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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Russia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Russia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maritime_fuel_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maritime_fuel_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Maritime fuel classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Maritime_fuel_classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Maritime fuel classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Maritime_fuel_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standards_and_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Standards and classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bunker_fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bunker_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Bunker fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bunker_fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bunkering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bunkering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bunkering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bunkering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Environmental issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span 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Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swaar_olie" title="Swaar olie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swaar olie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF" title="زيت الوقود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="زيت الوقود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueloil" title="Fueloil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fueloil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunker_(skib)" title="Bunker (skib) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bunker (skib)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwer%C3%B6l" title="Schweröl – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schweröl" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raske_nafta" title="Raske nafta – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Raske nafta" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%8D%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Καύσιμα πλοίου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Καύσιμα πλοίου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fueloil" title="Fueloil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fueloil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_olio" title="Fuel olio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fuel olio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fioul" title="Fioul – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fioul" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_(breosla)" title="Ola (breosla) – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ola (breosla)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fuel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%A3%8C%EC%9C%A0" title="연료유 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연료유" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C5%BEiva_ulja" title="Loživa ulja – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Loživa ulja" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazolino" title="Gazolino – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Gazolino" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minyak_bakar" title="Minyak bakar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Minyak bakar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olio_combustibile" title="Olio combustibile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Olio combustibile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel-oil" title="Fuel-oil – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fuel-oil" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stookolie" title="Stookolie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stookolie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B2%B9" title="重油 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="重油" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tungolje" title="Tungolje – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tungolje" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semidiesel" title="Semidiesel – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Semidiesel" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84_(%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88_%D9%BE%D9%87_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%AB%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%AA%DB%90%D9%84)" title="د سون توکو تيل (د سون توکو په توګه کارېدونکي تېل) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سون توکو تيل (د سون توکو په توګه کارېدونکي تېل)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%93leo_combust%C3%ADvel" title="Óleo combustível – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Óleo combustível" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%82" title="Флотский мазут – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Флотский мазут" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fuel oil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurilno_olje" title="Kurilno olje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kurilno olje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%88%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C" title="ڕۆنی سووتەمەنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕۆنی سووتەمەنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ulje_za_lo%C5%BEenje" title="Ulje za loženje – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ulje za loženje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C5%BEiva_ulja" title="Loživa ulja – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Loživa ulja" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poltto%C3%B6ljy" title="Polttoöljy – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polttoöljy" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tjockolja" title="Tjockolja – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tjockolja" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%8D" title="எரிநெய் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிநெய்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2" title="น้ำมันเตา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="น้ำมันเตา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fuel oil" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fuel oil" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E6%B2%B9" title="重油 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="重油" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q214199#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Petroleum product burned to generate motive power or heat</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bunkering-or-taking-fuel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bunkering-or-taking-fuel.jpg/220px-Bunkering-or-taking-fuel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bunkering-or-taking-fuel.jpg/330px-Bunkering-or-taking-fuel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Bunkering-or-taking-fuel.jpg/440px-Bunkering-or-taking-fuel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tanker</a> taking on fuel, or "<a href="/wiki/Bunkering" title="Bunkering">bunkering</a>"</figcaption></figure><p><b>Fuel oil</b> is any of various <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractions</a> obtained from the <a href="/wiki/Distillation" title="Distillation">distillation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">petroleum</a> (crude oil). Such oils include <a href="/wiki/Distillate" class="mw-redirect" title="Distillate">distillates</a> (the lighter fractions) and <a href="/wiki/Residue_(chemistry)" title="Residue (chemistry)">residues</a> (the heavier fractions). Fuel oils include <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil" title="Heavy fuel oil">heavy fuel oil</a> (bunker fuel), <a href="/wiki/Marine_fuel_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine fuel oil">marine fuel oil</a> (MFO), <b>furnace oil</b> (FO), <a href="/wiki/Gas_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas oil">gas oil</a> (gasoil), <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oils</a> (such as home heating oil), <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>, and others. </p><p>The term <i>fuel oil</i> generally includes any <a href="/wiki/Liquid_fuel" title="Liquid fuel">liquid fuel</a> that is burned in a furnace or <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> to generate heat (<a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oils</a>), or used in an <a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">engine</a> to generate power (as <a href="/wiki/Motor_fuel" title="Motor fuel">motor fuels</a>). However, it does not usually include other liquid oils, such as those with a <a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">flash point</a> of approximately 42 °C (108 °F), or oils burned in cotton- or wool-wick burners. In a stricter sense, <i>fuel oil</i> refers only to the heaviest commercial fuels that crude oil can yield, that is, those fuels heavier than <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> (petrol) and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">naphtha</a>. </p><p>Fuel oil consists of long-chain <a href="/wiki/Hydrocarbon" title="Hydrocarbon">hydrocarbons</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Alkane" title="Alkane">alkanes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cycloalkane" title="Cycloalkane">cycloalkanes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aromatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic">aromatics</a>. Small molecules, such as those in <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a>, naphtha, gasoline, and <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, have relatively low <a href="/wiki/Boiling_point" title="Boiling point">boiling points</a>, and are removed at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Fractional_distillation" title="Fractional distillation">fractional distillation</a> process. Heavier petroleum-derived oils like <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">lubricating oil</a> are much less volatile and distill out more slowly. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zigui-Sinopec-boat-fuel-station-4959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zigui-Sinopec-boat-fuel-station-4959.jpg/220px-Zigui-Sinopec-boat-fuel-station-4959.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zigui-Sinopec-boat-fuel-station-4959.jpg/330px-Zigui-Sinopec-boat-fuel-station-4959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Zigui-Sinopec-boat-fuel-station-4959.jpg/440px-Zigui-Sinopec-boat-fuel-station-4959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>A fuel station in <a href="/wiki/Zigui_County" title="Zigui County">Zigui County</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze" title="Yangtze">Yangtze</a> River</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DOT_hazmat_class_3_(alt_2).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_2%29.svg/220px-DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_2%29.svg/330px-DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_2%29.svg/440px-DOT_hazmat_class_3_%28alt_2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="90" data-file-height="90" /></a><figcaption>HAZMAT class 3 fuel oil</figcaption></figure><p> Oil has many uses; it heats homes and businesses and fuels <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ship" title="Ship">ships</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Car" title="Car">cars</a>. A small amount of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> is produced by diesel, but it is more <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">polluting</a> and more expensive than <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a>. It is often used as a backup fuel for <a href="/wiki/Peaking_power_plant" title="Peaking power plant">peaking power plants</a> in case the supply of natural gas is interrupted or as the main fuel for small <a href="/wiki/Electrical_generator" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical generator">electrical generators</a>. In Europe, the use of diesel is generally restricted to cars (about 40%), SUVs (about 90%), and trucks and buses (over 99%). The market for home heating using fuel oil has decreased due to the widespread penetration of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Heat_pumps" class="mw-redirect" title="Heat pumps">heat pumps</a>. However, it is very common in some areas, such as the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>. </p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fuel_Oil_Truck_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fuel_Oil_Truck_1945.jpg/220px-Fuel_Oil_Truck_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fuel_Oil_Truck_1945.jpg/330px-Fuel_Oil_Truck_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Fuel_Oil_Truck_1945.jpg/440px-Fuel_Oil_Truck_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="776" /></a><figcaption>Fuel oil truck making a delivery in North Carolina, 1945</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil" title="Heavy fuel oil">Residual fuel oil</a> is less useful because it is so <a