lacta-tion. A narrow-sense heritability around 0.50 was observed for ad libitum food intake and general activity. Conclusions: A large part of individual variation in CR-induced weight loss could be attributed to additive genetic and maternal effects during pregnancy, but not to maternal effects in lactation. Genetic differences in food intake and general activity may play a role in determining these effects.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8346d442510184d7fefb01b9a3d9de95" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60660987,"asset_id":40407308,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660987/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40407308"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40407308"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407308; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407308]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407308]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407308; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40407308']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40407308, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8346d442510184d7fefb01b9a3d9de95" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40407308]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40407308,"title":"Partitioning the Variance in Calorie Restriction-Induced Weight and Fat Loss in Outbred Mice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss is necessary to combat the current obesity epidemic. This study investigated the partitioning of the phenotypic variation in CR-induced wight loss. Methods: Two generations of male and female outbred MF1 mice raised by their biological mother or a foster mother were studied. Mice were exposed to 4 weeks of 30% CR when 6 months old. Results: Heritability was estimated at 0.43 6 0.12 for CR-induced changes in body mass and 0.24 6 0.10 for fat mass using mid-parent-offspring regressions. No significant relationships between weight loss in fathers or foster mothers and offspring were observed. Partitioning of phenotypic variance in weight loss using maximum likelihood modeling indicated 19 6 17% of the variation could be attributed to additive genetic effects, 8 6 14% to maternal effects during pregnancy, and \u003c1% to maternal effects during lacta-tion. A narrow-sense heritability around 0.50 was observed for ad libitum food intake and general activity. Conclusions: A large part of individual variation in CR-induced weight loss could be attributed to additive genetic and maternal effects during pregnancy, but not to maternal effects in lactation. Genetic differences in food intake and general activity may play a role in determining these effects.","ai_title_tag":"Genetic and Maternal Influences on Weight Loss in Mice","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Obesity"},"translated_abstract":"Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss is necessary to combat the current obesity epidemic. This study investigated the partitioning of the phenotypic variation in CR-induced wight loss. Methods: Two generations of male and female outbred MF1 mice raised by their biological mother or a foster mother were studied. Mice were exposed to 4 weeks of 30% CR when 6 months old. Results: Heritability was estimated at 0.43 6 0.12 for CR-induced changes in body mass and 0.24 6 0.10 for fat mass using mid-parent-offspring regressions. No significant relationships between weight loss in fathers or foster mothers and offspring were observed. Partitioning of phenotypic variance in weight loss using maximum likelihood modeling indicated 19 6 17% of the variation could be attributed to additive genetic effects, 8 6 14% to maternal effects during pregnancy, and \u003c1% to maternal effects during lacta-tion. A narrow-sense heritability around 0.50 was observed for ad libitum food intake and general activity. Conclusions: A large part of individual variation in CR-induced weight loss could be attributed to additive genetic and maternal effects during pregnancy, but not to maternal effects in lactation. Genetic differences in food intake and general activity may play a role in determining these effects.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40407308/Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Restriction_Induced_Weight_and_Fat_Loss_in_Outbred_Mice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-21T03:09:29.214-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60660987,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660987/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"465Partitioning_the_variance_in_calorie_restriction_induced_weight_and_fat_loss_in_outbred_mice20190921-47853-1biqwcp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660987/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Res.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660987/465Partitioning_the_variance_in_calorie_restriction_induced_weight_and_fat_loss_in_outbred_mice20190921-47853-1biqwcp-libre.pdf?1569060995=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPartitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Res.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=AuHPCicUzvO2l27aROezC1Ojjwl16KoBpLUOm4V8MfDl9AI5OARnnrWu0jIvMDxLi5~ixhmYeSjzjgrhWpeFR5uAZD6WXe2rqOvQvbv3HUMR0BFfdFDgP25FSfFVd45-Y72xESxp0UXMO-WnqXyqWJgo2co3i7Ac~yIhgwIGb9u4lIxemmj6cTv0L9W~Nzswc8mNjUdulRTaVXJ671RCPm3cW0fS6-SWPf6lkEe-WHCRIL-7~3a2EDAw0mTVYwDtWn4LCOIgj64mCmwYHyYVHnmZb9uaDws7G92OCjpIpxBDOxa5-kEZkUu8buTJz-Ii9zeAS7f69rJBE22oJfQwZg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Restriction_Induced_Weight_and_Fat_Loss_in_Outbred_Mice","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss is necessary to combat the current obesity epidemic. This study investigated the partitioning of the phenotypic variation in CR-induced wight loss. Methods: Two generations of male and female outbred MF1 mice raised by their biological mother or a foster mother were studied. Mice were exposed to 4 weeks of 30% CR when 6 months old. Results: Heritability was estimated at 0.43 6 0.12 for CR-induced changes in body mass and 0.24 6 0.10 for fat mass using mid-parent-offspring regressions. No significant relationships between weight loss in fathers or foster mothers and offspring were observed. Partitioning of phenotypic variance in weight loss using maximum likelihood modeling indicated 19 6 17% of the variation could be attributed to additive genetic effects, 8 6 14% to maternal effects during pregnancy, and \u003c1% to maternal effects during lacta-tion. A narrow-sense heritability around 0.50 was observed for ad libitum food intake and general activity. Conclusions: A large part of individual variation in CR-induced weight loss could be attributed to additive genetic and maternal effects during pregnancy, but not to maternal effects in lactation. Genetic differences in food intake and general activity may play a role in determining these effects.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60660987,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660987/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"465Partitioning_the_variance_in_calorie_restriction_induced_weight_and_fat_loss_in_outbred_mice20190921-47853-1biqwcp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660987/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Res.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660987/465Partitioning_the_variance_in_calorie_restriction_induced_weight_and_fat_loss_in_outbred_mice20190921-47853-1biqwcp-libre.pdf?1569060995=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPartitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Res.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=AuHPCicUzvO2l27aROezC1Ojjwl16KoBpLUOm4V8MfDl9AI5OARnnrWu0jIvMDxLi5~ixhmYeSjzjgrhWpeFR5uAZD6WXe2rqOvQvbv3HUMR0BFfdFDgP25FSfFVd45-Y72xESxp0UXMO-WnqXyqWJgo2co3i7Ac~yIhgwIGb9u4lIxemmj6cTv0L9W~Nzswc8mNjUdulRTaVXJ671RCPm3cW0fS6-SWPf6lkEe-WHCRIL-7~3a2EDAw0mTVYwDtWn4LCOIgj64mCmwYHyYVHnmZb9uaDws7G92OCjpIpxBDOxa5-kEZkUu8buTJz-Ii9zeAS7f69rJBE22oJfQwZg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging"},{"id":26399,"name":"Aging \u0026 the life course","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging_and_the_life_course"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting"},{"id":81805,"name":"Calorie restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calorie_restriction"},{"id":89805,"name":"Weight Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Loss"},{"id":95689,"name":"Healthy Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthy_Aging"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"},{"id":186791,"name":"Overweight and Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Overweight_and_Obesity"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight"},{"id":766081,"name":"Caloric Restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caloric_Restriction"},{"id":1139147,"name":"Body Weight Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight_Regulation"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40407287"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407287/Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucose_homeostasis_lipid_profiles_and_body_composition_composition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660965/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407287/Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucose_homeostasis_lipid_profiles_and_body_composition_composition">Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European Journal of Clinical Nutrition</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic ch...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic changes, but these have not been well studied. We aimed to determine food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition before, during, and after Ramadan fasting. Methods 160 healthy men were enrolled and investigated at three times (before, at the end of, and 1 month after Ramadan). Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and insulin level. Insulin resistance (IR) was identified by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of peripheral IR. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire before and during Ramadan. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and P < 0.05 considered the level of significance. Results Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage (BFP) as well as FBS and circulating triglycerides were all decreased significantly at the end of Ramadan compared with the same indices measured prior to Ramadan (all P < 0.001). In contrast, at the end of Ramadan, HOMA-IR was significantly elevated (P < 0.001). One month after Ramadan, these traits had all started to return to their pre-Ramadan levels, but were still disrupted. Food intake of all food groups except carbohydrates were decreased during Ramadan. Conclusion Ramadan fasting may lead to both positive and negative health effects such as a decrease in FBS, weight, BFP, and increase in LDL and IR in healthy adults. However, these effects were all transitory.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fcf175dfbf884aa60726e7c6d8db5736" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60660965,"asset_id":40407287,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660965/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40407287"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40407287"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407287; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407287]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407287]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407287; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40407287']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40407287, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fcf175dfbf884aa60726e7c6d8db5736" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40407287]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40407287,"title":"Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic changes, but these have not been well studied. We aimed to determine food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition before, during, and after Ramadan fasting. Methods 160 healthy men were enrolled and investigated at three times (before, at the end of, and 1 month after Ramadan). Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and insulin level. Insulin resistance (IR) was identified by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of peripheral IR. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire before and during Ramadan. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and P \u003c 0.05 considered the level of significance. Results Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage (BFP) as well as FBS and circulating triglycerides were all decreased significantly at the end of Ramadan compared with the same indices measured prior to Ramadan (all P \u003c 0.001). In contrast, at the end of Ramadan, HOMA-IR was significantly elevated (P \u003c 0.001). One month after Ramadan, these traits had all started to return to their pre-Ramadan levels, but were still disrupted. Food intake of all food groups except carbohydrates were decreased during Ramadan. Conclusion Ramadan fasting may lead to both positive and negative health effects such as a decrease in FBS, weight, BFP, and increase in LDL and IR in healthy adults. However, these effects were all transitory.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},"translated_abstract":"Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic changes, but these have not been well studied. We aimed to determine food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition before, during, and after Ramadan fasting. Methods 160 healthy men were enrolled and investigated at three times (before, at the end of, and 1 month after Ramadan). Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and insulin level. Insulin resistance (IR) was identified by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of peripheral IR. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire before and during Ramadan. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and P \u003c 0.05 considered the level of significance. Results Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage (BFP) as well as FBS and circulating triglycerides were all decreased significantly at the end of Ramadan compared with the same indices measured prior to Ramadan (all P \u003c 0.001). In contrast, at the end of Ramadan, HOMA-IR was significantly elevated (P \u003c 0.001). One month after Ramadan, these traits had all started to return to their pre-Ramadan levels, but were still disrupted. Food intake of all food groups except carbohydrates were decreased during Ramadan. Conclusion Ramadan fasting may lead to both positive and negative health effects such as a decrease in FBS, weight, BFP, and increase in LDL and IR in healthy adults. However, these effects were all transitory.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40407287/Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucose_homeostasis_lipid_profiles_and_body_composition_composition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-21T03:06:54.652-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60660965,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660965/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"512Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake__glucose_homeostasis__lipid_profiles_and_body_composition20190921-38908-1cqm35t.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660965/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucos.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660965/512Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake__glucose_homeostasis__lipid_profiles_and_body_composition20190921-38908-1cqm35t-libre.pdf?1569060734=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucos.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=YlEhmDMo1FiVAOYKnBkfppFqVJJ-kAKZeNqHkRm06bBxZTHWUqgUfd7ig0JA80QVBZu-xvJasy5lyRYWK13YkqqkymReutJWIYbqsjmW32GBfNg6r0IbL8nRWM6EDMCt9EPOgtFFF0vld-OGSnh-3VOKfVw8hO0FaNLkw-VUYiLt3VdCKOE7hNTRzCJ0hG8ivb-4abKa~ONTC2dRhilK7tbgExiB66~xi7Z-3bnEJ01ZDxCzYtCFA7NaHMz5cTgJu~EW60KYKkodsl8DEs766~OHQPM6pj3SEtVJyuuJ5bQihWfpIbRB1u6p4soh6rgmQ5V8NZYCsL~Js44Cj-rxvA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucose_homeostasis_lipid_profiles_and_body_composition_composition","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic changes, but these have not been well studied. We aimed to determine food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition before, during, and after Ramadan fasting. Methods 160 healthy men were enrolled and investigated at three times (before, at the end of, and 1 month after Ramadan). Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and insulin level. Insulin resistance (IR) was identified by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of peripheral IR. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire before and during Ramadan. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and P \u003c 0.05 considered the level of significance. Results Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage (BFP) as well as FBS and circulating triglycerides were all decreased significantly at the end of Ramadan compared with the same indices measured prior to Ramadan (all P \u003c 0.001). In contrast, at the end of Ramadan, HOMA-IR was significantly elevated (P \u003c 0.001). One month after Ramadan, these traits had all started to return to their pre-Ramadan levels, but were still disrupted. Food intake of all food groups except carbohydrates were decreased during Ramadan. Conclusion Ramadan fasting may lead to both positive and negative health effects such as a decrease in FBS, weight, BFP, and increase in LDL and IR in healthy adults. However, these effects were all transitory.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60660965,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660965/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"512Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake__glucose_homeostasis__lipid_profiles_and_body_composition20190921-38908-1cqm35t.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660965/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucos.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660965/512Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake__glucose_homeostasis__lipid_profiles_and_body_composition20190921-38908-1cqm35t-libre.pdf?1569060734=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucos.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=YlEhmDMo1FiVAOYKnBkfppFqVJJ-kAKZeNqHkRm06bBxZTHWUqgUfd7ig0JA80QVBZu-xvJasy5lyRYWK13YkqqkymReutJWIYbqsjmW32GBfNg6r0IbL8nRWM6EDMCt9EPOgtFFF0vld-OGSnh-3VOKfVw8hO0FaNLkw-VUYiLt3VdCKOE7hNTRzCJ0hG8ivb-4abKa~ONTC2dRhilK7tbgExiB66~xi7Z-3bnEJ01ZDxCzYtCFA7NaHMz5cTgJu~EW60KYKkodsl8DEs766~OHQPM6pj3SEtVJyuuJ5bQihWfpIbRB1u6p4soh6rgmQ5V8NZYCsL~Js44Cj-rxvA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy"},{"id":63762,"name":"Ramadan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ramadan"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting"},{"id":426093,"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":1888725,"name":"Intermittent Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intermittent_Fasting"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40407248"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407248/Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic_Associated_Diarrhea_in_Adults_18_64_Years_but_Not_the_Elderly_65_Years"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18–64 Years) but Not the Elderly (>65 Years" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660925/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407248/Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic_Associated_Diarrhea_in_Adults_18_64_Years_but_Not_the_Elderly_65_Years">Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18–64 Years) but Not the Elderly (>65 Years</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common problem in adults and elderly patien...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common problem in adults and elderly patients due to the widespread use of antibiotics in this population. Multiple previous systematic reviews have demonstrated an association between specific probiotics and decrease of AAD, especially in children. As there is no specific analysis concerning the elderly patients, we decided to focus on adults, especially elderly people. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of probiotics in the treatment of AAD in adults (18-64 years old) and elderly subjects (≥65 years old). We identified 436 articles that met the search criteria. Thirty randomized controlled trials met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Results: There was considerable heterogeneity among the trials (P < .001); thus, subgroup analyses were performed. The meta-analysis resulted in a pooled relative risk (RR) of AAD of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.62-0.76) in a fixed effects model and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.71) in a random effects model, as compared with placebo. The positive association between intake of probiotic and reduced risk of AAD was observed in adults (RR, 0.47; 95% CI: 0.4-0.56). In contrast, in elderly patients, there was no positive effect (RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.76-1.15) of probiotic use and AAD. Conclusion: In summary, the results emerging from our meta-analysis suggested that adjunct probiotic administration is associated with a reduced risk of AAD in adults but not in elderly people. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:502-513)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4f8526f9ed2c4c126264cdc8048bd35a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60660925,"asset_id":40407248,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660925/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40407248"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40407248"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407248; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407248]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407248]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407248; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40407248']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40407248, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4f8526f9ed2c4c126264cdc8048bd35a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40407248]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40407248,"title":"Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18–64 Years) but Not the Elderly (\u003e65 Years","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1177/0884533616639399","grobid_abstract":"Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common problem in adults and elderly patients due to the widespread use of antibiotics in this population. Multiple previous systematic reviews have demonstrated an association between specific probiotics and decrease of AAD, especially in children. As there is no specific analysis concerning the elderly patients, we decided to focus on adults, especially elderly people. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of probiotics in the treatment of AAD in adults (18-64 years old) and elderly subjects (≥65 years old). We identified 436 articles that met the search criteria. Thirty randomized controlled trials met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Results: There was considerable heterogeneity among the trials (P \u003c .001); thus, subgroup analyses were performed. The meta-analysis resulted in a pooled relative risk (RR) of AAD of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.62-0.76) in a fixed effects model and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.71) in a random effects model, as compared with placebo. The positive association between intake of probiotic and reduced risk of AAD was observed in adults (RR, 0.47; 95% CI: 0.4-0.56). In contrast, in elderly patients, there was no positive effect (RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.76-1.15) of probiotic use and AAD. Conclusion: In summary, the results emerging from our meta-analysis suggested that adjunct probiotic administration is associated with a reduced risk of AAD in adults but not in elderly people. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:502-513)","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":60660925},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40407248/Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic_Associated_Diarrhea_in_Adults_18_64_Years_but_Not_the_Elderly_65_Years","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-21T03:02:40.678-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":33043650,"work_id":40407248,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":127849707,"co_author_invite_id":4682933,"email":"k***n@tums.ac.ir","display_order":1,"name":"Kurosh Djafarian","title":"Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18–64 Years) but Not the Elderly (\u003e65 Years"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60660925,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660925/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"456__Probiotics_reduce_the_risk_of_antibiotic_associated_diarrhea_in_adults_but_not_in_the_elderly_a_meta_analysis20190921-36846-dv5lbl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660925/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660925/456__Probiotics_reduce_the_risk_of_antibiotic_associated_diarrhea_in_adults_but_not_in_the_elderly_a_meta_analysis20190921-36846-dv5lbl-libre.pdf?1569060728=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DProbiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KT~A9tFa-aym2~GZg4eP3jtrisFtSVz~zZYYOK7a1lRk-b6tl7vxqdbYIksIEo2y7sw5Ym0bAvX1oHp9MdLIGkLhXNvpPm1QFtTPpAQK92KAHOfYdYawUQv4ubfYzApamr7RqnDQQ9UoZtNe5~fUzxAS0PYjldQlV-eHLBcWdxox7nE9dIGkOOZG28pWOGsYg8u76Eg4vDh84O0s9dDnqHlf6-3LDXCzfR66jGvdumK~RAMVkM4MCK1XiCPxheDPj9Trt43mVDuw7E9bAFjYMIzonZ6Af1oi-hX-adwTvYFsynDa-eaQcnBTef8dTkG5Ptn5MmnM10rYR7AmljFW8w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic_Associated_Diarrhea_in_Adults_18_64_Years_but_Not_the_Elderly_65_Years","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common problem in adults and elderly patients due to the widespread use of antibiotics in this population. Multiple previous systematic reviews have demonstrated an association between specific probiotics and decrease of AAD, especially in children. As there is no specific analysis concerning the elderly patients, we decided to focus on adults, especially elderly people. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of probiotics in the treatment of AAD in adults (18-64 years old) and elderly subjects (≥65 years old). We identified 436 articles that met the search criteria. Thirty randomized controlled trials met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Results: There was considerable heterogeneity among the trials (P \u003c .001); thus, subgroup analyses were performed. The meta-analysis resulted in a pooled relative risk (RR) of AAD of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.62-0.76) in a fixed effects model and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.71) in a random effects model, as compared with placebo. The positive association between intake of probiotic and reduced risk of AAD was observed in adults (RR, 0.47; 95% CI: 0.4-0.56). In contrast, in elderly patients, there was no positive effect (RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.76-1.15) of probiotic use and AAD. Conclusion: In summary, the results emerging from our meta-analysis suggested that adjunct probiotic administration is associated with a reduced risk of AAD in adults but not in elderly people. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:502-513)","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60660925,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660925/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"456__Probiotics_reduce_the_risk_of_antibiotic_associated_diarrhea_in_adults_but_not_in_the_elderly_a_meta_analysis20190921-36846-dv5lbl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660925/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660925/456__Probiotics_reduce_the_risk_of_antibiotic_associated_diarrhea_in_adults_but_not_in_the_elderly_a_meta_analysis20190921-36846-dv5lbl-libre.pdf?1569060728=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DProbiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KT~A9tFa-aym2~GZg4eP3jtrisFtSVz~zZYYOK7a1lRk-b6tl7vxqdbYIksIEo2y7sw5Ym0bAvX1oHp9MdLIGkLhXNvpPm1QFtTPpAQK92KAHOfYdYawUQv4ubfYzApamr7RqnDQQ9UoZtNe5~fUzxAS0PYjldQlV-eHLBcWdxox7nE9dIGkOOZG28pWOGsYg8u76Eg4vDh84O0s9dDnqHlf6-3LDXCzfR66jGvdumK~RAMVkM4MCK1XiCPxheDPj9Trt43mVDuw7E9bAFjYMIzonZ6Af1oi-hX-adwTvYFsynDa-eaQcnBTef8dTkG5Ptn5MmnM10rYR7AmljFW8w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4542,"name":"Probiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probiotics"},{"id":122472,"name":"Probiotics and Prebiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probiotics_and_Prebiotics"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40338213"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40338213/Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_and_glucose_homeostasis_in_C57BL_6J_mice_depends_on_mode_of_ingestion_liquid_or_solid"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Impact of dietary sucrose on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice depends on mode of ingestion: liquid or solid" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60582403/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40338213/Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_and_glucose_homeostasis_in_C57BL_6J_mice_depends_on_mode_of_ingestion_liquid_or_solid">Impact of dietary sucrose on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice depends on mode of ingestion: liquid or solid</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Objective: Although it is widely accepted that obesity results from an imbalance of energy intake...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Objective: Although it is widely accepted that obesity results from an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure, the mechanisms underlying this process and effective strategies for prevention and treatment are unclear. Growing evidence suggests excess consumption of sugar may play an important role, yet we showed previously in mice that consuming up to 30% of calories as sucrose in the diet had no impact on weight regulation. Since in humans consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been widely implicated, we investigated whether the mode of ingestion (solid or liquid) had different impacts on body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Methods: Dietary sucrose was delivered in solid (as part of a standard pelleted rodent chow) and liquid (in drinking water) to C57BL/6 mice for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, energy intake and expenditure were monitored, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Expression of sweet taste receptors on the tongue, and glycogen and fat contents of the liver were also measured. Results: Consumption of sucrose-sweetened water, but not equivalent levels of solid sucrose, led to body fat gain in C57BL/6 mice. Glucose intolerance was positively correlated to body fatness, rather than sucrose intake. Conclusions: Our data support the suggestion that consumption of liquid sucrose may be an important contributor to dysregulation of body weight and related metabolic syndromes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="44b2642cac49aa8d99a7de14f7bb7cd4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60582403,"asset_id":40338213,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60582403/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40338213"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40338213"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40338213; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40338213]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40338213]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40338213; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40338213']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40338213, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "44b2642cac49aa8d99a7de14f7bb7cd4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40338213]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40338213,"title":"Impact of dietary sucrose on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice depends on mode of ingestion: liquid or solid","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Objective: Although it is widely accepted that obesity results from an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure, the mechanisms underlying this process and effective strategies for prevention and treatment are unclear. Growing evidence suggests excess consumption of sugar may play an important role, yet we showed previously in mice that consuming up to 30% of calories as sucrose in the diet had no impact on weight regulation. Since in humans consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been widely implicated, we investigated whether the mode of ingestion (solid or liquid) had different impacts on body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Methods: Dietary sucrose was delivered in solid (as part of a standard pelleted rodent chow) and liquid (in drinking water) to C57BL/6 mice for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, energy intake and expenditure were monitored, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Expression of sweet taste receptors on the tongue, and glycogen and fat contents of the liver were also measured. Results: Consumption of sucrose-sweetened water, but not equivalent levels of solid sucrose, led to body fat gain in C57BL/6 mice. Glucose intolerance was positively correlated to body fatness, rather than sucrose intake. Conclusions: Our data support the suggestion that consumption of liquid sucrose may be an important contributor to dysregulation of body weight and related metabolic syndromes.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":60582403},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40338213/Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_and_glucose_homeostasis_in_C57BL_6J_mice_depends_on_mode_of_ingestion_liquid_or_solid","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-13T07:14:46.448-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60582403,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60582403/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53720190913-81238-l1o80l.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60582403/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60582403/53720190913-81238-l1o80l-libre.pdf?1568385190=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImpact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=gBve74klUVOtKiIhRiEgSdzuLzBTghLEo2qlLzvIGLDTYudlEAUJaOXvru8cvkEVgGAhXrvvv2UZ3TcEhj358ttXvKf9GGpuJGcNDq9XcdF0QubUl9b00BQX5lQWgo7HF32vBjjBIhuZpWXlu~dtj6AsRflAe1RdJpSbmkOiTCEXWbg9irWs7UFKWm-zrEokE~AJqEy-bSWJ~ajrslXWw-upL4sBV1GHY6uNzDzS8m2S0RoFmzsVE~39gvBcWfiB85Vdg54GQVRjMJ19W4BfgpyTwG-ol3JuQBAiK-SkB5ING7sSh1iOqGwyFYx50a~npuep91IuMSw8UhoFHBrNDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_and_glucose_homeostasis_in_C57BL_6J_mice_depends_on_mode_of_ingestion_liquid_or_solid","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Objective: Although it is widely accepted that obesity results from an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure, the mechanisms underlying this process and effective strategies for prevention and treatment are unclear. Growing evidence suggests excess consumption of sugar may play an important role, yet we showed previously in mice that consuming up to 30% of calories as sucrose in the diet had no impact on weight regulation. Since in humans consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been widely implicated, we investigated whether the mode of ingestion (solid or liquid) had different impacts on body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Methods: Dietary sucrose was delivered in solid (as part of a standard pelleted rodent chow) and liquid (in drinking water) to C57BL/6 mice for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, energy intake and expenditure were monitored, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Expression of sweet taste receptors on the tongue, and glycogen and fat contents of the liver were also measured. Results: Consumption of sucrose-sweetened water, but not equivalent levels of solid sucrose, led to body fat gain in C57BL/6 mice. Glucose intolerance was positively correlated to body fatness, rather than sucrose intake. Conclusions: Our data support the suggestion that consumption of liquid sucrose may be an important contributor to dysregulation of body weight and related metabolic syndromes.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60582403,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60582403/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53720190913-81238-l1o80l.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60582403/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60582403/53720190913-81238-l1o80l-libre.pdf?1568385190=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImpact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=gBve74klUVOtKiIhRiEgSdzuLzBTghLEo2qlLzvIGLDTYudlEAUJaOXvru8cvkEVgGAhXrvvv2UZ3TcEhj358ttXvKf9GGpuJGcNDq9XcdF0QubUl9b00BQX5lQWgo7HF32vBjjBIhuZpWXlu~dtj6AsRflAe1RdJpSbmkOiTCEXWbg9irWs7UFKWm-zrEokE~AJqEy-bSWJ~ajrslXWw-upL4sBV1GHY6uNzDzS8m2S0RoFmzsVE~39gvBcWfiB85Vdg54GQVRjMJ19W4BfgpyTwG-ol3JuQBAiK-SkB5ING7sSh1iOqGwyFYx50a~npuep91IuMSw8UhoFHBrNDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183966"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183966/energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature_variations_in_llamas_living_in_the_High_Andes_of_peru"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of peru" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407216/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183966/energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature_variations_in_llamas_living_in_the_High_Andes_of_peru">energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of peru</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>scientific reports</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to determine if the llama (one of the most extensively kept livestock breeds) exhibits seasonal adjustment of their energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion, under its natural high altitude Andean habitat. For this purpose, energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion were measured in seven non-pregnant llama dams for ten months on the Andean High Plateau (4400 m above sea level). Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate using the doubly labelled water method at four different measurement times. Additionally, a telemetry system was used to continuously record activity, body temperature (3 min intervals) as well as the position (hourly) of each animal. The results show that llamas adjusted their body temperature and daily energy expenditure according to environmental conditions. Furthermore, llamas under high altitude Andean climatic conditions exhibited a pronounced daily rhythm in body temperature and activity, with low values at sunrise and increasing values towards sunset. Llamas also had remarkably low energy expenditure compared to other herbivores. Thus, despite the domestication process, llamas have not lost the ability to adjust their body temperature and daily energy expenditure under adverse environmental conditions, similar to some wild herbivores. Endothermic mammals have to invest a substantial amount of energy to keep their species specific body temperature (T b) within a narrow limit of 37-39 °C especially with changing environmental conditions 1. Therefore, many small mammals in particular those weighing less than ten kilograms, employ energy saving mechanisms such as torpor or hibernation and thus reduce their T b and energy expenditure substantially during harsh environmental conditions 2-5. Larger animals, with the exception of bears and badgers, were thought not to use such metabolic mechanisms to save energy until some studies on cervid species 6 and other larger ruminants 7,8 indicated that they exhibit some form of seasonal adjustment in their metabolism. However, most of these studies were conducted on captive animals using respirometry. In more recent studies, results from free-ranging wild herbivores 9-12 using telemetry and continuous long-term data recording, suggested that these species are also able to reduce their T b and energy expenditure during unfavorable environmental conditions. The climate of the Andean Plateau also known as ' Altiplano' (altitude >4000 m above sea level, a.s.l.) in South America can be considered as unfavourable to livestock. It is characterised by low annual precipitation of less than 500 mm per year, low ambient temperatures (T a) at night falling at times below −20 °C and thus large daily T a amplitudes exceeding 45 °C on some days. Furthermore, vegetation is scarce and low in energy and protein content. The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the largest autochthonous herbivores which have been domesticated in South America 6,000-7,000 years ago from their wild ancestors, the guanaco (Lama guan-icoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) 13,14 , respectively. Although llamas and alpacas have also been reported to live in lowlands in pre-Columbian times 15 , they are typically concentrated in the high Andean regions. There are</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bd0acdcf628743738cfc28d70500d652" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407216,"asset_id":40183966,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407216/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183966"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183966"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183966; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183966]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183966; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183966']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183966, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bd0acdcf628743738cfc28d70500d652" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183966]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183966,"title":"energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of peru","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-40576-9","abstract":"Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to determine if the llama (one of the most extensively kept livestock breeds) exhibits seasonal adjustment of their energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion, under its natural high altitude Andean habitat. For this purpose, energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion were measured in seven non-pregnant llama dams for ten months on the Andean High Plateau (4400 m above sea level). Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate using the doubly labelled water method at four different measurement times. Additionally, a telemetry system was used to continuously record activity, body temperature (3 min intervals) as well as the position (hourly) of each animal. The results show that llamas adjusted their body temperature and daily energy expenditure according to environmental conditions. Furthermore, llamas under high altitude Andean climatic conditions exhibited a pronounced daily rhythm in body temperature and activity, with low values at sunrise and increasing values towards sunset. Llamas also had remarkably low energy expenditure compared to other herbivores. Thus, despite the domestication process, llamas have not lost the ability to adjust their body temperature and daily energy expenditure under adverse environmental conditions, similar to some wild herbivores. Endothermic mammals have to invest a substantial amount of energy to keep their species specific body temperature (T b) within a narrow limit of 37-39 °C especially with changing environmental conditions 1. Therefore, many small mammals in particular those weighing less than ten kilograms, employ energy saving mechanisms such as torpor or hibernation and thus reduce their T b and energy expenditure substantially during harsh environmental conditions 2-5. Larger animals, with the exception of bears and badgers, were thought not to use such metabolic mechanisms to save energy until some studies on cervid species 6 and other larger ruminants 7,8 indicated that they exhibit some form of seasonal adjustment in their metabolism. However, most of these studies were conducted on captive animals using respirometry. In more recent studies, results from free-ranging wild herbivores 9-12 using telemetry and continuous long-term data recording, suggested that these species are also able to reduce their T b and energy expenditure during unfavorable environmental conditions. The climate of the Andean Plateau also known as ' Altiplano' (altitude \u003e4000 m above sea level, a.s.l.) in South America can be considered as unfavourable to livestock. It is characterised by low annual precipitation of less than 500 mm per year, low ambient temperatures (T a) at night falling at times below −20 °C and thus large daily T a amplitudes exceeding 45 °C on some days. Furthermore, vegetation is scarce and low in energy and protein content. The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the largest autochthonous herbivores which have been domesticated in South America 6,000-7,000 years ago from their wild ancestors, the guanaco (Lama guan-icoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) 13,14 , respectively. Although llamas and alpacas have also been reported to live in lowlands in pre-Columbian times 15 , they are typically concentrated in the high Andean regions. There are","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"scientific reports"},"translated_abstract":"Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to determine if the llama (one of the most extensively kept livestock breeds) exhibits seasonal adjustment of their energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion, under its natural high altitude Andean habitat. For this purpose, energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion were measured in seven non-pregnant llama dams for ten months on the Andean High Plateau (4400 m above sea level). Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate using the doubly labelled water method at four different measurement times. Additionally, a telemetry system was used to continuously record activity, body temperature (3 min intervals) as well as the position (hourly) of each animal. The results show that llamas adjusted their body temperature and daily energy expenditure according to environmental conditions. Furthermore, llamas under high altitude Andean climatic conditions exhibited a pronounced daily rhythm in body temperature and activity, with low values at sunrise and increasing values towards sunset. Llamas also had remarkably low energy expenditure compared to other herbivores. Thus, despite the domestication process, llamas have not lost the ability to adjust their body temperature and daily energy expenditure under adverse environmental conditions, similar to some wild herbivores. Endothermic mammals have to invest a substantial amount of energy to keep their species specific body temperature (T b) within a narrow limit of 37-39 °C especially with changing environmental conditions 1. Therefore, many small mammals in particular those weighing less than ten kilograms, employ energy saving mechanisms such as torpor or hibernation and thus reduce their T b and energy expenditure substantially during harsh environmental conditions 2-5. Larger animals, with the exception of bears and badgers, were thought not to use such metabolic mechanisms to save energy until some studies on cervid species 6 and other larger ruminants 7,8 indicated that they exhibit some form of seasonal adjustment in their metabolism. However, most of these studies were conducted on captive animals using respirometry. In more recent studies, results from free-ranging wild herbivores 9-12 using telemetry and continuous long-term data recording, suggested that these species are also able to reduce their T b and energy expenditure during unfavorable environmental conditions. The climate of the Andean Plateau also known as ' Altiplano' (altitude \u003e4000 m above sea level, a.s.l.) in South America can be considered as unfavourable to livestock. It is characterised by low annual precipitation of less than 500 mm per year, low ambient temperatures (T a) at night falling at times below −20 °C and thus large daily T a amplitudes exceeding 45 °C on some days. Furthermore, vegetation is scarce and low in energy and protein content. The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the largest autochthonous herbivores which have been domesticated in South America 6,000-7,000 years ago from their wild ancestors, the guanaco (Lama guan-icoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) 13,14 , respectively. Although llamas and alpacas have also been reported to live in lowlands in pre-Columbian times 15 , they are typically concentrated in the high Andean regions. There are","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183966/energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature_variations_in_llamas_living_in_the_High_Andes_of_peru","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T01:10:59.756-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":32943755,"work_id":40183966,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":107033756,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***k@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"alexander reik","title":"energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of peru"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407216,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407216/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53020190827-20136-1ocx4lq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407216/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407216/53020190827-20136-1ocx4lq-libre.pdf?1566893976=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Denergy_expenditure_and_body_temperature.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=Np-95lVGtpp18BHLJPDH-Jb~5VsRGvCo5n9Mx6zJ3eGZByb-niSYwbq~SImXuRjz3bOi1PEBv-0Cty8WrTYDG8yK4nYSrIVMRl1XZshW9rgsfUj3074sMSPTI149JPO4hx2SCqrLFvIg4l~BsW6vEwz867UHdnQiEelccH-g-9ppW5LZgjDacbnBU0wMlkgvXD1tevhFFR5ngCy5TYX9~6RhFSfUOIuM2c5BQHYDpJb69eQQSgSDdcxtz0RCp7thgmJYAlLMSJn8Rk9QDGXrh3fM40lFHSbekvGq22RgJlWa9yCwZgVcRBnYC0Np~SeuCGTZtEHNeMG6ynCWkBlmeQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature_variations_in_llamas_living_in_the_High_Andes_of_peru","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to determine if the llama (one of the most extensively kept livestock breeds) exhibits seasonal adjustment of their energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion, under its natural high altitude Andean habitat. For this purpose, energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion were measured in seven non-pregnant llama dams for ten months on the Andean High Plateau (4400 m above sea level). Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate using the doubly labelled water method at four different measurement times. Additionally, a telemetry system was used to continuously record activity, body temperature (3 min intervals) as well as the position (hourly) of each animal. The results show that llamas adjusted their body temperature and daily energy expenditure according to environmental conditions. Furthermore, llamas under high altitude Andean climatic conditions exhibited a pronounced daily rhythm in body temperature and activity, with low values at sunrise and increasing values towards sunset. Llamas also had remarkably low energy expenditure compared to other herbivores. Thus, despite the domestication process, llamas have not lost the ability to adjust their body temperature and daily energy expenditure under adverse environmental conditions, similar to some wild herbivores. Endothermic mammals have to invest a substantial amount of energy to keep their species specific body temperature (T b) within a narrow limit of 37-39 °C especially with changing environmental conditions 1. Therefore, many small mammals in particular those weighing less than ten kilograms, employ energy saving mechanisms such as torpor or hibernation and thus reduce their T b and energy expenditure substantially during harsh environmental conditions 2-5. Larger animals, with the exception of bears and badgers, were thought not to use such metabolic mechanisms to save energy until some studies on cervid species 6 and other larger ruminants 7,8 indicated that they exhibit some form of seasonal adjustment in their metabolism. However, most of these studies were conducted on captive animals using respirometry. In more recent studies, results from free-ranging wild herbivores 9-12 using telemetry and continuous long-term data recording, suggested that these species are also able to reduce their T b and energy expenditure during unfavorable environmental conditions. The climate of the Andean Plateau also known as ' Altiplano' (altitude \u003e4000 m above sea level, a.s.l.) in South America can be considered as unfavourable to livestock. It is characterised by low annual precipitation of less than 500 mm per year, low ambient temperatures (T a) at night falling at times below −20 °C and thus large daily T a amplitudes exceeding 45 °C on some days. Furthermore, vegetation is scarce and low in energy and protein content. The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the largest autochthonous herbivores which have been domesticated in South America 6,000-7,000 years ago from their wild ancestors, the guanaco (Lama guan-icoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) 13,14 , respectively. Although llamas and alpacas have also been reported to live in lowlands in pre-Columbian times 15 , they are typically concentrated in the high Andean regions. There are","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407216,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407216/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53020190827-20136-1ocx4lq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407216/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407216/53020190827-20136-1ocx4lq-libre.pdf?1566893976=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Denergy_expenditure_and_body_temperature.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=Np-95lVGtpp18BHLJPDH-Jb~5VsRGvCo5n9Mx6zJ3eGZByb-niSYwbq~SImXuRjz3bOi1PEBv-0Cty8WrTYDG8yK4nYSrIVMRl1XZshW9rgsfUj3074sMSPTI149JPO4hx2SCqrLFvIg4l~BsW6vEwz867UHdnQiEelccH-g-9ppW5LZgjDacbnBU0wMlkgvXD1tevhFFR5ngCy5TYX9~6RhFSfUOIuM2c5BQHYDpJb69eQQSgSDdcxtz0RCp7thgmJYAlLMSJn8Rk9QDGXrh3fM40lFHSbekvGq22RgJlWa9yCwZgVcRBnYC0Np~SeuCGTZtEHNeMG6ynCWkBlmeQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159813,"name":"High altitude Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_altitude_Physiology"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183943"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183943/P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_reveal_an_alimentary_limit_on_sustained_maximal_human_energy_expenditure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of P H Y S I O L O G Y Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407181/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183943/P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_reveal_an_alimentary_limit_on_sustained_maximal_human_energy_expenditure">P H Y S I O L O G Y Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Science advances</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7bfd8d632bf5c4338c54fabb445af06f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407181,"asset_id":40183943,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407181/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183943"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183943"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183943; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183943]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183943]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183943; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183943']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183943, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7bfd8d632bf5c4338c54fabb445af06f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183943]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183943,"title":"P H Y S I O L O G Y Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aaw0341","abstract":"The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.","ai_title_tag":"Alimentary Limits on Maximal Human Energy Expenditure","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Science advances"},"translated_abstract":"The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183943/P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_reveal_an_alimentary_limit_on_sustained_maximal_human_energy_expenditure","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T01:05:04.049-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":32943748,"work_id":40183943,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":58936366,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***r@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Herman Pontzer","title":"P H Y S I O L O G Y Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407181,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407181/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53320190827-95669-2kg2s2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407181/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_revea.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407181/53320190827-95669-2kg2s2-libre.pdf?1566893636=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DP_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_revea.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KkfmEFXHBaZX4W1WYJqSOWJcmN9MgcG60B0Ezr8sJhOscST8oLWC7nLiByLMQnzpFtIWJl~ne9x5qqO8L~qtWU6krbXNSyX0u5bInRC6xpSWDEnk~LaXDAJ5zqUjW5O3u~1di3bxLDrMGf3hCXXWFpNb4iIBpnGEJmLfQ9gL2s4kBYCngUNkeWKBOBIhILPVYf~F6vMTiIqDgVBRmZ1hApZreQIAThGnYl8~nRQiSe0avNb~O50EcAwO34zY9qO7851YhXP2Z871Cj5HOwbFwCKOlZh8C5tNWO3d9D4UdGmp34FwP~KVwT1Xu4vKhrRzKdSErIDaG-LHCxGSHqyCng__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_reveal_an_alimentary_limit_on_sustained_maximal_human_energy_expenditure","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407181,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407181/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53320190827-95669-2kg2s2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407181/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_revea.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407181/53320190827-95669-2kg2s2-libre.pdf?1566893636=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DP_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_revea.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KkfmEFXHBaZX4W1WYJqSOWJcmN9MgcG60B0Ezr8sJhOscST8oLWC7nLiByLMQnzpFtIWJl~ne9x5qqO8L~qtWU6krbXNSyX0u5bInRC6xpSWDEnk~LaXDAJ5zqUjW5O3u~1di3bxLDrMGf3hCXXWFpNb4iIBpnGEJmLfQ9gL2s4kBYCngUNkeWKBOBIhILPVYf~F6vMTiIqDgVBRmZ1hApZreQIAThGnYl8~nRQiSe0avNb~O50EcAwO34zY9qO7851YhXP2Z871Cj5HOwbFwCKOlZh8C5tNWO3d9D4UdGmp34FwP~KVwT1Xu4vKhrRzKdSErIDaG-LHCxGSHqyCng__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":646,"name":"Sports Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sports_Medicine"},{"id":1517,"name":"Exercise Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_Physiology"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity"},{"id":12154,"name":"Sports Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sports_Performance"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health"},{"id":21187,"name":"Running","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Running"},{"id":63097,"name":"Exercise Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_Science"},{"id":87140,"name":"Endurance running","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endurance_running"},{"id":135185,"name":"Exercise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"},{"id":241044,"name":"Food intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_intake"},{"id":491653,"name":"Long Distance Running","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Distance_Running"},{"id":992395,"name":"Medicine and Science In Sports and Exercise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine_and_Science_In_Sports_and_Exercise"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183928"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183928/Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Physical_Activity_Are_Your_Genes_Too_Tight_To_Prevent_You_Exercising"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Genetic Factors Associated With Human Physical Activity: Are Your Genes Too Tight To Prevent You Exercising" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407167/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183928/Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Physical_Activity_Are_Your_Genes_Too_Tight_To_Prevent_You_Exercising">Genetic Factors Associated With Human Physical Activity: Are Your Genes Too Tight To Prevent You Exercising</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Endocrinology</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on he...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="abf83b6044194f9d6c65dfac3e7c57ac" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407167,"asset_id":40183928,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407167/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183928"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183928"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183928; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183928]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183928]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183928; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183928']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183928, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "abf83b6044194f9d6c65dfac3e7c57ac" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183928]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183928,"title":"Genetic Factors Associated With Human Physical Activity: Are Your Genes Too Tight To Prevent You Exercising","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Endocrinology"},"translated_abstract":"ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183928/Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Physical_Activity_Are_Your_Genes_Too_Tight_To_Prevent_You_Exercising","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T01:02:49.541-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407167,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407167/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52920190827-9255-1t4duy6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407167/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Ph.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407167/52920190827-9255-1t4duy6-libre.pdf?1566893635=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGenetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Ph.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=SXJs8wgpmdt9P0h6-NHmfLdV0vCWK231zdkp5yl2T4qCoQk0sGsPZEJtXj~A9BB~lPaw9U6~6JWKsixAs0jp3498YyXA4L4RDue-0ulW-QwmIdaBZAAKLpa79oNap0RpCsJ6w02AdCeahStYwvoEETA8LO2RCJGX19AbY8etQ37YSEOubh4i8RtOLo7YtZsHWLa9MddsFcknbqotHHWluPwWqFbvir1166NFcQeYbxoIUDVeEI-kj8dkor6n7BfjE5eWeFww1ktdOlXI2gycflefONKU0iiB3NB1Tnb-tmeyIvAaYQMtyNQufvirX3qmCXqLhrTBNhYH1-44M4EUYA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Physical_Activity_Are_Your_Genes_Too_Tight_To_Prevent_You_Exercising","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407167,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407167/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52920190827-9255-1t4duy6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407167/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Ph.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407167/52920190827-9255-1t4duy6-libre.pdf?1566893635=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGenetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Ph.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=SXJs8wgpmdt9P0h6-NHmfLdV0vCWK231zdkp5yl2T4qCoQk0sGsPZEJtXj~A9BB~lPaw9U6~6JWKsixAs0jp3498YyXA4L4RDue-0ulW-QwmIdaBZAAKLpa79oNap0RpCsJ6w02AdCeahStYwvoEETA8LO2RCJGX19AbY8etQ37YSEOubh4i8RtOLo7YtZsHWLa9MddsFcknbqotHHWluPwWqFbvir1166NFcQeYbxoIUDVeEI-kj8dkor6n7BfjE5eWeFww1ktdOlXI2gycflefONKU0iiB3NB1Tnb-tmeyIvAaYQMtyNQufvirX3qmCXqLhrTBNhYH1-44M4EUYA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":586,"name":"Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4581,"name":"Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes"},{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health"},{"id":19632,"name":"Molecular Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Genetics"},{"id":69367,"name":"Exercise and physical activity for health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_and_physical_activity_for_health"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183916"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183916/Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_semifossorial_pine_voles_Microtus_lusitanicus_and_Microtus_duodecimcostatus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407155/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183916/Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_semifossorial_pine_voles_Microtus_lusitanicus_and_Microtus_duodecimcostatus">Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>journal of comparative physiology</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e1df2a11e3089d493e5ece437a1275e6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407155,"asset_id":40183916,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407155/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183916"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183916"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183916; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183916]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183916]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183916; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183916']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183916, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e1df2a11e3089d493e5ece437a1275e6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183916]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183916,"title":"Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"journal of comparative physiology"},"translated_abstract":"Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183916/Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_semifossorial_pine_voles_Microtus_lusitanicus_and_Microtus_duodecimcostatus","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T01:01:07.922-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":32943741,"work_id":40183916,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":125715337,"co_author_invite_id":6892673,"email":"r***a@fc.ul.pt","display_order":1,"name":"Rita Monarca","title":"Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407155,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407155/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52820190827-91595-1m7lo0z.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407155/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_sem.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407155/52820190827-91595-1m7lo0z-libre.pdf?1566893139=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEnergetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_sem.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=d6K8OIZrTtG5u~GEFFEBcmKIhuqDnqr43IEXpLGEorBAhFNMW5TowLc8c6j8cD35hK64-8V75ekuqsfk5Vdb5qTsQGxqzS7-LooA7nNLt9Of0yyDN~I0yLXEoWWKXm7KIiTGJ6KC4vPA9PpoNsxNBFwW10pFbBVNheTvqRwuUGiFK9XcRPwBNXG8ZKA-RL1CevEvrCDHUpSJfGY7XGL7eLnCoJh1YkxgqBlJDr1Kx5XfcsD0XltGyAi9-AVPnW0Z-TnV~fnvQjfTnoevifCtQvAw16VxOCG6UWaLCYIxv7Ruc0F1~qLCH1tVfROFZJIqLs4VH-X3tuJnehimC9hrlw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_semifossorial_pine_voles_Microtus_lusitanicus_and_Microtus_duodecimcostatus","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407155,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407155/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52820190827-91595-1m7lo0z.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407155/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_sem.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407155/52820190827-91595-1m7lo0z-libre.pdf?1566893139=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEnergetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_sem.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=d6K8OIZrTtG5u~GEFFEBcmKIhuqDnqr43IEXpLGEorBAhFNMW5TowLc8c6j8cD35hK64-8V75ekuqsfk5Vdb5qTsQGxqzS7-LooA7nNLt9Of0yyDN~I0yLXEoWWKXm7KIiTGJ6KC4vPA9PpoNsxNBFwW10pFbBVNheTvqRwuUGiFK9XcRPwBNXG8ZKA-RL1CevEvrCDHUpSJfGY7XGL7eLnCoJh1YkxgqBlJDr1Kx5XfcsD0XltGyAi9-AVPnW0Z-TnV~fnvQjfTnoevifCtQvAw16VxOCG6UWaLCYIxv7Ruc0F1~qLCH1tVfROFZJIqLs4VH-X3tuJnehimC9hrlw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":1389,"name":"Thermoregulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermoregulation"},{"id":29204,"name":"Comparative Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Physiology"},{"id":111113,"name":"Rodents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rodents"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183871"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183871/Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenesis_of_Brown_Adipose_Tissue_and_Browning_of_White_Adipose_Tissue"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Microbiota Depletion Impairs Thermogenesis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning of White Adipose Tissue" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407115/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183871/Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenesis_of_Brown_Adipose_Tissue_and_Browning_of_White_Adipose_Tissue">Microbiota Depletion Impairs Thermogenesis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning of White Adipose Tissue</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>cell reports</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermoge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in cold d These effects are replicated in germ-free mice treated with CL-316243 d IL-4 has no differential effect on energy metabolism in either control or ABX mice d Gavage of ABX mice with butyrate partially rescues the effects on BAT recruitment In Brief Li et al. use different antibiotic recipes and germ-free mice to demonstrate the dependence of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in the cold on the presence of a healthy gut microbiome. Gavage with butyrate partly rescues the effect, indicating a role for this molecule in normal thermogenic responses to low temperature.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="034a87f9f5fda33893f84011768c52b0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407115,"asset_id":40183871,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407115/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183871"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183871; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183871]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183871]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183871; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183871']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183871, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "034a87f9f5fda33893f84011768c52b0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183871]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183871,"title":"Microbiota Depletion Impairs Thermogenesis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning of White Adipose Tissue","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.015","abstract":"Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in cold d These effects are replicated in germ-free mice treated with CL-316243 d IL-4 has no differential effect on energy metabolism in either control or ABX mice d Gavage of ABX mice with butyrate partially rescues the effects on BAT recruitment In Brief Li et al. use different antibiotic recipes and germ-free mice to demonstrate the dependence of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in the cold on the presence of a healthy gut microbiome. Gavage with butyrate partly rescues the effect, indicating a role for this molecule in normal thermogenic responses to low temperature.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"cell reports"},"translated_abstract":"Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in cold d These effects are replicated in germ-free mice treated with CL-316243 d IL-4 has no differential effect on energy metabolism in either control or ABX mice d Gavage of ABX mice with butyrate partially rescues the effects on BAT recruitment In Brief Li et al. use different antibiotic recipes and germ-free mice to demonstrate the dependence of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in the cold on the presence of a healthy gut microbiome. Gavage with butyrate partly rescues the effect, indicating a role for this molecule in normal thermogenic responses to low temperature.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183871/Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenesis_of_Brown_Adipose_Tissue_and_Browning_of_White_Adipose_Tissue","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T00:55:32.983-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407115,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407115/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52720190827-30620-1dugu3w.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407115/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenes.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407115/52720190827-30620-1dugu3w-libre.pdf?1566893145=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMicrobiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenes.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=FJG6hz~-4KHUFxXIeO7jRuLVqZQ1dbSH-2KkOu9ey97jnFG-qq9GZfq2EOIXK0IzTYd0wel7s6zj~cbhnSn1vxfQBhkFwBlFKgSkSKp~C8htQ5aK7fzed4mYr7scvJ3xwU5Dx4itM26lgX7xBb2kTl99bMpe0RNcwDbk1wbjtvvO8Pe9tGmivOMJ-aNByKJRVETyPwl-Xmdvx14KImNTATihJJtY1HTfkRxVauF5NikmAVyEwlioq0lOpf~iwLmE~5RqjmdFL~TArkVMCS5H5q9NdA~ghfjomGdwAJveflN5RMSADKDZ88-ZWMcoFFCjLZvajm3LBvXu2vK01KCWrg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenesis_of_Brown_Adipose_Tissue_and_Browning_of_White_Adipose_Tissue","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in cold d These effects are replicated in germ-free mice treated with CL-316243 d IL-4 has no differential effect on energy metabolism in either control or ABX mice d Gavage of ABX mice with butyrate partially rescues the effects on BAT recruitment In Brief Li et al. use different antibiotic recipes and germ-free mice to demonstrate the dependence of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in the cold on the presence of a healthy gut microbiome. Gavage with butyrate partly rescues the effect, indicating a role for this molecule in normal thermogenic responses to low temperature.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407115,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407115/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52720190827-30620-1dugu3w.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407115/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenes.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407115/52720190827-30620-1dugu3w-libre.pdf?1566893145=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMicrobiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenes.