Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="ROBOTS" content="INDEX,FOLLOW"/> <meta name="googlebot" content="INDEX,FOLLOW"/> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="https://www.rroij.com/images/favicon.ico"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.rroij.com/open-access/inflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php?aid=95128"> <link rel="alternate" href="https://www.rroij.com/open-access/inflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php?aid=95128" hreflang="en"/> <meta name="ROBOTS" content="INDEX,FOLLOW"> <meta name="googlebot" content="INDEX,FOLLOW"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.1.3/css/bootstrap.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/5.11.2/css/all.min.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://maxcdn.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.5.0/css/bootstrap.min.css" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/font-awesome/4.7.0/css/font-awesome.min.css"> <link href="https://www.rroij.com/css/global.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.rroij.com/css/rroij_journal_styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.rroij.com/css/styles.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href="https://www.rroij.com/css/author.css" rel="stylesheet"> <link href='https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Muli' rel='stylesheet' type='text/css'> <script src="https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.11.1/jquery.min.js"></script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://www.rroij.com/css/main-coolautosuggest.css"/> <script src="https://www.rroij.com/js/jquery.coolautosuggest.js"></script> <script src="https://www.rroij.com/js/jquery.coolfieldset.js"></script> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-XZZM6CDJEW"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-XZZM6CDJEW'); </script> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QyntXIcj_BvZuRDiOUBORwiyRkYoPYA2fYqxYfC5vtU" /> <script type="application/ld+json"> { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "Organization", "url": "http://www.rroij.com/open-access/inflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php?aid=95128", "logo": "https://www.rroij.com/images/research-reviews-logo.svg" } </script>  <script> !function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s){if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod? n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n; n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0; t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script','//connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js'); fbq('init', '297919997051754'); fbq('track', "PageView"); </script>  <title>Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies | Open Access Journals</title> <meta name="keywords" content=", open access publisher, open access publishers, open access publications, open access journals, open access artcles, Research and Reviews"> <meta name="description" content="Sarah L Whitaker-Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Research and Reviews"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical and Health Sciences"> <meta name="citation_title" content="Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies"> <meta name="citation_author" content="Sarah L Whitaker"/> <meta name="citation_year" content="2024"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="13"/> <meta name="citation_issue" content="3"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2319-9865"> <meta name="citation_publication_date" content="2024/09/28"/> <meta name="citation_firstpage" content="21"> <meta name="citation_lastpage" content="22"> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://www.rroij.com/open-access/inflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php?aid=95128"> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="inflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.pdf"> <meta name="citation_abstract" content=""/> <link rel="canonical" target="_blank" href="https://www.rroij.com/open-access/inflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php?aid=95128"> <script type="text/javascript"> function openimage(theURL,winName,features) { window.open(theURL,winName,features); } </script> </head> <body> <ul class="social-icons hidden-xs"> <li><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-facebook"></i></a></li>  <li><a href="https://twitter.com/RROIJournals"><i class="fa fa-twitter"></i></a></li> <li><a href="#"><i class="fa fa-linkedin"></i></a></li> </ul> <header> <div class="container"> <div class="row justify-content-between align-items-center my-3"> <div class="col-12 col-sm-6"> <div class="navbar-header"> <div class="media"> <a href="https://www.rroij.com/" class="align-self-center mr-3"> <img src="https://www.rroij.com/images/research-reviews-logo.svg" alt="Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical and Health Sciences" > </a> <div class="media-body media-bottom"> <h4 