href="/wiki/Viscous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous">viscous</a> that it has to be heated with a special heating system before use and it may contain relatively high amounts of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, which forms <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> upon combustion. However, its undesirable properties make it very cheap. In fact, it is the cheapest liquid fuel available. Since it requires heating before use, residual fuel oil cannot be used in road vehicles, <a href="/wiki/Boat" title="Boat">boats</a> or small ships, as the heating equipment takes up valuable space and makes the vehicle heavier. Heating the oil is also a delicate procedure, which is impractical on small, fast moving vehicles. However, <a href="/wiki/Power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Power plant">power plants</a> and large ships are able to use residual fuel oil. </p><p>Use of residual fuel oil was more common in the past. It powered <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad">railroad</a> <a href="/wiki/Steam_locomotive" title="Steam locomotive">steam locomotives</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Steamship" title="Steamship">steamships</a>. Locomotives, however, have become powered by diesel or electric power; steamships are not as common as they were previously due to their higher operating costs (most <a href="/wiki/LNG_carrier" title="LNG carrier">LNG carriers</a> use steam plants, as "boil-off" gas emitted from the cargo can be used as a fuel source); and most boilers now use <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a> or natural gas. Some industrial boilers still use it and so do some old buildings, including in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. In 2011 New York City estimated that the 1% of its buildings that burned fuel oils No. 4 and No. 6 were responsible for 86% of the <a href="/wiki/Soot" title="Soot">soot</a> pollution generated by all buildings in the city. New York made the phase out of these fuel grades part of its environmental plan, PlaNYC, because of concerns for the health effects caused by fine particulates,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and all buildings using fuel oil No. 6 had been converted to less polluting fuel by the end of 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Residual fuel's use in electrical generation has also decreased. In 1973, residual fuel oil produced 16.8% of the electricity in the US. By 1983, it had fallen to 6.2%, and as of 2005<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, electricity production from all forms of petroleum, including diesel and residual fuel, is only 3% of total production.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="can this final figure be cited and/or broken down to give a % for residual oil? (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The decline is the result of price competition with natural gas and environmental restrictions on emissions. For power plants, the costs of heating the oil, extra pollution control and additional maintenance required after burning it often outweigh the low cost of the fuel. Burning fuel oil, particularly residual fuel oil, produces uniformly higher <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions than natural gas.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heavy fuel oils continue to be used in the boiler "lighting up" facility in many coal-fired power plants. This use is approximately analogous to using kindling to start a fire. Without performing this act it is difficult to begin the large-scale combustion process. </p><p>The chief drawback to residual fuel oil is its high initial viscosity, particularly in the case of No. 6 oil, which requires a correctly engineered system for storage, pumping, and burning. Though it is still usually lighter than water (with a specific gravity usually ranging from 0.95 to 1.03) it is much heavier and more viscous than No. 2 oil, kerosene, or gasoline. No. 6 oil must, in fact, be stored at around 38 °C (100 °F) heated to 65–120 °C (149–248 °F) before it can be easily pumped, and in cooler temperatures it can congeal into a tarry semisolid. The flash point of most blends of No. 6 oil is, incidentally, about 65 °C (149 °F). Attempting to pump high-viscosity oil at low temperatures was a frequent cause of damage to fuel lines, furnaces, and related equipment which were often designed for lighter fuels. </p><p>For comparison, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BS_2869&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BS 2869 (page does not exist)">BS 2869</a> Class G heavy fuel oil behaves in similar fashion, requiring storage at 40 °C (104 °F), pumping at around 50 °C (122 °F) and finalizing for burning at around 90–120 °C (194–248 °F). </p><p>Most of the facilities which historically burned No. 6 or other residual oils were industrial plants and similar facilities constructed in the early or mid 20th century, or which had switched from coal to oil fuel during the same time period. In either case, residual oil was seen as a good prospect because it was cheap and readily available. Most of these facilities have subsequently been closed and demolished, or have replaced their fuel supplies with a simpler one such as gas or No. 2 oil. The high sulfur content of No. 6 oil—up to 3% by weight in some extreme cases—had a corrosive effect on many heating systems (which were usually designed without adequate corrosion protection in mind), shortening their lifespans and increasing the polluting effects. This was particularly the case in furnaces that were regularly shut down and allowed to go cold, because the internal condensation produced <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a>. </p><p>Environmental cleanups at such facilities are frequently complicated by the use of <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> insulation on the fuel feed lines. No. 6 oil is very persistent, and does not degrade rapidly. Its viscosity and stickiness also make remediation of underground contamination very difficult, since these properties reduce the effectiveness of methods such as <a href="/wiki/Air_stripping" title="Air stripping">air stripping</a>. </p><p>When released into water, such as a river or ocean, residual oil tends to break up into patches or tarballs – mixtures of oil and particulate matter such as silt and floating organic matter – rather than form a single slick. An average of about 5-10% of the material will evaporate within hours of the release, primarily the lighter hydrocarbon fractions. The remainder will then often sink to the bottom of the water column. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_impacts">Health impacts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Health impacts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the low quality of bunker fuel, when burnt it is especially harmful to the health of humans, causing serious illnesses and deaths. Prior to the IMO's 2020 sulfur cap, shipping industry air pollution was estimated to cause around 400,000 premature deaths each year, from lung cancer and cardiovascular disease, as well as 14 million childhood asthma cases each year.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after the introduction of cleaner fuel rules in 2020, shipping air pollution is still estimated to account for around 250,000 deaths each year, and around 6.4 million childhood asthma cases each year. </p><p>The hardest hit countries by air pollution from ships are China, Japan, the UK, Indonesia, and Germany. In 2015, shipping air pollution killed an estimated 20,520 people in China, 4,019 people in Japan, and 3,192 people in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-theicct.org_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theicct.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to an ICCT study, countries located on major shipping lanes are particularly exposed, and can see shipping account for a high percentage of overall deaths from transport sector air pollution. In Taiwan, shipping accounts for 70% of all transport-attributable air pollution deaths in 2015, followed by Morocco at 51%, Malaysia and Japan both at 41%, Vietnam at 39%, and the UK at 38%.<sup id="cite_ref-theicct.org_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theicct.org-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as commercial shipping, cruise ships also emit large amounts of air pollution, damaging people's health. Up to 2019, it was reported that the ships of the single largest cruise company, <a href="/wiki/Carnival_Corporation_%26_plc" title="Carnival Corporation & plc">Carnival Corporation & plc</a>, emitted ten times more sulfur dioxide than all of Europe's cars combined.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="General_classification">General classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: General classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although the following trends generally hold true, different organizations may have different numerical specifications for the six fuel grades. The boiling point and <a href="/wiki/Catenation" title="Catenation">carbon chain</a> length of the fuel increases with fuel oil number. <a href="/wiki/Viscosity" title="Viscosity">Viscosity</a> also increases with number, and the heaviest oil must be heated for it to flow. Price usually decreases as the fuel number increases.<sup id="cite_ref-riegel_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Number 1 fuel oil</b> is a volatile distillate oil intended for vaporizing pot-type burners and high-performance/clean diesel engines.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> refinery cut that boils off immediately after the heavy naphtha cut used for <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>. This fuel is commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel no. 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">jet fuel</a>. Former names include: coal oil, stove oil, and range oil.<sup id="cite_ref-riegel_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Number 2 fuel oil</b> is a distillate home <a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">heating oil</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trucks and some cars use similar <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel no. 2</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Cetane_number" title="Cetane number">cetane number</a> limit describing the ignition quality of the fuel. Both are typically obtained from the light gas oil cut. The name <i>gasoil</i> refers to the original use of this fraction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries—the gas oil cut was used as an enriching agent for carbureted water gas <a href="/wiki/Manufactured_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Manufactured gas">manufacture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-riegel_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Number 3 fuel oil</b> was a distillate oil for burners requiring low-viscosity fuel. ASTM merged this grade into the number 2 specification, and the term has been rarely used since the mid-20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Number 4 fuel oil</b> is a commercial heating oil for burner installations not equipped with preheaters.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut.<sup id="cite_ref-riegel_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fuel is sometimes known by the Navy specification of <b>Bunker A</b>. </p><p><b>Number 5 fuel oil</b> is a residual-type industrial heating oil requiring preheating to 77–104 °C (171–219 °F) for proper atomization at the burners.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may be obtained from the heavy gas oil cut,<sup id="cite_ref-riegel_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riegel-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or it may be a blend of residual oil with enough number 2 oil to adjust viscosity until it can be pumped without preheating.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This fuel is sometimes known by the Navy specification of <b>Bunker B</b>. </p><p><b>Number 6 fuel oil</b> is a high-viscosity residual oil requiring preheating to 104–127 °C (219–261 °F). Residual means the material remaining after the more valuable cuts of crude oil have boiled off. The residue may contain various undesirable impurities, including 2% water and 0.5% <a href="/wiki/Mineral_oil" title="Mineral oil">mineral oil</a>. This fuel may be known as residual fuel oil (RFO), by the Navy specification of <b>Bunker C</b>, or by the Pacific Specification of PS-400.<sup id="cite_ref-perry_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perry-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British Standard BS 2869, <i>Fuel Oils for Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial Engines</i>, specifies the following fuel oil classes: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Fuel oil classes per BS 2869 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Class</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Min. kinematic viscosity</th> <th>Max. kinematic viscosity</th> <th>Min. flash point</th> <th>Max. sulfur content</th> <th>Alias </th></tr> <tr> <td>C1 </td> <td>Distillate </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>43 °C </td> <td>0.040 % (m/m) </td> <td>Paraffin </td></tr> <tr> <td>C2 </td> <td>Distillate </td> <td>1.