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class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_and_career_in_photography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_and_career_in_photography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Marriage and career in photography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_and_career_in_photography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_life_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_life_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Later life and death</span> </div> </a> <ul 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id="toc-Three-color_principle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_practitioners" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_practitioners"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Early practitioners</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_practitioners-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exposures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exposures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Exposures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exposures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Other processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_of_the_Russian_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_of_the_Russian_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Documentary of the Russian Empire</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_of_the_Russian_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digital_color_rendering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digital_color_rendering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Digital color rendering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digital_color_rendering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 52 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-52" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">52 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%8A" title="سيرجي بروكودين-غورسكي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيرجي بروكودين-غورسكي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin_Qorski" title="Sergey Prokudin Qorski – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Sergey Prokudin Qorski" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="سرقی میخائیلوویچ پروکودین قورسکی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سرقی میخائیلوویچ پروکودین قورسکی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Прокудин-Горский Сергей Михайлович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Прокудин-Горский Сергей Михайлович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8F%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Сяргей Міхайлавіч Пракудзін-Горскі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сяргей Міхайлавіч Пракудзін-Горскі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сергей Прокудин-Горски – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Сергей Прокудин-Горски" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serguei_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Serguei Prokudin-Gorski – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Serguei Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Michailowitsch_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Sergei Michailowitsch Prokudin-Gorski – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sergei Michailowitsch Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%AD%CE%B9_%CE%A0%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD-%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B9" title="Σεργκέι Προκούντιν-Γκόρσκι – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σεργκέι Προκούντιν-Γκόρσκι" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergu%C3%A9i_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Serguéi Prokudin-Gorski – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Serguéi Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%B1%DA%AF%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86-%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="سرگئی پروکودین-گورسکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سرگئی پروکودین-گورسکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Prokoudine-Gorski" title="Sergueï Prokoudine-Gorski – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Sergueï Prokoudine-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii" title="Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%A5%B4%EA%B2%8C%EC%9D%B4_%ED%94%84%EB%A1%9C%EC%BF%A0%EB%94%98%EA%B3%A0%EB%A5%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%82%A4" title="세르게이 프로쿠딘고르스키 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세르게이 프로쿠딘고르스키" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A3%D5%A5%D5%B5_%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6-%D4%B3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%AB" title="Սերգեյ Պրոկուդին-Գորսկի – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սերգեյ Պրոկուդին-Գորսկի" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Michajlowi%C4%8D_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Michajlowič Prokudin-Gorskij – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Sergej Michajlowič Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Mihajlovi%C4%8D_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Sergej Mihajlovič Prokudin-Gorski – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sergej Mihajlovič Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Michajlovič Prokudin-Gorskij – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sergej Michajlovič Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%92%D7%99%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9F-%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%99" title="סרגיי פרוקודין-גורסקי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סרגיי פרוקודין-גורסקי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="სერგეი პროკუდინ-გორსკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სერგეი პროკუდინ-გორსკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejs_Prokudins-Gorskis" title="Sergejs Prokudins-Gorskis – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sergejs Prokudins-Gorskis" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Michailowitsch_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Sergei Michailowitsch Prokudin-Gorski – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Sergei Michailowitsch Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergejus_Prokudinas-Gorskis" title="Sergejus Prokudinas-Gorskis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sergejus Prokudinas-Gorskis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Sergei Prokudin-Gorski – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Sergei Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сергеј Прокудин-Горски – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Сергеј Прокудин-Горски" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergue%C3%AF_Prokoudine-Gorski" title="Sergueï Prokoudine-Gorski – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Sergueï Prokoudine-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C-%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="სერგეი პროკუდინ-გორსკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სერგეი პროკუდინ-გორსკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%AC%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%89" title="سيرجى بروكودين جورسكى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيرجى بروكودين جورسكى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Prokoedin-Gorski" title="Sergej Prokoedin-Gorski – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sergej Prokoedin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BB%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B2%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B8%E3%83%B3%EF%BC%9D%E3%82%B4%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AD%E3%83%BC" title="セルゲイ・プロクジン＝ゴルスキー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="セルゲイ・プロクジン＝ゴルスキー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin_Gorskiy" title="Sergey Prokudin Gorskiy – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sergey Prokudin Gorskiy" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siergiej_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Siergiej Prokudin-Gorski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Siergiej Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Mikhailovitch_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Sergei Mikhailovitch Prokudin-Gorski – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sergei Mikhailovitch Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D2%91%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D2%90%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Серґей Прокудин-Ґорский – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Серґей Прокудин-Ґорский" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Прокудин-Горский, Сергей Михайлович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прокудин-Горский, Сергей Михайлович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9" title="Сергей Прокудин-Горскай – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сергей Прокудин-Горскай" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorski – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Michajlovi%C4%8D_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Michajlovič Prokudin-Gorskij – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sergej Michajlovič Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%98_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Сергеј Прокудин-Горски – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сергеј Прокудин-Горски" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergei_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Sergei Prokudin-Gorski – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sergei Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergej_Prokudin-Gorskij" title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sergej Prokudin-Gorskij" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorski" title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorski – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sergey Prokudin-Gorski" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BD-%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Прокудін-Горський Сергій Михайлович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прокудін-Горський Сергій Михайлович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prokudin-Gorskii_Sergei" title="Prokudin-Gorskii Sergei – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Prokudin-Gorskii Sergei" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Mikhaylovich_Prokudin-Gorsky" title="Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AC%9D%E7%88%BE%E8%93%8B%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%BE%85%E5%BA%AB%E9%87%91-%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="謝爾蓋·普羅庫金-戈爾斯基 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="謝爾蓋·普羅庫金-戈爾斯基" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q101516#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Russian chemist and photographer (1863–1944)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Mikhaylovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Prokudin-Gorsky</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%;"><span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Сергей Прокудин-Горский</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Prokudin-Gorsky seated on a rock holding a walking cane" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg/220px-Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg/330px-Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg/440px-Sergei-Prokudin-Gorski-Larg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="644" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Prokudin-Gorsky in 1912</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">August 30 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> August 18] 1863<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Funikova_Gora" title="Funikova Gora">Funikova Gora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pokrovsky_Uyezd" title="Pokrovsky Uyezd">Pokrovsky Uyezd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Governorate" title="Vladimir Governorate">Vladimir Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 27, 1944<span style="display:none">(1944-09-27)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Paris, France</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve-des-Bois_Russian_Cemetery" title="Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery">Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chemist</li><li>photographer</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Early techniques for taking <a href="/wiki/Colour_photographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour photographs">colour photographs</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sergey Mikhaylovich Prokudin-Gorsky</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Сергей Михайлович Прокудин-Горский</span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[sʲɪrˈɡʲej<span class="wrap"> </span>mʲɪˈxajləvʲɪtɕ<span class="wrap"> </span>prɐˈkudʲɪn<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡorskʲɪj]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e5\/Ru-Prokudin-Gorskii.ogg\/Ru-Prokudin-Gorskii.