class="media-heading">Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical and Health Sciences</h4> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="col-12 col-sm-auto"> <div class="d-flex align-items-center">   <div class="toggle-mnu ml-3"> <a id="menu-toggle" href="#0"> <img src="https://www.rroij.com/images/menu-icon.svg" width="30px" /> Menu</a> <nav id="sidebar-wrapper"> <ul class="sidebar-nav"> <a id="menu-close" href="#" class="btn btn-light btn-lg pull-right toggle"><i class="fa fa-times"></i></a> <li class="sidebar-brand"> <a href="https://www.rroij.com/" onclick ='$("#menu-close").click();' >Research and Reviews</a> </li> <li><a title="Home" href="https://www.rroij.com/" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();'>Home</a></li> <li><a title="About Us" href="https://www.rroij.com/about.php" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();' >About Us</a></li> <li><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.rroij.com/open-access.php" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();' >Open Access</a></li> <li class="dropdown"> <a aria-expanded="false" role="button" data-toggle="dropdown" class="dropdown-toggle" href="https://www.rroij.com/open-access-journals-list.php">Journals<span class="caret"></span></a> <ul role="menu" class="dropdown-menu pds"> <li><a title="Browse By Title" href="https://www.rroij.com/open-access-journals-list.php" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();' >Browse By Title</a></li> <li><a title="Browse By Subject" href="https://www.rroij.com/browse-scientific-journals.php" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();' >Browse By Subject</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a title="Submit Manuscript" href="https://www.rroij.com/submitmanuscript.php" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();' >Submit Manuscript</a></li> <li><a title="Register" href="https://www.rroij.com/register.php" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();'>Register</a></li> <li><a title="Contact" href="https://www.rroij.com/contact.php" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();'>Contact</a></li> <li><a title="FAQs" href="https://www.rroij.com/faqs.php" onclick = '$("#menu-close").click();' >FAQs</a></li> </ul> </nav> </div> </div> <p class="text-right">ISSN: 2319-9865</p> <div id="google_translate_element" style=" width:60px; top: 10px;"></div> <script> function googleTranslateElementInit() { new google.translate.TranslateElement( { pageLanguage: 'en' }, 'google_translate_element' ); } </script> <script src="https://translate.google.com/translate_a/element.js?cb=googleTranslateElementInit"></script> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-transparent jrnlNavbar py-0"> <div class="container"> <a class="navbar-brand d-none" href="#">Navbar</a> <button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#jrnlNavbar" aria-controls="jrnlNavbar" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="Toggle navigation"> <span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span> </button> <div class="collapse navbar-collapse justify-content-center" id="jrnlNavbar"> <ul class="navbar-nav"> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" target="_self" title="Welcome to the Journal" href="https://www.rroij.com/medical-and-health-sciences.php">The Journal</a> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" target="_self" title="Aim and Scope" href="https://www.rroij.com/aimsandscope-medical-and-health-sciences.php">Aim and Scope</a> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" target="_self" title="Editorial Board" href="https://www.rroij.com/editorialboard-medical-and-health-sciences.php">Editorial Board</a> </li> <li class='nav-item dropdown'> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Articles</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <a class="dropdown-item" target="_self" title="Articles in process" href="https://www.rroij.com/articleinpress-medical-and-health-sciences.php">禄 Articles in process</a>  <a class="dropdown-item" target="_self" title="Archive" href="https://www.rroij.com/archive-medical-and-health-sciences.php" >禄 Archive</a> </div> </li> <li class='nav-item nav-item dropdown'> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#" title="Authors">Authors</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <a class="dropdown-item" target="_self" href="https://www.rroij.com/instructionsforauthors-medical-and-health-sciences.php">禄 Author Instructions</a> <a class="dropdown-item" target="_self" href="https://www.rroij.com/submitmanuscript-medical-and-health-sciences.php">禄 Submit Manuscript</a>  <a class="dropdown-item" target="_self" href="https://www.rroij.com/peerreviewprocess-medical-and-health-sciences.php">禄 Peer Review Process</a> <a class="dropdown-item" target="_self" href="https://www.rroij.com/ethics-medical-and-health-sciences.php">禄 Publication Ethics & Malpractice Statement</a> </div> </li> <li class='active dropdown'> <a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown" href="#">Special