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 40 °C </td> <td>2.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 40 °C </td> <td>38 °C </td> <td>0.100 % (m/m) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a>, 28-second oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>A2 </td> <td>Distillate </td> <td>2.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 40 °C </td> <td>5.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 40 °C </td> <td>> 55 °C </td> <td>0.001 % (m/m) </td> <td>low-sulfur gas oil, <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">ULSD</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>D </td> <td>Distillate </td> <td>2.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 40 °C </td> <td>5.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 40 °C </td> <td>> 55 °C </td> <td>0.100 % (m/m) </td> <td>Gas oil, <a href="/wiki/Red_diesel" class="mw-redirect" title="Red diesel">red diesel</a>, 35-second oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>E </td> <td>Residual </td> <td>— </td> <td>8.200 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 100 °C </td> <td>66 °C </td> <td>1.000 % (m/m) </td> <td>Light fuel oil, LFO, 250-second oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>F </td> <td>Residual </td> <td>8.201 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 100 °C </td> <td>20.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 100 °C </td> <td>66 °C </td> <td>1.000 % (m/m) </td> <td>Medium fuel oil, MFO, 1000-second oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>G </td> <td>Residual </td> <td>20.010 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 100 °C </td> <td>40.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 100 °C </td> <td>66 °C </td> <td>1.000 % (m/m) </td> <td>Heavy fuel oil, HFO, 3500-second oil </td></tr> <tr> <td>H </td> <td>Residual </td> <td>40.010 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 100 °C </td> <td>56.000 mm<sup>2</sup>/s at 100 °C </td> <td>66 °C </td> <td>1.000 % (m/m) </td> <td>— </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Class C1 and C2 fuels are kerosene-type fuels. C1 is for use in flueless appliances (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Kerosene_lamp" title="Kerosene lamp">lamps</a>). C2 is for vaporizing or atomizing burners in appliances connected to flues. </p><p>Class A2 fuel is suitable for mobile, <a href="/wiki/Non-road_engine" title="Non-road engine">off-road applications</a> that are required to use a <a href="/wiki/Ultra-low-sulfur_diesel" title="Ultra-low-sulfur diesel">sulfur-free fuel</a>. Class D fuel is similar to Class A2 and is suitable for use in stationary applications, such as domestic, commercial, and industrial heating. The BS 2869 standard permits Class A2 and Class D fuel to contain up to 7% (V/V) <a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">biodiesel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fatty_acid_methyl_ester" title="Fatty acid methyl ester">fatty acid methyl ester</a>, FAME), provided the FAME content meets the requirements of the BS EN 14214 standard. </p><p>Classes E to H are residual oils for atomizing burners serving boilers or, with the exception of Class H, certain types of larger combustion engines. Classes F to H invariably require heating prior to use; Class E fuel may require preheating, depending on ambient conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Russia">Russia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Russia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Mazut" title="Mazut">Mazut</a> is a residual fuel oil often derived from Russian petroleum sources and is either blended with lighter petroleum fractions or burned directly in specialized boilers and furnaces. It is also used as a petrochemical feedstock. In the Russian practice, though, "mazut" is an umbrella term roughly synonymous with the fuel oil in general, that covers most of the types mentioned above, except US grades 1 and 2/3, for which separate terms exist (<a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">kerosene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a>/solar oil respectively — Russian practice doesn't differentiate between diesel fuel and heating oil). This is further separated in two grades, "naval mazut" being analogous to US grades 4 and 5, and "furnace mazut", a heaviest residual fraction of the crude, almost exactly corresponding to US Number 6 fuel oil and further graded by viscosity and sulfur content. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Maritime_fuel_classification">Maritime fuel classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Maritime fuel classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipping">maritime</a> field another type of classification is used for fuel oils: </p> <ul><li><b>MGO (Marine gas oil)</b> - Roughly equivalent to no. 2 fuel oil, made from distillate only</li> <li><b>MDO (<a href="/wiki/Marine_diesel_oil" title="Marine diesel oil">Marine diesel oil</a>)</b> - Roughly equivalent to no. 3 fuel oil, a blend of heavy gasoil that may contain very small amounts of black refinery feed stocks, but has a low viscosity up to 12 cSt so it need not be heated for use in internal combustion engines</li> <li><b>IFO (Intermediate fuel oil)</b> - Roughly equivalent no. 4 fuel oil, a blend of gasoil and heavy fuel oil, with less gasoil than marine diesel oil</li> <li><b>HFO (Heavy fuel oil)</b> - Pure or nearly pure residual oil, roughly equivalent to no. 5 and no. 6 fuel oil</li> <li><b>NSFO (Navy special fuel oil)</b> - Another name for no. 5 HFO</li> <li><b>MFO (Marine fuel oil)</b> - Another name for no. 6 HFO</li></ul> <p>Marine diesel oil contains some heavy fuel oil, unlike regular diesels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_and_classification">Standards and classification</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Standards and classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Calculated_Carbon_Aromaticity_Index" title="Calculated Carbon Aromaticity Index">CCAI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calculated_Ignition_Index" title="Calculated Ignition Index">CII</a> are two indexes which describe the ignition quality of residual fuel oil, and CCAI is especially often calculated for marine fuels. Despite this, marine fuels are still quoted on the international bunker markets with their maximum viscosity (which is set by the ISO 8217 standard - see below) due to the fact that marine engines are designed to use different viscosities of fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unit of viscosity used is the <a href="/wiki/Centistoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Centistoke">centistoke</a> (cSt) and the fuels most frequently quoted are listed below in order of cost, the least expensive first. </p> <ul><li><b>IFO 380</b> - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes (<3.5% sulfur)</li> <li><b>IFO 180</b> - Intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes (<3.5% sulfur)</li> <li><b>LS 380</b> - Low-sulfur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 380 centistokes</li> <li><b>LS 180</b> - Low-sulfur (<1.0%) intermediate fuel oil with a maximum viscosity of 180 centistokes</li> <li><b>MDO</b> - Marine diesel oil</li> <li><b>MGO</b> - Marine gasoil</li> <li><b>LSMGO</b> - Low-sulfur (<0.1%) Marine Gas Oil - The fuel is to be used in EU Ports and Anchorages. <a href="/w/index.php?title=EU_Sulfur_directive_2005/33/EC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EU Sulfur directive 2005/33/EC (page does not exist)">EU Sulfur directive 2005/33/EC</a></li> <li><b>ULSMGO</b> - Ultra-Low-Sulfur Marine Gas Oil - referred to as Ultra-Low-Sulfur Diesel (sulfur 0.0015% max) in the US and Auto Gas Oil (sulfur 0.001% max) in the EU. Maximum sulfur allowable in US territories and territorial waters (inland, marine, and automotive) and in the EU for inland use.</li></ul> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> is also an important parameter for fuel oils since marine fuels are purified before use to remove water and dirt from the oil. Since the purifiers use <a href="/wiki/Centrifugal_force" title="Centrifugal force">centrifugal force</a>, the oil must have a density which is sufficiently different from water. Older purifiers work with a fuel having a maximum of 991 kg/m3; with modern purifiers it is also possible to purify oil with a density of 1010 kg/m3. </p><p>The first British standard for fuel oil came in 1982. The latest standard is ISO 8217 issued in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ISO standard describe four qualities of distillate fuels and 10 qualities of residual fuels. Over the years the standards have become stricter on environmentally important parameters such as sulfur content. The latest standard also banned the adding of used lubricating oil (ULO). </p><p>Some parameters of marine fuel oils according to ISO 8217 (3. ed 2005): </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">Marine distillate fuels </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Unit</th> <th>Limit</th> <th>DMX</th> <th>DMA</th> <th>DMB</th> <th>DMC </th></tr> <tr> <td>Density at 15 °C </td> <td>kg/m<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>Max </td> <td>- </td> <td>890.0 </td> <td>900.0 </td> <td>920.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Viscosity at 40 °C </td> <td>mm<sup>2</sup>/s </td> <td>Max </td> <td>5.5 </td> <td>6.0 </td> <td>11.0 </td> <td>14.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>mm<sup>2</sup>/s </td> <td>Min </td> <td>1.4 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water </td> <td>% V/V </td> <td>Max </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>0.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>% (m/m) </td> <td>Max </td> <td>1.0 </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>2.0 </td> <td>2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminium + Silicon<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>mg/kg </td> <td>Max </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>25 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a><sup>3</sup> </td> <td>°C </td> <td>Min </td> <td>43 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pour_point" title="Pour point">Pour point</a>, Summer </td> <td>°C </td> <td>Max </td> <td>- </td> <td>0 </td> <td>6 </td> <td>6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pour point, Winter </td> <td>°C </td> <td>Max </td> <td>- </td> <td>-6 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cloud_point" title="Cloud point">Cloud point</a> </td> <td>°C </td> <td>Max </td> <td>-16 </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td> <td>- </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calculated Cetane Index </td> <td> </td> <td>Min </td> <td>45 </td> <td>40 </td> <td>35 </td> <td>- </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="13">Marine residual fuels </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Unit</th> <th>Limit</th> <th>RMA 30</th> <th>RMB 30</th> <th>RMD 80</th> <th>RME 180</th> <th>RMF 180</th> <th>RMG 380</th> <th>RMH 380</th> <th>RMK 380</th> <th>RMH 700</th> <th>RMK 700 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Density at 15 °C </td> <td>kg/m<sup>3</sup> </td> <td>Max </td> <td>960.0 </td> <td>975.0 </td> <td>980.0 </td> <td>991.0 </td> <td>991.0 </td> <td>991.0 </td> <td>991.0 </td> <td>1010.0 </td> <td>991.0 </td> <td>1010.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Viscosity at 50 °C </td> <td>mm<sup>2</sup>/s </td> <td>Max </td> <td>30.0 </td> <td>30.0 </td> <td>80.0 </td> <td>180.0 </td> <td>180.0 </td> <td>380.0 </td> <td>380.0 </td> <td>380.0 </td> <td>700.0 </td> <td>700.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Water </td> <td>% V/V </td> <td>Max </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfur<sup>1</sup> </td> <td>% (m/m) </td> <td>Max </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td> <td>3.5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aluminium + Silicon<sup>2</sup> </td> <td>mg/kg </td> <td>Max </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a><sup>3</sup> </td> <td>°C </td> <td>Min </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td> <td>60 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Pour_point" title="Pour point">Pour point</a>, Summer </td> <td>°C </td> <td>Max </td> <td>6 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pour point, Winter </td> <td>°C </td> <td>Max </td> <td>0 </td> <td>24 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>30 </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li>Maximum sulfur content in the open ocean is 0.5% since January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maximum sulfur content in designated areas is 0.1% since 1 January 2015. Before then it was 1.00%.</li> <li>The content of aluminum and silicon is limited because those metals are dangerous for the engine. Those elements are present because some components of the fuel are manufactured with Fluid Catalytic Cracking process, which makes use of catalyst containing aluminum and silicon.</li> <li>The flash point of all fuels used in the engine room should be at least 60 °C. (DMX is used for things like emergency generators and not normally used in the engine room. Gaseous fuels such as LPG/LNG have special class rules applied to the fuel systems.)</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bunker_fuel">Bunker fuel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bunker fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fuel_oil" title="Heavy fuel oil">Heavy fuel oil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Residual_fuel_oil.