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=FJG6hz~-4KHUFxXIeO7jRuLVqZQ1dbSH-2KkOu9ey97jnFG-qq9GZfq2EOIXK0IzTYd0wel7s6zj~cbhnSn1vxfQBhkFwBlFKgSkSKp~C8htQ5aK7fzed4mYr7scvJ3xwU5Dx4itM26lgX7xBb2kTl99bMpe0RNcwDbk1wbjtvvO8Pe9tGmivOMJ-aNByKJRVETyPwl-Xmdvx14KImNTATihJJtY1HTfkRxVauF5NikmAVyEwlioq0lOpf~iwLmE~5RqjmdFL~TArkVMCS5H5q9NdA~ghfjomGdwAJveflN5RMSADKDZ88-ZWMcoFFCjLZvajm3LBvXu2vK01KCWrg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1389,"name":"Thermoregulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermoregulation"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":51374,"name":"Gut Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiota"},{"id":95031,"name":"Molecuar Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecuar_Biology"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"},{"id":293128,"name":"Brown Adipose Tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brown_Adipose_Tissue"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37363015"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37363015/cellmet_2018_pdf"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of cellmet 2018.pdf" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57324257/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37363015/cellmet_2018_pdf">cellmet 2018.pdf</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The impacts of different macronutrients on body weight regulation remain unresolved, with differe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The impacts of different macronutrients on body<br />weight regulation remain unresolved, with different<br />studies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased<br />carbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein<br />may all stimulate overconsumption and drive<br />obesity. Weexposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets<br />varying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate,<br />5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose.<br />Only increased dietary fat content was associated<br />with elevated energy intake and adiposity. This<br />response was associated with increased gene<br />expression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine<br />and opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus.<br />We replicated the core findings in four other mouse<br />strains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate<br />their food consumption primarily to meet an energy<br />rather than a protein target, but this system can<br />be over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but<br />not sucrose, consumption.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d6ebfac88508444f6eee0c06e19af1db" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57324257,"asset_id":37363015,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57324257/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37363015"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37363015"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37363015; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37363015]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37363015]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37363015; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37363015']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37363015, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d6ebfac88508444f6eee0c06e19af1db" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37363015]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37363015,"title":"cellmet 2018.pdf","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The impacts of different macronutrients on body\nweight regulation remain unresolved, with different\nstudies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased\ncarbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein\nmay all stimulate overconsumption and drive\nobesity. Weexposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets\nvarying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate,\n5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose.\nOnly increased dietary fat content was associated\nwith elevated energy intake and adiposity. This\nresponse was associated with increased gene\nexpression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine\nand opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus.\nWe replicated the core findings in four other mouse\nstrains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate\ntheir food consumption primarily to meet an energy\nrather than a protein target, but this system can\nbe over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but\nnot sucrose, consumption."},"translated_abstract":"The impacts of different macronutrients on body\nweight regulation remain unresolved, with different\nstudies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased\ncarbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein\nmay all stimulate overconsumption and drive\nobesity. Weexposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets\nvarying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate,\n5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose.\nOnly increased dietary fat content was associated\nwith elevated energy intake and adiposity. This\nresponse was associated with increased gene\nexpression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine\nand opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus.\nWe replicated the core findings in four other mouse\nstrains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate\ntheir food consumption primarily to meet an energy\nrather than a protein target, but this system can\nbe over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but\nnot sucrose, consumption.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37363015/cellmet_2018_pdf","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-09-07T21:22:20.185-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57324257,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57324257/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cellmet_2018.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57324257/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"cellmet_2018_pdf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57324257/cellmet_2018-libre.pdf?1536380888=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dcellmet_2018_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=hPWs7WBDun7liewlvLU~x-quSqEJ8yilQutAKK6k02G6u2txEUNQiGqayDOLM9xdNEZVnFPoSJ~52TyqSFSLOU75sugI961Tsg-cX4l8F5dhoaWlQpZxOVLIO8UoL1SgohxxHns~x~3rc~xpTJcQ29~Qqhd49elkSh57vjYapsJW1n6wJ6u3XHtHbLJQp8GMoSysZjn~HbPSbh5qn~o6weY8r0BTt7LZFbbwJS3--t0hUTtSmuadz~b-ywpHAtsBMdI2i7FPFSs-fUzBtLaqFpkMPGcs17NsoWrzvpNd9UqDnexWCHiRPy1yrclr0P5Qb7-g9cEZSnVILI8Jqazi4A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"cellmet_2018_pdf","translated_slug":"","page_count":22,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The impacts of different macronutrients on body\nweight regulation remain unresolved, with different\nstudies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased\ncarbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein\nmay all stimulate overconsumption and drive\nobesity. Weexposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets\nvarying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate,\n5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose.\nOnly increased dietary fat content was associated\nwith elevated energy intake and adiposity. This\nresponse was associated with increased gene\nexpression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine\nand opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus.\nWe replicated the core findings in four other mouse\nstrains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate\ntheir food consumption primarily to meet an energy\nrather than a protein target, but this system can\nbe over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but\nnot sucrose, consumption.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":57324257,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57324257/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cellmet_2018.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57324257/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"cellmet_2018_pdf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57324257/cellmet_2018-libre.pdf?1536380888=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dcellmet_2018_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=hPWs7WBDun7liewlvLU~x-quSqEJ8yilQutAKK6k02G6u2txEUNQiGqayDOLM9xdNEZVnFPoSJ~52TyqSFSLOU75sugI961Tsg-cX4l8F5dhoaWlQpZxOVLIO8UoL1SgohxxHns~x~3rc~xpTJcQ29~Qqhd49elkSh57vjYapsJW1n6wJ6u3XHtHbLJQp8GMoSysZjn~HbPSbh5qn~o6weY8r0BTt7LZFbbwJS3--t0hUTtSmuadz~b-ywpHAtsBMdI2i7FPFSs-fUzBtLaqFpkMPGcs17NsoWrzvpNd9UqDnexWCHiRPy1yrclr0P5Qb7-g9cEZSnVILI8Jqazi4A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4581,"name":"Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes"},{"id":10456,"name":"Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein"},{"id":15108,"name":"Childhood Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Childhood_Obesity"},{"id":18556,"name":"Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_Mellitus_and_Its_Complications"},{"id":25630,"name":"Endocrinology \u0026 Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology_and_Metabolism"},{"id":64848,"name":"Ketosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ketosis"},{"id":71511,"name":"Diabetes mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_mellitus"},{"id":72314,"name":"Fatty acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatty_acids"},{"id":89805,"name":"Weight Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Loss"},{"id":162196,"name":"Sucrose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sucrose"},{"id":218820,"name":"Eating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eating"},{"id":241044,"name":"Food intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_intake"},{"id":352764,"name":"Macronutrients","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macronutrients"},{"id":609249,"name":"CARBOHYDRATES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CARBOHYDRATES"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36184098"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184098/On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the_biological_environmental_and_cultural_drivers_of_genetic_risk_among_human_populations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084135/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184098/On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the_biological_environmental_and_cultural_drivers_of_genetic_risk_among_human_populations">On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="51752b5f3149c3e12faf85b63a66c5fb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56084135,"asset_id":36184098,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084135/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36184098"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36184098"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184098; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184098]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184098]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184098; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36184098']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36184098, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "51752b5f3149c3e12faf85b63a66c5fb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36184098]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36184098,"title":"On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling."},"translated_abstract":"Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36184098/On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the_biological_environmental_and_cultural_drivers_of_genetic_risk_among_human_populations","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-03-17T03:57:20.561-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56084135,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084135/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"496.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084135/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084135/496-libre.pdf?1521284586=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOn_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=Uo2GZtcCGMbDMa0jchB5sRjKKYP5cFYYl257mBHTmWQ2pnBWFJM3~2AIlVGxwUeDItrrLcl4zW2RXOCWg-rHGKj7uxtXdG7G7miKCOz6jefdZgFG9ISK4LTL9GCJCaXB9-rJC8S1lHFejDv8Pd-BUBuUkk1yaKvAZi92y91lZ5gAhg5-TJUEVzi5Xg2emtUXxp5BKRI-2KaVtq9jyTJkVmvpN5jeHQBYnlu-1hv0N4EsD--5uDPppSDK69VEHQBq~MncM8pilRVhqc5eblYBApFDEfu-UhIS-QC~14Cde2~dQnZPHehNrYZq5qFgS6l3EioDMMD6fLBlgUqrgofeTQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the_biological_environmental_and_cultural_drivers_of_genetic_risk_among_human_populations","translated_slug":"","page_count":29,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":56084135,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084135/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"496.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084135/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084135/496-libre.pdf?1521284586=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOn_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=Uo2GZtcCGMbDMa0jchB5sRjKKYP5cFYYl257mBHTmWQ2pnBWFJM3~2AIlVGxwUeDItrrLcl4zW2RXOCWg-rHGKj7uxtXdG7G7miKCOz6jefdZgFG9ISK4LTL9GCJCaXB9-rJC8S1lHFejDv8Pd-BUBuUkk1yaKvAZi92y91lZ5gAhg5-TJUEVzi5Xg2emtUXxp5BKRI-2KaVtq9jyTJkVmvpN5jeHQBYnlu-1hv0N4EsD--5uDPppSDK69VEHQBq~MncM8pilRVhqc5eblYBApFDEfu-UhIS-QC~14Cde2~dQnZPHehNrYZq5qFgS6l3EioDMMD6fLBlgUqrgofeTQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology"},{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4581,"name":"Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36184091"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184091/Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Raters_BMI_Has_Only_Limited_Association_with_Ratings_of_Attractiveness_of_the_Opposite_Sex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beauty and the Body of the Beholder: Raters' BMI Has Only Limited Association with Ratings of Attractiveness of the Opposite Sex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084128/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184091/Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Raters_BMI_Has_Only_Limited_Association_with_Ratings_of_Attractiveness_of_the_Opposite_Sex">Beauty and the Body of the Beholder: Raters' BMI Has Only Limited Association with Ratings of Attractiveness of the Opposite Sex</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its ca...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its causes remain unclear. One hypothesis is that people who have high adiposity find other people with obesity more physically attractive than lean people. Methods: The attractiveness of sets of images of males and females who varied in adiposity were rated by opposite sex subjects (559 males and 340 females) across 12 countries. Results: There was tremendous individual variability in attractiveness ratings. For female attractiveness, most males favored the leanest subjects, but others favored intermediate fatness, some were indifferent to body composition, and others rated the subjects with obesity as most attractive. For male images rated by females, the patterns were more complex. Most females favored subjects with low levels of adi-posity (but not the lowest level), whereas others were indifferent to body fatness or rated the images depicting individuals with obesity as the most attractive. These patterns were unrelated to rater BMI. Among Caucasian males who rated the images of the thinnest females as being more attractive, the magnitude of the effect depended on rater BMI, indicating limited " mutual attraction. " Conclusions: Individual variations in ratings of physical attractiveness were broadly unrelated to rater BMI and suggest that mutual attraction is an unlikely explanation for assortative mating for obesity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5f2c137b21a565de6d9800ef006e76d9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56084128,"asset_id":36184091,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084128/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36184091"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36184091"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184091; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184091]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184091]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184091; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36184091']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36184091, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5f2c137b21a565de6d9800ef006e76d9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36184091]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36184091,"title":"Beauty and the Body of the Beholder: Raters' BMI Has Only Limited Association with Ratings of Attractiveness of the Opposite Sex","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its causes remain unclear. One hypothesis is that people who have high adiposity find other people with obesity more physically attractive than lean people. Methods: The attractiveness of sets of images of males and females who varied in adiposity were rated by opposite sex subjects (559 males and 340 females) across 12 countries. Results: There was tremendous individual variability in attractiveness ratings. For female attractiveness, most males favored the leanest subjects, but others favored intermediate fatness, some were indifferent to body composition, and others rated the subjects with obesity as most attractive. For male images rated by females, the patterns were more complex. Most females favored subjects with low levels of adi-posity (but not the lowest level), whereas others were indifferent to body fatness or rated the images depicting individuals with obesity as the most attractive. These patterns were unrelated to rater BMI. Among Caucasian males who rated the images of the thinnest females as being more attractive, the magnitude of the effect depended on rater BMI, indicating limited \" mutual attraction. \" Conclusions: Individual variations in ratings of physical attractiveness were broadly unrelated to rater BMI and suggest that mutual attraction is an unlikely explanation for assortative mating for obesity."},"translated_abstract":"Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its causes remain unclear. One hypothesis is that people who have high adiposity find other people with obesity more physically attractive than lean people. Methods: The attractiveness of sets of images of males and females who varied in adiposity were rated by opposite sex subjects (559 males and 340 females) across 12 countries. Results: There was tremendous individual variability in attractiveness ratings. For female attractiveness, most males favored the leanest subjects, but others favored intermediate fatness, some were indifferent to body composition, and others rated the subjects with obesity as most attractive. For male images rated by females, the patterns were more complex. Most females favored subjects with low levels of adi-posity (but not the lowest level), whereas others were indifferent to body fatness or rated the images depicting individuals with obesity as the most attractive. These patterns were unrelated to rater BMI. Among Caucasian males who rated the images of the thinnest females as being more attractive, the magnitude of the effect depended on rater BMI, indicating limited \" mutual attraction. \" Conclusions: Individual variations in ratings of physical attractiveness were broadly unrelated to rater BMI and suggest that mutual attraction is an unlikely explanation for assortative mating for obesity.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36184091/Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Raters_BMI_Has_Only_Limited_Association_with_Ratings_of_Attractiveness_of_the_Opposite_Sex","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-03-17T03:54:56.753-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56084128,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084128/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"504.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084128/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Rate.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084128/504-libre.pdf?1521284584=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBeauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Rate.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=IrHhFglPYDeSjfO~VclkWzT1NRzWBR0HNOypSa0U6vwT-I8-jlqa8W8HQ8xTHSpFsA1KJ2tJ~Lx~R4yySY4Sa1X~PSbodA7vYFNB-o4A3o8sNJejXcjVfrm6f2exxgh~3OT0dQUiixPObdSRh1Z-NUC~Jl6cSeGnrzU4aSYdItF7kO5y5J4hOPkGSem-cm1QUY0SnM~j89zgrhHK-B2lXycNvTwTJyrZzduRIheO2lC3MwZNf5qu3Z~tFgQZg-4Xk0gGkiV0lfsZE7CKqfwZSdeuPfDVx75bMiQ7JGDxcKVwRYkQRaXwFQqp2KcTosQX3vWMuhhHKhKKnABs1N5WAA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Raters_BMI_Has_Only_Limited_Association_with_Ratings_of_Attractiveness_of_the_Opposite_Sex","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its causes remain unclear. One hypothesis is that people who have high adiposity find other people with obesity more physically attractive than lean people. Methods: The attractiveness of sets of images of males and females who varied in adiposity were rated by opposite sex subjects (559 males and 340 females) across 12 countries. Results: There was tremendous individual variability in attractiveness ratings. For female attractiveness, most males favored the leanest subjects, but others favored intermediate fatness, some were indifferent to body composition, and others rated the subjects with obesity as most attractive. For male images rated by females, the patterns were more complex. Most females favored subjects with low levels of adi-posity (but not the lowest level), whereas others were indifferent to body fatness or rated the images depicting individuals with obesity as the most attractive. These patterns were unrelated to rater BMI. Among Caucasian males who rated the images of the thinnest females as being more attractive, the magnitude of the effect depended on rater BMI, indicating limited \" mutual attraction. \" Conclusions: Individual variations in ratings of physical attractiveness were broadly unrelated to rater BMI and suggest that mutual attraction is an unlikely explanation for assortative mating for obesity.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":56084128,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084128/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"504.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084128/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Rate.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084128/504-libre.pdf?1521284584=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBeauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Rate.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=OZYc~OcmOEpn0jxkIY6x6PRqNBaRL1MA-TzX3WHktnsDFPAqdam-RmkLw4~6QotwTZQPKgyBqhZ8UVOu6moU9fSOoa~SUYFZbbZuo4LknsfScL66bUa2N~bk1iBYvpLwX4O2vuuDaS4pK0TPDRDRqWmM4z7w-WCCi2IvxLPv7t06C1sw6KCbCfx-BddXrSB0syGrU8I9mEp54UR2rC-tVdN5G2zYBnT8ZwLMzglNmHhYkcpApq53yOxO9BRStgGg4txVuW4ywJUQcVgIaPy2HNQtVO0B3AJwg2NqhzoOL8GEudm3eUYmKKMk7h03S7RZofmsNnTIq0U7sBejqn8T3A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4299,"name":"Mate Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mate_Choice"},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality"},{"id":12532,"name":"Assortative Mating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assortative_Mating"},{"id":149735,"name":"Attraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attraction"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36184072"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184072/The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_off_disease_and_predation_risk"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The evolution of body fatness: trading off disease and predation risk" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084103/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184072/The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_off_disease_and_predation_risk">The evolution of body fatness: trading off disease and predation risk</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/ drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9c19fda86d3c3f7cba24f1892c11635b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56084103,"asset_id":36184072,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084103/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36184072"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36184072"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184072; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184072]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184072]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184072; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36184072']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36184072, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9c19fda86d3c3f7cba24f1892c11635b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36184072]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36184072,"title":"The evolution of body fatness: trading off disease and predation risk","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/ drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described."},"translated_abstract":"Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/ drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36184072/The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_off_disease_and_predation_risk","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-03-17T03:50:44.586-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56084103,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084103/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"evolution_of_fat_storage_regulation.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084103/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084103/evolution_of_fat_storage_regulation-libre.pdf?1521284424=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1734080813\u0026Signature=avp7e2r6FYnjp3OrNLUBsUYEWgQBTzK0vGf17SZCHY-BUH7fGFDtCj4d20Nkb7E3Z3blYN0JWJy5lGCHvdSuf9d1HBA4KolG-w3WHnGDjX5A0AtfJD4icyrLv3lmWUdO9zL8H4c9qXHcL4yFdPcNu2ccfKeeiI876ceTBjSJsmTT6MGT~2NnDv-98ljwnmEDx63or65ZONs-d1cfd6iIIsBbxB67lgacTKzp-xqiaMZ6bk7jLBTHLJQaCRL2oUpCF0gOJzy8tak2MgeJjYFTwi6W7U6ROoZwMabgwjyx7KDPq8axvedmn0PnQZ0Sx9OIoNSUrGngdmNO4ERGLBKyPw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_off_disease_and_predation_risk","translated_slug":"","page_count":20,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/ drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":56084103,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084103/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"evolution_of_fat_storage_regulation.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084103/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084103/evolution_of_fat_storage_regulation-libre.pdf?1521284424=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1734080813\u0026Signature=avp7e2r6FYnjp3OrNLUBsUYEWgQBTzK0vGf17SZCHY-BUH7fGFDtCj4d20Nkb7E3Z3blYN0JWJy5lGCHvdSuf9d1HBA4KolG-w3WHnGDjX5A0AtfJD4icyrLv3lmWUdO9zL8H4c9qXHcL4yFdPcNu2ccfKeeiI876ceTBjSJsmTT6MGT~2NnDv-98ljwnmEDx63or65ZONs-d1cfd6iIIsBbxB67lgacTKzp-xqiaMZ6bk7jLBTHLJQaCRL2oUpCF0gOJzy8tak2MgeJjYFTwi6W7U6ROoZwMabgwjyx7KDPq8axvedmn0PnQZ0Sx9OIoNSUrGngdmNO4ERGLBKyPw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology"},{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution"},{"id":1135,"name":"Human Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Genetics"},{"id":1517,"name":"Exercise Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_Physiology"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4581,"name":"Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution"},{"id":17960,"name":"Infectious Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases"},{"id":33713,"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior"},{"id":42915,"name":"Starvation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Starvation"},{"id":63375,"name":"Overweight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Overweight"},{"id":88930,"name":"Predation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predation"},{"id":100336,"name":"Body Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Composition"},{"id":123607,"name":"Human Behavioural Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Behavioural_Ecology"},{"id":551768,"name":"Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors_of_Non-Communicable_Diseases"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35738341"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35738341/Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of_resources_on_opposite_sex_ratings_of_physical_attractiveness_by_males_and_females"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Accepted Manuscript Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55612545/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35738341/Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of_resources_on_opposite_sex_ratings_of_physical_attractiveness_by_males_and_females">Accepted Manuscript Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and fe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1d168f51dafd783700694cfc6015c598" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55612545,"asset_id":35738341,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55612545/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35738341"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35738341"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35738341; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35738341]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35738341]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35738341; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35738341']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35738341, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1d168f51dafd783700694cfc6015c598" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35738341]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35738341,"title":"Accepted Manuscript Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females."},"translated_abstract":"Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35738341/Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of_resources_on_opposite_sex_ratings_of_physical_attractiveness_by_males_and_females","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-01-23T03:57:45.387-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55612545,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55612545/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ehb_salary_paper.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55612545/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55612545/ehb_salary_paper-libre.pdf?1516709017=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAccepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=Tk7RP2n4pwdKT3SaBDPoe6ffGOKZzaC5WiDuftckX6oa9ZKJetFS~ezyZxCBDtO~t3WOqh0t8ANdJdLG~KX5HcIqE44YOMN6sXRRF8XcRN-Ooy9pb1spaF1oI2quZVLAU2uQ0u102K4LFPkpppwVr92fpQP680qQ5MSuuSitMVmn3AouG0JrZXk6SKEmRQecR2IP9CYx~d4L0YHw8SPDTsBor0fSkCFAJ7qzsVzb06jY~17wSkwHt7TWxKzuYBGQvj1d~wG5TmXInebJ12NItQq2ovoYlL5vP1HjRXMH22ITcd656bTAj697P3jgnC15LgnN2wpZloGo0gD1lZV9Kw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of_resources_on_opposite_sex_ratings_of_physical_attractiveness_by_males_and_females","translated_slug":"","page_count":26,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":55612545,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55612545/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ehb_salary_paper.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55612545/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55612545/ehb_salary_paper-libre.pdf?1516709017=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAccepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=Tk7RP2n4pwdKT3SaBDPoe6ffGOKZzaC5WiDuftckX6oa9ZKJetFS~ezyZxCBDtO~t3WOqh0t8ANdJdLG~KX5HcIqE44YOMN6sXRRF8XcRN-Ooy9pb1spaF1oI2quZVLAU2uQ0u102K4LFPkpppwVr92fpQP680qQ5MSuuSitMVmn3AouG0JrZXk6SKEmRQecR2IP9CYx~d4L0YHw8SPDTsBor0fSkCFAJ7qzsVzb06jY~17wSkwHt7TWxKzuYBGQvj1d~wG5TmXInebJ12NItQq2ovoYlL5vP1HjRXMH22ITcd656bTAj697P3jgnC15LgnN2wpZloGo0gD1lZV9Kw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":975,"name":"Sex and Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_and_Gender"},{"id":4299,"name":"Mate Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mate_Choice"},{"id":156237,"name":"Wealth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth"},{"id":167525,"name":"Male Attractiveness Manipulation, Female Mate Preferences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Male_Attractiveness_Manipulation_Female_Mate_Preferences"},{"id":758792,"name":"Physical Attractiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Attractiveness"},{"id":2471967,"name":"Female Mate Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female_Mate_Choice"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31205896"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31205896/The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie_restriction_IX_Global_metabolomic_screen_reveals_modulation_of_carnitines_sphingolipids_and_bile_acids_in_the_liver_of_C57BL_6_mice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51622701/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31205896/The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie_restriction_IX_Global_metabolomic_screen_reveals_modulation_of_carnitines_sphingolipids_and_bile_acids_in_the_liver_of_C57BL_6_mice">The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve heal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach, we identified 193 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed (SDE) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30 and 40% CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 h a day. The differential expression of metabolites also varied with the different feeding groups. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on carnitine synthesis and the carnitine shuttle pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and methion-ine metabolism. S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs). In addition, metabolites which showed a graded effect, such as ceramide, S1P, taurocholic acid and L-carnitine, responded in the opposite direction to previously observed age-related changes. We suggest that the modulation of this set of metabolites may improve liver processes involved in energy release from fatty acids. S1P also negatively correlated with catalase activity and body temperature , and positively correlated with food anticipatory activity. Injecting mice with S1P or an S1P receptor 1 agonist did not precipitate changes in body temperature, physical activity or food intake suggesting that these correlations were not causal relationships.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d907aab0f258667534444da06179a6a3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51622701,"asset_id":31205896,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51622701/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31205896"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31205896"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31205896; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31205896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31205896]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31205896; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31205896']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31205896, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d907aab0f258667534444da06179a6a3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31205896]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31205896,"title":"The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach, we identified 193 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed (SDE) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30 and 40% CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 h a day. The differential expression of metabolites also varied with the different feeding groups. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on carnitine synthesis and the carnitine shuttle pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and methion-ine metabolism. S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs). In addition, metabolites which showed a graded effect, such as ceramide, S1P, taurocholic acid and L-carnitine, responded in the opposite direction to previously observed age-related changes. We suggest that the modulation of this set of metabolites may improve liver processes involved in energy release from fatty acids. S1P also negatively correlated with catalase activity and body temperature , and positively correlated with food anticipatory activity. Injecting mice with S1P or an S1P receptor 1 agonist did not precipitate changes in body temperature, physical activity or food intake suggesting that these correlations were not causal relationships."},"translated_abstract":"Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach, we identified 193 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed (SDE) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30 and 40% CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 h a day. The differential expression of metabolites also varied with the different feeding groups. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on carnitine synthesis and the carnitine shuttle pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and methion-ine metabolism. S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs). In addition, metabolites which showed a graded effect, such as ceramide, S1P, taurocholic acid and L-carnitine, responded in the opposite direction to previously observed age-related changes. We suggest that the modulation of this set of metabolites may improve liver processes involved in energy release from fatty acids. S1P also negatively correlated with catalase activity and body temperature , and positively correlated with food anticipatory activity. Injecting mice with S1P or an S1P receptor 1 agonist did not precipitate changes in body temperature, physical activity or food intake suggesting that these correlations were not causal relationships.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31205896/The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie_restriction_IX_Global_metabolomic_screen_reveals_modulation_of_carnitines_sphingolipids_and_bile_acids_in_the_liver_of_C57BL_6_mice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-02-03T09:26:58.702-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":27373218,"work_id":31205896,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":305727,"email":"d***u@abdn.ac.uk","display_order":1,"name":"David Lusseau","title":"The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice"},{"id":27373219,"work_id":31205896,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":172688,"email":"d***u@dal.ca","display_order":2,"name":"David Lusseau","title":"The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice"},{"id":27373220,"work_id":31205896,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":396280,"email":"j***n@genetics.ac.cn","display_order":3,"name":"John Speakman","title":"The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51622701,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51622701/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Green_et_al-2017-Aging_Cell.