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Ru-Prokudin-Gorskii.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e5/Ru-Prokudin-Gorskii.ogg/Ru-Prokudin-Gorskii.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Ru-Prokudin-Gorskii.ogg" title="File:Ru-Prokudin-Gorskii.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>; August 30 [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> August 18] 1863 – September 27, 1944) was a Russian chemist and photographer. He is best known for his pioneering work in <a href="/wiki/Colour_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Colour photography">colour photography</a> and his effort to document early 20th-century Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-loc_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-loc-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using a railway-car darkroom provided by <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_all_the_Russias" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of all the Russias">Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II" title="Nicholas II">Nicholas II</a>, Prokudin-Gorsky travelled the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> from around 1909 to 1915 using his three-image colour photography to record its many aspects. While some of his negatives were lost, the majority ended up in the US <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> after his death. Starting in 2000, the negatives were digitised and the colour triples for each subject digitally combined to produce hundreds of high-quality colour images of Russia and its neighbours from over a century ago. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prokudin-Gorsky was born in the ancestral estate of <a href="/wiki/Funikova_Gora" title="Funikova Gora">Funikova Gora</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Pokrovsky_Uyezd" title="Pokrovsky Uyezd">Pokrovsky Uyezd</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Governorate" title="Vladimir Governorate">Vladimir Governorate</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Kirzhachsky_District" title="Kirzhachsky District">Kirzhachsky District</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Oblast" title="Vladimir Oblast">Vladimir Oblast</a>). His parents were of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_nobility" title="Russian nobility">Russian nobility</a>, and the family had a long military history.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They moved to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, where Prokudin-Gorsky enrolled in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_State_Institute_of_Technology" title="Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology">Saint Petersburg State Institute of Technology</a> to study chemistry under <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a>. He also studied music and painting at the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Academy_of_Arts" title="Imperial Academy of Arts">Imperial Academy of Arts</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_and_career_in_photography">Marriage and career in photography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Marriage and career in photography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1890, Prokudin-Gorsky married Anna Aleksandrovna Lavrova, and later the couple had two sons, Mikhail and Dmitri, and a daughter, Ekaterina.<sup id="cite_ref-biogaranina_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogaranina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anna was the daughter of the Russian industrialist Aleksandr Stepanovich Lavrov, an active member in the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Technical_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russian Technical Society">Imperial Russian Technical Society</a> (IRTS).<sup id="cite_ref-biogaranina_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogaranina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prokudin-Gorsky subsequently became the director of the executive board of Lavrov's metal works near Saint Petersburg and remained so until the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>. He also joined Russia's oldest photographic society, the photography section of the IRTS, presenting papers and lecturing on the science of photography.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ica_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii_05599u.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prokudin-Gorskii_05599u.jpg/170px-Prokudin-Gorskii_05599u.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prokudin-Gorskii_05599u.jpg/255px-Prokudin-Gorskii_05599u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Prokudin-Gorskii_05599u.jpg/340px-Prokudin-Gorskii_05599u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2658" /></a><figcaption>Prokudin-Gorsky in 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1901, Prokudin-Gorsky established a photographic studio and laboratory in Saint Petersburg. The following year, he travelled to Berlin and spent 6 weeks studying colour sensitization and three-colour photography with <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemistry</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Miethe" title="Adolf Miethe">Adolf Miethe</a>, the most advanced practitioner in Germany at that time.<sup id="cite_ref-pgochron_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pgochron-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the years, Prokudin-Gorsky's photographic work, publications and slide shows to other scientists and photographers in Russia, Germany and France earned him praise,<sup id="cite_ref-biogaranina_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogaranina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1906 he was elected the president of the IRTS photography section and editor of Russia's main photography journal, the <i>Fotograf-Liubitel</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ica_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gorsky was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society" title="Royal Photographic Society">Royal Photographic Society</a> between 1920 and 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/170px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/255px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/340px-L.N.Tolstoy_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2167" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lithograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithograph">Lithograph</a> print of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> in front of Prokudin-Gorsky's camera in <a href="/wiki/Yasnaya_Polyana" title="Yasnaya Polyana">Yasnaya Polyana</a>, 1908</figcaption></figure> <p>Perhaps Prokudin-Gorsky's best-known work during his lifetime was his color portrait of <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was reproduced in various publications, on postcards, and as larger prints for framing.<sup id="cite_ref-biogaranina_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogaranina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-utoronto_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utoronto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fame from this photo and his earlier photos of Russia's nature and monuments earned him invitations to show his work to the Russian <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Alexandrovich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia">Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Feodorovna_(Dagmar_of_Denmark)" title="Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark)">Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna</a> in 1908, and to <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas II of Russia">Nicholas II</a> and his family in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-ica_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Tsar enjoyed the demonstration, and, with his blessing, Prokudin-Gorsky got the permission and funding to document Russia in color.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of ten years, he was to make a collection of 10,000 photos.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prokudin-Gorsky considered the project his life's work and continued his photographic journeys through Russia until after the October Revolution.<sup id="cite_ref-biogaranina_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogaranina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the new regime he was forced to accept a professorship and in August 1918 was ordered by the Education Ministry to procure projection equipment in Norway.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He still pursued scientific work in color photography, published papers in English photography journals and, together with his colleague <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergei_Olimpievich_Maksimovich&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergei Olimpievich Maksimovich (page does not exist)">S. O. Maksimovich</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%A1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Максимович, Сергей Олимпиевич">ru</a>]</span>, obtained patents in Germany, England, France and Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-biogaranina_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogaranina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_life_and_death">Later life and death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1920, Prokudin-Gorsky remarried and had a daughter with his assistant Maria Fedorovna née Schedrina. The family finally settled in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1922, reuniting with his first wife and children.<sup id="cite_ref-ica_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prokudin-Gorsky set up a photo studio there together with his three adult children, naming it after his fourth child, Elka. In the 1930s, the elderly Prokudin-Gorsky continued with lectures showing his photographs of Russia to young Russians in France, but stopped commercial work and left the studio to his children, who named it Gorsky Frères. He died in Paris on September 27, 1944, a month after the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a>. He is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Sainte-Genevi%C3%A8ve-des-Bois_Russian_Cemetery" title="Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery">Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois Russian Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-biogaranina_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-biogaranina-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Photography_technique">Photography technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Photography technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three-color_principle">Three-color principle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Three-color principle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alleia_Hamerops_composite.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alleia_Hamerops_composite.jpg/450px-Alleia_Hamerops_composite.jpg" decoding="async" width="450" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alleia_Hamerops_composite.jpg/675px-Alleia_Hamerops_composite.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Alleia_Hamerops_composite.jpg/900px-Alleia_Hamerops_composite.