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Residual_fuel_oil.JPG/170px-Residual_fuel_oil.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Residual_fuel_oil.JPG/255px-Residual_fuel_oil.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Residual_fuel_oil.JPG/340px-Residual_fuel_oil.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1865" data-file-height="2773" /></a><figcaption>A sample of residual fuel oil</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Bunker fuel</b> or <b>bunker crude</b> is technically any type of fuel oil used aboard <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">water vessels</a>. Its name is derived from coal bunkers, where the fuel was originally stored. In 2019, large ships consumed 213 million metric tons of bunker fuel.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian Customs and the Australian Tax Office defines a bunker fuel as the fuel that powers the engine of a ship or aircraft. Bunker A is No. 4 fuel oil, bunker B is No. 5, and bunker C is No. 6. Since No. 6 is the most common, "bunker fuel" is often used as a synonym for No. 6. No. 5 fuel oil is also called <b>Navy Special Fuel Oil</b> (<b>NSFO</b>) or just <b>navy special</b>; No. 5 or 6 are also commonly called <b>heavy fuel oil</b> (<b>HFO</b>) or <b>furnace fuel oil</b> (<b>FFO</b>); the high viscosity requires heating, usually by a recirculated low pressure <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a> system, before the oil can be pumped from a bunker tank. Bunkers are rarely labeled this way in modern maritime practice. </p><p>Since the 1980s the <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) has been the accepted standard for marine fuels (bunkers). The standard is listed under number 8217, with recent updates in 2010 and 2017. The latest edition of bunker fuel specification is ISO 8217: 2017. The standard divides fuels into residual and distillate fuels. The most common residual fuels in the shipping industry are RMG and RMK.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The differences between the two are mainly the density and viscosity, with RMG generally being delivered at 380 <a href="/wiki/Viscosity#Units" title="Viscosity">centistokes</a> or less, and RMK at 700 centistokes or less. Ships with more advanced engines can process heavier, more viscous, and thus cheaper, fuel. Governing bodies around the world, <i>e.g.</i>, California, European Union, have established Emission Control Areas (ECA) that limit the maximum sulfur of fuels burned in their ports to limit pollution, reducing the percentage of sulfur and other particulates from 4.5% m/m to as little as 0.10% as of 2015 inside an ECA. As of 2013 3.5% continued to be permitted outside an ECA, but the International Maritime Organization has planned to lower the sulfur content requirement outside the ECAs to 0.5% m/m by 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-IMO14_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMO14-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is where Marine Distillate Fuels and other alternatives<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg71013_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg71013-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to use of heavy bunker fuel come into play. They have similar properties to diesel #2, which is used as road diesel around the world. The most common grades used in shipping are DMA and DMB.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">Greenhouse gas</a> emissions resulting from the use of international bunker fuels are currently included in national inventories.<sup id="cite_ref-Schrooten1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrooten1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schrooten2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrooten2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <caption>Table of fuel oils </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Alias</th> <th>Alias</th> <th>Alias</th> <th>Alias</th> <th>Alias</th> <th>Type</th> <th>Chain length </th></tr> <tr> <td>No. 1 fuel oil </td> <td>No. 1 distillate </td> <td>No. 1 diesel fuel </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>Distillate </td> <td>9-16 </td></tr> <tr> <td>No. 2 fuel oil </td> <td>No. 2 distillate </td> <td>No. 2 <a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">diesel fuel</a> </td> <td>Road diesel </td> <td>Rail diesel </td> <td>Marine gas oil </td> <td>Distillate </td> <td>10-20 </td></tr> <tr> <td>No. 3 fuel oil </td> <td>No. 3 distillate </td> <td>No. 3 diesel fuel </td> <td>Marine diesel oil </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td>Distillate </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>No. 4 fuel oil </td> <td>No. 4 distillate </td> <td>No. 4 residual fuel oil </td> <td>Bunker A </td> <td>Intermediate fuel oil </td> <td> </td> <td>Distillate/Residual </td> <td>12-70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>No. 5 fuel oil </td> <td>No. 5 residual fuel oil </td> <td>Heavy fuel oil </td> <td>Bunker B </td> <td>Navy special fuel oil </td> <td>Furnace fuel oil </td> <td>Residual </td> <td>12-70 </td></tr> <tr> <td>No. 6 fuel oil </td> <td>No. 6 residual fuel oil </td> <td>Heavy fuel oil </td> <td>Bunker C </td> <td>Marine fuel oil </td> <td>Furnace fuel oil </td> <td>Residual </td> <td>20-70 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Heavy fuel oil is still the primary fuel for <a href="/wiki/Cruise_ship" title="Cruise ship">cruise ships</a>, a tourism sector that is associated with a clean and friendly image. In stark contrast, the <a href="/wiki/Exhaust_gas" title="Exhaust gas">exhaust gas</a> emissions - due to HFO's high sulfur content - result in an eco balance significantly worse than that for individual mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-Vidal_2016_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vidal_2016-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cruise_Law_News_2017_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cruise_Law_News_2017-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stand.earth_2016_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stand.earth_2016-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Environmental_issues">§ Environmental issues</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bunkering">Bunkering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bunkering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Bunkering" title="Bunkering">bunkering</a>" broadly relates to storage of petroleum products in tanks (among other, disparate meanings). The precise meaning can be further specialized depending on context. Perhaps the most common, more specialized usage refers to the practice and business of refueling ships. Bunkering operations are located at seaports, and they include the storage of bunker (ship) fuels and the provision of the fuel to vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Alternatively "bunkering" may apply to the shipboard logistics of loading fuel and distributing it among available bunkers (on-board fuel tanks).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Finally, in the context of the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">oil industry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, bunkering<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> has come to refer to the <a href="/wiki/Oil_theft_in_Nigeria" title="Oil theft in Nigeria">illegal diversion of crude oil</a> (often subsequently refined in makeshift facilities into lighter transportation fuels) by the unauthorized cutting of holes into transport pipelines, often by very crude and hazardous means and causing <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Nigeria#Oil_spills_and_water_contamination" title="Petroleum industry in Nigeria">spills</a>. </p><p>As of 2018, some 300 million metric tons of fuel oil is used for ship bunkering. On January 1, 2020, regulations set by the International Marine Organization (IMO) all marine shipping vessels will require the use of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Very_low_sulfur_fuel_oil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Very low sulfur fuel oil (page does not exist)">very low sulfur fuel oil</a> (0.5% Sulfur) or to install <a href="/wiki/Flue-gas_desulfurization" title="Flue-gas desulfurization">exhaust gas scrubber</a> systems to remove the excess sulfur dioxide. The emissions from ships have generally been controlled by the following sulfur caps on any fuel oil used on board: 3.50% on and after 1 January 2012 and 0.50% on and after 1 January 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further removal of sulfur translates to additional energy and capital costs<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and can impact fuel price and availability. If priced correctly the excess cheap yet dirty fuel would find its way into other markets, including displacing some onshore energy production in nations with low environmental protection .<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fuel oil is transported worldwide by fleets of <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a> making deliveries to suitably sized strategic ports such as <a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a>, US; <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>; <a href="/wiki/Fujairah" title="Fujairah">Fujairah</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>; <a href="/wiki/Balboa,_Panama" title="Balboa, Panama">Balboa, Panama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crist%C3%B3bal,_Col%C3%B3n" title="Cristóbal, Colón">Cristobal</a>, Panama; Sakha, <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>; <a href="/wiki/Algeciras" title="Algeciras">Algeciras</a>, Spain and <a href="/wiki/Rotterdam" title="Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a>, Netherlands. Where a convenient seaport does not exist, inland transport may be achieved with the use of <a href="/wiki/Barge" title="Barge">barges</a>. Lighter fuel oils can also be transported through <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a>. The major physical supply chains of Europe are along the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine River">Rhine River</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environmental_issues">Environmental issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Environmental issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_of_shipping" title="Environmental impact of shipping">Environmental impact of shipping</a></div> <p>Emissions from bunker fuel burning in ships contribute to climate change and to <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">air pollution</a> levels in many port cities, especially where the emissions from industry and <a href="/wiki/Road_traffic" class="mw-redirect" title="Road traffic">road traffic</a> have been controlled. The switch of auxiliary engines from heavy fuel oil to diesel oil at berth can result in large emission reductions, especially for <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">SO<sub>2</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Particulates" title="Particulates">PM</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">CO<sub>2</sub></a> emissions from bunker fuels sold are not added to national GHG emissions. For small countries with large international ports, there is an important difference between the emissions in territorial waters and the total emissions of the fuel sold.<sup id="cite_ref-Schrooten2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schrooten2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the 1997 <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Climate_Change_conference#1997:_COP_3,_Kyoto,_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="United Nations Climate Change conference">Third Conference of the Parties</a> in Kyoto, Japan, countries agreed to exempt bunker fuels, and multilateral military operations, from national emissions totals after insistence from the U.S. climate change delegation for such exemptions.