Issues</a> <div class="dropdown-menu"> <a class="dropdown-item" target="_self" title="Guidelines" href="https://www.rroij.com/guidelines-medical-and-health-sciences.php">禄 Guidelines</a> </div> </li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" target="_self" title="Indexing and Archiving" href="https://www.rroij.com/indexing-medical-and-health-sciences.php">Indexing and Archiving</a> </li> <li > <a class="nav-link" style="border-bottom:0px;" title="Citations" href="https://www.rroij.com/citations-medical-and-health-sciences.php">Citations</a></li> <li class="nav-item "> <a class="nav-link" target="_self" style="border-bottom:0px;" title="Contact Editorial Office" href="https://www.rroij.com/contact-medical-and-health-sciences.php">Contact Journal</a> </li> <li class="nav-item d-none"> <a class="nav-link" title="RSS Feed" href="https://www.rroij.com/rss/medical-and-health-sciences.xml">RSS Feed</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </header>  <div class="container"> <div class="media alert alert-info mt-3"> <i class="fas fa-hand-point-right fa-2x align-self-center mr-3 animated infinite bounce slow blue-500"></i> <div class="media-body"> All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to <strong>Online Manuscript Submission System</strong>. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to <a href="https://www.scholarscentral.org/submissions/research-reviews-medical-health-sciences.html" target="_blank" class="text-warning"><strong>Online Manuscript Submission System</strong></a> of respective journal. </div> </div> </div>  <div class="whatup"> <ul> <li><a href="tel:+447389646377">+447389646377<i class="fa fa-whatsapp" aria-hidden="true"></i></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="container full-text">  <div class="row m-t"> <div class="col-md-12 contnet-home"> <h1 style="margin-top:5px;">Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies</h1> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-9"> <p><strong>Sarah L Whitaker<sup><a href="#corr">*</a></sup></strong></p> <p>Department of Immunology, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Kingston, United Kingdom</p> <dl class="dl-horizontal"> <dt>*Corresponding Author:</dt> <dd>Sarah L Whitaker<a name="corr" id="corr"></a> <br /> Department of Immunology, Institute for Advanced Biomedical Research, Kingston, United Kingdom<br /> <strong>E-mail:</strong> sarah.whitaker@iabresearch.ac.uk</dd> </dl> <p><strong>Received:</strong> 28-Aug-2024, Manuscript No. JMAHS-24-150483; <strong>Editor assigned:</strong> 30-Aug-2024, PreQC No. JMAHS-24-150483 (PQ); <strong>Reviewed:</strong> 14-Sep-2024, QC No. JMAHS-24-150483; <strong>Revised:</strong> 21-Sep-2024, Manuscript No. JMAHS-24-150483 (R); <strong>Published:</strong> 28-Sep-2024, DOI: 10.4172/2319-9865.13.3.007</p> <p><strong>Citation:</strong> Whitaker SL. Inflammatory Responses in <a target='_blank' href='https://www.rroij.com/journals/autoimmune-diseases-3856.html' class='cu_a_color'>Autoimmune Diseases</a>: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies. RRJ Med Health Sci. 2024;13:007.</p> <p><strong>Copyright: </strong>© 2024 Whitaker SL. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.</p> <p><strong>Visit for more related articles at</strong> <a href="https://www.rroij.com/ArchiveJMAHS/currentissue-medical-and-health-sciences.php" title="Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical and Health Sciences">Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical and Health Sciences</a></p> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-3">  <div class="card shadow-sm sidebar mb-3"> <div class="list-group list-group-flush qr_code_image"> <img title="QR" src="https://chart.googleapis.com/chart?chs=185x185&cht=qr&chl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rroij.com%2Fopen-access%2Finflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php%3Faid%3D95128&chld=M|0&icqrf=00b1e4" alt="Research & Reviews: Journal of Medical and Health Sciences" />  <nav class="nav nav-pills social-icons-footer sidebar_social_icons a-pl-0"> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" style="padding-left:2%;" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?s=100&p[title]=Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies&p[url]=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rroij.com%2Fopen-access%2Finflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php%3Faid%3D95128"><img src="https://www.rroij.com/assets/socials/facebook.png" alt="Facebook" /></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" style="padding-left:2%;" href="https://web.whatsapp.com/send?text=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rroij.com%2Fopen-access%2Finflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php%3Faid%3D95128" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.rroij.com/assets/socials/whatsapp.png" alt="Whatsapp" /></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" style="padding-left:2%;" href="https://www.linkedin.com/sharing/share-offsite/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rroij.com%2Fopen-access%2Finflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php%3Faid%3D95128" title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.rroij.com/assets/socials/linkedin.png" alt="LinkedIn" /></a> <a title="Share This Article" target="_blank" class="nav-link" style="padding-left:2%;" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rroij.com%2Fopen-access%2Finflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.php%3Faid%3D95128" class="nav-link"><img src="https://www.rroij.com/assets/socials/twitter.png" alt="Twitter" /></a> </nav>  </div> </div>  </div> <div class="btn-group" role="group" aria-label="..."