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Crop from <i>Alleia Hamerops</i> showing the red, green and blue <a href="/wiki/Color_channels" class="mw-redirect" title="Color channels">color channels</a> as well as the composite image</figcaption></figure> <p>The method of <a href="/wiki/Color_photography" title="Color photography">color photography</a> used by Prokudin-Gorsky was first suggested by <a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">James Clerk Maxwell</a> in 1855 and demonstrated in 1861, but good results were not possible with the photographic materials available at that time. In imitation of the way a normal human eye <a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">senses color</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Visible_spectrum" title="Visible spectrum">visible spectrum</a> of colors was divided into three channels of information by capturing it in the form of three <a href="/wiki/Black-and-white" title="Black-and-white">black-and-white</a> photographs, one taken through a red <a href="/wiki/Filter_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Filter (optics)">filter</a>, one through a green filter, and one through a blue filter. The resulting three photographs could be projected through filters of the same colors and exactly superimposed on a screen, synthesizing the original range of color <a href="/wiki/Additive_color" title="Additive color">additively</a>; or viewed as an additive color image by one person at a time through an optical device known generically as a chromoscope or photochromoscope, which contained colored filters and transparent reflectors that visually combined the three into one full-color image; or used to make photographic or mechanical prints in the <a href="/wiki/Complementary_colors" title="Complementary colors">complementary colors</a> cyan, magenta and yellow, which, when superimposed, reconstituted the color <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">subtractively</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_practitioners">Early practitioners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early practitioners"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Louis_Arthur_Ducos_du_Hauron" title="Louis Arthur Ducos du Hauron">Louis Ducos du Hauron</a> conducted early experiments with the three-color principle in the late 1860s. During the period from the 1870s to the 1890s, he created several color prints and photographs.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1877, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bierstadt" title="Edward Bierstadt">Edward Bierstadt</a> showcased the first successful three-color prints in the United States. His work gained attention in the 1890s when he exhibited color prints of various subjects such as oil and watercolor paintings, floral studies, and <a href="/wiki/Portrait_photography" title="Portrait photography">portraits from life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first person to widely demonstrate good results by this method was <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Eugene_Ives" title="Frederic Eugene Ives">Frederic E. Ives</a>, whose "Kromskop" system of viewers, projectors and camera equipment was commercially available from 1897 until about 1907. Only the viewers and ready-made triple photographs for use in them sold in any significant quantity. <a href="/wiki/Still_life" title="Still life">Still life</a> arrangements, unpopulated <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscapes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_painting" title="Oil painting">oil paintings</a> were the typical subject matter, but a few examples of color portraiture from life were also offered. </p><p>Another very notable practitioner was <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Miethe" title="Adolf Miethe">Adolf Miethe</a>, with whom Prokudin-Gorsky studied in Germany in 1902.<sup id="cite_ref-pgochron_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pgochron-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Miethe was a <a href="/wiki/Photochemistry" title="Photochemistry">photochemist</a> who greatly improved the <a href="/wiki/Panchromatic_film" title="Panchromatic film">panchromatic</a> characteristics of the black-and-white photographic materials suitable for use with this method of color photography. He presented projected color photographs to the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaiser Wilhelm II">German Imperial Family</a> in 1902 and was exhibiting them to the general public in 1903,<sup id="cite_ref-pgochron_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pgochron-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when they also began to appear in periodicals and books. Miethe took the first known aerial color photographs, from a <a href="/wiki/Hot_air_balloon" title="Hot air balloon">hot air balloon</a>, in 1906. </p><p>In England in 1899 Ives's former assistant, Edward Sanger-Shepherd, commercialized the application of the three-colour process in the "<a href="/wiki/Sanger_Shepherd" title="Sanger Shepherd">Sanger Shepherd</a> process of natural colour photography". With his process in 1903 and 1904 <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Angelina_Acland" title="Sarah Angelina Acland">Sarah Angelina Acland</a> produced the first substantial body of work in colour photography by an amateur photographer. By 1905 seventeen different photographers had shown three-colour slides by the Sanger-Shepherd process at exhibitions of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Photographic_Society" title="Royal Photographic Society">Royal Photographic Society</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1905, the Neue Photographische Gesellschaft established a color photography studio in Berlin. The studio utilized the three-color principle and employed a printing process developed by Robert Krayn. Some of the resulting images were published as postcards, featuring notable individuals including <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm II, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm II</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pope Pius X</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Equipment">Equipment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorsky_with_camera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Prokudin-Gorsky_with_camera.jpg/220px-Prokudin-Gorsky_with_camera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Prokudin-Gorsky_with_camera.jpg/330px-Prokudin-Gorsky_with_camera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Prokudin-Gorsky_with_camera.jpg/440px-Prokudin-Gorsky_with_camera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1072" /></a><figcaption>Prokudin-Gorsky with his colour camera and an assistant</figcaption></figure> <p>Photographic plates, which had the light-sensitive <a href="/wiki/Photographic_emulsion" title="Photographic emulsion">emulsion</a> coated on a thin sheet of glass, were normally used instead of flexible film, both because a general transition from glass plates to plastic film was still in progress and because glass provided the best dimensional stability for three images intended to match up perfectly when they were later combined. </p><p>An ordinary camera could be used to take the three pictures, by reloading it and changing filters between exposures, but pioneering color photographers usually built or bought special cameras that made the procedure less awkward and time-consuming. One of the two main types used <a href="/wiki/Beam_splitter" title="Beam splitter">beam splitters</a> to produce three separate images in the camera, making all three exposures at the same time and from the same viewpoint. Although a camera of this type was ideal in theory, such cameras were optically complicated and delicate, and liable to get out of adjustment. Some designs were also subject to optical phenomena that could cause noticeably uneven color or other defects in the results. The other, more robust type was an essentially ordinary camera with a special sliding holder for the plates and filters that allowed each in turn to be efficiently shifted into position for exposure—an operation sometimes partly or even entirely automated with a pneumatic mechanism or spring-powered motor.<sup id="cite_ref-Coe_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coe-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the three color-filtered photographs were not taken at the same time, anything in the scene that did not hold steady during the entire operation would exhibit colored "fringes" around its edges in the resulting color image. If it moved continuously across the scene, three separate strongly-colored "ghost" images could result. Such color artifacts are plainly visible in ordinary color composites of many of Prokudin-Gorsky's photographs, but special digital image processing software was used to artificially remove them, whenever possible, from the composites of all 1,902 of the images commissioned by the Library of Congress in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-prokcompos_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prokcompos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The altered versions have proliferated online and older or third-party versions showing these tell-tale peculiarities are increasingly scarce.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Adolf Miethe designed a high-quality, sequential-exposure color camera, which was manufactured by Bermpohl and became available commercially in 1903. Prokudin-Gorsky published an illustration of it in <i>Fotograf-Liubitel</i> in 1906. The most common model used a single oblong plate 9 cm wide by 24 cm high, the same format as Prokudin-Gorsky's surviving <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negatives</a>, and it photographed the images in unconventional blue-green-red sequence, which is also a characteristic of Prokudin-Gorsky's negatives if the usual upside-down image in a camera and gravity-compliant downward shiftings of his plates are assumed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An inventor as well as a photographer, Prokudin-Gorsky patented an optical system for cameras of the simultaneous-exposure type,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it is often claimed or implied that he invented, or at least built, the camera used for his Russian Empire project. No definite written or photographic documentation of his field equipment is known to exist, only the evidence inherent in the photographs themselves, and no rationale has been suggested for going to the trouble and expense of building a functionally identical copy of a Miethe-Bermpohl camera instead of simply buying one. </p><p>Miethe and Bermpohl also produced a matching three-color projector and a chromoscope. The Goerz optical company made a differently configured and more powerful three-color projector for Miethe. It, too, was commercially available.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exposures">Exposures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Exposures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The required exposure time depended on the lighting conditions, the sensitivity of the photographic plate, and the camera <a href="/wiki/F-number" title="F-number">lens aperture</a> used. In a letter to Leo Tolstoy requesting a portrait sitting, Prokudin-Gorsky described the exposure as taking one to three seconds, but later, when recollecting his time with Tolstoy, he described a six-second exposure on a sunny day.<sup id="cite_ref-utoronto_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-utoronto-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Aguera" class="mw-redirect" title="Blaise Aguera">Blaise Agüera y Arcas</a> studied one landscape view, photographed in broad daylight but showing a clear, well-defined moon, and used the moon's movement to estimate that the whole procedure of three filtered exposures and two repositionings of the camera's plate holder had taken over a minute.<sup id="cite_ref-prokcompos_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prokcompos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lens aperture Prokudin-Gorsky chose to use greatly affected the exposure time required. A small aperture is often used for <a href="/wiki/Landscape_photography" title="Landscape photography">landscape photography</a> because it allows objects at various distances to all be sharply imaged at the same time, while the use of a large aperture is common for portraiture and plainly evident in the Tolstoy portrait. All other factors being equal, if for example a 16-second exposure was required when using a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">4</span></span>-inch-diameter aperture, an exposure of only 1 second would suffice with a 1-inch aperture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_processes">Other processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Other processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prokudin-Gorsky was also acquainted with the use of <a href="/wiki/Autochrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Autochrome">Autochrome</a> color plates, which did not require a special camera or projector. He was one of the favored few the <a href="/wiki/Lumi%C3%A8re_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumière Brothers">Lumière Brothers</a> introduced to their new product in 1906, the year before it went into commercial production.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Autochrome plates were expensive and not sensitive enough for casual "snapshots" with a hand-held camera, but their use was simple and in expert hands they were capable of producing excellent results. They made color photography truly practical for advanced amateurs and led some pioneering users of color separation cameras to abandon their methods as outmoded, but Prokudin-Gorsky was not won over. No Autochromes by Prokudin-Gorsky are known to survive. </p><p>Although photographic color prints of the images were difficult to make at the time and slide show lectures consumed much of the time Prokudin-Gorsky used to demonstrate his work, <a href="/wiki/Lithography" title="Lithography">photomechanical</a> color prints of some were published in journals and books, and his studio issued some, most notably the Tolstoy portrait, as postcards and large <a href="/wiki/Photogravure" title="Photogravure">photogravures</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ica_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the original prints published by his studio still survive.