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coconut_oil" title="Coconut oil">Coconut oil</a> – Edible oil derived from coconut: an important fuel for ships in regions such as the Philippines, Papua New Guinea, and Vanuatu<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diesel_fuel" title="Diesel fuel">Diesel fuel</a> – Liquid fuel used in diesel engines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel-management_systems" title="Fuel-management systems">Fuel-management systems</a> – including hardware and software<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_price_risk_management" title="Fuel price risk management">Fuel price risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_oil_separation_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas oil separation plant">Gas oil separation plant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">Gasoline</a> – Liquid fuel derived from petroleum</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">Heating oil</a> – Liquid petroleum product used as a fuel oil for furnaces or boilers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot-bulb_engine" title="Hot-bulb engine">Hot-bulb engine</a> – Internal combustion engine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fuel" title="Jet fuel">Jet fuel</a> – Type of aviation fuel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a> – Combustible hydrocarbon liquid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubricant" title="Lubricant">Lubricant</a> – Substance introduced to reduce friction between surfaces in mutual contact</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_fuel_management" title="Marine fuel management">Marine fuel management</a> – techniques for efficient use of fuel by ships<span style="display:none" class="category-wikidata-fallback-annotation">Pages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_naphtha" title="Petroleum naphtha">Petroleum naphtha</a> – Petroleum product</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OW_Bunker" title="OW Bunker">OW Bunker test case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis_oil" title="Pyrolysis oil">Pyrolysis oil</a> – Petroleum substitute</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/129-10/mayor-bloomberg-presents-update-planyc-a-greener-greater-new-york#/9">"Mayor Bloomberg Presents an Update to PlaNYC: a Greener, Greater New York"</a>. NYC.gov. 22 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170202061223/http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/129-10/mayor-bloomberg-presents-update-planyc-a-greener-greater-new-york#/9">Archived</a> from the original on 2 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mayor+Bloomberg+Presents+an+Update+to+PlaNYC%3A+a+Greener%2C+Greater+New+York&rft.pub=NYC.gov&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww1.nyc.gov%2Foffice-of-the-mayor%2Fnews%2F129-10%2Fmayor-bloomberg-presents-update-planyc-a-greener-greater-new-york%23%2F9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOffice_of_the_Mayor2016" class="citation web cs1">Office of the Mayor (9 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/152-16/mayor-de-blasio-dep-that-all-5-300-buildings-have-discontinued-use-most-polluting">"Mayor de Blasio and DEP Announce That All 5,300 Buildings Have Discontinued Use of Most Polluting Heating Oil, Leading to Significantly Cleaner Air"</a>. City of New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170914125417/http://www1.nyc.gov/office-of-the-mayor/news/152-16/mayor-de-blasio-dep-that-all-5-300-buildings-have-discontinued-use-most-polluting">Archived</a> from the original on 14 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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International Maritime Organization. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imo.org/en/OurWork/environment/pollutionprevention/airpollution/pages/sulphur-oxides-(sox)-%E2%80%93-regulation-14.aspx">the original</a> on 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>SOx and particulate matter emission controls apply to all fuel oil</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sulfur+oxides+%28SOx%29+%E2%80%93+Regulation+14&rft.pub=International+Maritime+Organization&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imo.org%2Fen%2FOurWork%2Fenvironment%2Fpollutionprevention%2Fairpollution%2Fpages%2Fsulphur-oxides-%28sox%29-%25E2%2580%2593-regulation-14.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bloomberg71013-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bloomberg71013_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Wall2013" class="citation news cs1">Robert Wall (10 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-10/rolls-royce-revives-age-of-sail-to-beat-fuel-cost-surge-freight.html">"Rolls-Royce Revives Age of Sail to Beat Fuel-Cost Surge: Freight"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130715031020/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-07-10/rolls-royce-revives-age-of-sail-to-beat-fuel-cost-surge-freight.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 July</span> 2013</span>. <q>a development which will prompt a switch to "a much more diverse fuel pallet"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Rolls-Royce+Revives+Age+of+Sail+to+Beat+Fuel-Cost+Surge%3A+Freight&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft.au=Robert+Wall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-07-10%2Frolls-royce-revives-age-of-sail-to-beat-fuel-cost-surge-freight.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120126122253/http://www.chevronmarineproducts.com/docs/Requirements_for_Distillate_Fuel_2010.pdf">"DMA and DMB"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chevronmarineproducts.com/docs/Requirements_for_Distillate_Fuel_2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 26 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DMA+and+DMB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chevronmarineproducts.com%2Fdocs%2FRequirements_for_Distillate_Fuel_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrooten1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schrooten1_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrootenDe_VliegerInt_PanisChiffi2009" class="citation journal cs1">Schrooten, L; De Vlieger, Ina; Int Panis, Luc; Chiffi, Cosimo; Pastori, Enrico (2009). "Emissions of maritime transport: a reference system". <i>Science of the Total Environment</i>. <b>408</b> (2): 318–323. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009ScTEn.408..318S">2009ScTEn.408..318S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2009.07.037">10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.07.037</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19840885">19840885</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8271813">8271813</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+of+the+Total+Environment&rft.atitle=Emissions+of+maritime+transport%3A+a+reference+system&rft.volume=408&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=318-323&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2009.07.037&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8271813%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19840885&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009ScTEn.408..318S&rft.aulast=Schrooten&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=De+Vlieger%2C+Ina&rft.au=Int+Panis%2C+Luc&rft.au=Chiffi%2C+Cosimo&rft.au=Pastori%2C+Enrico&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrooten2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schrooten2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schrooten2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrootenDe_VliegerInt_PanisStyns,_R._Torfs2008" class="citation journal cs1">Schrooten, L; De Vlieger, Ina; Int Panis, Luc; Styns, R. 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"Inventory and forecasting of maritime emissions in the Belgian sea territory, an activity based emission model". <i>Atmospheric Environment</i>. <b>42</b> (4): 667–676. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AtmEn..42..667S">2008AtmEn..42..667S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2007.09.071">10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.071</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:93958844">93958844</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atmospheric+Environment&rft.atitle=Inventory+and+forecasting+of+maritime+emissions+in+the+Belgian+sea+territory%2C+an+activity+based+emission+model&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=667-676&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A93958844%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.atmosenv.2007.09.071&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AtmEn..42..667S&rft.aulast=Schrooten&rft.aufirst=L&rft.au=De+Vlieger%2C+Ina&rft.au=Int+Panis%2C+Luc&rft.au=Styns%2C+R.+Torfs%2C+K&rft.au=Torfs%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vidal_2016-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Vidal_2016_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidal2016" class="citation web cs1">Vidal, John (21 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/21/the-worlds-largest-cruise-ship-and-its-supersized-pollution-problem">"The world's largest cruise ship and its supersized pollution problem"</a>. <i>the Guardian</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190209105703/https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/may/21/the-worlds-largest-cruise-ship-and-its-supersized-pollution-problem">Archived</a> from the original on 9 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2018</span>. <q>Cruise companies create a picture of being a bright, clean and environmentally friendly tourism sector. But the opposite is true. One cruise ship emits as many air pollutants as five million cars going the same distance because these ships use heavy fuel that on land would have to be disposed of as hazardous waste."... "Heavy fuel oil can contain 3,500 times more sulfur than diesel that is used for land traffic vehicles. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mpa.gov.sg/sites/port_and_shipping/port/bunkering/bunkering.page">the original</a> on 7 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bunkering&rft.pub=Maritime+and+Port+Authority+of+Singapore+%28MPA%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mpa.gov.sg%2Fsites%2Fport_and_shipping%2Fport%2Fbunkering%2Fbunkering.page&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMOHIT2010" class="citation web cs1">MOHIT (19 October 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/bunkering-is-dangerous-procedure-for-bunkering-operation-on-a-ship/">"Bunkering is Dangerous: Procedure for Bunkering Operation on a Ship"</a>. Marine Insight. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231131601/http://www.marineinsight.com/guidelines/bunkering-is-dangerous-procedure-for-bunkering-operation-on-a-ship/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>. Site seems to require enabling of <a href="/wiki/HTTP_cookie" title="HTTP cookie">cookies</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bunkering+is+Dangerous%3A+Procedure+for+Bunkering+Operation+on+a+Ship&rft.pub=Marine+Insight&rft.date=2010-10-19&rft.au=MOHIT&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineinsight.com%2Fguidelines%2Fbunkering-is-dangerous-procedure-for-bunkering-operation-on-a-ship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_Gambrell_and_Associated_Press2013" class="citation news cs1">Jon Gambrell and Associated Press (20 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/oil-bunkering-threatens-nigerias-economy-environment/2013/07/18/e38cb4a0-e273-11e2-aef3-339619eab080_story.html">"Oil bunkering threatens Nigeria's economy, environment"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160309163038/https://www.washingtonpost.com/national/oil-bunkering-threatens-nigerias-economy-environment/2013/07/18/e38cb4a0-e273-11e2-aef3-339619eab080_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Oil+bunkering+threatens+Nigeria%27s+economy%2C+environment&rft.date=2013-07-20&rft.au=Jon+Gambrell+and+Associated+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnational%2Foil-bunkering-threatens-nigerias-economy-environment%2F2013%2F07%2F18%2Fe38cb4a0-e273-11e2-aef3-339619eab080_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dan-bunkering.com/Admin/Public/DWSDownload.aspx?File=%2fFiles%2fFiler%2fDB%2fPdf%2fEmission_control_Regulations.pdf">"Regulations for the prevention of air pollution from ships"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>www.dan-bunkering.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.dan-bunkering.com&rft.atitle=Regulations+for+the+prevention+of+air+pollution+from+ships&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdan-bunkering.com%2FAdmin%2FPublic%2FDWSDownload.aspx%3FFile%3D%252fFiles%252fFiler%252fDB%252fPdf%252fEmission_control_Regulations.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChu_VanRamirezRaineyRistovski2019" class="citation journal cs1">Chu Van, Thuy; Ramirez, Jerome; Rainey, Thomas; Ristovski, Zoran; Brown, Richard J. (1 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.qut.edu.au/128190/2/128190.pdf">"Global impacts of recent IMO regulations on marine fuel oil refining processes and ship emissions"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment</i>. <b>70</b>: 123–134. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.trd.2019.04.001">10.1016/j.trd.2019.04.001</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1361-9209">1361-9209</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133571823">133571823</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transportation+Research+Part+D%3A+Transport+and+Environment&rft.atitle=Global+impacts+of+recent+IMO+regulations+on+marine+fuel+oil+refining+processes+and+ship+emissions&rft.volume=70&rft.pages=123-134&rft.date=2019-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133571823%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1361-9209&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.trd.2019.04.001&rft.aulast=Chu+Van&rft.aufirst=Thuy&rft.au=Ramirez%2C+Jerome&rft.au=Rainey%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Ristovski%2C+Zoran&rft.au=Brown%2C+Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.qut.edu.au%2F128190%2F2%2F128190.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180516175327/https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/power-sectors-thirst-for-fuel-oil-after-imo-low-sulfur-cap-shifts-bunker-demand/">"Power sector's thirst for fuel oil after IMO low sulfur cap shifts bunker demand - Hellenic Shipping News Worldwide"</a>. <i>www.hellenicshippingnews.