> <a href="inflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.pdf" title="View PDF" class="btn btn-default text-warning"><button type="button" class="btn btn-danger">View PDF</button></a> <a href="https://www.rroij.com/pdfdownload.php?download=open-access/inflammatory-responses-in-autoimmune-diseases-mechanisms-and-treatment-strategies.pdf&aid=95128" title="Download PDF" class="btn btn-default text-warning"><button type="button" class="btn btn-danger">Download PDF</button></a> </div> <h4>About the Study</h4> <p>Autoimmune diseases arise when the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues, leading to inflammation and damage. This aberrant immune response can affect various organs and systems, resulting in a wide range of disorders, including rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes. Understanding the mechanisms underlying inflammatory responses in autoimmune diseases is important for developing effective treatment strategies aimed at modulating the immune system and alleviating symptoms.</p> <p>At the core of autoimmune diseases lies a complex interplay between genetic predisposition, environmental triggers and dysregulation of the immune response. Genetic factors contribute to the susceptibility of individuals to autoimmune conditions. Specific alleles, particularly in the Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA) region, have been associated with an increased risk of various autoimmune diseases. For example, the HLA-DR4 allele is linked to rheumatoid arthritis, while HLA-B27 is associated with ankylosing spondylitis. These genetic predispositions may influence how the immune system recognizes self and non-self, ultimately contributing to the development of inflammation.</p> <p>Environmental factors also play a critical role in triggering autoimmune diseases. Infectious agents, toxins and even dietary components have been implicated as potential triggers. For instance, viral infections, such as Epstein-Barr virus, have been linked to the onset of multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Similarly, exposure to environmental pollutants or certain chemicals can initiate or exacerbate autoimmune responses.</p> <p>These external factors may interact with genetic predispositions, leading to an inappropriate immune response characterized by the production of autoantibodies and the activation of autoreactive T cells.</p> <p>The inflammatory response in autoimmune diseases is characterized by the recruitment of immune cells to affected tissues, leading to localized inflammation and tissue damage. Central to this process are pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α), Interleukin-6 (IL-6) and Interleukin-1 Beta (IL-1β). These cytokines orchestrate the inflammatory response by promoting the activation and proliferation of immune cells, enhancing vascular permeability and recruiting additional immune components to the site of inflammation. This cascade of events contributes to the characteristic symptoms of autoimmune diseases, such as pain, swelling and fatigue.</p> <p>A key feature of autoimmune inflammation is the presence of immune complexes and the activation of the complement system. In conditions like systemic lupus erythematosus, circulating autoantibodies bind to self-antigens, forming immune complexes that deposit in tissues and trigger complement activation. This leads to further recruitment of inflammatory cells and perpetuates the inflammatory response. The continuous cycle of immune activation and tissue damage creates a vicious cycle that can result in chronic inflammation and the progressive nature of many autoimmune diseases.</p> <p>Given the central role of inflammation in autoimmune diseases, therapeutic strategies have increasingly focused on modulating the immune response to alleviate symptoms and prevent tissue damage. Traditional treatments have included Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs) and corticosteroids, which aim to reduce inflammation and provide symptomatic relief. However, these treatments often address the symptoms rather than the underlying mechanisms of the disease.