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prokudin-Gorsky's own inventions, some of them collaborative, led to the granting of numerous <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>, most issued during the years of his voluntary exile and not directly related to the body of work on which his fame now rests. Some concern processes for making subtractive color transparencies, which do not require any special projection or viewing equipment. Examples of these were preserved by Prokudin-Gorsky's family and have recently appeared online.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most of his patents relate to the production of natural-color <a href="/wiki/Motion_picture" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion picture">motion pictures</a>, a potentially lucrative application that attracted the attention of many inventors in the field of color photography during the 1910s and 1920s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Documentary_of_the_Russian_Empire">Documentary of the Russian Empire</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Documentary of the Russian Empire"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Around 1905, Prokudin-Gorsky envisioned and formulated a plan to use the emerging technological advances that had been made in color photography to document the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> systematically. Through such an ambitious project, his ultimate goal was to educate the schoolchildren of Russia with his "optical color projections" of the vast and diverse <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Modernization" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernization">modernization</a> of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Outfitted with a specially equipped railroad-car <a href="/wiki/Darkroom" title="Darkroom">darkroom</a> provided by <a href="/wiki/Tsar_Nicholas_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsar Nicholas II">Tsar Nicholas II</a> and in possession of two permits that granted him access to restricted areas and cooperation from the empire's bureaucracy, Prokudin-Gorsky documented the Russian Empire between around 1909 and 1915. He conducted many illustrated lectures of his work. His photographs offer a vivid portrait of a lost world—the Russian Empire on the eve of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the coming <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. His subjects ranged from the medieval churches and monasteries of old Russia, to the railroads and factories of an emerging industrial power, to the daily life and work of Russia's diverse population.<sup id="cite_ref-Diversity_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversity-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been estimated from Prokudin-Gorsky's personal inventory that before leaving Russia, he had about 3,500 negatives.<sup id="cite_ref-minachin_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minachin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon leaving the country and exporting all his photographic material, about half of the photos were confiscated by Russian authorities for containing material they deemed strategically sensitive for war-time Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-ica_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Prokudin-Gorsky's notes, the photos left behind were not of interest to the general public.<sup id="cite_ref-minachin_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minachin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of Prokudin-Gorsky's negatives were given away,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and some he hid on his departure.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Outside the Library of Congress collection, none has yet been found.<sup id="cite_ref-minachin_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minachin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time of Prokudin-Gorsky's death, the Tsar and his family had long since been executed during the Russian civil war, and most of the former empire was now the Soviet Union. The surviving boxes of photo albums and fragile glass plates the negatives were recorded on were finally stored in the basement of a Parisian apartment building, and the family was worried about them getting damaged. The United States <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> purchased the material from Prokudin-Gorsky's heirs in 1948 for $3,500–$5,000 on the initiative of a researcher inquiring into their whereabouts.<sup id="cite_ref-minachin_32-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-minachin-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The library counted 1,902 negatives and 710 album prints without corresponding negatives in the collection.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digital_color_rendering">Digital color rendering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Digital color rendering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 380px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 378px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rgb-compose-Alim_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Simple, unretouched color composite of Alim Khan, last Emir of Bukhara, 1911. At right, the original triple negative on glass, shown here in positive form. Prokudin-Gorsky photographed the upper, middle and lower images through blue, green and red filters."><img alt="Simple, unretouched color composite of Alim Khan, last Emir of Bukhara, 1911. At right, the original triple negative on glass, shown here in positive form. Prokudin-Gorsky photographed the upper, middle and lower images through blue, green and red filters." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rgb-compose-Alim_Khan.jpg/567px-Rgb-compose-Alim_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="378" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rgb-compose-Alim_Khan.jpg/851px-Rgb-compose-Alim_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Rgb-compose-Alim_Khan.jpg/1134px-Rgb-compose-Alim_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4823" data-file-height="3190" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Simple, unretouched color composite of <a href="/wiki/Sayyid_Mir_Muhammad_Alim_Khan" title="Sayyid Mir Muhammad Alim Khan">Alim Khan</a>, last Emir of <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, 1911. At right, the original triple <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negative</a> on glass, shown here in positive form. Prokudin-Gorsky photographed the upper, middle and lower images through blue, green and red filters.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 291.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 289.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title=""Digichromatography" version"><img alt=""Digichromatography" version" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/434px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/651px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg/868px-Prokudin-Gorskii-19.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="2859" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Digichromatography" version</div> </li> </ul> <p>Due to the very specialized and labor-intensive processes required to make photographic color prints from the negatives, only about a hundred of the images were used in exhibits, books and scholarly articles during the half-century after the Library of Congress acquired them.<sup id="cite_ref-ica_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ica-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their widest exposure was in the 1980 <a href="/wiki/Coffee_table_book" title="Coffee table book">coffee table book</a> <i>Photographs for the Tsar: The Pioneering Color Photography of Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii Commissioned by Tsar Nicholas II</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the color images are combined <a href="/wiki/Subtractive_color" title="Subtractive color">yellow, magenta and cyan</a> ink-on-paper <a href="/wiki/Halftone" title="Halftone">halftones</a> mass-produced with a multicolor printing press in the usual way.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was only with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Digital_image_processing" title="Digital image processing">digital image processing</a> that multiple images could be quickly and easily combined into one.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Library of Congress undertook a project in 2000 to make digital scans of all the photographic material received from Prokudin-Gorsky's heirs and contracted with the photographer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_Frankhauser&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Frankhauser (page does not exist)">Walter Frankhauser</a> to combine the monochrome negatives into color images.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He created 122 color renderings using a method he called <i>digichromatography</i> and commented that each image took him around six to seven hours to align, clean and color-correct.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2001, the Library of Congress produced an exhibition from these, <i>The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The photographs have since been the subject of many other exhibitions in the area where Prokudin-Gorsky took his photos.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2004, the Library of Congress contracted with computer scientist <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Ag%C3%BCera_y_Arcas" title="Blaise Agüera y Arcas">Blaise Agüera y Arcas</a> to produce an automated color composite of each of the 1,902 negatives from the high-resolution <a href="/wiki/Digital_image" title="Digital image">digital images</a> of the glass-plate negatives. He applied algorithms to compensate for the differences between the exposures and prepared color composites of all the negatives in the collection.<sup id="cite_ref-prokcompos_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-prokcompos-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the library offers the high-resolution images of the negatives freely on the Internet, many others have since created their own color representations of the photos,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they have become a favorite testbed for computer scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some of Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky's photographs, digitally processed, made available by the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>: </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dagestani Sunni Muslim, 1904[30][50]"><img alt="Dagestani Sunni Muslim, 1904[30][50]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg/262px-Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg" decoding="async" width="175" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg/394px-Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg/525px-Sunni_Muslim_man_wearing_traditional_dress_and_headgear.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3145" data-file-height="2518" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dagestan" title="Dagestan">Dagestani</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni Muslim">Sunni Muslim</a>, 1904<sup id="cite_ref-Diversity_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diversity-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_workers_harvesting_tea_Chakva_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Greek women and children harvesting tea in Chakvi, Georgia, circa 1905–1915"><img alt="Greek women and children harvesting tea in Chakvi, Georgia, circa 1905–1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Group_of_workers_harvesting_tea_Chakva_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/240px-Group_of_workers_harvesting_tea_Chakva_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Group_of_workers_harvesting_tea_Chakva_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/360px-Group_of_workers_harvesting_tea_Chakva_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Group_of_workers_harvesting_tea_Chakva_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg/480px-Group_of_workers_harvesting_tea_Chakva_Prokudin-Gorsky.