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51622701/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51622701/Green_et_al-2017-Aging_Cell-libre.pdf?1486142976=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=SkLsTIY9sGO9IrCRT9C17ggoH1XB~7VLpGcuSVE-Mcg6KWz~Pl5uzaCDXOhl-32jti3NAcvL7mtSqZcetf5Na5uLWucqgbEictvVydC~OLR1ILWJzvwv9uFjCu0AdOB~QdphnP7swvaWRRBew-P~NJUT4h2juppgotMv-xKMksZlkjb~6l-T3WoXdPqzBEv126bDumQtB-IXE2q12mIlVf09OFaA5CTlU6BNGnXKL4Ttfhjlv8Ob58GiAEXLIS~gLCox0DIxVEfEbiA7SBNChTqjJogQJWUPQjENZnrTx6BC8V6ZzUa-yVk0SfPVR~P5jFeu1DdCeUjAhU-Gho2JDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie_restriction_IX_Global_metabolomic_screen_reveals_modulation_of_carnitines_sphingolipids_and_bile_acids_in_the_liver_of_C57BL_6_mice","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach, we identified 193 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed (SDE) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30 and 40% CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 h a day. The differential expression of metabolites also varied with the different feeding groups. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on carnitine synthesis and the carnitine shuttle pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and methion-ine metabolism. S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs). In addition, metabolites which showed a graded effect, such as ceramide, S1P, taurocholic acid and L-carnitine, responded in the opposite direction to previously observed age-related changes. We suggest that the modulation of this set of metabolites may improve liver processes involved in energy release from fatty acids. S1P also negatively correlated with catalase activity and body temperature , and positively correlated with food anticipatory activity. Injecting mice with S1P or an S1P receptor 1 agonist did not precipitate changes in body temperature, physical activity or food intake suggesting that these correlations were not causal relationships.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":51622701,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51622701/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Green_et_al-2017-Aging_Cell.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51622701/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51622701/Green_et_al-2017-Aging_Cell-libre.pdf?1486142976=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=SkLsTIY9sGO9IrCRT9C17ggoH1XB~7VLpGcuSVE-Mcg6KWz~Pl5uzaCDXOhl-32jti3NAcvL7mtSqZcetf5Na5uLWucqgbEictvVydC~OLR1ILWJzvwv9uFjCu0AdOB~QdphnP7swvaWRRBew-P~NJUT4h2juppgotMv-xKMksZlkjb~6l-T3WoXdPqzBEv126bDumQtB-IXE2q12mIlVf09OFaA5CTlU6BNGnXKL4Ttfhjlv8Ob58GiAEXLIS~gLCox0DIxVEfEbiA7SBNChTqjJogQJWUPQjENZnrTx6BC8V6ZzUa-yVk0SfPVR~P5jFeu1DdCeUjAhU-Gho2JDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics"},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria"},{"id":24107,"name":"Ageing and Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ageing_and_Health"},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver"},{"id":150435,"name":"Metabonomics/Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabonomics_Metabolomics"},{"id":229636,"name":"Sphingolipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sphingolipids"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27650636"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27650636/Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_aging_in_a_mouse_model_of_tau_deposition_disease_Tauopathy_Tau_protein_Metabolism_Basal_metabolic_rate_Locomotor_activity_Energy_expenditure_Tg4510_Mice_Transgenic_Body_weight_gain_Food_intake"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Metabolic changes over the course of aging in a mouse model of tau deposition disease Tauopathy Tau protein Metabolism Basal metabolic rate Locomotor activity Energy expenditure Tg4510 Mice Transgenic Body weight gain Food intake" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47916197/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27650636/Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_aging_in_a_mouse_model_of_tau_deposition_disease_Tauopathy_Tau_protein_Metabolism_Basal_metabolic_rate_Locomotor_activity_Energy_expenditure_Tg4510_Mice_Transgenic_Body_weight_gain_Food_intake">Metabolic changes over the course of aging in a mouse model of tau deposition disease Tauopathy Tau protein Metabolism Basal metabolic rate Locomotor activity Energy expenditure Tg4510 Mice Transgenic Body weight gain Food intake</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice over-expressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b8ce603cbc2268b303e6e8ab75a66ae8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47916197,"asset_id":27650636,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47916197/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27650636"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27650636"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27650636; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27650636]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27650636]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27650636; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27650636']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27650636, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b8ce603cbc2268b303e6e8ab75a66ae8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27650636]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27650636,"title":"Metabolic changes over the course of aging in a mouse model of tau deposition disease Tauopathy Tau protein Metabolism Basal metabolic rate Locomotor activity Energy expenditure Tg4510 Mice Transgenic Body weight gain Food intake","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice over-expressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease."},"translated_abstract":"Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice over-expressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27650636/Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_aging_in_a_mouse_model_of_tau_deposition_disease_Tauopathy_Tau_protein_Metabolism_Basal_metabolic_rate_Locomotor_activity_Energy_expenditure_Tg4510_Mice_Transgenic_Body_weight_gain_Food_intake","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-08-09T07:52:15.827-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47916197,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47916197/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"461.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47916197/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_agi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47916197/461-libre.pdf?1470754630=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMetabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_agi.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=HhomJaBxCpQgfuvdsYHMge6DvC61XODYyE31cETvKYWitcwpgIHVVM9LXBTPbtp6uwQL~u6KNcbSJx3SUKi6Yt-6jLbdsfHGD-wgWsm3aHjaKCB995WA2tgZGYmHoTpmdsKQcMDVdbSKLD7OCA1zqvR532EQnHuUIE4Kw6LxwiZCkg7TDwX9VV~-RoPzXyu4YRByfQOpcUNjFe9bWWcvopiby~EB8nifwLwQk7JlPO7Loj9HesBrkpN-BGgjNkSmbl4OrQ07kYFEWbZ31UlWEofOdQZIHZGAZPM9ksV-nUkKeHC5TRoOOcGOJ9m4fT59LOTSyYb7VUw8x1EaSw8fFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_aging_in_a_mouse_model_of_tau_deposition_disease_Tauopathy_Tau_protein_Metabolism_Basal_metabolic_rate_Locomotor_activity_Energy_expenditure_Tg4510_Mice_Transgenic_Body_weight_gain_Food_intake","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice over-expressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":47916197,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47916197/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"461.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47916197/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_agi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47916197/461-libre.pdf?1470754630=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMetabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_agi.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=HhomJaBxCpQgfuvdsYHMge6DvC61XODYyE31cETvKYWitcwpgIHVVM9LXBTPbtp6uwQL~u6KNcbSJx3SUKi6Yt-6jLbdsfHGD-wgWsm3aHjaKCB995WA2tgZGYmHoTpmdsKQcMDVdbSKLD7OCA1zqvR532EQnHuUIE4Kw6LxwiZCkg7TDwX9VV~-RoPzXyu4YRByfQOpcUNjFe9bWWcvopiby~EB8nifwLwQk7JlPO7Loj9HesBrkpN-BGgjNkSmbl4OrQ07kYFEWbZ31UlWEofOdQZIHZGAZPM9ksV-nUkKeHC5TRoOOcGOJ9m4fT59LOTSyYb7VUw8x1EaSw8fFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism"},{"id":3776,"name":"Alzheimer's Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alzheimers_Disease"},{"id":4241,"name":"Parkinson's Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parkinsons_Disease"},{"id":23517,"name":"Neurodegenerative Disoders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Disoders"},{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases"},{"id":361229,"name":"Alzheimer Dementia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alzheimer_Dementia"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="788049" id="papers"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49505618"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49505618/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67842705/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49505618/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice">Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cell metabolism</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause<br />adiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting<br />the expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated<br />hunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not<br />increased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein<br />diet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1<br />significantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not<br />observed with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased<br />food intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="0432e0ce4e0972126ebc29a34a17e7dd" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67842705,"asset_id":49505618,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67842705/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49505618"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49505618"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49505618; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49505618]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49505618]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49505618; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49505618']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49505618, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "0432e0ce4e0972126ebc29a34a17e7dd" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49505618]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49505618,"title":"Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.017","abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Cell metabolism"},"translated_abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49505618/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-07-01T23:53:21.923-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36664967,"work_id":49505618,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":396280,"email":"j***n@genetics.ac.cn","display_order":1,"name":"John Speakman","title":"Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67842705,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67842705/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67842705/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67842705/575-libre.pdf?1625210717=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVery_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144150\u0026Signature=OxvDxAeTzNZhGrG9WN8UilsJ8tA9tkU2IbcX2PdQshU~9-x7uUOR7O0cKNQ-KUU8zoVj82zE8Vqn4STR9-FAOtJOZuf5ltNd8R4BgatDy~aiVDzYpFkMBt5Nk~rztiuZcSrAdWnRF9dDD27qDGULsygYLliH3bKX-jOa0~bNJ5wsV-4SFaibELcb3HdbbrsI9IFqP8m6gVItW~~pDgxL0HlWgmzMQUbRuIGbCBYk2QyaQtijYJK1bulA32jsePflKTV0hPhoJ1E6L2BvF4h13modWpzFNrPjg4iv6VnUCnHp~JTofyspRFQqu9~3EPgGW1U-o6lRkf9otta6haqAeA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":67842705,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67842705/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67842705/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MCw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67842705/575-libre.pdf?1625210717=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVery_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144150\u0026Signature=OxvDxAeTzNZhGrG9WN8UilsJ8tA9tkU2IbcX2PdQshU~9-x7uUOR7O0cKNQ-KUU8zoVj82zE8Vqn4STR9-FAOtJOZuf5ltNd8R4BgatDy~aiVDzYpFkMBt5Nk~rztiuZcSrAdWnRF9dDD27qDGULsygYLliH3bKX-jOa0~bNJ5wsV-4SFaibELcb3HdbbrsI9IFqP8m6gVItW~~pDgxL0HlWgmzMQUbRuIGbCBYk2QyaQtijYJK1bulA32jsePflKTV0hPhoJ1E6L2BvF4h13modWpzFNrPjg4iv6VnUCnHp~JTofyspRFQqu9~3EPgGW1U-o6lRkf9otta6haqAeA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition"},{"id":22272,"name":"Neurophysiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurophysiology"},{"id":36213,"name":"Energy Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Metabolism"},{"id":52489,"name":"Adipose tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adipose_tissue"},{"id":60842,"name":"Appetite","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Appetite"},{"id":95704,"name":"Hypothalamus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Hypothalamus"},{"id":186791,"name":"Overweight and Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Overweight_and_Obesity"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight"},{"id":585086,"name":"Body Fat","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Fat"},{"id":1035361,"name":"mTOR signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mTOR_signaling"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="49227483"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/49227483/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67611456/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/49227483/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice">Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cell Metabolism</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause<br />adiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting<br />the expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated<br />hunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not<br />increased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein<br />diet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1<br />significantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not<br />observed with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased<br />food intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1bd8cb503eabd066e4cc1a7a021fa702" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67611456,"asset_id":49227483,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67611456/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="49227483"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="49227483"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49227483; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49227483]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=49227483]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 49227483; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='49227483']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 49227483, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1bd8cb503eabd066e4cc1a7a021fa702" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=49227483]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":49227483,"title":"Very-low-protein diets lead to reduced food intake and weight loss, linked to inhibition of hypothalamic mTOR signaling, in mice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.017","abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Cell Metabolism"},"translated_abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/49227483/Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-06-13T00:52:32.989-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67611456,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67611456/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67611456/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67611456/575-libre.pdf?1623570908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVery_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=TgcdAIocAnsuAtu-zTNxN2va5LuXByKfipB~5Kj~k4nEY3guCBRq8rZTUSVqijgYrShd2D2jVGr1swzHOOHdrKouUSuG2ZlisOtJoheBRpxid16o2SjVQJpMHjl7rkUWS0HjrERkTYJgSHwmwyXIhYgbXS3x~H5Zkwk8Gevs-7~Er7z3Ng32H7~Um0QLozNqp3eB930e1U4U4QbkW3TQNijC9xLcnGzFDHqfl8OmWTwpHZzCieQtvEVxiFNIhxlYM1ZOmLlgSkw-~X2dFWZZ7NI3wl6J0xQzUyFU~FMFNnIo1XsZhxvOtBVI8RkeJmUWcVWPlQDVeM6SkE4Ht--aMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_food_intake_and_weight_loss_linked_to_inhibition_of_hypothalamic_mTOR_signaling_in_mice","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":67611456,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67611456/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67611456/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Very_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67611456/575-libre.pdf?1623570908=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DVery_low_protein_diets_lead_to_reduced_f.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=TgcdAIocAnsuAtu-zTNxN2va5LuXByKfipB~5Kj~k4nEY3guCBRq8rZTUSVqijgYrShd2D2jVGr1swzHOOHdrKouUSuG2ZlisOtJoheBRpxid16o2SjVQJpMHjl7rkUWS0HjrERkTYJgSHwmwyXIhYgbXS3x~H5Zkwk8Gevs-7~Er7z3Ng32H7~Um0QLozNqp3eB930e1U4U4QbkW3TQNijC9xLcnGzFDHqfl8OmWTwpHZzCieQtvEVxiFNIhxlYM1ZOmLlgSkw-~X2dFWZZ7NI3wl6J0xQzUyFU~FMFNnIo1XsZhxvOtBVI8RkeJmUWcVWPlQDVeM6SkE4Ht--aMA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy"},{"id":10456,"name":"Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein"},{"id":61230,"name":"Dietary Restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Dietary_Restriction"},{"id":89805,"name":"Weight Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Loss"},{"id":186791,"name":"Overweight and Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Overweight_and_Obesity"},{"id":241044,"name":"Food intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_intake"},{"id":1035361,"name":"mTOR signaling","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/mTOR_signaling"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="48914343"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/48914343/575_pdf"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of 575.pdf" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319084/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/48914343/575_pdf">575.pdf</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Cell metabolism</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake a...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause<br />adiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting<br />the expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated<br />hunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not<br />increased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein<br />diet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1<br />significantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not<br />observed with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased<br />food intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="2d6d1d0bbdf1ce43f514b7f68cdd3c19" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67319084,"asset_id":48914343,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319084/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48914343"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48914343"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48914343; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48914343]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48914343]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48914343; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48914343']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48914343, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "2d6d1d0bbdf1ce43f514b7f68cdd3c19" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48914343]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48914343,"title":"575.pdf","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.cmet.2021.01.017","abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Cell metabolism"},"translated_abstract":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48914343/575_pdf","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-05-14T00:19:06.548-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67319084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319084/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"575_pdf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67319084/575-libre.pdf?1620979936=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D575_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KDVO5ltZ3QhXfPHeImXCfKaoZZz3ByhvSPP4P1GIFHdQZ5rx48kDXmQ3eDa1BXBjDetEWhMgkEL-Fc2kjpR5mTlvykT-22OJCABeTKL1T-Q6vyWT41INHMCYRClEVRzwHF6awTpnyWTJTFB0O9eBe1TOsAozewy1dgo~1hwE~jW-yk0Cmp0vZY9V0upMTXJw2qRtFD7W7djf5RQlRxZcxTh4NSAg9IgKQ2GRKLiaHAz5Fhu7s~WpW6AKw66kxa8j9-CFVUjF2UpMp4hkxtcvczEFNOrvqLLR5YoK0wCSZ~1szwpt4uYW6sxFpVT1x7Q4l10j38UnDcMis6Fa~9eiKg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"575_pdf","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The protein leverage hypothesis predicts that low dietary protein should increase energy intake and cause\nadiposity.Wedesigned10 diets varying from1%to 20%protein combinedwith either 60%or 20%fat, contrasting\nthe expectation that very lowprotein did not cause increased foodintake. Althoughthese mice had activated\nhunger signaling, they ate less food, resulting in decreasedbodyweight and improved glucose tolerance but not\nincreased frailty, even under 60%fat.Moreover, they did not showhyperphagia when returned to a 20%protein\ndiet, which could be mimicked by treatment with rapamycin. Intracerebroventricular injection of AAV-S6K1\nsignificantly blunted the decrease in both food intake and body weight in mice fed 1% protein, an effect not\nobserved with inhibition of eIF2a, TRPML1, and Fgf21 signaling. Hence, the1%protein diet induced decreased\nfood intake and body weight via a mechanism partially dependent on hypothalamic mTOR signaling.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":67319084,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319084/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"575.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319084/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"575_pdf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67319084/575-libre.pdf?1620979936=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3D575_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KDVO5ltZ3QhXfPHeImXCfKaoZZz3ByhvSPP4P1GIFHdQZ5rx48kDXmQ3eDa1BXBjDetEWhMgkEL-Fc2kjpR5mTlvykT-22OJCABeTKL1T-Q6vyWT41INHMCYRClEVRzwHF6awTpnyWTJTFB0O9eBe1TOsAozewy1dgo~1hwE~jW-yk0Cmp0vZY9V0upMTXJw2qRtFD7W7djf5RQlRxZcxTh4NSAg9IgKQ2GRKLiaHAz5Fhu7s~WpW6AKw66kxa8j9-CFVUjF2UpMp4hkxtcvczEFNOrvqLLR5YoK0wCSZ~1szwpt4uYW6sxFpVT1x7Q4l10j38UnDcMis6Fa~9eiKg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":161,"name":"Neuroscience","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neuroscience"},{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":1040,"name":"Food Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science"},{"id":1517,"name":"Exercise Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_Physiology"},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition"},{"id":10456,"name":"Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein"},{"id":52489,"name":"Adipose tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Adipose_tissue"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="48914321"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/48914321/Science_Magazine"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Science Magazine" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319041/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/48914321/Science_Magazine">Science Magazine</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Science</span><span>, 2021</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">this is a perspective article on the shortcomings of the carbohydrate-insulin model</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8d8cb2fd1aec72c694016b348b81fff5" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":67319041,"asset_id":48914321,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319041/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="48914321"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="48914321"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48914321; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48914321]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=48914321]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 48914321; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='48914321']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 48914321, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8d8cb2fd1aec72c694016b348b81fff5" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=48914321]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":48914321,"title":"Science Magazine","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1126/science.aav0448","abstract":"this is a perspective article on the shortcomings of the carbohydrate-insulin model","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2021,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Science"},"translated_abstract":"this is a perspective article on the shortcomings of the carbohydrate-insulin model","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/48914321/Science_Magazine","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2021-05-14T00:13:27.194-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":36529612,"work_id":48914321,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":347384,"email":"k***h@niddk.nih.gov","display_order":2,"name":"Kevin Hall","title":"Science Magazine"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":67319041,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319041/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"science_perspective.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319041/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Science_Magazine.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67319041/science_perspective-libre.pdf?1620979940=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScience_Magazine.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=MHhxxIcWNaYgrucJf4h58Em4Nv0Rb61E4wD74SQy2DrLM-1XtFO8~szoaaGzGg8M4cqXVAGBX4-sr6LYvES3GgFofm1No2aYCDLKtS8ipJwSoxRf5w8Q0jBT8zgOEsxwHQ1yFbjrrkK6RadgXZ9q2i4HMJ9p2DmQM8EcrxG~MiTGC-rm5B3cEK5REmSISXkSJFXQ4BG6tiZ7p2ffkVU3NXnSWfAnmncC-dpGKr5Y4VV-mbiplOcr3k-XCzzUj0nkbdX1DSRvrMtWCjCVMapYy9BID6CZD~V97Fk6lo0RDNJ4C6pEoKb9UZLzfRSUR8tnE6tadSdZEWcJsqe~8Cg1YA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Science_Magazine","translated_slug":"","page_count":3,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"this is a perspective article on the shortcomings of the carbohydrate-insulin model","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":67319041,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/67319041/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"science_perspective.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/67319041/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Science_Magazine.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/67319041/science_perspective-libre.pdf?1620979940=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DScience_Magazine.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=MHhxxIcWNaYgrucJf4h58Em4Nv0Rb61E4wD74SQy2DrLM-1XtFO8~szoaaGzGg8M4cqXVAGBX4-sr6LYvES3GgFofm1No2aYCDLKtS8ipJwSoxRf5w8Q0jBT8zgOEsxwHQ1yFbjrrkK6RadgXZ9q2i4HMJ9p2DmQM8EcrxG~MiTGC-rm5B3cEK5REmSISXkSJFXQ4BG6tiZ7p2ffkVU3NXnSWfAnmncC-dpGKr5Y4VV-mbiplOcr3k-XCzzUj0nkbdX1DSRvrMtWCjCVMapYy9BID6CZD~V97Fk6lo0RDNJ4C6pEoKb9UZLzfRSUR8tnE6tadSdZEWcJsqe~8Cg1YA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1040,"name":"Food Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_Science"},{"id":1907,"name":"Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition"},{"id":10221,"name":"Food and Nutrition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_and_Nutrition"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40407308"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407308/Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Restriction_Induced_Weight_and_Fat_Loss_in_Outbred_Mice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Partitioning the Variance in Calorie Restriction-Induced Weight and Fat Loss in Outbred Mice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660987/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407308/Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Restriction_Induced_Weight_and_Fat_Loss_in_Outbred_Mice">Partitioning the Variance in Calorie Restriction-Induced Weight and Fat Loss in Outbred Mice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Obesity</span><span>, 2016</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in cal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss is necessary to combat the current obesity epidemic. This study investigated the partitioning of the phenotypic variation in CR-induced wight loss. Methods: Two generations of male and female outbred MF1 mice raised by their biological mother or a foster mother were studied. Mice were exposed to 4 weeks of 30% CR when 6 months old. Results: Heritability was estimated at 0.43 6 0.12 for CR-induced changes in body mass and 0.24 6 0.10 for fat mass using mid-parent-offspring regressions. No significant relationships between weight loss in fathers or foster mothers and offspring were observed. Partitioning of phenotypic variance in weight loss using maximum likelihood modeling indicated 19 6 17% of the variation could be attributed to additive genetic effects, 8 6 14% to maternal effects during pregnancy, and <1% to maternal effects during lacta-tion. A narrow-sense heritability around 0.50 was observed for ad libitum food intake and general activity. Conclusions: A large part of individual variation in CR-induced weight loss could be attributed to additive genetic and maternal effects during pregnancy, but not to maternal effects in lactation. Genetic differences in food intake and general activity may play a role in determining these effects.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="8346d442510184d7fefb01b9a3d9de95" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60660987,"asset_id":40407308,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660987/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40407308"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40407308"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407308; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407308]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407308]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407308; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40407308']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40407308, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "8346d442510184d7fefb01b9a3d9de95" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40407308]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40407308,"title":"Partitioning the Variance in Calorie Restriction-Induced Weight and Fat Loss in Outbred Mice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss is necessary to combat the current obesity epidemic. This study investigated the partitioning of the phenotypic variation in CR-induced wight loss. Methods: Two generations of male and female outbred MF1 mice raised by their biological mother or a foster mother were studied. Mice were exposed to 4 weeks of 30% CR when 6 months old. Results: Heritability was estimated at 0.43 6 0.12 for CR-induced changes in body mass and 0.24 6 0.10 for fat mass using mid-parent-offspring regressions. No significant relationships between weight loss in fathers or foster mothers and offspring were observed. Partitioning of phenotypic variance in weight loss using maximum likelihood modeling indicated 19 6 17% of the variation could be attributed to additive genetic effects, 8 6 14% to maternal effects during pregnancy, and \u003c1% to maternal effects during lacta-tion. A narrow-sense heritability around 0.50 was observed for ad libitum food intake and general activity. Conclusions: A large part of individual variation in CR-induced weight loss could be attributed to additive genetic and maternal effects during pregnancy, but not to maternal effects in lactation. Genetic differences in food intake and general activity may play a role in determining these effects.","ai_title_tag":"Genetic and Maternal Influences on Weight Loss in Mice","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2016,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Obesity"},"translated_abstract":"Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss is necessary to combat the current obesity epidemic. This study investigated the partitioning of the phenotypic variation in CR-induced wight loss. Methods: Two generations of male and female outbred MF1 mice raised by their biological mother or a foster mother were studied. Mice were exposed to 4 weeks of 30% CR when 6 months old. Results: Heritability was estimated at 0.43 6 0.12 for CR-induced changes in body mass and 0.24 6 0.10 for fat mass using mid-parent-offspring regressions. No significant relationships between weight loss in fathers or foster mothers and offspring were observed. Partitioning of phenotypic variance in weight loss using maximum likelihood modeling indicated 19 6 17% of the variation could be attributed to additive genetic effects, 8 6 14% to maternal effects during pregnancy, and \u003c1% to maternal effects during lacta-tion. A narrow-sense heritability around 0.50 was observed for ad libitum food intake and general activity. Conclusions: A large part of individual variation in CR-induced weight loss could be attributed to additive genetic and maternal effects during pregnancy, but not to maternal effects in lactation. Genetic differences in food intake and general activity may play a role in determining these effects.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40407308/Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Restriction_Induced_Weight_and_Fat_Loss_in_Outbred_Mice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-21T03:09:29.214-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60660987,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660987/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"465Partitioning_the_variance_in_calorie_restriction_induced_weight_and_fat_loss_in_outbred_mice20190921-47853-1biqwcp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660987/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Res.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660987/465Partitioning_the_variance_in_calorie_restriction_induced_weight_and_fat_loss_in_outbred_mice20190921-47853-1biqwcp-libre.pdf?1569060995=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPartitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Res.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=AuHPCicUzvO2l27aROezC1Ojjwl16KoBpLUOm4V8MfDl9AI5OARnnrWu0jIvMDxLi5~ixhmYeSjzjgrhWpeFR5uAZD6WXe2rqOvQvbv3HUMR0BFfdFDgP25FSfFVd45-Y72xESxp0UXMO-WnqXyqWJgo2co3i7Ac~yIhgwIGb9u4lIxemmj6cTv0L9W~Nzswc8mNjUdulRTaVXJ671RCPm3cW0fS6-SWPf6lkEe-WHCRIL-7~3a2EDAw0mTVYwDtWn4LCOIgj64mCmwYHyYVHnmZb9uaDws7G92OCjpIpxBDOxa5-kEZkUu8buTJz-Ii9zeAS7f69rJBE22oJfQwZg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Restriction_Induced_Weight_and_Fat_Loss_in_Outbred_Mice","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Objective: An increased understanding of the factors influencing interindividual variation in calorie restriction (CR)-induced weight loss is necessary to combat the current obesity epidemic. This study investigated the partitioning of the phenotypic variation in CR-induced wight loss. Methods: Two generations of male and female outbred MF1 mice raised by their biological mother or a foster mother were studied. Mice were exposed to 4 weeks of 30% CR when 6 months old. Results: Heritability was estimated at 0.43 6 0.12 for CR-induced changes in body mass and 0.24 6 0.10 for fat mass using mid-parent-offspring regressions. No significant relationships between weight loss in fathers or foster mothers and offspring were observed. Partitioning of phenotypic variance in weight loss using maximum likelihood modeling indicated 19 6 17% of the variation could be attributed to additive genetic effects, 8 6 14% to maternal effects during pregnancy, and \u003c1% to maternal effects during lacta-tion. A narrow-sense heritability around 0.50 was observed for ad libitum food intake and general activity. Conclusions: A large part of individual variation in CR-induced weight loss could be attributed to additive genetic and maternal effects during pregnancy, but not to maternal effects in lactation. Genetic differences in food intake and general activity may play a role in determining these effects.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60660987,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660987/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"465Partitioning_the_variance_in_calorie_restriction_induced_weight_and_fat_loss_in_outbred_mice20190921-47853-1biqwcp.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660987/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Partitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Res.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660987/465Partitioning_the_variance_in_calorie_restriction_induced_weight_and_fat_loss_in_outbred_mice20190921-47853-1biqwcp-libre.pdf?1569060995=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DPartitioning_the_Variance_in_Calorie_Res.