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hellenicshippingnews.com/power-sectors-thirst-for-fuel-oil-after-imo-low-sulfur-cap-shifts-bunker-demand/">the original</a> on 16 May 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hellenicshippingnews.com&rft.atitle=Power+sector%27s+thirst+for+fuel+oil+after+IMO+low+sulfur+cap+shifts+bunker+demand+-+Hellenic+Shipping+News+Worldwide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hellenicshippingnews.com%2Fpower-sectors-thirst-for-fuel-oil-after-imo-low-sulfur-cap-shifts-bunker-demand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHermann2022" class="citation news cs1">Hermann, Burkely (20 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/environmental-diplomacy/2022-01-20/national-security-and-climate-change-behind-us">"National Security and Climate Change: Behind the U.S. Pursuit of Military Exemptions to the Kyoto Protocol"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive#Publications" title="National Security Archive">Briefing Book</a> # 784. <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Archive" title="National Security Archive">National Security Archive</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220123162738/https://nsarchive.gwu.edu/briefing-book/environmental-diplomacy/2022-01-20/national-security-and-climate-change-behind-us">Archived</a> from the original on 23 January 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=National+Security+and+Climate+Change%3A+Behind+the+U.S.+Pursuit+of+Military+Exemptions+to+the+Kyoto+Protocol&rft.date=2022-01-20&rft.aulast=Hermann&rft.aufirst=Burkely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnsarchive.gwu.edu%2Fbriefing-book%2Fenvironmental-diplomacy%2F2022-01-20%2Fnational-security-and-climate-change-behind-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFuel+oil" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">National Geographic magazine, April 2012</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fuel_oil&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.nps.gov/hazardssafety/toxic/fueloil.pdf">National Park Service - Fuel Oil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610035043/http://www.nature.nps.gov/hazardssafety/toxic/fueloil.pdf">Archived</a> 10 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.howstuffworks.com/environmental/energy/oil-refining.htm">How Oil Refining Works – HowStuffWorks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ibia.net/">International Bunker Industry Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://response.restoration.noaa.gov/oil-and-chemical-spills/oil-spills/oil-types.html">NOAA Oil Types</a></li></ul> <div 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title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a> standards <span class="nobold">by standard number</span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_standards" title="List of ISO standards">ISO standards</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_ISO_romanizations" title="List of ISO romanizations">ISO romanizations</a> – <a href="/wiki/List_of_IEC_standards" title="List of IEC standards">IEC standards</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1–9999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1" title="ISO 1">1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2" title="ISO 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4" title="ISO 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A440_(pitch_standard)" title="A440 (pitch standard)">16</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renard_series" title="Renard series">17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31" title="ISO 31">31</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-0" title="ISO 31-0">-0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-1" title="ISO 31-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-3" title="ISO 31-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-4" title="ISO 31-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-5" title="ISO 31-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-6" title="ISO 31-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-7" title="ISO 31-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-8" title="ISO 31-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-9" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-10" title="ISO 31-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-11" title="ISO 31-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31-13" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 31-13">-13</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">68-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_128" title="ISO 128">128</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_216" title="ISO 216">216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_217" title="ISO 217">217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Standard_Pipe" title="British Standard Pipe">228</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_233" title="ISO 233">233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_259" title="ISO 259">259</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">261</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_metric_screw_thread" title="ISO metric screw thread">262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappa_number" title="Kappa number">302</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">306</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazard_symbol#Ionizing_radiation_symbol" title="Hazard symbol">361</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_take-off" title="Power take-off">500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_shoe" title="Hot shoe">518</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prontor-Compur" title="Prontor-Compur">519</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">639</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-1" title="ISO 639-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-2" title="ISO 639-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-5" title="ISO 639-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-6" title="ISO 639-6">-6</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_646" title="ISO/IEC 646">646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_657" title="ISO 657">657</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_668" title="ISO 668">668</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_690" title="ISO 690">690</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_704" title="ISO 704">704</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_732" title="ISO 732">732</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimagnetic_watch" title="Antimagnetic watch">764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hole_punch" title="Hole punch">838</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_843" title="ISO 843">843</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_860" title="ISO 860">860</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_898" title="ISO 898">898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_965" title="ISO 965">965</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_999" title="ISO 999">999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1000" title="ISO 1000">1000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_ink_character_recognition" title="Magnetic ink character recognition">1004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/135_film" title="135 film">1007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-A" title="OCR-A">1073-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OCR-B" title="OCR-B">1073-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longitudinal_redundancy_check" title="Longitudinal redundancy check">1155</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shock-resistant_watch#ISO_1413_shock-resistant_standard" title="Shock-resistant watch">1413</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ALGOL_60" title="ALGOL 60">1538</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1629" title="ISO 1629">1629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_1745" title="ISO 1745">1745</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2014" title="ISO 2014">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2015" title="ISO 2015">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_2022" title="ISO/IEC 2022">2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2033" title="ISO 2033">2033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2047" title="ISO 2047">2047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">2108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2145" title="ISO 2145">2145</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2146" title="ISO 2146">2146</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">2281</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Atmosphere" title="International Standard Atmosphere">2533</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2709" title="ISO 2709">2709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2711" title="ISO 2711">2711</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">2720</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2788" title="ISO 2788">2788</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2848" title="ISO 2848">2848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2852" title="ISO 2852">2852</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_2921" title="ISO 2921">2921</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/126_film" title="126 film">3029</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3103" title="ISO 3103">3103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">3166</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-1" title="ISO 3166-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-3" title="ISO 3166-3">-3</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">3297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3307" title="ISO 3307">3307</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O-ring" title="O-ring">3601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunrei-shiki_romanization" title="Kunrei-shiki romanization">3602</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3864" title="ISO 3864">3864</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Recording_Code" title="International Standard Recording Code">3901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FDI_World_Dental_Federation_notation" title="FDI World Dental Federation notation">3950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_3977" title="ISO 3977">3977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4031" title="ISO 4031">4031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4157" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 4157">4157</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4165" title="ISO 4165">4165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">4217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_4909" title="ISO/IEC 4909">4909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_5218" title="ISO/IEC 5218">5218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5426" title="ISO 5426">5426</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5427" title="ISO 5427">5427</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5428" title="ISO 5428">5428</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_and_precision" title="Accuracy and precision">5725</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5775" title="ISO 5775">5775</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5776" title="ISO 5776">5776</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_speed" title="Film speed">5800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flowchart" title="Flowchart">5807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_5964" title="ISO 5964">5964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">6166</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6344" title="ISO 6344">6344</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6346" title="ISO 6346">6346</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimal_BASIC" title="Minimal BASIC">6373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6385" title="ISO 6385">6385</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_Resistant_mark" title="Water Resistant mark">6425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_escape_code" title="ANSI escape code">6429</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6438" title="ISO 6438">6438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_6523" title="ISO/IEC 6523">6523</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6709" title="ISO 6709">6709</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_6943" title="ISO 6943">6943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7001" title="ISO 7001">7001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7002" title="ISO 7002">7002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7010" title="ISO 7010">7010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7027" title="ISO 7027">7027</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7064" title="ISO/IEC 7064">7064</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">7098</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)" title="Pascal (programming language)">7185</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7200" title="ISO 