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="2829" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Greeks" title="Caucasus Greeks">Greek</a> women and children harvesting tea in <a href="/wiki/Chakvi" title="Chakvi">Chakvi</a>, Georgia, circa 1905–1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 158px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 156px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jewish children with their teacher in Samarkand, c. 1905–1915"><img alt="Jewish children with their teacher in Samarkand, c. 1905–1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/234px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/351px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg/469px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3067" data-file-height="2749" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Jewish children with their teacher in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1905–1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 138px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 136px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minister_of_Interior_Bukhara.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kush-Beggi, Minister of the Interior of the Emirate of Bukhara, c. 1905–1915"><img alt="Kush-Beggi, Minister of the Interior of the Emirate of Bukhara, c. 1905–1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Minister_of_Interior_Bukhara.jpg/204px-Minister_of_Interior_Bukhara.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Minister_of_Interior_Bukhara.jpg/307px-Minister_of_Interior_Bukhara.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Minister_of_Interior_Bukhara.jpg/409px-Minister_of_Interior_Bukhara.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="2568" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kush-Beggi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kush-Beggi (page does not exist)">Kush-Beggi</a>, Minister of the Interior of the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Emirate of Bukhara</a>, c. 1905–1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 153.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Armenian woman in national costume near Artvin, c. 1905–1915"><img alt="Armenian woman in national costume near Artvin, c. 1905–1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg/230px-Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg/344px-Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg/459px-Armenian_woman_in_national_costume_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3361" data-file-height="3076" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Armenian woman in national costume near <a href="/wiki/Artvin" title="Artvin">Artvin</a>, c. 1905–1915</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 167.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 165.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-21.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zindan (prison) in Bukhara, 1907"><img alt="Zindan (prison) in Bukhara, 1907" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Prokudin-Gorskii-21.jpg/248px-Prokudin-Gorskii-21.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Prokudin-Gorskii-21.jpg/372px-Prokudin-Gorskii-21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Prokudin-Gorskii-21.jpg/496px-Prokudin-Gorskii-21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="2738" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">Zindan</a> (prison) in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, 1907</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin20923v_Myatusovo1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A chapel in Myatusovo, 1909"><img alt="A chapel in Myatusovo, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Prokudin20923v_Myatusovo1909.jpg/240px-Prokudin20923v_Myatusovo1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Prokudin20923v_Myatusovo1909.jpg/359px-Prokudin20923v_Myatusovo1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Prokudin20923v_Myatusovo1909.jpg/479px-Prokudin20923v_Myatusovo1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="901" data-file-height="790" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A chapel in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myatusovo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myatusovo (page does not exist)">Myatusovo</a>, 1909</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 159.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 157.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin_20893v_Old_Ladoga_1909.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staraya Ladoga Fortress, 1909"><img alt="Staraya Ladoga Fortress, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Prokudin_20893v_Old_Ladoga_1909.jpg/236px-Prokudin_20893v_Old_Ladoga_1909.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Prokudin_20893v_Old_Ladoga_1909.jpg/354px-Prokudin_20893v_Old_Ladoga_1909.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Prokudin_20893v_Old_Ladoga_1909.jpg/472px-Prokudin_20893v_Old_Ladoga_1909.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3340" data-file-height="2972" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a> Fortress, 1909</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Russian peasant girls in a rural area along the Sheksna River near Kirillov, 1909"><img alt="Russian peasant girls in a rural area along the Sheksna River near Kirillov, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg/243px-Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg/364px-Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg/485px-Prokudin-Gorskii-08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3320" data-file-height="2873" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Russian peasant girls in a rural area along the <a href="/wiki/Sheksna_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheksna River">Sheksna River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kirillov_(town)" title="Kirillov (town)">Kirillov</a>, 1909</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Staraya_Ladoga_Church.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of St. John the Baptist on Malyshevaya Hill; Staraya Ladoga, 1909"><img alt="Church of St. John the Baptist on Malyshevaya Hill; Staraya Ladoga, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Staraya_Ladoga_Church.JPG/244px-Staraya_Ladoga_Church.JPG" decoding="async" width="163" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Staraya_Ladoga_Church.JPG/366px-Staraya_Ladoga_Church.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Staraya_Ladoga_Church.JPG/488px-Staraya_Ladoga_Church.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="2898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Church of St. John the Baptist on Malyshevaya Hill; <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a>, 1909</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_04422u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haymaking farm workers standing near their equipment, taking a break, 1909"><img alt="Haymaking farm workers standing near their equipment, taking a break, 1909" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gorskii_04422u.jpg/244px-Gorskii_04422u.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gorskii_04422u.jpg/366px-Gorskii_04422u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Gorskii_04422u.jpg/487px-Gorskii_04422u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3309" data-file-height="2852" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Haymaking farm workers standing near their equipment, taking a break, 1909</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 165.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 163.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii_-_City_of_Perm._General_view_(1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="General view of the city of Perm, 1910"><img alt="General view of the city of Perm, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii_-_City_of_Perm._General_view_%281910%29.jpg/245px-Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii_-_City_of_Perm._General_view_%281910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="164" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii_-_City_of_Perm._General_view_%281910%29.jpg/368px-Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii_-_City_of_Perm._General_view_%281910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii_-_City_of_Perm._General_view_%281910%29.jpg/490px-Sergei_Mikhailovich_Prokudin-Gorskii_-_City_of_Perm._General_view_%281910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3366" data-file-height="2885" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">General view of the city of <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii_-_Staro-Sibirskaia_Gate_in_the_city_of_Perm.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Staro-Sibirskaia Gate in the city of Perm, 1910"><img alt="Staro-Sibirskaia Gate in the city of Perm, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prokudin-Gorskii_-_Staro-Sibirskaia_Gate_in_the_city_of_Perm.jpg/284px-Prokudin-Gorskii_-_Staro-Sibirskaia_Gate_in_the_city_of_Perm.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prokudin-Gorskii_-_Staro-Sibirskaia_Gate_in_the_city_of_Perm.jpg/426px-Prokudin-Gorskii_-_Staro-Sibirskaia_Gate_in_the_city_of_Perm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Prokudin-Gorskii_-_Staro-Sibirskaia_Gate_in_the_city_of_Perm.jpg/568px-Prokudin-Gorskii_-_Staro-Sibirskaia_Gate_in_the_city_of_Perm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3268" data-file-height="2416" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Staro-Sibirskaia Gate in the city of Perm, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorsky_-_Perm._Headquarters_of_the_Ural_Railway_Administration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm, 1910"><img alt="Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Prokudin-Gorsky_-_Perm._Headquarters_of_the_Ural_Railway_Administration.jpg/259px-Prokudin-Gorsky_-_Perm._Headquarters_of_the_Ural_Railway_Administration.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Prokudin-Gorsky_-_Perm._Headquarters_of_the_Ural_Railway_Administration.jpg/389px-Prokudin-Gorsky_-_Perm._Headquarters_of_the_Ural_Railway_Administration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Prokudin-Gorsky_-_Perm._Headquarters_of_the_Ural_Railway_Administration.jpg/518px-Prokudin-Gorsky_-_Perm._Headquarters_of_the_Ural_Railway_Administration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2672" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Headquarters of the Ural Railway Administration in the city of Perm, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Perm._Mary_Magdalene_Church.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mary Magdalene Church in the city of Perm, 1910"><img alt="Mary Magdalene Church in the city of Perm, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Perm._Mary_Magdalene_Church.png/249px-Perm._Mary_Magdalene_Church.png" decoding="async" width="166" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Perm._Mary_Magdalene_Church.png/373px-Perm._Mary_Magdalene_Church.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Perm._Mary_Magdalene_Church.png/497px-Perm._Mary_Magdalene_Church.png 2x" data-file-width="3330" data-file-height="2814" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Mary Magdalene Church in the city of Perm, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 185.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 183.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kama river near Perm, 1910. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it."><img alt="Kama river near Perm, 1910. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg/275px-Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg/412px-Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg/549px-Prokudin-Gorskii-25.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3068" data-file-height="2347" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kama_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Kama river">Kama river</a> near <a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, 1910. The bridge still stands today, but another similar bridge has been built alongside it.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 190px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 188px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monastery of St. Nilus on Stolbny Island near Ostashkov, 1910"><img alt="Monastery of St. Nilus on Stolbny Island near Ostashkov, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg/282px-Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg/423px-Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg/564px-Prokudin-Gorskii-09-edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="2490" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_St._Nilus" class="mw-redirect" title="Monastery of St. Nilus">Monastery of St. Nilus</a> on <a href="/wiki/Stolbny_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Stolbny Island">Stolbny Island</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ostashkov" title="Ostashkov">Ostashkov</a>, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_03966u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Pinchas Karlinskiy, supervisor of a floodgate at Chernigov, 1910"><img alt="Pinchas Karlinskiy, supervisor of a floodgate at Chernigov, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gorskii_03966u.jpg/237px-Gorskii_03966u.