</p> <p>Biologics represent a significant advancement in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. These targeted therapies are designed to inhibit specific components of the immune response. For example, TNF inhibitors, such as infliximab and adalimumab, have proven effective in managing conditions like rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease by blocking the action of TNF-α. Similarly, agents targeting interleukins, such as IL-6 and IL-1, have shown promise in treating various autoimmune disorders by interrupting the inflammatory cascade.</p> <p>In addition to biologics, small molecules that target specific signaling pathways involved in inflammation are emerging as promising therapeutic options. Janus Kinase (JAK) inhibitors, such as tofacitinib, have gained approval for treating rheumatoid arthritis and other inflammatory conditions by disrupting signaling pathways that promote inflammation. These small molecules offer the advantage of oral administration and a more rapid onset of action compared to traditional biologics. Another area of research is the potential role of immunomodulatory therapies that aim to restore immune tolerance. These approaches seek to recalibrate the immune response, promoting the activity of regulatory T cells that can suppress autoreactive T cells and mitigate inflammation. Therapies that utilize stem cells or tolerogenic vaccines are being explored for their ability to promote tolerance and potentially halt the progression of autoimmune diseases.</p> </div>  </div> </div> </div> </div>   <footer> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-md-3"> <h4>Useful Links</h4> <ul class="list-unstyled"> <li><a title="About Us" href="https://www.rroij.com/about.php">About Us</a></li> <li><a title="Open Access" href="https://www.rroij.com/open-access.php">Open Access</a></li> <li><a title="Journals" href="https://www.rroij.com/open-access-journals-list.php">Journals</a></li> <li><a title="Submit Manuscript" href="https://www.rroij.com/submitmanuscript.php">Submit Manuscript</a></li> <li><a title="Contact" href="#">Contact</a></li> <li><a title="FAQs" href="https://www.rroij.com/faqs.php">FAQs</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-md-5"> <h4>Contact Us</h4> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-12"> <address> <strong>Research & Reviews</strong><br> RROIJ-OPEN ACCESS JOURNALS FZE,<br> Sheikh Rashid Tower located on the Plot No. 3360301<br> DM Building Number 14 in the Dubai World Trade Center Complex, Sheikh Zayed Road, Dubai<br> </address> </div>  </div> </div> <div class="col-md-4"> <h4>Subscribe to our Newsletter</h4> <div class="news-letter"> <p class="fa-1x"> Enter your email address to receive all news <br> from our awesome <a href="https://www.rroij.com/">website</a> </p> <form role="form"> <div class="form-group"> <div class="input-group"> <input type="email" required placeholder="Your email address..." class="form-control" id="email" autocomplete="off"> <span class="input-group-btn"> <button type="submit" class="btn btn-info">Submit</button> </span> </div> </div> </form> <p class="m-t"><sup>*</sup>Don't worry you'll not be spammed</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="copy-right"> <div class="container"> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-md-10 col-md-offset-1"> <ul class="media-list"> <li class="media"> <div class="media-body media-middle"> <p class="text-center"> All Published work is licensed under a <a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/" title="click here"> Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> </p> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <p class="text-center">Copyright © 2025<a href="https://www.rroij.com/"> Research and Reviews</a>, All Rights Reserved</p> </div> </div> </footer>  <div class="scroll-top-wrapper"> <span class="scroll-top-inner"> <i class="fa fa-2x fa-arrow-circle-up"></i> </span> </div>  <script src="https://code.jquery.com/jquery-3.3.1.min.js"></script> <script src="https://cdnjs.cloudflare.com/ajax/libs/popper.js/1.14.7/umd/popper.min.js"></script> <script src="https://stackpath.bootstrapcdn.com/bootstrap/4.3.1/js/bootstrap.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function(e) { // Closes the sidebar menu $("#menu-close").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $("#sidebar-wrapper").toggleClass("active"); }); // Opens the sidebar menu $("#menu-toggle").click(function(e) { e.preventDefault(); $("#sidebar-wrapper").toggleClass("active"); }); }); </script> <script> $(function(){ $(document).on( 'scroll', function(){ if ($(window).scrollTop() > 100) { $('.scroll-top-wrapper').addClass('show'); } else { $('.scroll-top-wrapper').removeClass('show'); } }); $('.scroll-top-wrapper').on('click', scrollToTop); }); function scrollToTop() { verticalOffset = typeof(verticalOffset) != 'undefined' ? verticalOffset : 0; element = $('body'); offset = element.offset(); offsetTop = offset.top; $('html, body').animate({scrollTop: offsetTop}, 500, 'linear'); } </script> </body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Inflammatory Responses in Autoimmune Diseases: Mechanisms and Treatment Strategies | Open Access Journals