7200">7200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">7498</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">-1</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7637" title="ISO 7637">7637</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_7736" title="ISO 7736">7736</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7810" title="ISO/IEC 7810">7810</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7811" title="ISO/IEC 7811">7811</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7812" title="ISO/IEC 7812">7812</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7813" title="ISO/IEC 7813">7813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_7816" title="ISO/IEC 7816">7816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">7942</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8000" title="ISO 8000">8000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">8093</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8178" title="ISO 8178">8178</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">8217</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8373" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 8373">8373</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8501-1" title="ISO 8501-1">8501-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FTAM" title="FTAM">8571</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8583" title="ISO 8583">8583</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8601" title="ISO 8601">8601</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Document_Architecture" title="Open Document Architecture">8613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Graphics_Metafile" title="Computer Graphics Metafile">8632</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8652" title="ISO/IEC 8652">8652</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_8691" title="ISO 8691">8691</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphical_Kernel_System" title="Graphical Kernel System">8805/8806</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Of_Temporal_Ordering_Specification" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Of Temporal Ordering Specification">8807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuse_(automotive)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuse (automotive)">8820-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859" title="ISO/IEC 8859">8859</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-1" title="ISO/IEC 8859-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-2" title="ISO/IEC 8859-2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-3" title="ISO/IEC 8859-3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-4" title="ISO/IEC 8859-4">-4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-5" title="ISO/IEC 8859-5">-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-6" title="ISO/IEC 8859-6">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-7" title="ISO/IEC 8859-7">-7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-8" title="ISO/IEC 8859-8">-8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-8859-8-I" title="ISO-8859-8-I">-8-I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-9" title="ISO/IEC 8859-9">-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-10" title="ISO/IEC 8859-10">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-11" title="ISO/IEC 8859-11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-12" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 8859-12">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-13" title="ISO/IEC 8859-13">-13</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-14" title="ISO/IEC 8859-14">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-15" title="ISO/IEC 8859-15">-15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_8859-16" title="ISO/IEC 8859-16">-16</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Generalized_Markup_Language" title="Standard Generalized Markup Language">8879</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 9000">9000/9001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASMO_449" title="ASMO 449">9036</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SQL" title="SQL">9075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9126" title="ISO/IEC 9126">9126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On-board_diagnostics" title="On-board diagnostics">9141</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_spray_test" title="Salt spray test">9227</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9241" title="ISO 9241">9241</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">9293</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">9314</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9362" title="ISO 9362">9362</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">9407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CHILL" title="CHILL">9496</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_Message_Specification" title="Manufacturing Message Specification">9506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9529" title="ISO/IEC 9529">9529</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9564" title="ISO 9564">9564</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PHIGS" title="PHIGS">9592/9593</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X.500" title="X.500">9594</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9660" title="ISO 9660">9660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9797-1" title="ISO/IEC 9797-1">9797-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_9897" title="ISO 9897">9897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ANSI_C" title="ANSI C">9899</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/POSIX" title="POSIX">9945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Georgian" title="Romanization of Georgian">9984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Armenian" title="Romanization of Armenian">9985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_9995" title="ISO/IEC 9995">9995</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10000–19999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10006" title="ISO 10006">10006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10007" title="ISO 10007">10007</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10116" title="ISO/IEC 10116">10116</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirlpool_(hash_function)" title="Whirlpool (hash function)">10118-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10160" title="ISO 10160">10160</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10161" title="ISO 10161">10161</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_the_Definition_of_Managed_Objects" title="Guidelines for the Definition of Managed Objects">10165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_Style_Semantics_and_Specification_Language" title="Document Style Semantics and Specification Language">10179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(programming_language)#ISO/IEC_10206:1990_Extended_Pascal" title="Pascal (programming language)">10206</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10218" title="ISO 10218">10218</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Full_BASIC" title="Full BASIC">10279</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303" title="ISO 10303">10303</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EXPRESS_(data_modeling_language)" title="EXPRESS (data modeling language)">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-21" title="ISO 10303-21">-21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-22" title="ISO 10303-22">-22</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10303-28" title="ISO 10303-28">-28</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">-238</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_Identifier_Code" title="Market Identifier Code">10383</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArmSCII" title="ArmSCII">10585</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IS-IS" title="IS-IS">10589</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10628" title="ISO 10628">10628</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Coded_Character_Set" title="Universal Coded Character Set">10646</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torx" title="Torx">10664</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RM-ODP" title="RM-ODP">10746</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multibus" title="Multibus">10861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Music_Number" title="International Standard Music Number">10957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_10962" title="ISO 10962">10962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_10967" title="ISO/IEC 10967">10967</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEEE_11073" title="ISO/IEEE 11073">11073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11170" title="ISO 11170">11170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-1" title="MPEG-1">11172</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11179" title="ISO/IEC 11179">11179</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11404" title="ISO/IEC 11404">11404</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JBIG" title="JBIG">11544</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11783" title="ISO 11783">11783</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11784</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11784_and_ISO_11785" title="ISO 11784 and ISO 11785">11785</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_11801" title="ISO/IEC 11801">11801</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trusted_Platform_Module" title="Trusted Platform Module">11889</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CAN_bus#CAN_lower-layer_standards" title="CAN bus">11898</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11940" title="ISO 11940">11940</a> (<a href="/wiki/ISO_11940-2" title="ISO 11940-2">-2</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/TR_11941" title="ISO/TR 11941">11941 (TR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_11992" title="ISO 11992">11992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_12006" title="ISO 12006">12006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DICOM" title="DICOM">12052</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_TR_12182" title="ISO/IEC TR 12182">12182</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_12207" title="ISO/IEC 12207">12207</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIFF/EP" title="TIFF/EP">12234-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_categories#ISO_12620_(ISO_TC37_Data_Category_Registry,_ISOcat)" title="Linguistic categories">12620</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">13211</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prolog" title="Prolog">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isofix" title="Isofix">13216</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topic_map" title="Topic map">13250</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13399" title="ISO 13399">13399</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13406-2" title="ISO 13406-2">13406-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/110_film" title="110 film">13450</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13485" title="ISO 13485">13485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13490" title="ISO 13490">13490</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13567" title="ISO 13567">13567</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_notation" title="Z notation">13568</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_13584" title="ISO 13584">13584</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bank_Account_Number" title="International Bank Account Number">13616</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISLISP" title="ISLISP">13816</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-2" title="MPEG-2">13818</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14000" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 14000">14000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14031" title="ISO 14031">14031</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14224" title="ISO 14224">14224</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/UA" title="PDF/UA">14289</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">14396</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14443" title="ISO/IEC 14443">14443</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4" title="MPEG-4">14496</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_2" title="MPEG-4 Part 2">-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_3" title="MPEG-4 Part 3">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delivery_Multimedia_Integration_Framework" title="Delivery Multimedia Integration Framework">-6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Video_Coding" title="Advanced Video Coding">-10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-4_Part_11" title="MPEG-4 Part 11">-11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_base_media_file_format" title="ISO base media file format">-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-14</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-17</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MP4_file_format" title="MP4 file format">-20</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14617" title="ISO 14617">14617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14644" title="ISO 