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gorskii_03966u.jpg/355px-Gorskii_03966u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Gorskii_03966u.jpg/473px-Gorskii_03966u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3302" data-file-height="2931" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pinchas Karlinskiy, supervisor of a floodgate at <a href="/wiki/Chernigov" class="mw-redirect" title="Chernigov">Chernigov</a>, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 160.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 158.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-23.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bashkir switchman near Ust-Katav, 1910"><img alt="Bashkir switchman near Ust-Katav, 1910" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Prokudin-Gorskii-23.jpg/238px-Prokudin-Gorskii-23.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Prokudin-Gorskii-23.jpg/357px-Prokudin-Gorskii-23.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Prokudin-Gorskii-23.jpg/476px-Prokudin-Gorskii-23.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3111" data-file-height="2747" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkir</a> switchman near <a href="/wiki/Ust-Katav" title="Ust-Katav">Ust-Katav</a>, 1910</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 169.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 167.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_04412u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woman in traditional dress standing on rug in front of yurt, 1911"><img alt="Woman in traditional dress standing on rug in front of yurt, 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gorskii_04412u.jpg/251px-Gorskii_04412u.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gorskii_04412u.jpg/377px-Gorskii_04412u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Gorskii_04412u.jpg/502px-Gorskii_04412u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3159" data-file-height="2643" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woman in traditional dress standing on rug in front of <a href="/wiki/Yurt" title="Yurt">yurt</a>, 1911</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 152.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Nomadic Kyrgyz family on the Mirzachoʻl Steppe, 1911"><img alt="Nomadic Kyrgyz family on the Mirzachoʻl Steppe, 1911" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg/226px-Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg/339px-Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg/452px-Prokudin-Gorskii-18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2866" data-file-height="2664" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Nomadic <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_people" title="Kyrgyz people">Kyrgyz</a> family on the <a href="/wiki/Mirzacho%CA%BBl" title="Mirzachoʻl">Mirzachoʻl</a> Steppe, 1911</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_20001u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Madrasah of Muhammad Amin Tupchiboshi (now demolished) in Bukhara, circa 1912"><img alt="Madrasah of Muhammad Amin Tupchiboshi (now demolished) in Bukhara, circa 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gorskii_20001u.jpg/249px-Gorskii_20001u.jpg" decoding="async" width="166" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gorskii_20001u.jpg/373px-Gorskii_20001u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Gorskii_20001u.jpg/497px-Gorskii_20001u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3221" data-file-height="2721" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Madrasah of Muhammad Amin Tupchiboshi (now demolished) in <a href="/wiki/Bukhara" title="Bukhara">Bukhara</a>, circa 1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 176px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 174px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prokudin-Gorskii-32.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Village of Kolchedan in Ural Mountains, 1912"><img alt="The Village of Kolchedan in Ural Mountains, 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Prokudin-Gorskii-32.jpg/261px-Prokudin-Gorskii-32.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Prokudin-Gorskii-32.jpg/391px-Prokudin-Gorskii-32.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Prokudin-Gorskii-32.jpg/521px-Prokudin-Gorskii-32.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3146" data-file-height="2536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kolchedan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kolchedan (page does not exist)">Kolchedan</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ural_Mountains" title="Ural Mountains">Ural Mountains</a>, 1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 161.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 159.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii_04449u.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="View of Suzdal along the Kamenka River, 1912"><img alt="View of Suzdal along the Kamenka River, 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gorskii_04449u.jpg/239px-Gorskii_04449u.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gorskii_04449u.jpg/359px-Gorskii_04449u.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Gorskii_04449u.jpg/479px-Gorskii_04449u.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3129" data-file-height="2745" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View of <a href="/wiki/Suzdal" title="Suzdal">Suzdal</a> along the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kamenka_(Nerl)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kamenka (Nerl) (page does not exist)">Kamenka River</a>, 1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 163.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 161.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_Monastery_in_Tiumen_(Prokudin-Gorskii).png" class="mw-file-description" title="The mid-18th century Trinity Monastery in Tyumen, 1912"><img alt="The mid-18th century Trinity Monastery in Tyumen, 1912" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trinity_Monastery_in_Tiumen_%28Prokudin-Gorskii%29.png/242px-Trinity_Monastery_in_Tiumen_%28Prokudin-Gorskii%29.png" decoding="async" width="162" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trinity_Monastery_in_Tiumen_%28Prokudin-Gorskii%29.png/364px-Trinity_Monastery_in_Tiumen_%28Prokudin-Gorskii%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Trinity_Monastery_in_Tiumen_%28Prokudin-Gorskii%29.png/485px-Trinity_Monastery_in_Tiumen_%28Prokudin-Gorskii%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3086" data-file-height="2674" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The mid-18th century Trinity Monastery in <a href="/wiki/Tyumen" title="Tyumen">Tyumen</a>, 1912</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 164px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 162px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorskii._Austrian_prisoners_of_war_in_Olonets_province.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Austro-Hungarian POWs in Russian Karelia during World War I, 1915"><img alt="Austro-Hungarian POWs in Russian Karelia during World War I, 1915" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorskii._Austrian_prisoners_of_war_in_Olonets_province.jpg/243px-Gorskii._Austrian_prisoners_of_war_in_Olonets_province.jpg" decoding="async" width="162" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorskii._Austrian_prisoners_of_war_in_Olonets_province.jpg/365px-Gorskii._Austrian_prisoners_of_war_in_Olonets_province.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Gorskii._Austrian_prisoners_of_war_in_Olonets_province.jpg/487px-Gorskii._Austrian_prisoners_of_war_in_Olonets_province.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3234" data-file-height="2792" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Austro-Hungarian <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russian_Karelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Karelia">Russian Karelia</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, 1915</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Levi_Hill" title="Levi Hill">Levi Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sutton_(photographer)" title="Thomas Sutton (photographer)">Thomas Sutton (photographer)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Kahn_(banker)" title="Albert Kahn (banker)">Albert Kahn</a>, a patron of photography who funded photographers to travel around the world recording color images and cine film of diverse ethnic societies between 1909 and 1931.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ansel_Adams" title="Ansel Adams">Ansel Adams</a>, American black-and-white photographer who was commissioned by a number of organizations to document the American West.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Veyre" title="Gabriel Veyre">Gabriel Veyre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-loc-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-loc_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/gorskii.html">"Photographer to the Tsar: Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. 17 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 August</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Photographer+to+the+Tsar%3A+Sergei+Mikhailovich+Prokudin-Gorskii&rft.date=2001-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fempire%2Fgorskii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrumfield,_W.2019" class="citation web cs1">Brumfield, W. (2019-07-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/travel/330651-resurrection-monastery-uglich">"Resurrection Monastery in Uglich: Architectural jewel in chaotic times"</a>. Russia Beyond the Headlines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Resurrection+Monastery+in+Uglich%3A+Architectural+jewel+in+chaotic+times&rft.pub=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.date=2019-07-12&rft.au=Brumfield%2C+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Ftravel%2F330651-resurrection-monastery-uglich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTatarnikova2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tatarnikova, Annette (2006-06-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yarcenter.ru/content/view/23/86/">"Tsarskiy fotograf"</a> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsarskiy+fotograf&rft.date=2006-06-16&rft.aulast=Tatarnikova&rft.aufirst=Annette&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fyarcenter.ru%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F23%2F86%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-biogaranina-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-biogaranina_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biogaranina_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biogaranina_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biogaranina_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biogaranina_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biogaranina_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-biogaranina_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaranina2003" class="citation web cs1">Garanina, Svetlana (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505052308/http://www.prokudin-gorsky.ru/download/Prokudin-Gorsky%20Biography.pdf">"Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorsky Biography"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prokudin-gorsky.ru/download/Prokudin-Gorsky%20Biography.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sergei+Mikhailovich+Prokudin-Gorsky+Biography&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Garanina&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prokudin-gorsky.ru%2Fdownload%2FProkudin-Gorsky%2520Biography.