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=AuHPCicUzvO2l27aROezC1Ojjwl16KoBpLUOm4V8MfDl9AI5OARnnrWu0jIvMDxLi5~ixhmYeSjzjgrhWpeFR5uAZD6WXe2rqOvQvbv3HUMR0BFfdFDgP25FSfFVd45-Y72xESxp0UXMO-WnqXyqWJgo2co3i7Ac~yIhgwIGb9u4lIxemmj6cTv0L9W~Nzswc8mNjUdulRTaVXJ671RCPm3cW0fS6-SWPf6lkEe-WHCRIL-7~3a2EDAw0mTVYwDtWn4LCOIgj64mCmwYHyYVHnmZb9uaDws7G92OCjpIpxBDOxa5-kEZkUu8buTJz-Ii9zeAS7f69rJBE22oJfQwZg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging"},{"id":26399,"name":"Aging \u0026 the life course","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging_and_the_life_course"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting"},{"id":81805,"name":"Calorie restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Calorie_restriction"},{"id":89805,"name":"Weight Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Loss"},{"id":95689,"name":"Healthy Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Healthy_Aging"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"},{"id":186791,"name":"Overweight and Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Overweight_and_Obesity"},{"id":564878,"name":"Body Weight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight"},{"id":766081,"name":"Caloric Restriction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Caloric_Restriction"},{"id":1139147,"name":"Body Weight Regulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Weight_Regulation"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40407287"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407287/Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucose_homeostasis_lipid_profiles_and_body_composition_composition"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660965/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407287/Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucose_homeostasis_lipid_profiles_and_body_composition_composition">Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>European Journal of Clinical Nutrition</span><span>, 2018</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic ch...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic changes, but these have not been well studied. We aimed to determine food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition before, during, and after Ramadan fasting. Methods 160 healthy men were enrolled and investigated at three times (before, at the end of, and 1 month after Ramadan). Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and insulin level. Insulin resistance (IR) was identified by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of peripheral IR. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire before and during Ramadan. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and P < 0.05 considered the level of significance. Results Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage (BFP) as well as FBS and circulating triglycerides were all decreased significantly at the end of Ramadan compared with the same indices measured prior to Ramadan (all P < 0.001). In contrast, at the end of Ramadan, HOMA-IR was significantly elevated (P < 0.001). One month after Ramadan, these traits had all started to return to their pre-Ramadan levels, but were still disrupted. Food intake of all food groups except carbohydrates were decreased during Ramadan. Conclusion Ramadan fasting may lead to both positive and negative health effects such as a decrease in FBS, weight, BFP, and increase in LDL and IR in healthy adults. However, these effects were all transitory.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="fcf175dfbf884aa60726e7c6d8db5736" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60660965,"asset_id":40407287,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660965/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40407287"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40407287"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407287; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407287]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407287]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407287; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40407287']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40407287, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "fcf175dfbf884aa60726e7c6d8db5736" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40407287]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40407287,"title":"Effects of Ramadan on food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles and body composition composition","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic changes, but these have not been well studied. We aimed to determine food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition before, during, and after Ramadan fasting. Methods 160 healthy men were enrolled and investigated at three times (before, at the end of, and 1 month after Ramadan). Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and insulin level. Insulin resistance (IR) was identified by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of peripheral IR. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire before and during Ramadan. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and P \u003c 0.05 considered the level of significance. Results Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage (BFP) as well as FBS and circulating triglycerides were all decreased significantly at the end of Ramadan compared with the same indices measured prior to Ramadan (all P \u003c 0.001). In contrast, at the end of Ramadan, HOMA-IR was significantly elevated (P \u003c 0.001). One month after Ramadan, these traits had all started to return to their pre-Ramadan levels, but were still disrupted. Food intake of all food groups except carbohydrates were decreased during Ramadan. Conclusion Ramadan fasting may lead to both positive and negative health effects such as a decrease in FBS, weight, BFP, and increase in LDL and IR in healthy adults. However, these effects were all transitory.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2018,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"European Journal of Clinical Nutrition"},"translated_abstract":"Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic changes, but these have not been well studied. We aimed to determine food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition before, during, and after Ramadan fasting. Methods 160 healthy men were enrolled and investigated at three times (before, at the end of, and 1 month after Ramadan). Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and insulin level. Insulin resistance (IR) was identified by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of peripheral IR. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire before and during Ramadan. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and P \u003c 0.05 considered the level of significance. Results Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage (BFP) as well as FBS and circulating triglycerides were all decreased significantly at the end of Ramadan compared with the same indices measured prior to Ramadan (all P \u003c 0.001). In contrast, at the end of Ramadan, HOMA-IR was significantly elevated (P \u003c 0.001). One month after Ramadan, these traits had all started to return to their pre-Ramadan levels, but were still disrupted. Food intake of all food groups except carbohydrates were decreased during Ramadan. Conclusion Ramadan fasting may lead to both positive and negative health effects such as a decrease in FBS, weight, BFP, and increase in LDL and IR in healthy adults. However, these effects were all transitory.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40407287/Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucose_homeostasis_lipid_profiles_and_body_composition_composition","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-21T03:06:54.652-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60660965,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660965/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"512Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake__glucose_homeostasis__lipid_profiles_and_body_composition20190921-38908-1cqm35t.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660965/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucos.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660965/512Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake__glucose_homeostasis__lipid_profiles_and_body_composition20190921-38908-1cqm35t-libre.pdf?1569060734=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucos.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=YlEhmDMo1FiVAOYKnBkfppFqVJJ-kAKZeNqHkRm06bBxZTHWUqgUfd7ig0JA80QVBZu-xvJasy5lyRYWK13YkqqkymReutJWIYbqsjmW32GBfNg6r0IbL8nRWM6EDMCt9EPOgtFFF0vld-OGSnh-3VOKfVw8hO0FaNLkw-VUYiLt3VdCKOE7hNTRzCJ0hG8ivb-4abKa~ONTC2dRhilK7tbgExiB66~xi7Z-3bnEJ01ZDxCzYtCFA7NaHMz5cTgJu~EW60KYKkodsl8DEs766~OHQPM6pj3SEtVJyuuJ5bQihWfpIbRB1u6p4soh6rgmQ5V8NZYCsL~Js44Cj-rxvA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucose_homeostasis_lipid_profiles_and_body_composition_composition","translated_slug":"","page_count":7,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background/Objectives: Changes in food consumption patterns during Ramadan may cause metabolic changes, but these have not been well studied. We aimed to determine food intake, glucose homeostasis, lipid profiles, and body composition before, during, and after Ramadan fasting. Methods 160 healthy men were enrolled and investigated at three times (before, at the end of, and 1 month after Ramadan). Body composition was estimated by bio-impedance. Fasting blood samples were obtained for measuring fasting blood sugar (FBS), lipid profiles and insulin level. Insulin resistance (IR) was identified by the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) of peripheral IR. Food intake was measured using a validated food frequency questionnaire before and during Ramadan. Statistical analysis was performed by SPSS 16 and P \u003c 0.05 considered the level of significance. Results Anthropometric parameters such as body weight, body mass index, and body fat percentage (BFP) as well as FBS and circulating triglycerides were all decreased significantly at the end of Ramadan compared with the same indices measured prior to Ramadan (all P \u003c 0.001). In contrast, at the end of Ramadan, HOMA-IR was significantly elevated (P \u003c 0.001). One month after Ramadan, these traits had all started to return to their pre-Ramadan levels, but were still disrupted. Food intake of all food groups except carbohydrates were decreased during Ramadan. Conclusion Ramadan fasting may lead to both positive and negative health effects such as a decrease in FBS, weight, BFP, and increase in LDL and IR in healthy adults. However, these effects were all transitory.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60660965,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660965/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"512Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake__glucose_homeostasis__lipid_profiles_and_body_composition20190921-38908-1cqm35t.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660965/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucos.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660965/512Effects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake__glucose_homeostasis__lipid_profiles_and_body_composition20190921-38908-1cqm35t-libre.pdf?1569060734=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEffects_of_Ramadan_on_food_intake_glucos.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=YlEhmDMo1FiVAOYKnBkfppFqVJJ-kAKZeNqHkRm06bBxZTHWUqgUfd7ig0JA80QVBZu-xvJasy5lyRYWK13YkqqkymReutJWIYbqsjmW32GBfNg6r0IbL8nRWM6EDMCt9EPOgtFFF0vld-OGSnh-3VOKfVw8hO0FaNLkw-VUYiLt3VdCKOE7hNTRzCJ0hG8ivb-4abKa~ONTC2dRhilK7tbgExiB66~xi7Z-3bnEJ01ZDxCzYtCFA7NaHMz5cTgJu~EW60KYKkodsl8DEs766~OHQPM6pj3SEtVJyuuJ5bQihWfpIbRB1u6p4soh6rgmQ5V8NZYCsL~Js44Cj-rxvA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":5412,"name":"Energy","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy"},{"id":63762,"name":"Ramadan","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ramadan"},{"id":71459,"name":"Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fasting"},{"id":426093,"name":"Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Clinical_Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":1888725,"name":"Intermittent Fasting","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Intermittent_Fasting"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40407248"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407248/Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic_Associated_Diarrhea_in_Adults_18_64_Years_but_Not_the_Elderly_65_Years"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18–64 Years) but Not the Elderly (>65 Years" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660925/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40407248/Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic_Associated_Diarrhea_in_Adults_18_64_Years_but_Not_the_Elderly_65_Years">Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18–64 Years) but Not the Elderly (>65 Years</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common problem in adults and elderly patien...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common problem in adults and elderly patients due to the widespread use of antibiotics in this population. Multiple previous systematic reviews have demonstrated an association between specific probiotics and decrease of AAD, especially in children. As there is no specific analysis concerning the elderly patients, we decided to focus on adults, especially elderly people. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of probiotics in the treatment of AAD in adults (18-64 years old) and elderly subjects (≥65 years old). We identified 436 articles that met the search criteria. Thirty randomized controlled trials met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Results: There was considerable heterogeneity among the trials (P < .001); thus, subgroup analyses were performed. The meta-analysis resulted in a pooled relative risk (RR) of AAD of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.62-0.76) in a fixed effects model and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.71) in a random effects model, as compared with placebo. The positive association between intake of probiotic and reduced risk of AAD was observed in adults (RR, 0.47; 95% CI: 0.4-0.56). In contrast, in elderly patients, there was no positive effect (RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.76-1.15) of probiotic use and AAD. Conclusion: In summary, the results emerging from our meta-analysis suggested that adjunct probiotic administration is associated with a reduced risk of AAD in adults but not in elderly people. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:502-513)</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="4f8526f9ed2c4c126264cdc8048bd35a" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60660925,"asset_id":40407248,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660925/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40407248"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40407248"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407248; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407248]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40407248]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40407248; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40407248']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40407248, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "4f8526f9ed2c4c126264cdc8048bd35a" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40407248]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40407248,"title":"Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18–64 Years) but Not the Elderly (\u003e65 Years","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1177/0884533616639399","grobid_abstract":"Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common problem in adults and elderly patients due to the widespread use of antibiotics in this population. Multiple previous systematic reviews have demonstrated an association between specific probiotics and decrease of AAD, especially in children. As there is no specific analysis concerning the elderly patients, we decided to focus on adults, especially elderly people. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of probiotics in the treatment of AAD in adults (18-64 years old) and elderly subjects (≥65 years old). We identified 436 articles that met the search criteria. Thirty randomized controlled trials met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Results: There was considerable heterogeneity among the trials (P \u003c .001); thus, subgroup analyses were performed. The meta-analysis resulted in a pooled relative risk (RR) of AAD of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.62-0.76) in a fixed effects model and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.71) in a random effects model, as compared with placebo. The positive association between intake of probiotic and reduced risk of AAD was observed in adults (RR, 0.47; 95% CI: 0.4-0.56). In contrast, in elderly patients, there was no positive effect (RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.76-1.15) of probiotic use and AAD. Conclusion: In summary, the results emerging from our meta-analysis suggested that adjunct probiotic administration is associated with a reduced risk of AAD in adults but not in elderly people. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:502-513)","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":60660925},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40407248/Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic_Associated_Diarrhea_in_Adults_18_64_Years_but_Not_the_Elderly_65_Years","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-21T03:02:40.678-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":33043650,"work_id":40407248,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":127849707,"co_author_invite_id":4682933,"email":"k***n@tums.ac.ir","display_order":1,"name":"Kurosh Djafarian","title":"Probiotics Reduce the Risk of Antibiotic‐Associated Diarrhea in Adults (18–64 Years) but Not the Elderly (\u003e65 Years"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60660925,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660925/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"456__Probiotics_reduce_the_risk_of_antibiotic_associated_diarrhea_in_adults_but_not_in_the_elderly_a_meta_analysis20190921-36846-dv5lbl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660925/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660925/456__Probiotics_reduce_the_risk_of_antibiotic_associated_diarrhea_in_adults_but_not_in_the_elderly_a_meta_analysis20190921-36846-dv5lbl-libre.pdf?1569060728=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DProbiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KT~A9tFa-aym2~GZg4eP3jtrisFtSVz~zZYYOK7a1lRk-b6tl7vxqdbYIksIEo2y7sw5Ym0bAvX1oHp9MdLIGkLhXNvpPm1QFtTPpAQK92KAHOfYdYawUQv4ubfYzApamr7RqnDQQ9UoZtNe5~fUzxAS0PYjldQlV-eHLBcWdxox7nE9dIGkOOZG28pWOGsYg8u76Eg4vDh84O0s9dDnqHlf6-3LDXCzfR66jGvdumK~RAMVkM4MCK1XiCPxheDPj9Trt43mVDuw7E9bAFjYMIzonZ6Af1oi-hX-adwTvYFsynDa-eaQcnBTef8dTkG5Ptn5MmnM10rYR7AmljFW8w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic_Associated_Diarrhea_in_Adults_18_64_Years_but_Not_the_Elderly_65_Years","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Background: Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common problem in adults and elderly patients due to the widespread use of antibiotics in this population. Multiple previous systematic reviews have demonstrated an association between specific probiotics and decrease of AAD, especially in children. As there is no specific analysis concerning the elderly patients, we decided to focus on adults, especially elderly people. Methods: We performed a systematic review of the literature regarding the use of probiotics in the treatment of AAD in adults (18-64 years old) and elderly subjects (≥65 years old). We identified 436 articles that met the search criteria. Thirty randomized controlled trials met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. Results: There was considerable heterogeneity among the trials (P \u003c .001); thus, subgroup analyses were performed. The meta-analysis resulted in a pooled relative risk (RR) of AAD of 0.69 (95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.62-0.76) in a fixed effects model and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.48-0.71) in a random effects model, as compared with placebo. The positive association between intake of probiotic and reduced risk of AAD was observed in adults (RR, 0.47; 95% CI: 0.4-0.56). In contrast, in elderly patients, there was no positive effect (RR, 0.94; 95% CI: 0.76-1.15) of probiotic use and AAD. Conclusion: In summary, the results emerging from our meta-analysis suggested that adjunct probiotic administration is associated with a reduced risk of AAD in adults but not in elderly people. (Nutr Clin Pract. 2016;31:502-513)","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60660925,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60660925/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"456__Probiotics_reduce_the_risk_of_antibiotic_associated_diarrhea_in_adults_but_not_in_the_elderly_a_meta_analysis20190921-36846-dv5lbl.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60660925/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Probiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60660925/456__Probiotics_reduce_the_risk_of_antibiotic_associated_diarrhea_in_adults_but_not_in_the_elderly_a_meta_analysis20190921-36846-dv5lbl-libre.pdf?1569060728=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DProbiotics_Reduce_the_Risk_of_Antibiotic.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KT~A9tFa-aym2~GZg4eP3jtrisFtSVz~zZYYOK7a1lRk-b6tl7vxqdbYIksIEo2y7sw5Ym0bAvX1oHp9MdLIGkLhXNvpPm1QFtTPpAQK92KAHOfYdYawUQv4ubfYzApamr7RqnDQQ9UoZtNe5~fUzxAS0PYjldQlV-eHLBcWdxox7nE9dIGkOOZG28pWOGsYg8u76Eg4vDh84O0s9dDnqHlf6-3LDXCzfR66jGvdumK~RAMVkM4MCK1XiCPxheDPj9Trt43mVDuw7E9bAFjYMIzonZ6Af1oi-hX-adwTvYFsynDa-eaQcnBTef8dTkG5Ptn5MmnM10rYR7AmljFW8w__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":4542,"name":"Probiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probiotics"},{"id":122472,"name":"Probiotics and Prebiotics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Probiotics_and_Prebiotics"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40338213"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40338213/Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_and_glucose_homeostasis_in_C57BL_6J_mice_depends_on_mode_of_ingestion_liquid_or_solid"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Impact of dietary sucrose on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice depends on mode of ingestion: liquid or solid" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60582403/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40338213/Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_and_glucose_homeostasis_in_C57BL_6J_mice_depends_on_mode_of_ingestion_liquid_or_solid">Impact of dietary sucrose on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice depends on mode of ingestion: liquid or solid</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Objective: Although it is widely accepted that obesity results from an imbalance of energy intake...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Objective: Although it is widely accepted that obesity results from an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure, the mechanisms underlying this process and effective strategies for prevention and treatment are unclear. Growing evidence suggests excess consumption of sugar may play an important role, yet we showed previously in mice that consuming up to 30% of calories as sucrose in the diet had no impact on weight regulation. Since in humans consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been widely implicated, we investigated whether the mode of ingestion (solid or liquid) had different impacts on body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Methods: Dietary sucrose was delivered in solid (as part of a standard pelleted rodent chow) and liquid (in drinking water) to C57BL/6 mice for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, energy intake and expenditure were monitored, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Expression of sweet taste receptors on the tongue, and glycogen and fat contents of the liver were also measured. Results: Consumption of sucrose-sweetened water, but not equivalent levels of solid sucrose, led to body fat gain in C57BL/6 mice. Glucose intolerance was positively correlated to body fatness, rather than sucrose intake. Conclusions: Our data support the suggestion that consumption of liquid sucrose may be an important contributor to dysregulation of body weight and related metabolic syndromes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="44b2642cac49aa8d99a7de14f7bb7cd4" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60582403,"asset_id":40338213,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60582403/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40338213"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40338213"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40338213; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40338213]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40338213]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40338213; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40338213']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40338213, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "44b2642cac49aa8d99a7de14f7bb7cd4" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40338213]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40338213,"title":"Impact of dietary sucrose on adiposity and glucose homeostasis in C57BL/6J mice depends on mode of ingestion: liquid or solid","translated_title":"","metadata":{"grobid_abstract":"Objective: Although it is widely accepted that obesity results from an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure, the mechanisms underlying this process and effective strategies for prevention and treatment are unclear. Growing evidence suggests excess consumption of sugar may play an important role, yet we showed previously in mice that consuming up to 30% of calories as sucrose in the diet had no impact on weight regulation. Since in humans consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been widely implicated, we investigated whether the mode of ingestion (solid or liquid) had different impacts on body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Methods: Dietary sucrose was delivered in solid (as part of a standard pelleted rodent chow) and liquid (in drinking water) to C57BL/6 mice for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, energy intake and expenditure were monitored, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Expression of sweet taste receptors on the tongue, and glycogen and fat contents of the liver were also measured. Results: Consumption of sucrose-sweetened water, but not equivalent levels of solid sucrose, led to body fat gain in C57BL/6 mice. Glucose intolerance was positively correlated to body fatness, rather than sucrose intake. Conclusions: Our data support the suggestion that consumption of liquid sucrose may be an important contributor to dysregulation of body weight and related metabolic syndromes.","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":60582403},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40338213/Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_and_glucose_homeostasis_in_C57BL_6J_mice_depends_on_mode_of_ingestion_liquid_or_solid","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-09-13T07:14:46.448-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60582403,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60582403/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53720190913-81238-l1o80l.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60582403/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60582403/53720190913-81238-l1o80l-libre.pdf?1568385190=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImpact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=gBve74klUVOtKiIhRiEgSdzuLzBTghLEo2qlLzvIGLDTYudlEAUJaOXvru8cvkEVgGAhXrvvv2UZ3TcEhj358ttXvKf9GGpuJGcNDq9XcdF0QubUl9b00BQX5lQWgo7HF32vBjjBIhuZpWXlu~dtj6AsRflAe1RdJpSbmkOiTCEXWbg9irWs7UFKWm-zrEokE~AJqEy-bSWJ~ajrslXWw-upL4sBV1GHY6uNzDzS8m2S0RoFmzsVE~39gvBcWfiB85Vdg54GQVRjMJ19W4BfgpyTwG-ol3JuQBAiK-SkB5ING7sSh1iOqGwyFYx50a~npuep91IuMSw8UhoFHBrNDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_and_glucose_homeostasis_in_C57BL_6J_mice_depends_on_mode_of_ingestion_liquid_or_solid","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Objective: Although it is widely accepted that obesity results from an imbalance of energy intake and expenditure, the mechanisms underlying this process and effective strategies for prevention and treatment are unclear. Growing evidence suggests excess consumption of sugar may play an important role, yet we showed previously in mice that consuming up to 30% of calories as sucrose in the diet had no impact on weight regulation. Since in humans consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages has been widely implicated, we investigated whether the mode of ingestion (solid or liquid) had different impacts on body weight regulation and glucose homeostasis. Methods: Dietary sucrose was delivered in solid (as part of a standard pelleted rodent chow) and liquid (in drinking water) to C57BL/6 mice for 8 weeks. Body weight, body composition, energy intake and expenditure were monitored, as well as glucose and insulin tolerance tests. Expression of sweet taste receptors on the tongue, and glycogen and fat contents of the liver were also measured. Results: Consumption of sucrose-sweetened water, but not equivalent levels of solid sucrose, led to body fat gain in C57BL/6 mice. Glucose intolerance was positively correlated to body fatness, rather than sucrose intake. Conclusions: Our data support the suggestion that consumption of liquid sucrose may be an important contributor to dysregulation of body weight and related metabolic syndromes.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60582403,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60582403/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53720190913-81238-l1o80l.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60582403/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Impact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_a.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60582403/53720190913-81238-l1o80l-libre.pdf?1568385190=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DImpact_of_dietary_sucrose_on_adiposity_a.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=gBve74klUVOtKiIhRiEgSdzuLzBTghLEo2qlLzvIGLDTYudlEAUJaOXvru8cvkEVgGAhXrvvv2UZ3TcEhj358ttXvKf9GGpuJGcNDq9XcdF0QubUl9b00BQX5lQWgo7HF32vBjjBIhuZpWXlu~dtj6AsRflAe1RdJpSbmkOiTCEXWbg9irWs7UFKWm-zrEokE~AJqEy-bSWJ~ajrslXWw-upL4sBV1GHY6uNzDzS8m2S0RoFmzsVE~39gvBcWfiB85Vdg54GQVRjMJ19W4BfgpyTwG-ol3JuQBAiK-SkB5ING7sSh1iOqGwyFYx50a~npuep91IuMSw8UhoFHBrNDQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183966"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183966/energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature_variations_in_llamas_living_in_the_High_Andes_of_peru"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of peru" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407216/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183966/energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature_variations_in_llamas_living_in_the_High_Andes_of_peru">energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of peru</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>scientific reports</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to determine if the llama (one of the most extensively kept livestock breeds) exhibits seasonal adjustment of their energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion, under its natural high altitude Andean habitat. For this purpose, energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion were measured in seven non-pregnant llama dams for ten months on the Andean High Plateau (4400 m above sea level). Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate using the doubly labelled water method at four different measurement times. Additionally, a telemetry system was used to continuously record activity, body temperature (3 min intervals) as well as the position (hourly) of each animal. The results show that llamas adjusted their body temperature and daily energy expenditure according to environmental conditions. Furthermore, llamas under high altitude Andean climatic conditions exhibited a pronounced daily rhythm in body temperature and activity, with low values at sunrise and increasing values towards sunset. Llamas also had remarkably low energy expenditure compared to other herbivores. Thus, despite the domestication process, llamas have not lost the ability to adjust their body temperature and daily energy expenditure under adverse environmental conditions, similar to some wild herbivores. Endothermic mammals have to invest a substantial amount of energy to keep their species specific body temperature (T b) within a narrow limit of 37-39 °C especially with changing environmental conditions 1. Therefore, many small mammals in particular those weighing less than ten kilograms, employ energy saving mechanisms such as torpor or hibernation and thus reduce their T b and energy expenditure substantially during harsh environmental conditions 2-5. Larger animals, with the exception of bears and badgers, were thought not to use such metabolic mechanisms to save energy until some studies on cervid species 6 and other larger ruminants 7,8 indicated that they exhibit some form of seasonal adjustment in their metabolism. However, most of these studies were conducted on captive animals using respirometry. In more recent studies, results from free-ranging wild herbivores 9-12 using telemetry and continuous long-term data recording, suggested that these species are also able to reduce their T b and energy expenditure during unfavorable environmental conditions. The climate of the Andean Plateau also known as ' Altiplano' (altitude >4000 m above sea level, a.s.l.) in South America can be considered as unfavourable to livestock. It is characterised by low annual precipitation of less than 500 mm per year, low ambient temperatures (T a) at night falling at times below −20 °C and thus large daily T a amplitudes exceeding 45 °C on some days. Furthermore, vegetation is scarce and low in energy and protein content. The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the largest autochthonous herbivores which have been domesticated in South America 6,000-7,000 years ago from their wild ancestors, the guanaco (Lama guan-icoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) 13,14 , respectively. Although llamas and alpacas have also been reported to live in lowlands in pre-Columbian times 15 , they are typically concentrated in the high Andean regions. There are</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="bd0acdcf628743738cfc28d70500d652" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407216,"asset_id":40183966,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407216/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183966"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183966"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183966; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183966]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183966]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183966; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183966']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183966, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "bd0acdcf628743738cfc28d70500d652" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183966]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183966,"title":"energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of peru","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1038/s41598-019-40576-9","abstract":"Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to determine if the llama (one of the most extensively kept livestock breeds) exhibits seasonal adjustment of their energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion, under its natural high altitude Andean habitat. For this purpose, energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion were measured in seven non-pregnant llama dams for ten months on the Andean High Plateau (4400 m above sea level). Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate using the doubly labelled water method at four different measurement times. Additionally, a telemetry system was used to continuously record activity, body temperature (3 min intervals) as well as the position (hourly) of each animal. The results show that llamas adjusted their body temperature and daily energy expenditure according to environmental conditions. Furthermore, llamas under high altitude Andean climatic conditions exhibited a pronounced daily rhythm in body temperature and activity, with low values at sunrise and increasing values towards sunset. Llamas also had remarkably low energy expenditure compared to other herbivores. Thus, despite the domestication process, llamas have not lost the ability to adjust their body temperature and daily energy expenditure under adverse environmental conditions, similar to some wild herbivores. Endothermic mammals have to invest a substantial amount of energy to keep their species specific body temperature (T b) within a narrow limit of 37-39 °C especially with changing environmental conditions 1. Therefore, many small mammals in particular those weighing less than ten kilograms, employ energy saving mechanisms such as torpor or hibernation and thus reduce their T b and energy expenditure substantially during harsh environmental conditions 2-5. Larger animals, with the exception of bears and badgers, were thought not to use such metabolic mechanisms to save energy until some studies on cervid species 6 and other larger ruminants 7,8 indicated that they exhibit some form of seasonal adjustment in their metabolism. However, most of these studies were conducted on captive animals using respirometry. In more recent studies, results from free-ranging wild herbivores 9-12 using telemetry and continuous long-term data recording, suggested that these species are also able to reduce their T b and energy expenditure during unfavorable environmental conditions. The climate of the Andean Plateau also known as ' Altiplano' (altitude \u003e4000 m above sea level, a.s.l.) in South America can be considered as unfavourable to livestock. It is characterised by low annual precipitation of less than 500 mm per year, low ambient temperatures (T a) at night falling at times below −20 °C and thus large daily T a amplitudes exceeding 45 °C on some days. Furthermore, vegetation is scarce and low in energy and protein content. The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the largest autochthonous herbivores which have been domesticated in South America 6,000-7,000 years ago from their wild ancestors, the guanaco (Lama guan-icoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) 13,14 , respectively. Although llamas and alpacas have also been reported to live in lowlands in pre-Columbian times 15 , they are typically concentrated in the high Andean regions. There are","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"scientific reports"},"translated_abstract":"Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to determine if the llama (one of the most extensively kept livestock breeds) exhibits seasonal adjustment of their energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion, under its natural high altitude Andean habitat. For this purpose, energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion were measured in seven non-pregnant llama dams for ten months on the Andean High Plateau (4400 m above sea level). Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate using the doubly labelled water method at four different measurement times. Additionally, a telemetry system was used to continuously record activity, body temperature (3 min intervals) as well as the position (hourly) of each animal. The results show that llamas adjusted their body temperature and daily energy expenditure according to environmental conditions. Furthermore, llamas under high altitude Andean climatic conditions exhibited a pronounced daily rhythm in body temperature and activity, with low values at sunrise and increasing values towards sunset. Llamas also had remarkably low energy expenditure compared to other herbivores. Thus, despite the domestication process, llamas have not lost the ability to adjust their body temperature and daily energy expenditure under adverse environmental conditions, similar to some wild herbivores. Endothermic mammals have to invest a substantial amount of energy to keep their species specific body temperature (T b) within a narrow limit of 37-39 °C especially with changing environmental conditions 1. Therefore, many small mammals in particular those weighing less than ten kilograms, employ energy saving mechanisms such as torpor or hibernation and thus reduce their T b and energy expenditure substantially during harsh environmental conditions 2-5. Larger animals, with the exception of bears and badgers, were thought not to use such metabolic mechanisms to save energy until some studies on cervid species 6 and other larger ruminants 7,8 indicated that they exhibit some form of seasonal adjustment in their metabolism. However, most of these studies were conducted on captive animals using respirometry. In more recent studies, results from free-ranging wild herbivores 9-12 using telemetry and continuous long-term data recording, suggested that these species are also able to reduce their T b and energy expenditure during unfavorable environmental conditions. The climate of the Andean Plateau also known as ' Altiplano' (altitude \u003e4000 m above sea level, a.s.l.) in South America can be considered as unfavourable to livestock. It is characterised by low annual precipitation of less than 500 mm per year, low ambient temperatures (T a) at night falling at times below −20 °C and thus large daily T a amplitudes exceeding 45 °C on some days. Furthermore, vegetation is scarce and low in energy and protein content. The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the largest autochthonous herbivores which have been domesticated in South America 6,000-7,000 years ago from their wild ancestors, the guanaco (Lama guan-icoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) 13,14 , respectively. Although llamas and alpacas have also been reported to live in lowlands in pre-Columbian times 15 , they are typically concentrated in the high Andean regions. There are","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183966/energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature_variations_in_llamas_living_in_the_High_Andes_of_peru","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T01:10:59.756-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":32943755,"work_id":40183966,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":107033756,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"a***k@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"alexander reik","title":"energy expenditure and body temperature variations in llamas living in the High Andes of peru"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407216,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407216/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53020190827-20136-1ocx4lq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407216/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407216/53020190827-20136-1ocx4lq-libre.pdf?1566893976=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Denergy_expenditure_and_body_temperature.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=Np-95lVGtpp18BHLJPDH-Jb~5VsRGvCo5n9Mx6zJ3eGZByb-niSYwbq~SImXuRjz3bOi1PEBv-0Cty8WrTYDG8yK4nYSrIVMRl1XZshW9rgsfUj3074sMSPTI149JPO4hx2SCqrLFvIg4l~BsW6vEwz867UHdnQiEelccH-g-9ppW5LZgjDacbnBU0wMlkgvXD1tevhFFR5ngCy5TYX9~6RhFSfUOIuM2c5BQHYDpJb69eQQSgSDdcxtz0RCp7thgmJYAlLMSJn8Rk9QDGXrh3fM40lFHSbekvGq22RgJlWa9yCwZgVcRBnYC0Np~SeuCGTZtEHNeMG6ynCWkBlmeQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature_variations_in_llamas_living_in_the_High_Andes_of_peru","translated_slug":"","page_count":11,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Some large herbivores exhibit seasonal adjustments in their energy metabolism. Therefore, our aim was to determine if the llama (one of the most extensively kept livestock breeds) exhibits seasonal adjustment of their energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion, under its natural high altitude Andean habitat. For this purpose, energy expenditure, body temperature and locomotion were measured in seven non-pregnant llama dams for ten months on the Andean High Plateau (4400 m above sea level). Daily energy expenditure was measured as field metabolic rate using the doubly labelled water method at four different measurement times. Additionally, a telemetry system was used to continuously record activity, body temperature (3 min intervals) as well as the position (hourly) of each animal. The results show that llamas adjusted their body temperature and daily energy expenditure according to environmental conditions. Furthermore, llamas under high altitude Andean climatic conditions exhibited a pronounced daily rhythm in body temperature and activity, with low values at sunrise and increasing values towards sunset. Llamas also had remarkably low energy expenditure compared to other herbivores. Thus, despite the domestication process, llamas have not lost the ability to adjust their body temperature and daily energy expenditure under adverse environmental conditions, similar to some wild herbivores. Endothermic mammals have to invest a substantial amount of energy to keep their species specific body temperature (T b) within a narrow limit of 37-39 °C especially with changing environmental conditions 1. Therefore, many small mammals in particular those weighing less than ten kilograms, employ energy saving mechanisms such as torpor or hibernation and thus reduce their T b and energy expenditure substantially during harsh environmental conditions 2-5. Larger animals, with the exception of bears and badgers, were thought not to use such metabolic mechanisms to save energy until some studies on cervid species 6 and other larger ruminants 7,8 indicated that they exhibit some form of seasonal adjustment in their metabolism. However, most of these studies were conducted on captive animals using respirometry. In more recent studies, results from free-ranging wild herbivores 9-12 using telemetry and continuous long-term data recording, suggested that these species are also able to reduce their T b and energy expenditure during unfavorable environmental conditions. The climate of the Andean Plateau also known as ' Altiplano' (altitude \u003e4000 m above sea level, a.s.l.) in South America can be considered as unfavourable to livestock. It is characterised by low annual precipitation of less than 500 mm per year, low ambient temperatures (T a) at night falling at times below −20 °C and thus large daily T a amplitudes exceeding 45 °C on some days. Furthermore, vegetation is scarce and low in energy and protein content. The llama (Lama glama) and the alpaca (Vicugna pacos) are the largest autochthonous herbivores which have been domesticated in South America 6,000-7,000 years ago from their wild ancestors, the guanaco (Lama guan-icoe) and the vicuña (Vicugna vicugna) 13,14 , respectively. Although llamas and alpacas have also been reported to live in lowlands in pre-Columbian times 15 , they are typically concentrated in the high Andean regions. There are","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407216,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407216/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53020190827-20136-1ocx4lq.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407216/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"energy_expenditure_and_body_temperature.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407216/53020190827-20136-1ocx4lq-libre.pdf?1566893976=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Denergy_expenditure_and_body_temperature.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=Np-95lVGtpp18BHLJPDH-Jb~5VsRGvCo5n9Mx6zJ3eGZByb-niSYwbq~SImXuRjz3bOi1PEBv-0Cty8WrTYDG8yK4nYSrIVMRl1XZshW9rgsfUj3074sMSPTI149JPO4hx2SCqrLFvIg4l~BsW6vEwz867UHdnQiEelccH-g-9ppW5LZgjDacbnBU0wMlkgvXD1tevhFFR5ngCy5TYX9~6RhFSfUOIuM2c5BQHYDpJb69eQQSgSDdcxtz0RCp7thgmJYAlLMSJn8Rk9QDGXrh3fM40lFHSbekvGq22RgJlWa9yCwZgVcRBnYC0Np~SeuCGTZtEHNeMG6ynCWkBlmeQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":159813,"name":"High altitude Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/High_altitude_Physiology"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183943"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183943/P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_reveal_an_alimentary_limit_on_sustained_maximal_human_energy_expenditure"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of P H Y S I O L O G Y Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407181/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183943/P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_reveal_an_alimentary_limit_on_sustained_maximal_human_energy_expenditure">P H Y S I O L O G Y Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Science advances</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they c...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="7bfd8d632bf5c4338c54fabb445af06f" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407181,"asset_id":40183943,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407181/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183943"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183943"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183943; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183943]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183943]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183943; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183943']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183943, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "7bfd8d632bf5c4338c54fabb445af06f" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183943]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183943,"title":"P H Y S I O L O G Y Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1126/sciadv.aaw0341","abstract":"The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.","ai_title_tag":"Alimentary Limits on Maximal Human Energy Expenditure","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Science advances"},"translated_abstract":"The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183943/P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_reveal_an_alimentary_limit_on_sustained_maximal_human_energy_expenditure","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T01:05:04.049-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":32943748,"work_id":40183943,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":58936366,"co_author_invite_id":null,"email":"p***r@gmail.com","display_order":1,"name":"Herman Pontzer","title":"P H Y S I O L O G Y Extreme events reveal an alimentary limit on sustained maximal human energy expenditure"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407181,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407181/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53320190827-95669-2kg2s2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407181/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_revea.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407181/53320190827-95669-2kg2s2-libre.pdf?1566893636=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DP_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_revea.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KkfmEFXHBaZX4W1WYJqSOWJcmN9MgcG60B0Ezr8sJhOscST8oLWC7nLiByLMQnzpFtIWJl~ne9x5qqO8L~qtWU6krbXNSyX0u5bInRC6xpSWDEnk~LaXDAJ5zqUjW5O3u~1di3bxLDrMGf3hCXXWFpNb4iIBpnGEJmLfQ9gL2s4kBYCngUNkeWKBOBIhILPVYf~F6vMTiIqDgVBRmZ1hApZreQIAThGnYl8~nRQiSe0avNb~O50EcAwO34zY9qO7851YhXP2Z871Cj5HOwbFwCKOlZh8C5tNWO3d9D4UdGmp34FwP~KVwT1Xu4vKhrRzKdSErIDaG-LHCxGSHqyCng__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_reveal_an_alimentary_limit_on_sustained_maximal_human_energy_expenditure","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The limits on maximum sustained energy expenditure are unclear but are of interest because they constrain reproduction, thermoregulation, and physical activity. Here, we show that sustained expenditure in humans, measured as maximum sustained metabolic scope (SusMS), is a function of event duration. We compiled measurements of total energy expenditure (TEE) and basal metabolic rate (BMR) from human endurance events and added new data from adults running ~250 km/week for 20 weeks in a transcontinental race. For events lasting 0.5 to 250+ days, SusMS decreases curvilinearly with event duration, plateauing below 3× BMR. This relationship differs from that of shorter events (e.g., marathons). Incorporating data from overfeeding studies, we find evidence for an alimentary energy supply limit in humans of ~2.5× BMR; greater expenditure requires drawing down the body's energy stores. Transcontinental race data suggest that humans can partially reduce TEE during long events to extend endurance.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407181,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407181/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"53320190827-95669-2kg2s2.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407181/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"P_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_revea.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407181/53320190827-95669-2kg2s2-libre.pdf?1566893636=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DP_H_Y_S_I_O_L_O_G_Y_Extreme_events_revea.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=KkfmEFXHBaZX4W1WYJqSOWJcmN9MgcG60B0Ezr8sJhOscST8oLWC7nLiByLMQnzpFtIWJl~ne9x5qqO8L~qtWU6krbXNSyX0u5bInRC6xpSWDEnk~LaXDAJ5zqUjW5O3u~1di3bxLDrMGf3hCXXWFpNb4iIBpnGEJmLfQ9gL2s4kBYCngUNkeWKBOBIhILPVYf~F6vMTiIqDgVBRmZ1hApZreQIAThGnYl8~nRQiSe0avNb~O50EcAwO34zY9qO7851YhXP2Z871Cj5HOwbFwCKOlZh8C5tNWO3d9D4UdGmp34FwP~KVwT1Xu4vKhrRzKdSErIDaG-LHCxGSHqyCng__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":646,"name":"Sports Medicine","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sports_Medicine"},{"id":1517,"name":"Exercise Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_Physiology"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity"},{"id":12154,"name":"Sports Performance","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sports_Performance"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health"},{"id":21187,"name":"Running","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Running"},{"id":63097,"name":"Exercise Science","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_Science"},{"id":87140,"name":"Endurance running","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endurance_running"},{"id":135185,"name":"Exercise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"},{"id":241044,"name":"Food intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_intake"},{"id":491653,"name":"Long Distance Running","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Long_Distance_Running"},{"id":992395,"name":"Medicine and Science In Sports and Exercise","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Medicine_and_Science_In_Sports_and_Exercise"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183928"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183928/Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Physical_Activity_Are_Your_Genes_Too_Tight_To_Prevent_You_Exercising"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Genetic Factors Associated With Human Physical Activity: Are Your Genes Too Tight To Prevent You Exercising" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407167/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183928/Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Physical_Activity_Are_Your_Genes_Too_Tight_To_Prevent_You_Exercising">Genetic Factors Associated With Human Physical Activity: Are Your Genes Too Tight To Prevent You Exercising</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>Endocrinology</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on he...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="abf83b6044194f9d6c65dfac3e7c57ac" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407167,"asset_id":40183928,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407167/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183928"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183928"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183928; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183928]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183928]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183928; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183928']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183928, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "abf83b6044194f9d6c65dfac3e7c57ac" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183928]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183928,"title":"Genetic Factors Associated With Human Physical Activity: Are Your Genes Too Tight To Prevent You Exercising","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"Endocrinology"},"translated_abstract":"ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183928/Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Physical_Activity_Are_Your_Genes_Too_Tight_To_Prevent_You_Exercising","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T01:02:49.541-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407167,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407167/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52920190827-9255-1t4duy6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407167/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Ph.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407167/52920190827-9255-1t4duy6-libre.pdf?1566893635=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGenetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Ph.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=SXJs8wgpmdt9P0h6-NHmfLdV0vCWK231zdkp5yl2T4qCoQk0sGsPZEJtXj~A9BB~lPaw9U6~6JWKsixAs0jp3498YyXA4L4RDue-0ulW-QwmIdaBZAAKLpa79oNap0RpCsJ6w02AdCeahStYwvoEETA8LO2RCJGX19AbY8etQ37YSEOubh4i8RtOLo7YtZsHWLa9MddsFcknbqotHHWluPwWqFbvir1166NFcQeYbxoIUDVeEI-kj8dkor6n7BfjE5eWeFww1ktdOlXI2gycflefONKU0iiB3NB1Tnb-tmeyIvAaYQMtyNQufvirX3qmCXqLhrTBNhYH1-44M4EUYA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Physical_Activity_Are_Your_Genes_Too_Tight_To_Prevent_You_Exercising","translated_slug":"","page_count":13,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"ORCiD numbers: 0000-0002-2457-1823 (J. R. Speakman). The benefits of physical activity (PA) on health and fitness are well known. It has become apparent from studies of heritability that there is a considerable genetic component to PA. However, PA is such a complex phenotype that the measurement and quantification of it provide a challenge to a clearer understanding of its genetic basis. In this review, we assessed available evidence from family and twin studies that have estimated the heritability of PA. Heritability is greater when evaluated by accelerometry compared with questionnaires, and for questionnaires higher in twin than family studies. Accelerometry studies suggest heritability of PA is 51% to 56%. There have been many genome-wide linkage studies, candidate gene studies, and four genome-wide association studies that have highlighted specific genetic factors linked to different PA levels. These studies have generally failed to replicate identified loci, with the exception of the melanocortin 4 receptor, and this may be because of the variability in the measurement techniques used to characterize the behavior. Future work should aim to standardize the procedures used to measure PA in the context of trying to identify genetic causes.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407167,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407167/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52920190827-9255-1t4duy6.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407167/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Genetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Ph.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407167/52920190827-9255-1t4duy6-libre.pdf?1566893635=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DGenetic_Factors_Associated_With_Human_Ph.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=SXJs8wgpmdt9P0h6-NHmfLdV0vCWK231zdkp5yl2T4qCoQk0sGsPZEJtXj~A9BB~lPaw9U6~6JWKsixAs0jp3498YyXA4L4RDue-0ulW-QwmIdaBZAAKLpa79oNap0RpCsJ6w02AdCeahStYwvoEETA8LO2RCJGX19AbY8etQ37YSEOubh4i8RtOLo7YtZsHWLa9MddsFcknbqotHHWluPwWqFbvir1166NFcQeYbxoIUDVeEI-kj8dkor6n7BfjE5eWeFww1ktdOlXI2gycflefONKU0iiB3NB1Tnb-tmeyIvAaYQMtyNQufvirX3qmCXqLhrTBNhYH1-44M4EUYA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":586,"name":"Health Sciences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4581,"name":"Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes"},{"id":9112,"name":"Physical Activity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Activity"},{"id":16288,"name":"Public Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Public_Health"},{"id":19632,"name":"Molecular Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecular_Genetics"},{"id":69367,"name":"Exercise and physical activity for health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_and_physical_activity_for_health"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183916"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183916/Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_semifossorial_pine_voles_Microtus_lusitanicus_and_Microtus_duodecimcostatus"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407155/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183916/Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_semifossorial_pine_voles_Microtus_lusitanicus_and_Microtus_duodecimcostatus">Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>journal of comparative physiology</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="e1df2a11e3089d493e5ece437a1275e6" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407155,"asset_id":40183916,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407155/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183916"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183916"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183916; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183916]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183916]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183916; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183916']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183916, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "e1df2a11e3089d493e5ece437a1275e6" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183916]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183916,"title":"Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"journal of comparative physiology"},"translated_abstract":"Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183916/Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_semifossorial_pine_voles_Microtus_lusitanicus_and_Microtus_duodecimcostatus","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T01:01:07.922-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":32943741,"work_id":40183916,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":125715337,"co_author_invite_id":6892673,"email":"r***a@fc.ul.pt","display_order":1,"name":"Rita Monarca","title":"Energetics and thermal adaptation in semifossorial pine-voles Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407155,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407155/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52820190827-91595-1m7lo0z.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407155/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_sem.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407155/52820190827-91595-1m7lo0z-libre.pdf?1566893139=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEnergetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_sem.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=d6K8OIZrTtG5u~GEFFEBcmKIhuqDnqr43IEXpLGEorBAhFNMW5TowLc8c6j8cD35hK64-8V75ekuqsfk5Vdb5qTsQGxqzS7-LooA7nNLt9Of0yyDN~I0yLXEoWWKXm7KIiTGJ6KC4vPA9PpoNsxNBFwW10pFbBVNheTvqRwuUGiFK9XcRPwBNXG8ZKA-RL1CevEvrCDHUpSJfGY7XGL7eLnCoJh1YkxgqBlJDr1Kx5XfcsD0XltGyAi9-AVPnW0Z-TnV~fnvQjfTnoevifCtQvAw16VxOCG6UWaLCYIxv7Ruc0F1~qLCH1tVfROFZJIqLs4VH-X3tuJnehimC9hrlw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_semifossorial_pine_voles_Microtus_lusitanicus_and_Microtus_duodecimcostatus","translated_slug":"","page_count":10,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Rodents colonising subterranean environments have developed several morphological, physiological and behaviour traits that promote the success of individuals in such demanding conditions. Resting metabolic rate, thermoregulation capacity and daily energy expenditure were analysed in two semi-fossorial pine-vole species Microtus lusitanicus and Microtus duodecimcostatus inhabiting distinct areas of the Iberian Peninsula. Individuals capture location varied in habitat and soil features, allowing the comparison of energetic parameters with ecological characteristics, that can help explain the use of the subterranean environment and dependence of the burrow system. Results showed that M. duodecimcostatus has lower mass independent resting metabolic rate when compared with M. lusitanicus, which may be a response to environmental features of their habitat, such as dryer soils and lower water availability. Thermal conductance increased with body mass and was dependent on the ambient temperature. No significant differences were observed in the daily energy expenditure, but water economy data demonstrated the influence of the water available in the habitat on the energetics of voles. These species may rely on behavioural adaptations and seasonal use of burrows to cope with thermal challenges of subterranean activity and soil constraints. We found strong evidence that M. lusitanicus is able to use torpor as a response to low ambient temperatures which is a new observation among Arvicolines.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407155,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407155/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52820190827-91595-1m7lo0z.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407155/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Energetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_sem.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407155/52820190827-91595-1m7lo0z-libre.pdf?1566893139=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DEnergetics_and_thermal_adaptation_in_sem.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=d6K8OIZrTtG5u~GEFFEBcmKIhuqDnqr43IEXpLGEorBAhFNMW5TowLc8c6j8cD35hK64-8V75ekuqsfk5Vdb5qTsQGxqzS7-LooA7nNLt9Of0yyDN~I0yLXEoWWKXm7KIiTGJ6KC4vPA9PpoNsxNBFwW10pFbBVNheTvqRwuUGiFK9XcRPwBNXG8ZKA-RL1CevEvrCDHUpSJfGY7XGL7eLnCoJh1YkxgqBlJDr1Kx5XfcsD0XltGyAi9-AVPnW0Z-TnV~fnvQjfTnoevifCtQvAw16VxOCG6UWaLCYIxv7Ruc0F1~qLCH1tVfROFZJIqLs4VH-X3tuJnehimC9hrlw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":1389,"name":"Thermoregulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermoregulation"},{"id":29204,"name":"Comparative Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Comparative_Physiology"},{"id":111113,"name":"Rodents","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Rodents"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="40183871"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183871/Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenesis_of_Brown_Adipose_Tissue_and_Browning_of_White_Adipose_Tissue"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Microbiota Depletion Impairs Thermogenesis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning of White Adipose Tissue" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407115/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/40183871/Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenesis_of_Brown_Adipose_Tissue_and_Browning_of_White_Adipose_Tissue">Microbiota Depletion Impairs Thermogenesis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning of White Adipose Tissue</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span>cell reports</span><span>, 2019</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermoge...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in cold d These effects are replicated in germ-free mice treated with CL-316243 d IL-4 has no differential effect on energy metabolism in either control or ABX mice d Gavage of ABX mice with butyrate partially rescues the effects on BAT recruitment In Brief Li et al. use different antibiotic recipes and germ-free mice to demonstrate the dependence of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in the cold on the presence of a healthy gut microbiome. Gavage with butyrate partly rescues the effect, indicating a role for this molecule in normal thermogenic responses to low temperature.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="034a87f9f5fda33893f84011768c52b0" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":60407115,"asset_id":40183871,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407115/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="40183871"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="40183871"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183871; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183871]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=40183871]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 40183871; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='40183871']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 40183871, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "034a87f9f5fda33893f84011768c52b0" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=40183871]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":40183871,"title":"Microbiota Depletion Impairs Thermogenesis of Brown Adipose Tissue and Browning of White Adipose Tissue","translated_title":"","metadata":{"doi":"10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.015","abstract":"Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in cold d These effects are replicated in germ-free mice treated with CL-316243 d IL-4 has no differential effect on energy metabolism in either control or ABX mice d Gavage of ABX mice with butyrate partially rescues the effects on BAT recruitment In Brief Li et al. use different antibiotic recipes and germ-free mice to demonstrate the dependence of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in the cold on the presence of a healthy gut microbiome. Gavage with butyrate partly rescues the effect, indicating a role for this molecule in normal thermogenic responses to low temperature.","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2019,"errors":{}},"publication_name":"cell reports"},"translated_abstract":"Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in cold d These effects are replicated in germ-free mice treated with CL-316243 d IL-4 has no differential effect on energy metabolism in either control or ABX mice d Gavage of ABX mice with butyrate partially rescues the effects on BAT recruitment In Brief Li et al. use different antibiotic recipes and germ-free mice to demonstrate the dependence of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in the cold on the presence of a healthy gut microbiome. Gavage with butyrate partly rescues the effect, indicating a role for this molecule in normal thermogenic responses to low temperature.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40183871/Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenesis_of_Brown_Adipose_Tissue_and_Browning_of_White_Adipose_Tissue","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2019-08-27T00:55:32.983-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":60407115,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407115/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52720190827-30620-1dugu3w.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407115/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenes.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407115/52720190827-30620-1dugu3w-libre.pdf?1566893145=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMicrobiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenes.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=FJG6hz~-4KHUFxXIeO7jRuLVqZQ1dbSH-2KkOu9ey97jnFG-qq9GZfq2EOIXK0IzTYd0wel7s6zj~cbhnSn1vxfQBhkFwBlFKgSkSKp~C8htQ5aK7fzed4mYr7scvJ3xwU5Dx4itM26lgX7xBb2kTl99bMpe0RNcwDbk1wbjtvvO8Pe9tGmivOMJ-aNByKJRVETyPwl-Xmdvx14KImNTATihJJtY1HTfkRxVauF5NikmAVyEwlioq0lOpf~iwLmE~5RqjmdFL~TArkVMCS5H5q9NdA~ghfjomGdwAJveflN5RMSADKDZ88-ZWMcoFFCjLZvajm3LBvXu2vK01KCWrg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenesis_of_Brown_Adipose_Tissue_and_Browning_of_White_Adipose_Tissue","translated_slug":"","page_count":24,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Graphical Abstract Highlights d Mice lacking gut microbiota have impaired UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in cold d These effects are replicated in germ-free mice treated with CL-316243 d IL-4 has no differential effect on energy metabolism in either control or ABX mice d Gavage of ABX mice with butyrate partially rescues the effects on BAT recruitment In Brief Li et al. use different antibiotic recipes and germ-free mice to demonstrate the dependence of UCP1-dependent thermogenesis in the cold on the presence of a healthy gut microbiome. Gavage with butyrate partly rescues the effect, indicating a role for this molecule in normal thermogenic responses to low temperature.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":60407115,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/60407115/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"52720190827-30620-1dugu3w.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/60407115/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Microbiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenes.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/60407115/52720190827-30620-1dugu3w-libre.pdf?1566893145=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMicrobiota_Depletion_Impairs_Thermogenes.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=FJG6hz~-4KHUFxXIeO7jRuLVqZQ1dbSH-2KkOu9ey97jnFG-qq9GZfq2EOIXK0IzTYd0wel7s6zj~cbhnSn1vxfQBhkFwBlFKgSkSKp~C8htQ5aK7fzed4mYr7scvJ3xwU5Dx4itM26lgX7xBb2kTl99bMpe0RNcwDbk1wbjtvvO8Pe9tGmivOMJ-aNByKJRVETyPwl-Xmdvx14KImNTATihJJtY1HTfkRxVauF5NikmAVyEwlioq0lOpf~iwLmE~5RqjmdFL~TArkVMCS5H5q9NdA~ghfjomGdwAJveflN5RMSADKDZ88-ZWMcoFFCjLZvajm3LBvXu2vK01KCWrg__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":1389,"name":"Thermoregulation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Thermoregulation"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":51374,"name":"Gut Microbiota","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gut_Microbiota"},{"id":95031,"name":"Molecuar Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Molecuar_Biology"},{"id":184304,"name":"Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Energy_Expenditure"},{"id":293128,"name":"Brown Adipose Tissue","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Brown_Adipose_Tissue"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="37363015"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/37363015/cellmet_2018_pdf"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of cellmet 2018.pdf" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57324257/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/37363015/cellmet_2018_pdf">cellmet 2018.pdf</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">The impacts of different macronutrients on body weight regulation remain unresolved, with differe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">The impacts of different macronutrients on body<br />weight regulation remain unresolved, with different<br />studies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased<br />carbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein<br />may all stimulate overconsumption and drive<br />obesity. Weexposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets<br />varying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate,<br />5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose.<br />Only increased dietary fat content was associated<br />with elevated energy intake and adiposity. This<br />response was associated with increased gene<br />expression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine<br />and opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus.<br />We replicated the core findings in four other mouse<br />strains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate<br />their food consumption primarily to meet an energy<br />rather than a protein target, but this system can<br />be over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but<br />not sucrose, consumption.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d6ebfac88508444f6eee0c06e19af1db" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":57324257,"asset_id":37363015,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57324257/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="37363015"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="37363015"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37363015; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37363015]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=37363015]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 37363015; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='37363015']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 37363015, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d6ebfac88508444f6eee0c06e19af1db" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=37363015]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":37363015,"title":"cellmet 2018.pdf","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"The impacts of different macronutrients on body\nweight regulation remain unresolved, with different\nstudies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased\ncarbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein\nmay all stimulate overconsumption and drive\nobesity. Weexposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets\nvarying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate,\n5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose.\nOnly increased dietary fat content was associated\nwith elevated energy intake and adiposity. This\nresponse was associated with increased gene\nexpression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine\nand opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus.\nWe replicated the core findings in four other mouse\nstrains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate\ntheir food consumption primarily to meet an energy\nrather than a protein target, but this system can\nbe over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but\nnot sucrose, consumption."},"translated_abstract":"The impacts of different macronutrients on body\nweight regulation remain unresolved, with different\nstudies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased\ncarbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein\nmay all stimulate overconsumption and drive\nobesity. Weexposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets\nvarying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate,\n5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose.\nOnly increased dietary fat content was associated\nwith elevated energy intake and adiposity. This\nresponse was associated with increased gene\nexpression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine\nand opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus.\nWe replicated the core findings in four other mouse\nstrains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate\ntheir food consumption primarily to meet an energy\nrather than a protein target, but this system can\nbe over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but\nnot sucrose, consumption.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37363015/cellmet_2018_pdf","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-09-07T21:22:20.185-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":57324257,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57324257/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cellmet_2018.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57324257/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"cellmet_2018_pdf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57324257/cellmet_2018-libre.pdf?1536380888=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dcellmet_2018_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=hPWs7WBDun7liewlvLU~x-quSqEJ8yilQutAKK6k02G6u2txEUNQiGqayDOLM9xdNEZVnFPoSJ~52TyqSFSLOU75sugI961Tsg-cX4l8F5dhoaWlQpZxOVLIO8UoL1SgohxxHns~x~3rc~xpTJcQ29~Qqhd49elkSh57vjYapsJW1n6wJ6u3XHtHbLJQp8GMoSysZjn~HbPSbh5qn~o6weY8r0BTt7LZFbbwJS3--t0hUTtSmuadz~b-ywpHAtsBMdI2i7FPFSs-fUzBtLaqFpkMPGcs17NsoWrzvpNd9UqDnexWCHiRPy1yrclr0P5Qb7-g9cEZSnVILI8Jqazi4A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"cellmet_2018_pdf","translated_slug":"","page_count":22,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"The impacts of different macronutrients on body\nweight regulation remain unresolved, with different\nstudies suggesting increased dietary fat, increased\ncarbohydrates (particularly sugars), or reduced protein\nmay all stimulate overconsumption and drive\nobesity. Weexposed C57BL/6 mice to 29 different diets\nvarying from 8.3% to 80% fat, 10% to 80% carbohydrate,\n5% to 30% protein, and 5% to 30% sucrose.\nOnly increased dietary fat content was associated\nwith elevated energy intake and adiposity. This\nresponse was associated with increased gene\nexpression in the 5-HT receptors, and the dopamine\nand opioid signaling pathways in the hypothalamus.\nWe replicated the core findings in four other mouse\nstrains (DBA/2, BALB/c, FVB, and C3H). Mice regulate\ntheir food consumption primarily to meet an energy\nrather than a protein target, but this system can\nbe over-ridden by hedonic factors linked to fat, but\nnot sucrose, consumption.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":57324257,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/57324257/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"cellmet_2018.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/57324257/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"cellmet_2018_pdf.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/57324257/cellmet_2018-libre.pdf?1536380888=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3Dcellmet_2018_pdf.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=hPWs7WBDun7liewlvLU~x-quSqEJ8yilQutAKK6k02G6u2txEUNQiGqayDOLM9xdNEZVnFPoSJ~52TyqSFSLOU75sugI961Tsg-cX4l8F5dhoaWlQpZxOVLIO8UoL1SgohxxHns~x~3rc~xpTJcQ29~Qqhd49elkSh57vjYapsJW1n6wJ6u3XHtHbLJQp8GMoSysZjn~HbPSbh5qn~o6weY8r0BTt7LZFbbwJS3--t0hUTtSmuadz~b-ywpHAtsBMdI2i7FPFSs-fUzBtLaqFpkMPGcs17NsoWrzvpNd9UqDnexWCHiRPy1yrclr0P5Qb7-g9cEZSnVILI8Jqazi4A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":591,"name":"Nutrition and Dietetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Nutrition_and_Dietetics"},{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4581,"name":"Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes"},{"id":10456,"name":"Protein","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Protein"},{"id":15108,"name":"Childhood Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Childhood_Obesity"},{"id":18556,"name":"Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_Mellitus_and_Its_Complications"},{"id":25630,"name":"Endocrinology \u0026 Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Endocrinology_and_Metabolism"},{"id":64848,"name":"Ketosis","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ketosis"},{"id":71511,"name":"Diabetes mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes_mellitus"},{"id":72314,"name":"Fatty acids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Fatty_acids"},{"id":89805,"name":"Weight Loss","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Weight_Loss"},{"id":162196,"name":"Sucrose","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sucrose"},{"id":218820,"name":"Eating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Eating"},{"id":241044,"name":"Food intake","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Food_intake"},{"id":352764,"name":"Macronutrients","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Macronutrients"},{"id":609249,"name":"CARBOHYDRATES","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/CARBOHYDRATES"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36184098"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184098/On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the_biological_environmental_and_cultural_drivers_of_genetic_risk_among_human_populations"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084135/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184098/On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the_biological_environmental_and_cultural_drivers_of_genetic_risk_among_human_populations">On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="51752b5f3149c3e12faf85b63a66c5fb" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56084135,"asset_id":36184098,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084135/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36184098"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36184098"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184098; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184098]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184098]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184098; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36184098']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36184098, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "51752b5f3149c3e12faf85b63a66c5fb" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36184098]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36184098,"title":"On the origin of obesity: identifying the biological, environmental and cultural drivers of genetic risk among human populations","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling."},"translated_abstract":"Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36184098/On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the_biological_environmental_and_cultural_drivers_of_genetic_risk_among_human_populations","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-03-17T03:57:20.561-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56084135,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084135/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"496.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084135/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084135/496-libre.pdf?1521284586=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOn_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=Uo2GZtcCGMbDMa0jchB5sRjKKYP5cFYYl257mBHTmWQ2pnBWFJM3~2AIlVGxwUeDItrrLcl4zW2RXOCWg-rHGKj7uxtXdG7G7miKCOz6jefdZgFG9ISK4LTL9GCJCaXB9-rJC8S1lHFejDv8Pd-BUBuUkk1yaKvAZi92y91lZ5gAhg5-TJUEVzi5Xg2emtUXxp5BKRI-2KaVtq9jyTJkVmvpN5jeHQBYnlu-1hv0N4EsD--5uDPppSDK69VEHQBq~MncM8pilRVhqc5eblYBApFDEfu-UhIS-QC~14Cde2~dQnZPHehNrYZq5qFgS6l3EioDMMD6fLBlgUqrgofeTQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the_biological_environmental_and_cultural_drivers_of_genetic_risk_among_human_populations","translated_slug":"","page_count":29,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Genetic predisposition to obesity presents a paradox: how do genetic variants with a detrimental impact on human health persist through evolutionary time? Numerous hypotheses, such as the thrifty genotype hypothesis, attempt to explain this phenomenon yet fail to provide a justification for the modern obesity epidemic. In this critical review, we appraise existing theories explaining the evolutionary origins of obesity and explore novel biological and sociocultural agents of evolutionary change to help explain the modern-day distribution of obesity-predisposing variants. Genetic drift, acting as a form of 'blind justice,' may randomly affect allele frequencies across generations while gene pleiotropy and adaptations to diverse environments may explain the rise and subsequent selection of obesity risk alleles. As an adaptive response, epigenetic regulation of gene expression may impact the manifestation of genetic predisposition to obesity. Finally, exposure to malnutrition and disease epidemics in the wake of oppressive social systems, culturally mediated notions of attractiveness and desirability, and diverse mating systems may play a role in shaping the human genome. As an important first step towards the identification of important drivers of obesity gene evolution, this review may inform empirical research focused on testing evolutionary theories by way of population genetics and mathematical modelling.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":56084135,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084135/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"496.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084135/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1MSw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"On_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084135/496-libre.pdf?1521284586=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DOn_the_origin_of_obesity_identifying_the.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=Uo2GZtcCGMbDMa0jchB5sRjKKYP5cFYYl257mBHTmWQ2pnBWFJM3~2AIlVGxwUeDItrrLcl4zW2RXOCWg-rHGKj7uxtXdG7G7miKCOz6jefdZgFG9ISK4LTL9GCJCaXB9-rJC8S1lHFejDv8Pd-BUBuUkk1yaKvAZi92y91lZ5gAhg5-TJUEVzi5Xg2emtUXxp5BKRI-2KaVtq9jyTJkVmvpN5jeHQBYnlu-1hv0N4EsD--5uDPppSDK69VEHQBq~MncM8pilRVhqc5eblYBApFDEfu-UhIS-QC~14Cde2~dQnZPHehNrYZq5qFgS6l3EioDMMD6fLBlgUqrgofeTQ__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology"},{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4581,"name":"Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36184091"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184091/Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Raters_BMI_Has_Only_Limited_Association_with_Ratings_of_Attractiveness_of_the_Opposite_Sex"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Beauty and the Body of the Beholder: Raters' BMI Has Only Limited Association with Ratings of Attractiveness of the Opposite Sex" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084128/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184091/Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Raters_BMI_Has_Only_Limited_Association_with_Ratings_of_Attractiveness_of_the_Opposite_Sex">Beauty and the Body of the Beholder: Raters' BMI Has Only Limited Association with Ratings of Attractiveness of the Opposite Sex</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its ca...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its causes remain unclear. One hypothesis is that people who have high adiposity find other people with obesity more physically attractive than lean people. Methods: The attractiveness of sets of images of males and females who varied in adiposity were rated by opposite sex subjects (559 males and 340 females) across 12 countries. Results: There was tremendous individual variability in attractiveness ratings. For female attractiveness, most males favored the leanest subjects, but others favored intermediate fatness, some were indifferent to body composition, and others rated the subjects with obesity as most attractive. For male images rated by females, the patterns were more complex. Most females favored subjects with low levels of adi-posity (but not the lowest level), whereas others were indifferent to body fatness or rated the images depicting individuals with obesity as the most attractive. These patterns were unrelated to rater BMI. Among Caucasian males who rated the images of the thinnest females as being more attractive, the magnitude of the effect depended on rater BMI, indicating limited " mutual attraction. " Conclusions: Individual variations in ratings of physical attractiveness were broadly unrelated to rater BMI and suggest that mutual attraction is an unlikely explanation for assortative mating for obesity.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="5f2c137b21a565de6d9800ef006e76d9" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56084128,"asset_id":36184091,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084128/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36184091"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36184091"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184091; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184091]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184091]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184091; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36184091']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36184091, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "5f2c137b21a565de6d9800ef006e76d9" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36184091]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36184091,"title":"Beauty and the Body of the Beholder: Raters' BMI Has Only Limited Association with Ratings of Attractiveness of the Opposite Sex","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its causes remain unclear. One hypothesis is that people who have high adiposity find other people with obesity more physically attractive than lean people. Methods: The attractiveness of sets of images of males and females who varied in adiposity were rated by opposite sex subjects (559 males and 340 females) across 12 countries. Results: There was tremendous individual variability in attractiveness ratings. For female attractiveness, most males favored the leanest subjects, but others favored intermediate fatness, some were indifferent to body composition, and others rated the subjects with obesity as most attractive. For male images rated by females, the patterns were more complex. Most females favored subjects with low levels of adi-posity (but not the lowest level), whereas others were indifferent to body fatness or rated the images depicting individuals with obesity as the most attractive. These patterns were unrelated to rater BMI. Among Caucasian males who rated the images of the thinnest females as being more attractive, the magnitude of the effect depended on rater BMI, indicating limited \" mutual attraction. \" Conclusions: Individual variations in ratings of physical attractiveness were broadly unrelated to rater BMI and suggest that mutual attraction is an unlikely explanation for assortative mating for obesity."},"translated_abstract":"Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its causes remain unclear. One hypothesis is that people who have high adiposity find other people with obesity more physically attractive than lean people. Methods: The attractiveness of sets of images of males and females who varied in adiposity were rated by opposite sex subjects (559 males and 340 females) across 12 countries. Results: There was tremendous individual variability in attractiveness ratings. For female attractiveness, most males favored the leanest subjects, but others favored intermediate fatness, some were indifferent to body composition, and others rated the subjects with obesity as most attractive. For male images rated by females, the patterns were more complex. Most females favored subjects with low levels of adi-posity (but not the lowest level), whereas others were indifferent to body fatness or rated the images depicting individuals with obesity as the most attractive. These patterns were unrelated to rater BMI. Among Caucasian males who rated the images of the thinnest females as being more attractive, the magnitude of the effect depended on rater BMI, indicating limited \" mutual attraction. \" Conclusions: Individual variations in ratings of physical attractiveness were broadly unrelated to rater BMI and suggest that mutual attraction is an unlikely explanation for assortative mating for obesity.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36184091/Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Raters_BMI_Has_Only_Limited_Association_with_Ratings_of_Attractiveness_of_the_Opposite_Sex","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-03-17T03:54:56.753-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56084128,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084128/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"504.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084128/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Rate.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084128/504-libre.pdf?1521284584=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBeauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Rate.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144151\u0026Signature=IrHhFglPYDeSjfO~VclkWzT1NRzWBR0HNOypSa0U6vwT-I8-jlqa8W8HQ8xTHSpFsA1KJ2tJ~Lx~R4yySY4Sa1X~PSbodA7vYFNB-o4A3o8sNJejXcjVfrm6f2exxgh~3OT0dQUiixPObdSRh1Z-NUC~Jl6cSeGnrzU4aSYdItF7kO5y5J4hOPkGSem-cm1QUY0SnM~j89zgrhHK-B2lXycNvTwTJyrZzduRIheO2lC3MwZNf5qu3Z~tFgQZg-4Xk0gGkiV0lfsZE7CKqfwZSdeuPfDVx75bMiQ7JGDxcKVwRYkQRaXwFQqp2KcTosQX3vWMuhhHKhKKnABs1N5WAA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Raters_BMI_Has_Only_Limited_Association_with_Ratings_of_Attractiveness_of_the_Opposite_Sex","translated_slug":"","page_count":9,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Objective: Assortative mating for adiposity increases the genetic burden on offspring, but its causes remain unclear. One hypothesis is that people who have high adiposity find other people with obesity more physically attractive than lean people. Methods: The attractiveness of sets of images of males and females who varied in adiposity were rated by opposite sex subjects (559 males and 340 females) across 12 countries. Results: There was tremendous individual variability in attractiveness ratings. For female attractiveness, most males favored the leanest subjects, but others favored intermediate fatness, some were indifferent to body composition, and others rated the subjects with obesity as most attractive. For male images rated by females, the patterns were more complex. Most females favored subjects with low levels of adi-posity (but not the lowest level), whereas others were indifferent to body fatness or rated the images depicting individuals with obesity as the most attractive. These patterns were unrelated to rater BMI. Among Caucasian males who rated the images of the thinnest females as being more attractive, the magnitude of the effect depended on rater BMI, indicating limited \" mutual attraction. \" Conclusions: Individual variations in ratings of physical attractiveness were broadly unrelated to rater BMI and suggest that mutual attraction is an unlikely explanation for assortative mating for obesity.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":56084128,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084128/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"504.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084128/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Beauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Rate.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084128/504-libre.pdf?1521284584=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DBeauty_and_the_Body_of_the_Beholder_Rate.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=OZYc~OcmOEpn0jxkIY6x6PRqNBaRL1MA-TzX3WHktnsDFPAqdam-RmkLw4~6QotwTZQPKgyBqhZ8UVOu6moU9fSOoa~SUYFZbbZuo4LknsfScL66bUa2N~bk1iBYvpLwX4O2vuuDaS4pK0TPDRDRqWmM4z7w-WCCi2IvxLPv7t06C1sw6KCbCfx-BddXrSB0syGrU8I9mEp54UR2rC-tVdN5G2zYBnT8ZwLMzglNmHhYkcpApq53yOxO9BRStgGg4txVuW4ywJUQcVgIaPy2HNQtVO0B3AJwg2NqhzoOL8GEudm3eUYmKKMk7h03S7RZofmsNnTIq0U7sBejqn8T3A__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4299,"name":"Mate Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mate_Choice"},{"id":4917,"name":"Gender and Sexuality","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Gender_and_Sexuality"},{"id":12532,"name":"Assortative Mating","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Assortative_Mating"},{"id":149735,"name":"Attraction","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Attraction"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="36184072"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184072/The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_off_disease_and_predation_risk"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The evolution of body fatness: trading off disease and predation risk" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084103/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/36184072/The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_off_disease_and_predation_risk">The evolution of body fatness: trading off disease and predation risk</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/ drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="9c19fda86d3c3f7cba24f1892c11635b" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":56084103,"asset_id":36184072,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084103/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="36184072"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="36184072"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184072; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184072]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=36184072]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 36184072; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='36184072']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 36184072, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "9c19fda86d3c3f7cba24f1892c11635b" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=36184072]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":36184072,"title":"The evolution of body fatness: trading off disease and predation risk","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/ drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described."},"translated_abstract":"Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/ drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/36184072/The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_off_disease_and_predation_risk","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-03-17T03:50:44.586-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":56084103,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084103/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"evolution_of_fat_storage_regulation.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084103/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084103/evolution_of_fat_storage_regulation-libre.pdf?1521284424=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1734080813\u0026Signature=avp7e2r6FYnjp3OrNLUBsUYEWgQBTzK0vGf17SZCHY-BUH7fGFDtCj4d20Nkb7E3Z3blYN0JWJy5lGCHvdSuf9d1HBA4KolG-w3WHnGDjX5A0AtfJD4icyrLv3lmWUdO9zL8H4c9qXHcL4yFdPcNu2ccfKeeiI876ceTBjSJsmTT6MGT~2NnDv-98ljwnmEDx63or65ZONs-d1cfd6iIIsBbxB67lgacTKzp-xqiaMZ6bk7jLBTHLJQaCRL2oUpCF0gOJzy8tak2MgeJjYFTwi6W7U6ROoZwMabgwjyx7KDPq8axvedmn0PnQZ0Sx9OIoNSUrGngdmNO4ERGLBKyPw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_off_disease_and_predation_risk","translated_slug":"","page_count":20,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Human obesity has a large genetic component, yet has many serious negative consequences. How this state of affairs has evolved has generated wide debate. The thrifty gene hypothesis was the first attempt to explain obesity as a consequence of adaptive responses to an ancient environment that in modern society become disadvantageous. The idea is that genes (or more precisely, alleles) predisposing to obesity may have been selected for by repeated exposure to famines. However, this idea has many flaws: for instance, selection of the supposed magnitude over the duration of human evolution would fix any thrifty alleles (famines kill the old and young, not the obese) and there is no evidence that hunter-gatherer populations become obese between famines. An alternative idea (called thrifty late) is that selection in famines has only happened since the agricultural revolution. However, this is inconsistent with the absence of strong signatures of selection at single nucleotide polymorphisms linked to obesity. In parallel to discussions about the origin of obesity, there has been much debate regarding the regulation of body weight. There are three basic models: the set-point, settling point and dual-intervention point models. Selection might act against low and high levels of adiposity because food unpredictability and the risk of starvation selects against low adiposity whereas the risk of predation selects against high adiposity. Although evidence for the latter is quite strong, evidence for the former is relatively weak. The release from predation ∼2-million years ago is suggested to have led to the upper intervention point drifting in evolutionary time, leading to the modern distribution of obesity: the drifty gene hypothesis. Recent critiques of the dual-intervention point/ drifty gene idea are flawed and inconsistent with known aspects of energy balance physiology. Here, I present a new formulation of the dual-intervention point model. This model includes the novel suggestion that food unpredictability and starvation are insignificant factors driving fat storage, and that the main force driving up fat storage is the risk of disease and the need to survive periods of pathogen-induced anorexia. This model shows why two independent intervention points are more likely to evolve than a single set point. The molecular basis of the lower intervention point is likely based around the leptin pathway signalling. Determining the molecular basis of the upper intervention point is a crucial key target for future obesity research. A potential definitive test to separate the different models is also described.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":56084103,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/56084103/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"evolution_of_fat_storage_regulation.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/56084103/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/56084103/evolution_of_fat_storage_regulation-libre.pdf?1521284424=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_evolution_of_body_fatness_trading_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1734080813\u0026Signature=avp7e2r6FYnjp3OrNLUBsUYEWgQBTzK0vGf17SZCHY-BUH7fGFDtCj4d20Nkb7E3Z3blYN0JWJy5lGCHvdSuf9d1HBA4KolG-w3WHnGDjX5A0AtfJD4icyrLv3lmWUdO9zL8H4c9qXHcL4yFdPcNu2ccfKeeiI876ceTBjSJsmTT6MGT~2NnDv-98ljwnmEDx63or65ZONs-d1cfd6iIIsBbxB67lgacTKzp-xqiaMZ6bk7jLBTHLJQaCRL2oUpCF0gOJzy8tak2MgeJjYFTwi6W7U6ROoZwMabgwjyx7KDPq8axvedmn0PnQZ0Sx9OIoNSUrGngdmNO4ERGLBKyPw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":155,"name":"Evolutionary Biology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Biology"},{"id":156,"name":"Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Genetics"},{"id":167,"name":"Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physiology"},{"id":255,"name":"Evolutionary Psychology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolutionary_Psychology"},{"id":772,"name":"Human Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Evolution"},{"id":1135,"name":"Human Genetics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Genetics"},{"id":1517,"name":"Exercise Physiology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Exercise_Physiology"},{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":4581,"name":"Diabetes","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Diabetes"},{"id":9846,"name":"Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology"},{"id":10882,"name":"Evolution","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution"},{"id":17960,"name":"Infectious Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Infectious_Diseases"},{"id":33713,"name":"Evolution and Human Behavior","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Evolution_and_Human_Behavior"},{"id":42915,"name":"Starvation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Starvation"},{"id":63375,"name":"Overweight","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Overweight"},{"id":88930,"name":"Predation","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Predation"},{"id":100336,"name":"Body Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Composition"},{"id":123607,"name":"Human Behavioural Ecology","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Human_Behavioural_Ecology"},{"id":551768,"name":"Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Risk_Factors_of_Non-Communicable_Diseases"},{"id":915951,"name":"Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Type_2_Diabetes_Mellitus"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="35738341"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/35738341/Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of_resources_on_opposite_sex_ratings_of_physical_attractiveness_by_males_and_females"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Accepted Manuscript Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55612545/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/35738341/Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of_resources_on_opposite_sex_ratings_of_physical_attractiveness_by_males_and_females">Accepted Manuscript Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and fe...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="1d168f51dafd783700694cfc6015c598" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":55612545,"asset_id":35738341,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55612545/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="35738341"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="35738341"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35738341; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35738341]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=35738341]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 35738341; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='35738341']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 35738341, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "1d168f51dafd783700694cfc6015c598" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=35738341]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":35738341,"title":"Accepted Manuscript Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females."},"translated_abstract":"Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35738341/Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of_resources_on_opposite_sex_ratings_of_physical_attractiveness_by_males_and_females","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2018-01-23T03:57:45.387-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":55612545,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55612545/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ehb_salary_paper.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55612545/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55612545/ehb_salary_paper-libre.pdf?1516709017=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAccepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=Tk7RP2n4pwdKT3SaBDPoe6ffGOKZzaC5WiDuftckX6oa9ZKJetFS~ezyZxCBDtO~t3WOqh0t8ANdJdLG~KX5HcIqE44YOMN6sXRRF8XcRN-Ooy9pb1spaF1oI2quZVLAU2uQ0u102K4LFPkpppwVr92fpQP680qQ5MSuuSitMVmn3AouG0JrZXk6SKEmRQecR2IP9CYx~d4L0YHw8SPDTsBor0fSkCFAJ7qzsVzb06jY~17wSkwHt7TWxKzuYBGQvj1d~wG5TmXInebJ12NItQq2ovoYlL5vP1HjRXMH22ITcd656bTAj697P3jgnC15LgnN2wpZloGo0gD1lZV9Kw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of_resources_on_opposite_sex_ratings_of_physical_attractiveness_by_males_and_females","translated_slug":"","page_count":26,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Different impacts of resources on opposite sex ratings of physical attractiveness by males and females.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":55612545,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/55612545/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"ehb_salary_paper.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/55612545/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Accepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/55612545/ehb_salary_paper-libre.pdf?1516709017=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DAccepted_Manuscript_Different_impacts_of.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=Tk7RP2n4pwdKT3SaBDPoe6ffGOKZzaC5WiDuftckX6oa9ZKJetFS~ezyZxCBDtO~t3WOqh0t8ANdJdLG~KX5HcIqE44YOMN6sXRRF8XcRN-Ooy9pb1spaF1oI2quZVLAU2uQ0u102K4LFPkpppwVr92fpQP680qQ5MSuuSitMVmn3AouG0JrZXk6SKEmRQecR2IP9CYx~d4L0YHw8SPDTsBor0fSkCFAJ7qzsVzb06jY~17wSkwHt7TWxKzuYBGQvj1d~wG5TmXInebJ12NItQq2ovoYlL5vP1HjRXMH22ITcd656bTAj697P3jgnC15LgnN2wpZloGo0gD1lZV9Kw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":975,"name":"Sex and Gender","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sex_and_Gender"},{"id":4299,"name":"Mate Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mate_Choice"},{"id":156237,"name":"Wealth","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Wealth"},{"id":167525,"name":"Male Attractiveness Manipulation, Female Mate Preferences","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Male_Attractiveness_Manipulation_Female_Mate_Preferences"},{"id":758792,"name":"Physical Attractiveness","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physical_Attractiveness"},{"id":2471967,"name":"Female Mate Choice","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Female_Mate_Choice"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="31205896"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/31205896/The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie_restriction_IX_Global_metabolomic_screen_reveals_modulation_of_carnitines_sphingolipids_and_bile_acids_in_the_liver_of_C57BL_6_mice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51622701/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/31205896/The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie_restriction_IX_Global_metabolomic_screen_reveals_modulation_of_carnitines_sphingolipids_and_bile_acids_in_the_liver_of_C57BL_6_mice">The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve heal...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach, we identified 193 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed (SDE) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30 and 40% CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 h a day. The differential expression of metabolites also varied with the different feeding groups. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on carnitine synthesis and the carnitine shuttle pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and methion-ine metabolism. S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs). In addition, metabolites which showed a graded effect, such as ceramide, S1P, taurocholic acid and L-carnitine, responded in the opposite direction to previously observed age-related changes. We suggest that the modulation of this set of metabolites may improve liver processes involved in energy release from fatty acids. S1P also negatively correlated with catalase activity and body temperature , and positively correlated with food anticipatory activity. Injecting mice with S1P or an S1P receptor 1 agonist did not precipitate changes in body temperature, physical activity or food intake suggesting that these correlations were not causal relationships.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="d907aab0f258667534444da06179a6a3" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":51622701,"asset_id":31205896,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51622701/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="31205896"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="31205896"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31205896; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31205896]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=31205896]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 31205896; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='31205896']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 31205896, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "d907aab0f258667534444da06179a6a3" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=31205896]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":31205896,"title":"The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach, we identified 193 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed (SDE) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30 and 40% CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 h a day. The differential expression of metabolites also varied with the different feeding groups. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on carnitine synthesis and the carnitine shuttle pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and methion-ine metabolism. S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs). In addition, metabolites which showed a graded effect, such as ceramide, S1P, taurocholic acid and L-carnitine, responded in the opposite direction to previously observed age-related changes. We suggest that the modulation of this set of metabolites may improve liver processes involved in energy release from fatty acids. S1P also negatively correlated with catalase activity and body temperature , and positively correlated with food anticipatory activity. Injecting mice with S1P or an S1P receptor 1 agonist did not precipitate changes in body temperature, physical activity or food intake suggesting that these correlations were not causal relationships."},"translated_abstract":"Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach, we identified 193 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed (SDE) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30 and 40% CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 h a day. The differential expression of metabolites also varied with the different feeding groups. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on carnitine synthesis and the carnitine shuttle pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and methion-ine metabolism. S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs). In addition, metabolites which showed a graded effect, such as ceramide, S1P, taurocholic acid and L-carnitine, responded in the opposite direction to previously observed age-related changes. We suggest that the modulation of this set of metabolites may improve liver processes involved in energy release from fatty acids. S1P also negatively correlated with catalase activity and body temperature , and positively correlated with food anticipatory activity. Injecting mice with S1P or an S1P receptor 1 agonist did not precipitate changes in body temperature, physical activity or food intake suggesting that these correlations were not causal relationships.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31205896/The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie_restriction_IX_Global_metabolomic_screen_reveals_modulation_of_carnitines_sphingolipids_and_bile_acids_in_the_liver_of_C57BL_6_mice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2017-02-03T09:26:58.702-08:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[{"id":27373218,"work_id":31205896,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":305727,"email":"d***u@abdn.ac.uk","display_order":1,"name":"David Lusseau","title":"The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice"},{"id":27373219,"work_id":31205896,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":172688,"email":"d***u@dal.ca","display_order":2,"name":"David Lusseau","title":"The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice"},{"id":27373220,"work_id":31205896,"tagging_user_id":5928060,"tagged_user_id":null,"co_author_invite_id":396280,"email":"j***n@genetics.ac.cn","display_order":3,"name":"John Speakman","title":"The effects of graded levels of calorie restriction: IX. Global metabolomic screen reveals modulation of carnitines, sphingolipids and bile acids in the liver of C57BL/6 mice"}],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":51622701,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51622701/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Green_et_al-2017-Aging_Cell.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51622701/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51622701/Green_et_al-2017-Aging_Cell-libre.pdf?1486142976=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=SkLsTIY9sGO9IrCRT9C17ggoH1XB~7VLpGcuSVE-Mcg6KWz~Pl5uzaCDXOhl-32jti3NAcvL7mtSqZcetf5Na5uLWucqgbEictvVydC~OLR1ILWJzvwv9uFjCu0AdOB~QdphnP7swvaWRRBew-P~NJUT4h2juppgotMv-xKMksZlkjb~6l-T3WoXdPqzBEv126bDumQtB-IXE2q12mIlVf09OFaA5CTlU6BNGnXKL4Ttfhjlv8Ob58GiAEXLIS~gLCox0DIxVEfEbiA7SBNChTqjJogQJWUPQjENZnrTx6BC8V6ZzUa-yVk0SfPVR~P5jFeu1DdCeUjAhU-Gho2JDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie_restriction_IX_Global_metabolomic_screen_reveals_modulation_of_carnitines_sphingolipids_and_bile_acids_in_the_liver_of_C57BL_6_mice","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Calorie restriction (CR) remains the most robust intervention to extend lifespan and improve health span. Using a global mass spectrometry-based metabolomic approach, we identified 193 metabolites that were significantly differentially expressed (SDE) in the livers of C57BL/6 mice, fed graded levels of CR (10, 20, 30 and 40% CR) compared to mice fed ad libitum for 12 h a day. The differential expression of metabolites also varied with the different feeding groups. Pathway analysis revealed that graded CR had an impact on carnitine synthesis and the carnitine shuttle pathway, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) signalling and methion-ine metabolism. S1P, sphingomyelin and L-carnitine were negatively correlated with body mass, leptin, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and major urinary proteins (MUPs). In addition, metabolites which showed a graded effect, such as ceramide, S1P, taurocholic acid and L-carnitine, responded in the opposite direction to previously observed age-related changes. We suggest that the modulation of this set of metabolites may improve liver processes involved in energy release from fatty acids. S1P also negatively correlated with catalase activity and body temperature , and positively correlated with food anticipatory activity. Injecting mice with S1P or an S1P receptor 1 agonist did not precipitate changes in body temperature, physical activity or food intake suggesting that these correlations were not causal relationships.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":51622701,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/51622701/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"Green_et_al-2017-Aging_Cell.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/51622701/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"The_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/51622701/Green_et_al-2017-Aging_Cell-libre.pdf?1486142976=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DThe_effects_of_graded_levels_of_calorie.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=SkLsTIY9sGO9IrCRT9C17ggoH1XB~7VLpGcuSVE-Mcg6KWz~Pl5uzaCDXOhl-32jti3NAcvL7mtSqZcetf5Na5uLWucqgbEictvVydC~OLR1ILWJzvwv9uFjCu0AdOB~QdphnP7swvaWRRBew-P~NJUT4h2juppgotMv-xKMksZlkjb~6l-T3WoXdPqzBEv126bDumQtB-IXE2q12mIlVf09OFaA5CTlU6BNGnXKL4Ttfhjlv8Ob58GiAEXLIS~gLCox0DIxVEfEbiA7SBNChTqjJogQJWUPQjENZnrTx6BC8V6ZzUa-yVk0SfPVR~P5jFeu1DdCeUjAhU-Gho2JDw__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism"},{"id":6791,"name":"Aging","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Aging"},{"id":7802,"name":"Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolomics"},{"id":15719,"name":"Mitochondria","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mitochondria"},{"id":24107,"name":"Ageing and Health","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ageing_and_Health"},{"id":71437,"name":"Liver","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Liver"},{"id":150435,"name":"Metabonomics/Metabolomics","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabonomics_Metabolomics"},{"id":229636,"name":"Sphingolipids","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Sphingolipids"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="27650636"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" href="https://www.academia.edu/27650636/Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_aging_in_a_mouse_model_of_tau_deposition_disease_Tauopathy_Tau_protein_Metabolism_Basal_metabolic_rate_Locomotor_activity_Energy_expenditure_Tg4510_Mice_Transgenic_Body_weight_gain_Food_intake"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Metabolic changes over the course of aging in a mouse model of tau deposition disease Tauopathy Tau protein Metabolism Basal metabolic rate Locomotor activity Energy expenditure Tg4510 Mice Transgenic Body weight gain Food intake" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47916197/thumbnails/1.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" href="https://www.academia.edu/27650636/Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_aging_in_a_mouse_model_of_tau_deposition_disease_Tauopathy_Tau_protein_Metabolism_Basal_metabolic_rate_Locomotor_activity_Energy_expenditure_Tg4510_Mice_Transgenic_Body_weight_gain_Food_intake">Metabolic changes over the course of aging in a mouse model of tau deposition disease Tauopathy Tau protein Metabolism Basal metabolic rate Locomotor activity Energy expenditure Tg4510 Mice Transgenic Body weight gain Food intake</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item"><span class="js-work-more-abstract-truncated">Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have ...</span><a class="js-work-more-abstract" data-broccoli-component="work_strip.more_abstract" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-more-abstract" href="javascript:;"><span> more </span><span><i class="fa fa-caret-down"></i></span></a><span class="js-work-more-abstract-untruncated hidden">Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice over-expressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.</span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><a id="b8ce603cbc2268b303e6e8ab75a66ae8" class="wp-workCard--action" rel="nofollow" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-download" data-download="{"attachment_id":47916197,"asset_id":27650636,"asset_type":"Work","button_location":"profile"}" href="https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47916197/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&s=profile"><span><i class="fa fa-arrow-down"></i></span><span>Download</span></a><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="27650636"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="27650636"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27650636; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27650636]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=27650636]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 27650636; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='27650636']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 27650636, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (true){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "b8ce603cbc2268b303e6e8ab75a66ae8" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=27650636]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":27650636,"title":"Metabolic changes over the course of aging in a mouse model of tau deposition disease Tauopathy Tau protein Metabolism Basal metabolic rate Locomotor activity Energy expenditure Tg4510 Mice Transgenic Body weight gain Food intake","translated_title":"","metadata":{"abstract":"Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice over-expressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease."},"translated_abstract":"Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice over-expressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.","internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/27650636/Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_aging_in_a_mouse_model_of_tau_deposition_disease_Tauopathy_Tau_protein_Metabolism_Basal_metabolic_rate_Locomotor_activity_Energy_expenditure_Tg4510_Mice_Transgenic_Body_weight_gain_Food_intake","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2016-08-09T07:52:15.827-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"paper","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[{"id":47916197,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47916197/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"461.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47916197/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_agi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47916197/461-libre.pdf?1470754630=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMetabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_agi.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=HhomJaBxCpQgfuvdsYHMge6DvC61XODYyE31cETvKYWitcwpgIHVVM9LXBTPbtp6uwQL~u6KNcbSJx3SUKi6Yt-6jLbdsfHGD-wgWsm3aHjaKCB995WA2tgZGYmHoTpmdsKQcMDVdbSKLD7OCA1zqvR532EQnHuUIE4Kw6LxwiZCkg7TDwX9VV~-RoPzXyu4YRByfQOpcUNjFe9bWWcvopiby~EB8nifwLwQk7JlPO7Loj9HesBrkpN-BGgjNkSmbl4OrQ07kYFEWbZ31UlWEofOdQZIHZGAZPM9ksV-nUkKeHC5TRoOOcGOJ9m4fT59LOTSyYb7VUw8x1EaSw8fFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"slug":"Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_aging_in_a_mouse_model_of_tau_deposition_disease_Tauopathy_Tau_protein_Metabolism_Basal_metabolic_rate_Locomotor_activity_Energy_expenditure_Tg4510_Mice_Transgenic_Body_weight_gain_Food_intake","translated_slug":"","page_count":12,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","summary":"Weight loss and food intake disturbances that often precede cognitive decline and diagnosis have been extensively reported in Alzheimer's disease patients. Previously, we observed that transgenic mice over-expressing tau seemed to eat more food yet weigh less than nontransgenic littermates. Thus, the present longitudinal study measured the time course of changes in metabolic state over the lifespan of the tau depositing Tg4510 mouse model of tau deposition. Although body weight was comparable to nontransgenic littermates at 2 months of age, Tg4510 mice weighed less at older ages. This was accompanied by the accumulation of tau pathology and by dramatically increased activity in all phases of the 24-hour cycle. Resting metabolic rate was also increased at 7 months of age. At 12 months near the end of the Tg4510 lifespan, there was a wasting phase, with a considerable decrease of resting metabolic rate, although hyperactivity was maintained. These diverse changes in metabolism in a mouse model of tau deposition are discussed in the context of known changes in energy metabolism in Alzheimer's disease.","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[{"id":47916197,"title":"","file_type":"pdf","scribd_thumbnail_url":"https://attachments.academia-assets.com/47916197/thumbnails/1.jpg","file_name":"461.pdf","download_url":"https://www.academia.edu/attachments/47916197/download_file?st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&st=MTczNDE0MDU1Miw4LjIyMi4yMDguMTQ2&","bulk_download_file_name":"Metabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_agi.pdf","bulk_download_url":"https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/47916197/461-libre.pdf?1470754630=\u0026response-content-disposition=attachment%3B+filename%3DMetabolic_changes_over_the_course_of_agi.pdf\u0026Expires=1734144152\u0026Signature=HhomJaBxCpQgfuvdsYHMge6DvC61XODYyE31cETvKYWitcwpgIHVVM9LXBTPbtp6uwQL~u6KNcbSJx3SUKi6Yt-6jLbdsfHGD-wgWsm3aHjaKCB995WA2tgZGYmHoTpmdsKQcMDVdbSKLD7OCA1zqvR532EQnHuUIE4Kw6LxwiZCkg7TDwX9VV~-RoPzXyu4YRByfQOpcUNjFe9bWWcvopiby~EB8nifwLwQk7JlPO7Loj9HesBrkpN-BGgjNkSmbl4OrQ07kYFEWbZ31UlWEofOdQZIHZGAZPM9ksV-nUkKeHC5TRoOOcGOJ9m4fT59LOTSyYb7VUw8x1EaSw8fFA__\u0026Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA"}],"research_interests":[{"id":3770,"name":"Metabolism","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Metabolism"},{"id":3776,"name":"Alzheimer's Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alzheimers_Disease"},{"id":4241,"name":"Parkinson's Disease","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Parkinsons_Disease"},{"id":23517,"name":"Neurodegenerative Disoders","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Disoders"},{"id":37848,"name":"Neurodegenerative Diseases","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Neurodegenerative_Diseases"},{"id":361229,"name":"Alzheimer Dementia","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Alzheimer_Dementia"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div><div class="profile--tab_content_container js-tab-pane tab-pane" data-section-id="791024" id="books"><div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4682719"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4682719/Body_composition_analysis_of_animals_a_handbook_of_non_invasive_methods"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Body composition analysis of animals: a handbook of non-invasive methods" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4682719/Body_composition_analysis_of_animals_a_handbook_of_non_invasive_methods">Body composition analysis of animals: a handbook of non-invasive methods</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4682719"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4682719"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4682719; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4682719]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4682719]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4682719; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4682719']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4682719, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4682719]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4682719,"title":"Body composition analysis of animals: a handbook of non-invasive methods","translated_title":"","metadata":{"more_info":"John Speakman (Editor)","publisher":"Cambridge University Press","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":2001,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4682719/Body_composition_analysis_of_animals_a_handbook_of_non_invasive_methods","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-10-05T02:15:23.023-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"book","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Body_composition_analysis_of_animals_a_handbook_of_non_invasive_methods","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":3851,"name":"Obesity","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Obesity"},{"id":100336,"name":"Body Composition","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Body_Composition"}],"urls":[]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> <div class="js-work-strip profile--work_container" data-work-id="4682680"><div class="profile--work_thumbnail hidden-xs"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-thumbnail" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4682680/Doubly_labelled_water_theory_and_practice"><img alt="Research paper thumbnail of Doubly-labelled water: theory and practice" class="work-thumbnail" src="https://a.academia-assets.com/images/blank-paper.jpg" /></a></div><div class="wp-workCard wp-workCard_itemContainer"><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--title"><a class="js-work-strip-work-link text-gray-darker" data-click-track="profile-work-strip-title" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/4682680/Doubly_labelled_water_theory_and_practice">Doubly-labelled water: theory and practice</a></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--actions"><span class="work-strip-bookmark-button-container"></span><span class="wp-workCard--action visible-if-viewed-by-owner inline-block" style="display: none;"><span class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper profile-work-strip-edit-button-wrapper" data-work-id="4682680"><a class="js-profile-work-strip-edit-button" tabindex="0"><span><i class="fa fa-pencil"></i></span><span>Edit</span></a></span></span><span id="work-strip-rankings-button-container"></span></div><div class="wp-workCard_item wp-workCard--stats"><span><span><span class="js-view-count view-count u-mr2x" data-work-id="4682680"><i class="fa fa-spinner fa-spin"></i></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4682680; window.Academia.workViewCountsFetcher.queue(workId, function (count) { var description = window.$h.commaizeInt(count) + " " + window.$h.pluralize(count, 'View'); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4682680]").text(description); $(".js-view-count[data-work-id=4682680]").attr('title', description).tooltip(); }); });</script></span></span><span><span class="percentile-widget hidden"><span class="u-mr2x work-percentile"></span></span><script>$(function () { var workId = 4682680; window.Academia.workPercentilesFetcher.queue(workId, function (percentileText) { var container = $(".js-work-strip[data-work-id='4682680']"); container.find('.work-percentile').text(percentileText.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + percentileText.slice(1)); container.find('.percentile-widget').show(); container.find('.percentile-widget').removeClass('hidden'); }); });</script></span><span><script>$(function() { new Works.PaperRankView({ workId: 4682680, container: "", }); });</script></span></div><div id="work-strip-premium-row-container"></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/work_edit-ad038b8c047c1a8d4fa01b402d530ff93c45fee2137a149a4a5398bc8ad67560.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb var dispatcherData = {} if (false){ window.WowProfile.dispatcher = window.WowProfile.dispatcher || _.clone(Backbone.Events); dispatcherData = { dispatcher: window.WowProfile.dispatcher, downloadLinkId: "-1" } } $('.js-work-strip[data-work-id=4682680]').each(function() { if (!$(this).data('initialized')) { new WowProfile.WorkStripView({ el: this, workJSON: {"id":4682680,"title":"Doubly-labelled water: theory and practice","translated_title":"","metadata":{"more_info":"\tISBN: 0 412 63780 4","publisher":"Originally Chapman and Hall - now Springer","publication_date":{"day":null,"month":null,"year":1997,"errors":{}}},"translated_abstract":null,"internal_url":"https://www.academia.edu/4682680/Doubly_labelled_water_theory_and_practice","translated_internal_url":"","created_at":"2013-10-05T02:09:03.712-07:00","preview_url":null,"current_user_can_edit":null,"current_user_is_owner":null,"owner_id":5928060,"coauthors_can_edit":true,"document_type":"book","co_author_tags":[],"downloadable_attachments":[],"slug":"Doubly_labelled_water_theory_and_practice","translated_slug":"","page_count":null,"language":"en","content_type":"Work","owner":{"id":5928060,"first_name":"John","middle_initials":null,"last_name":"Speakman","page_name":"JohnSpeakman","domain_name":"aberdeen","created_at":"2013-10-03T19:51:46.955-07:00","display_name":"John Speakman","url":"https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman"},"attachments":[],"research_interests":[{"id":276324,"name":"Daily Energy Expenditure","url":"https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Daily_Energy_Expenditure"}],"urls":[{"id":1692534,"url":"http://www.abdn.ac.uk/energetics-research/doubly-labelled-water"}]}, dispatcherData: dispatcherData }); $(this).data('initialized', true); } }); $a.trackClickSource(".js-work-strip-work-link", "profile_work_strip") }); </script> </div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/google_contacts-0dfb882d836b94dbcb4a2d123d6933fc9533eda5be911641f20b4eb428429600.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $('.js-google-connect-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); GoogleContacts.authorize_and_show_contacts(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-button').click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); $.ajax({ url: $r.api_v0_profiles_update_about_path({ subdomain_param: 'api', about: "", }), type: 'PUT', success: function(response) { location.reload(); } }); }); $('.js-work-creator-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_document_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-video-upload-button').click(function (e) { e.preventDefault(); window.location = $r.upload_funnel_video_path({ source: encodeURIComponent(""), }); }); $('.js-do-this-later-button').click(function() { $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileImportContactsPrompt"); }); $('.js-update-biography-do-this-later-button').click(function(){ $(this).closest('.js-profile-nag-panel').remove(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("UpdateUserBiographyPrompt"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--close').click(function(){ $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--panel').hide(); Aedu.Dismissibles.recordDismissal("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); $('.wow-profile-mentions-upsell--button').click(function(){ Aedu.Dismissibles.recordClickthrough("WowProfileMentionsUpsell"); }); new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserWorks({ initialWorksOffset: 20, allWorksOffset: 20, maxSections: 2 }) }); </script> </div></div></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile_edit-5ea339ee107c863779f560dd7275595239fed73f1a13d279d2b599a28c0ecd33.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/add_coauthor-22174b608f9cb871d03443cafa7feac496fb50d7df2d66a53f5ee3c04ba67f53.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/tab-dcac0130902f0cc2d8cb403714dd47454f11fc6fb0e99ae6a0827b06613abc20.js","https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/wow_profile-f77ea15d77ce96025a6048a514272ad8becbad23c641fc2b3bd6e24ca6ff1932.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb window.ae = window.ae || {}; window.ae.WowProfile = window.ae.WowProfile || {}; if(Aedu.User.current && Aedu.User.current.id === $viewedUser.id) { window.ae.WowProfile.current_user_edit = {}; new WowProfileEdit.EditUploadView({ el: '.js-edit-upload-button-wrapper', model: window.$current_user, }); new AddCoauthor.AddCoauthorsController(); } var userInfoView = new WowProfile.SocialRedesignUserInfo({ recaptcha_key: "6LdxlRMTAAAAADnu_zyLhLg0YF9uACwz78shpjJB" }); WowProfile.router = new WowProfile.Router({ userInfoView: userInfoView }); Backbone.history.start({ pushState: true, root: "/" + $viewedUser.page_name }); new WowProfile.UserWorksNav() }); </script> </div> <div class="bootstrap login"><div class="modal fade login-modal" id="login-modal"><div class="login-modal-dialog modal-dialog"><div class="modal-content"><div class="modal-header"><button class="close close" data-dismiss="modal" type="button"><span aria-hidden="true">×</span><span class="sr-only">Close</span></button><h4 class="modal-title text-center"><strong>Log In</strong></h4></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><button class="btn btn-fb btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-facebook-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 19px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="facebook-square" class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-square fa-w-14" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M400 32H48A48 48 0 0 0 0 80v352a48 48 0 0 0 48 48h137.25V327.69h-63V256h63v-54.64c0-62.15 37-96.48 93.67-96.48 27.14 0 55.52 4.84 55.52 4.84v61h-31.27c-30.81 0-40.42 19.12-40.42 38.73V256h68.78l-11 71.69h-57.78V480H400a48 48 0 0 0 48-48V80a48 48 0 0 0-48-48z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Facebook</strong></small></button><br /><button class="btn btn-google btn-lg btn-block btn-v-center-content" id="login-google-oauth-button"><svg style="float: left; width: 22px; line-height: 1em; margin-right: .3em;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="google-plus" class="svg-inline--fa fa-google-plus fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M256,8C119.1,8,8,119.1,8,256S119.1,504,256,504,504,392.9,504,256,392.9,8,256,8ZM185.3,380a124,124,0,0,1,0-248c31.3,0,60.1,11,83,32.3l-33.6,32.6c-13.2-12.9-31.3-19.1-49.4-19.1-42.9,0-77.2,35.5-77.2,78.1S142.3,334,185.3,334c32.6,0,64.9-19.1,70.1-53.3H185.3V238.1H302.2a109.2,109.2,0,0,1,1.9,20.7c0,70.8-47.5,121.2-118.8,121.2ZM415.5,273.8v35.5H380V273.8H344.5V238.3H380V202.8h35.5v35.5h35.2v35.5Z"></path></svg><small><strong>Log in</strong> with <strong>Google</strong></small></button><br /><style type="text/css">.sign-in-with-apple-button { width: 100%; height: 52px; border-radius: 3px; border: 1px solid black; cursor: pointer; }</style><script src="https://appleid.cdn-apple.com/appleauth/static/jsapi/appleid/1/en_US/appleid.auth.js" type="text/javascript"></script><div class="sign-in-with-apple-button" data-border="false" data-color="white" id="appleid-signin"><span   ="Sign Up with Apple" class="u-fs11"></span></div><script>AppleID.auth.init({ clientId: 'edu.academia.applesignon', scope: 'name email', redirectURI: 'https://www.academia.edu/sessions', state: "332ac52533b4b403a12e9b91019ed6997b7486a9636a910ac4abed79f03685a2", });</script><script>// Hacky way of checking if on fast loswp if (window.loswp == null) { (function() { const Google = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Google; const Facebook = window?.Aedu?.Auth?.OauthButton?.Login?.Facebook; if (Google) { new Google({ el: '#login-google-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } if (Facebook) { new Facebook({ el: '#login-facebook-oauth-button', rememberMeCheckboxId: 'remember_me', track: null }); } })(); }</script></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><div class="hr-heading login-hr-heading"><span class="hr-heading-text">or</span></div></div></div></div><div class="modal-body"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-10 col-xs-offset-1"><form class="js-login-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/sessions" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="dapobcy3h0t2Ul3eTleACpojqQ+7frpf0STjS5uOY6kvpCQTYCy5RCCDH6G2Rs024Yng9HnP0oLQx1p+zM/6Gg==" autocomplete="off" /><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-email-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Email</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-email-input" name="login" type="email" /></div><div class="form-group"><label class="control-label" for="login-modal-password-input" style="font-size: 14px;">Password</label><input class="form-control" id="login-modal-password-input" name="password" type="password" /></div><input type="hidden" name="post_login_redirect_url" id="post_login_redirect_url" value="https://aberdeen.academia.edu/JohnSpeakman" autocomplete="off" /><div class="checkbox"><label><input type="checkbox" name="remember_me" id="remember_me" value="1" checked="checked" /><small style="font-size: 12px; margin-top: 2px; display: inline-block;">Remember me on this computer</small></label></div><br><input type="submit" name="commit" value="Log In" class="btn btn-primary btn-block btn-lg js-login-submit" data-disable-with="Log In" /></br></form><script>typeof window?.Aedu?.recaptchaManagedForm === 'function' && window.Aedu.recaptchaManagedForm( document.querySelector('.js-login-form'), document.querySelector('.js-login-submit') );</script><small style="font-size: 12px;"><br />or <a data-target="#login-modal-reset-password-container" data-toggle="collapse" href="javascript:void(0)">reset password</a></small><div class="collapse" id="login-modal-reset-password-container"><br /><div class="well margin-0x"><form class="js-password-reset-form" action="https://www.academia.edu/reset_password" accept-charset="UTF-8" method="post"><input name="utf8" type="hidden" value="✓" autocomplete="off" /><input type="hidden" name="authenticity_token" value="v8IRYt5ik8LUcwiA5n3V9pQ+U3pw3Ss9/CUdjV/sV5HlzF0ccvmtzYKiSv8ebJjK75QagbJsQ+D9xqS4CK3OIg==" autocomplete="off" /><p>Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link.</p><div class="form-group"><input class="form-control" name="email" type="email" /></div><script src="https://recaptcha.net/recaptcha/api.js" async defer></script> <script> var invisibleRecaptchaSubmit = function () { var closestForm = function (ele) { var curEle = ele.parentNode; while (curEle.nodeName !== 'FORM' && curEle.nodeName !== 'BODY'){ curEle = curEle.parentNode; } return curEle.nodeName === 'FORM' ? curEle : null }; var eles = document.getElementsByClassName('g-recaptcha'); if (eles.length > 0) { var form = closestForm(eles[0]); if (form) { form.submit(); } } }; </script> <input type="submit" data-sitekey="6Lf3KHUUAAAAACggoMpmGJdQDtiyrjVlvGJ6BbAj" data-callback="invisibleRecaptchaSubmit" class="g-recaptcha btn btn-primary btn-block" value="Email me a link" value=""/> </form></div></div><script> require.config({ waitSeconds: 90 })(["https://a.academia-assets.com/assets/collapse-45805421cf446ca5adf7aaa1935b08a3a8d1d9a6cc5d91a62a2a3a00b20b3e6a.js"], function() { // from javascript_helper.rb $("#login-modal-reset-password-container").on("shown.bs.collapse", function() { $(this).find("input[type=email]").focus(); }); }); </script> </div></div></div><div class="modal-footer"><div class="text-center"><small style="font-size: 12px;">Need an account? <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/signup">Click here to sign up</a></small></div></div></div></div></div></div><script>// If we are on subdomain or non-bootstrapped page, redirect to login page instead of showing modal (function(){ if (typeof $ === 'undefined') return; var host = window.location.hostname; if ((host === $domain || host === "www."+$domain) && (typeof $().modal === 'function')) { $("#nav_log_in").click(function(e) { // Don't follow the link and open the modal e.preventDefault(); $("#login-modal").on('shown.bs.modal', function() { $(this).find("#login-modal-email-input").focus() }).modal('show'); }); } })()</script> <div class="bootstrap" id="footer"><div class="footer-content clearfix text-center padding-top-7x" style="width:100%;"><ul class="footer-links-secondary footer-links-wide list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/about">About</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/press">Press</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/documents">Papers</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/topics">Topics</a></li><li><a href="https://www.academia.edu/journals">Academia.edu Journals</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/hiring"><svg style="width: 13px; height: 13px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="briefcase" class="svg-inline--fa fa-briefcase fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M320 336c0 8.84-7.16 16-16 16h-96c-8.84 0-16-7.16-16-16v-48H0v144c0 25.6 22.4 48 48 48h416c25.6 0 48-22.4 48-48V288H320v48zm144-208h-80V80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48H176c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v48H48c-25.6 0-48 22.4-48 48v80h512v-80c0-25.6-22.4-48-48-48zm-144 0H192V96h128v32z"></path></svg> <strong>We're Hiring!</strong></a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://support.academia.edu/"><svg style="width: 12px; height: 12px;" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fas" data-icon="question-circle" class="svg-inline--fa fa-question-circle fa-w-16" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512"><path fill="currentColor" d="M504 256c0 136.997-111.043 248-248 248S8 392.997 8 256C8 119.083 119.043 8 256 8s248 111.083 248 248zM262.655 90c-54.497 0-89.255 22.957-116.549 63.758-3.536 5.286-2.353 12.415 2.715 16.258l34.699 26.31c5.205 3.947 12.621 3.008 16.665-2.122 17.864-22.658 30.113-35.797 57.303-35.797 20.429 0 45.698 13.148 45.698 32.958 0 14.976-12.363 22.667-32.534 33.976C247.128 238.528 216 254.941 216 296v4c0 6.627 5.373 12 12 12h56c6.627 0 12-5.373 12-12v-1.333c0-28.462 83.186-29.647 83.186-106.667 0-58.002-60.165-102-116.531-102zM256 338c-25.365 0-46 20.635-46 46 0 25.364 20.635 46 46 46s46-20.636 46-46c0-25.365-20.635-46-46-46z"></path></svg> <strong>Help Center</strong></a></li></ul><ul class="footer-links-tertiary list-inline margin-bottom-1x"><li class="small">Find new research papers in:</li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Biology">Biology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Health_Sciences">Health Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Ecology">Ecology</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Earth_Sciences">Earth Sciences</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Cognitive_Science">Cognitive Science</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Mathematics">Mathematics</a></li><li class="small"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/Documents/in/Computer_Science">Computer Science</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="DesignSystem" id="credit" style="width:100%;"><ul class="u-pl0x footer-links-legal list-inline"><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/terms">Terms</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/privacy">Privacy</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.academia.edu/copyright">Copyright</a></li><li>Academia ©2024</li></ul></div><script> //<![CDATA[ window.detect_gmtoffset = true; window.Academia && window.Academia.set_gmtoffset && Academia.set_gmtoffset('/gmtoffset'); //]]> </script> <div id='overlay_background'></div> <div id='bootstrap-modal-container' class='bootstrap'></div> <div id='ds-modal-container' class='bootstrap DesignSystem'></div> <div id='full-screen-modal'></div> </div> </body> </html>