14644">14644</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEP-NC" title="STEP-NC">14649</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_14651" title="ISO/IEC 14651">14651</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14698" title="ISO 14698">14698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">14764</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">14882</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_14971" title="ISO 14971">14971</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15022" title="ISO 15022">15022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15189" title="ISO 15189">15189</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15288" title="ISO/IEC 15288">15288</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Semantic_Interface_Specification" title="Ada Semantic Interface Specification">15291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15398" title="ISO 15398">15398</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Criteria" title="Common Criteria">15408</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_2000" title="JPEG 2000">15444</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motion_JPEG_2000" title="Motion JPEG 2000">-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPIP" title="JPIP">-9</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">15445</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF417" title="PDF417">15438</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">15504</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Identifier_for_Libraries_and_Related_Organizations" title="International Standard Identifier for Libraries and Related Organizations">15511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15686" title="ISO 15686">15686</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15693" title="ISO/IEC 15693">15693</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">15706</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Audiovisual_Number" title="International Standard Audiovisual Number">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Musical_Work_Code" title="International Standard Musical Work Code">15707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15897" title="ISO/IEC 15897">15897</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">15919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15924" title="ISO 15924">15924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926" title="ISO 15926">15926</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_15926_WIP" title="ISO 15926 WIP">15926 WIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/X" title="PDF/X">15930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-7" title="MPEG-7">15938</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MaxiCode" title="MaxiCode">16023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">16262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quality_function_deployment" title="Quality function deployment">16355-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_raster_content" title="Mixed raster content">16485</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/VT" title="PDF/VT">16612-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_16750" title="ISO 16750">16750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IATF_16949" title="IATF 16949">16949 (TS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17024" title="ISO/IEC 17024">17024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_17025" title="ISO/IEC 17025">17025</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_17100" title="ISO 17100">17100</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Virtualization_Format" title="Open Virtualization Format">17203</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDMX" title="SDMX">17369</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_Entity_Identifier" title="Legal Entity Identifier">17442</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COLLADA" title="COLLADA">17506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">17799</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">18004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_18014" title="ISO/IEC 18014">18014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XL" title="JPEG XL">18181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_18245" title="ISO 18245">18245</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_Specification_Language" title="Process Specification Language">18629</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photographic_Activity_Test" title="Photographic Activity Test">18916</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/A" title="PDF/A">19005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19011" title="ISO 19011">19011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">19092</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-1" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-1">-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19092-2" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO 19092-2">-2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19114" title="ISO 19114">19114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geospatial_metadata#ISO_19115:_Geographic_information_–_Metadata" title="Geospatial metadata">19115</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_Features" title="Simple Features">19125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_Markup_Language#ISO_19136" title="Geography Markup Language">19136</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoe_size" title="Shoe size">19407</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19439" title="ISO 19439">19439</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Object_Request_Broker_Architecture" title="Common Object Request Broker Architecture">19500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19501</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19502</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19503</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">19505</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_Discovery_Metamodel" title="Knowledge Discovery Metamodel">19506</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_Constraint_Language" title="Object Constraint Language">19507</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meta-Object_Facility" title="Meta-Object Facility">19508</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XML_Metadata_Interchange" title="XML Metadata Interchange">19509</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_Process_Model_and_Notation" title="Business Process Model and Notation">19510</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_19600" title="ISO 19600">19600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19752" title="ISO/IEC 19752">19752</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELAX_NG" title="RELAX NG">19757</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19770" title="ISO/IEC 19770">19770</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X3D" title="X3D">19775-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_19794-5" title="ISO/IEC 19794-5">19794-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_Infrastructure_Management_Interface" title="Cloud Infrastructure Management Interface">19831</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20000–29999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_20000" title="ISO/IEC 20000">20000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20022" title="ISO 20022">20022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20121" title="ISO 20121">20121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_20400" title="ISO 20400">20400</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Data_Protocol" title="Open Data Protocol">20802</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Xin_code" title="Han Xin code">20830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-21" title="MPEG-21">21000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21001" title="ISO 21001">21001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Text_Code" title="International Standard Text Code">21047</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XS" title="JPEG XS">21122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_21500" title="ISO 21500">21500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_21827" title="ISO/IEC 21827">21827</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22000" title="ISO 22000">22000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript" title="ECMAScript">22275</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22300" title="ISO 22300">22300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22301" title="ISO 22301">22301</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_22395" title="ISO 22395">22395</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ECMAScript_for_XML" title="ECMAScript for XML">22537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-A" title="MPEG-A">23000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-D" title="MPEG-D">23003</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-H" title="MPEG-H">23008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Adaptive_Streaming_over_HTTP" title="Dynamic Adaptive Streaming over HTTP">23009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Versatile_Video_Coding" title="Versatile Video Coding">23090-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MPEG-G" title="MPEG-G">23092</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essential_Video_Coding" title="Essential Video Coding">23094-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LCEVC" title="LCEVC">23094-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C_Sharp_(programming_language)" title="C Sharp (programming language)">23270</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Language_Infrastructure" title="Common Language Infrastructure">23271</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_Standard_Base" title="Linux Standard Base">23360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_Micro_QR_Code" title="Rectangular Micro QR Code">23941</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF/E" title="PDF/E">24517</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lexical_Markup_Framework" title="Lexical Markup Framework">24613</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO-TimeML" title="ISO-TimeML">24617</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Logic" title="Common Logic">24707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MicroPDF417" title="MicroPDF417">24728</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25178" title="ISO 25178">25178</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_25964" title="ISO 25964">25964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26000" title="ISO 26000">26000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_26262" title="ISO 26262">26262</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDocument" title="OpenDocument">26300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">26324</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000-series" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO/IEC 27000-series">27000 series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27000" title="ISO/IEC 27000">27000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27001" title="ISO/IEC 27001">27001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27002" title="ISO/IEC 27002">27002</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27005" title="ISO/IEC 27005">27005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_27006" title="ISO/IEC 27006">27006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Name_Identifier" title="International Standard Name Identifier">27729</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_28000" title="ISO 28000">28000</a></li> <li>29110</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">29148</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JPEG_XR" title="JPEG XR">29199-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_Open_XML" title="Office Open XML">29500</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">30000+</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_(programming_language)" title="Ruby (programming language)">30170</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_31000" title="ISO 31000">31000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">32000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_37001" title="ISO 37001">37001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_38500" title="ISO/IEC 38500">38500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_Query_Language" title="Graph Query Language">39075</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">40500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_42010" title="ISO/IEC 42010">42010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_45001" title="ISO 45001">45001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_50001" title="ISO 50001">50001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_55000" title="ISO 55000">55000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_56000" title="ISO 56000">56000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_80000" title="ISO/IEC 80000">80000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:ISO_standards" title="Category:ISO standards">Category</a></li></ul> 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