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProkudin-Gorsky,_S.2013" class="citation web cs1">Prokudin-Gorsky, S. (2013-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/pictures/2013/02/20/colorful_memories_of_the_russian_empire_23059">"Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky: Colorful memories of the Russian Empire"</a>. Russia Beyond the Headlines<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sergey+Prokudin-Gorsky%3A+Colorful+memories+of+the+Russian+Empire&rft.pub=Russia+Beyond+the+Headlines&rft.date=2013-02-20&rft.au=Prokudin-Gorsky%2C+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rbth.com%2Fmultimedia%2Fpictures%2F2013%2F02%2F20%2Fcolorful_memories_of_the_russian_empire_23059&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ica-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ica_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ica_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ica_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ica_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ica_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ica_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ica_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdamsonZinkham,_Helena2002" class="citation journal cs1">Adamson, Jeremy; Zinkham, Helena (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090624232725/http://www.ica.org/en/node/30480">"The Prokudin-Gorskii Legacy: Colour Photographs of the Russian Empire, 1905-1915"</a>. <i>Comma</i>. <b>3–4</b> (Archives and Archival Issues of Russia). <a href="/wiki/International_Council_on_Archives" title="International Council on Archives">International Council on Archives</a>: 107–143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-598-01357-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-598-01357-4"><bdi>3-598-01357-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.org/en/node/30480">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comma&rft.atitle=The+Prokudin-Gorskii+Legacy%3A+Colour+Photographs+of+the+Russian+Empire%2C+1905-1915&rft.volume=3-4&rft.issue=Archives+and+Archival+Issues+of+Russia&rft.pages=107-143&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=3-598-01357-4&rft.aulast=Adamson&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft.au=Zinkham%2C+Helena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.org%2Fen%2Fnode%2F30480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pgochron-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pgochron_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pgochron_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pgochron_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=chronology">The chronology at Prokudin-Gorsky.org</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513142654/http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=chronology">Archived</a> 2014-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (accessed 26 September 2012) reports six weeks of study with Miethe in 1902. Other accounts give the year as 1889, but a primary source for that extremely early date is not apparent and it does not accord with the circa 1889 biographical details of either man. The major English-language source reporting 1889 (Adamson and Zinkham, p. 108) describes Miethe as "A brilliant young professor at the Charlottenburg Technische Hochschule..." and states (footnote, same page) that "While in Berlin, Prokudin-Gorskii is said to have given technical courses in photochemistry and spectrum analysis at the Technische Hochschule...", which evidences confusion of the facts somewhere along the line: biographies of Miethe all agree that he, not Prokudin-Gorsky, was the professor of photochemistry and spectroanalysis at the <a href="/wiki/Technische_Universit%C3%A4t_Berlin" title="Technische Universität Berlin">Königlich Technische Hochschule in Berlin</a>, a post he accepted by invitation in 1899 after the sudden death (17 December 1898) of its previous longtime occupant, <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Wilhelm_Vogel" title="Hermann Wilhelm Vogel">Hermann Wilhelm Vogel</a>, the discoverer of dye sensitization and himself a colour photography experimenter. It was apparently Miethe's first teaching position and the beginning of his involvement with colour photography. Until then he had been employed by optical firms such as Voigtländer but was already a notable author, journal editor and inventor in the field of (black-and-white) photography.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Membership lists of the Royal Photographic Society</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKington2001" class="citation news cs1">Kington, Miles (2001-09-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727191645/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/columnists/miles-kington/miles-kington--whats-the-russian-for-say-cheese-670621.html">"What's the Russian for: Say Cheese?"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. London. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/columnists/miles-kington/miles-kington--whats-the-russian-for-say-cheese-670621.html">the original</a> on July 27, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-05-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=What%27s+the+Russian+for%3A+Say+Cheese%3F&rft.date=2001-09-25&rft.aulast=Kington&rft.aufirst=Miles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fcolumnists%2Fmiles-kington%2Fmiles-kington--whats-the-russian-for-say-cheese-670621.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-utoronto-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-utoronto_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-utoronto_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210085029/http://www.utoronto.ca/tolstoy/colorportrait.htm">"Prokudin-Gorsky's Color Photographs of Tolstoy: in <i>Tolstoy Studies Journal</i>"</a>. University of Toronto. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.utoronto.ca/tolstoy/colorportrait.htm">the original</a> on 2013-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Prokudin-Gorsky%27s+Color+Photographs+of+Tolstoy%3A+in+Tolstoy+Studies+Journal&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.utoronto.ca%2Ftolstoy%2Fcolorportrait.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDikovitskaya2007" class="citation journal cs1">Dikovitskaya, Margaret (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no14_ses/04_dikovitskaya.pdf">"Central Asia in Early Photographs: Russian Colonial Attitudes and Visual Culture"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Slavic Eurasian Studies</i> (14: <i>Empire, Islam, and Politics in Central Eurasia</i>). Sapporo: Slavic Research Center.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavic+Eurasian+Studies&rft.atitle=Central+Asia+in+Early+Photographs%3A+Russian+Colonial+Attitudes+and+Visual+Culture&rft.issue=14%3A+%27%27Empire%2C+Islam%2C+and+Politics+in+Central+Eurasia%27%27&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Dikovitskaya&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fcoe21%2Fpublish%2Fno14_ses%2F04_dikovitskaya.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaranina,_S._P.1999" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garanina, S. P. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.feb-web.ru/feb/rosarc/ra9/ra9-466-.htm">"Delo Kantselyarii Soveta Ministrov o priobretenii v kaznoo kollektsii fotograficheskih snimkov dostoprimechatel'nostey Rossii S. M. Prokoodina-Gorskogo, 1910—1912 gg"</a> (in Russian). Fundamental Digital Library of Russian Literature and Folklore.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delo+Kantselyarii+Soveta+Ministrov+o+priobretenii+v+kaznoo+kollektsii+fotograficheskih+snimkov+dostoprimechatel%27nostey+Rossii+S.+M.+Prokoodina-Gorskogo%2C+1910%E2%80%941912+gg.&rft.pub=Fundamental+Digital+Library+of+Russian+Literature+and+Folklore&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Garanina%2C+S.+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.feb-web.ru%2Ffeb%2Frosarc%2Fra9%2Fra9-466-.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCallender2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Callender, R. M. (2020). "Gorsky: Russia's Pioneer in Colour Photography". <i>The Photo Historian</i>. No. 188. Bristol: The Royal Photographic Society. pp. 13–17. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-1455">0956-1455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Photo+Historian&rft.atitle=Gorsky%3A+Russia%27s+Pioneer+in+Colour+Photography&rft.issue=188&rft.pages=13-17&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=0956-1455&rft.aulast=Callender&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/documentaries/features/figes-petersburg.shtml">"Interview with Orlando Figes, presenter of a BBC documentary about Gorsky"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Orlando+Figes%2C+presenter+of+a+BBC+documentary+about+Gorsky&rft.pub=BBC+Four&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbbcfour%2Fdocumentaries%2Ffeatures%2Ffiges-petersburg.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coe-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coe_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe, Brian, <i>Colour Photography: The First Hundred Years 1840-1940</i>, Ash & Grant, 1978. Also published in the U.S., this excellent and amply-illustrated overview of the history of color photography before Kodachrome nevertheless, like other books on the subject, includes a few wrong dates and repeats entrenched but demonstrably erroneous conventional wisdom about the color sensitivity of pre-1906 photographic materials.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ducosduhauron.com/en/organization/ducos-du-hauron/lhomme">"Ducos du Hauron - Biography"</a>. <i>Les Amis de Louis Ducos du Hauron</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Les+Amis+de+Louis+Ducos+du+Hauron&rft.atitle=Ducos+du+Hauron+-+Biography&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ducosduhauron.com%2Fen%2Forganization%2Fducos-du-hauron%2Flhomme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2013" class="citation book cs1">Hanson, David (2013). <i>Edward Bierstadt: color photography and color printing</i>. The American Printing History Association.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edward+Bierstadt%3A+color+photography+and+color+printing&rft.pub=The+American+Printing+History+Association&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Photographic Journal</i>. 1899–1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Photographic+Journal&rft.date=1899%2F1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPénichon2013" class="citation book cs1">Pénichon, S. (2013). <i>Twentieth-century color photographs : Identification and care</i>. Getty Conservation Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781606061565" title="Special:BookSources/9781606061565"><bdi>9781606061565</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twentieth-century+color+photographs+%3A+Identification+and+care&rft.pub=Getty+Conservation+Institute&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781606061565&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9nichon&rft.aufirst=S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-prokcompos-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prokcompos_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prokcompos_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-prokcompos_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlaise_Agüera_y_Arcas2004" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Blaise_Ag%C3%BCera_y_Arcas" title="Blaise Agüera y Arcas">Blaise Agüera y Arcas</a> (September 28, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120318184132/http://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/prok/process.html">"Reconstructing Prokudin-Gorskii's Color Photography in Software"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/prok/process.html">the original</a> on 2012-03-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstructing+Prokudin-Gorskii%27s+Color+Photography+in+Software&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2004-09-28&rft.au=Blaise+Ag%C3%BCera+y+Arcas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fcollection%2Fprok%2Fprocess.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span> Regarding exposure times, although the author states (Figure 1) that "each exposure" in the example appears to have taken "upward of 20 seconds", it is plain from the animated pair of images that, as is more clearly expressed at the start of the same sentence, most of the moon's motion occurred <i>between</i> the exposures; the actual exposures account for only a minor fraction of that time. Various causes for an unusual delay or atypically slow operation of the camera's plate-shifting mechanism may be imagined. The moon is effectively invisible in the blue-filtered exposure, in which the sky appears as if white, so the author must necessarily be extrapolating a total time based on the other two exposures.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Simple "warts and all" color composites of all the Library of Congress plates are available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=ecatalog">Prokudin-Gorsky.org</a> (accessed 26 September 2012), often accompanied by cleaned-up versions with only overall adjustments to color balance and contrast and manual retouching to remove spots or repair damage, traditional procedures not usually regarded as crossing over the line into historical revisionism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintagephoto.tv/mb.shtml">Professor Dr. Miethe's Dreifarben-Camera</a> (retrieved 12 October 2012) features several photographs of the 9 x 24 cm model and a more detailed description of its operation, along with an abundance of related information. The Miethe-Bermpohl Dreifarbenkamera ("three-color camera") should not be confused with the much later Bermpohl Naturfarbenkamera ("natural color camera"), a very different "one-shot" type that simultaneously exposed three separate plates and was manufactured from 1929 until circa 1950.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">British patent 185,161, issued in 1922, and U.S. patent 1,456,427, issued in 1923.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wagner, Jens (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deutsches-museum.de/fileadmin/Content/010_DM/020_Ausstellungen/060_Kommunikation/030_FotoFilm/010_Allgemein/11_additiv_wag.pdf">"Die additive Dreifarbenfotografie nach Adolf Miethe"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140328050934/http://www.deutsches-museum.de/fileadmin/Content/010_DM/020_Ausstellungen/060_Kommunikation/030_FotoFilm/010_Allgemein/11_additiv_wag.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-03-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Text in German only. The Bermpohl chromoscope and projector are shown in contemporary line engravings on pages 22 and 23 of the first section of this scholarly thesis. A Miethe-Bermpohl camera and a Miethe-Goerz projector are shown in detailed photographs on pages 1 through 7 of the color illustration section. Examples of Miethe's color photographs, some possibly as early as 1902, can be found in the same section.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaranina,_S.1970" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garanina, S. (1970), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://az.lib.ru/t/tolstoj_lew_nikolaewich/text_0350.shtml"><i>L.N.Tolstoy na tsvyetnom foto]</i></a> (in Russian), <a href="/wiki/Nauka_i_Zhizn" title="Nauka i Zhizn">Nauka i Zhizn</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L.N.Tolstoy+na+tsvyetnom+foto%5D&rft.pub=Nauka+i+Zhizn&rft.date=1970&rft.au=Garanina%2C+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faz.lib.ru%2Ft%2Ftolstoj_lew_nikolaewich%2Ftext_0350.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=chronology">Prokudin-Gorsky.org chronology</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140513142654/http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=chronology">Archived</a> 2014-05-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 26 September 2012. "October 13, 1906: At a meeting of the 5th section of the Imperial Russian Technological Society, Prokudin-Gorsky reports on his trip to the Lumière Brothers in Lyons, manufacturers of photographic plates, and demonstrates slides he had made using the Autochrome method".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.temples.ru/pg_416.php"><i>Spisok 416: naslyediye S. M. Prokoodina-Gorskogo</i></a> (in Russian), Hrami Rossii</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spisok+416%3A+naslyediye+S.+M.+Prokoodina-Gorskogo&rft.pub=Hrami+Rossii&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.temples.ru%2Fpg_416.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://forum.prokudin-gorsky.org/viewtopic.php?f=3&t=14&start=90">Prokudin-Gorsky.org forum page 10</a> (retrieved 26 September 2012, text in Russian only) shows twenty different examples. All are apparently glass-bound lantern slides, with at least one in the 3.25-inch-square British standard format. Some were made from negatives now in the Library of Congress, some from lost negatives previously known only from the albums of small black-and-white prints Prokudin-Gorsky routinely made from one of the three elements. Some are still life arrangements of unknown provenance, possibly from the 1920s, and two are circa 1935 portraits of his children. He appears to have used at least two different processes. In one category of specimens, all except the cyan layer has badly faded, typically contracting and splitting as well. This indicates both the use of unstable dyes and an assemblage of layers somewhat like that in the circa 1900 Sanger-Shepherd process, in which a stable cyan-toned image in an emulsion on glass was laminated with magenta and yellow dye images on very thin sheets of chemically unstable celluloid. The splitting is evocative of an earlier Lumière process that incorporated alternating layers of dissimilar materials. Another category of specimens shows neither drastic differential fading nor splitting. One slide in this latter category bears a labelthat explicitly credits a Prokudin-Gorsky process. The basic principle involved had been patented by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Ducos_du_Hauron" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Ducos du Hauron">Louis Ducos du Hauron</a> in 1868. Other inventors later patented an array of specific implementations, variations and improvements, but though it sometimes produced excellent results, this kind of process was just too expensively labor-intensive to be practical for the commercial production of color slides.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dennis, Nadia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://port-folio.org/part170.htm">"Tsvyeta ooshyedshyego mira"</a> (in Russian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tsvyeta+ooshyedshyego+mira.&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Nadia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fport-folio.org%2Fpart170.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diversity-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diversity_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diversity_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/ethnic.html">"The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Ethnic Diversity"</a>. Library of Congress. 17 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prokudin-Gorskii+Photographic+Record+Recreated%3A+The+Empire+That+Was+Russia+-+Ethnic+Diversity&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2001-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fempire%2Fethnic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/">"The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated: The Empire That Was Russia - Exhibition Home"</a>. Library of Congress. 17 April 2001<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Prokudin-Gorskii+Photographic+Record+Recreated%3A+The+Empire+That+Was+Russia+-+Exhibition+Home&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft.date=2001-04-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fexhibits%2Fempire%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-minachin-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-minachin_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minachin_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minachin_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-minachin_32-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinachin2003" class="citation cs2">Minachin, Victor (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100505052329/http://www.prokudin-gorsky.ru/download/Prokudin-Gorsky%20Collection.pdf"><i>"The Splendors of Russia Collection" in the Library of Congress</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, "Restavrator-M" Restoration Center, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prokudin-gorsky.ru/download/Prokudin-Gorsky%20Collection.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2010-05-05<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22The+Splendors+of+Russia+Collection%22+in+the+Library+of+Congress&rft.pub=%22Restavrator-M%22+Restoration+Center&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Minachin&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prokudin-gorsky.ru%2Fdownload%2FProkudin-Gorsky%2520Collection.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKostinsky2005" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kostinsky, Alexander (2005-01-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080830032535/http://svoboda.org/programs/sc/2005/sc.011105.asp">"Rossiya nachala XX vyeka v fotografiyah Syergyeya Prokoodina-Gorskogo i tsifroviye tyehnologii"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Svoboda" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Svoboda">Radio Svoboda</a>. 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Šechtl & Voseček Museum of Photography. 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sergei+Mikhailovich+Prokudin-Gorsky.+A+Selection+from+the+Collection+%27The+Splendors+of+Russia+in+Natural+Color%27%E2%80%94Color+Photographs+from+the+Years+1905%E2%80%931916&rft.pub=%C5%A0echtl+%26+Vose%C4%8Dek+Museum+of+Photography&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsechtl-vosecek.ucw.cz%2Fen%2Fexpozice5.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090818194616/http://georgia.usembassy.gov/ev-011807.html">"Exhibition of Sergei Prokudin-Gorskii's at TBC Bank Places History in Full Color"</a>. U.S. Embassy Georgia. January 18, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://georgia.usembassy.gov/ev-011807.html">the original</a> on 2009-08-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exhibition+of+Sergei+Prokudin-Gorskii%27s+at+TBC+Bank+Places+History+in+Full+Color&rft.pub=U.S.+Embassy+Georgia&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeorgia.usembassy.gov%2Fev-011807.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/collection/prok/method.html">"Color Photography Method. Library of Congress Prints & Photographs Online Catalog - Prokudin-Gorskii Collection"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Library+of+Congress&rft.atitle=Color+Photography+Method.+Library+of+Congress+Prints+%26+Photographs+Online+Catalog+-+Prokudin-Gorskii+Collection&rft.date=1905&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fcollection%2Fprok%2Fmethod.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGirvan2005" class="citation cs2">Girvan, Ray (July 2005), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090727215645/http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=33"><i>The color of the past</i></a>, Scientific Computing World, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientific-computing.com/features/feature.php?feature_id=33">the original</a> on 2009-07-27<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+color+of+the+past&rft.pub=Scientific+Computing+World&rft.date=2005-07&rft.aulast=Girvan&rft.aufirst=Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scientific-computing.com%2Ffeatures%2Ffeature.php%3Ffeature_id%3D33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/prk2000001213/">"Tipy Dagestana"</a>. Library of Congress<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 May</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tipy+Dagestana&rft.pub=Library+of+Congress&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Fpictures%2Fitem%2Fprk2000001213%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASergey+Prokudin-Gorsky" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky" class="extiw" title="commons:Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=bio">Illustrated biography of S. M. Prokudin-Gorsky (2011)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120326191813/http://prokudin-gorsky.org/rightpages.php?lang=en&fname=bio">Archived</a> 2012-03-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/empire/"><i>The Empire That Was Russia: The Prokudin-Gorskii Photographic Record Recreated</i></a> – Library of Congress exhibit</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QaeRj-ApktY"><span class="plainlinks">Russia in Bloom (Цвет Нации)</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> - 2013 documentary by <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Parfenov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Parfenov">Leonid Parfenov</a> (with English subtitles)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gridenko.com/pg/">+60 restorated images by Alex Gridenko using digichromatography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rbth.com/multimedia/pictures/2014/03/21/archival_footage_of_dagestan_by_sergey_prokudin-gorsky_35279">Dagestan</a> archival footage by Sergey Prokudin-Gorsky, between 1905 and 1915</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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href="https://viaf.org/viaf/13445470">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/56793/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhmGQ7CJTjh7jgHf6KPQq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131574760">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80080272">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167269712">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb167269712">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36537228">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=js2009504489&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068321910">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90228311">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000153659&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/172300754">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&oldid=1258385278">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sergey_Prokudin-Gorsky&oldid=1258385278</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1863_births" title="Category:1863 births">1863 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1944_deaths" title="Category:1944 deaths">1944 deaths</a></li><li><a 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