Anthony M. Kennedy - Academy of Achievement

<!doctype html> <html lang="en-US" prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.achievement.org:80/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/","20181224053514","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1545629714"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"> <meta http-equiv="x-ua-compatible" content="ie=edge"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="57x57" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-57x57.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="114x114" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-114x114.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="72x72" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-72x72.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="144x144" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-144x144.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="60x60" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-60x60.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="120x120" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-120x120.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="76x76" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-76x76.png"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon-precomposed" sizes="152x152" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/apple-touch-icon-152x152.png"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-196x196.png" sizes="196x196"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-96x96.png" sizes="96x96"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-32x32.png" sizes="32x32"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-16x16.png" sizes="16x16"/> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/favicon-128.png" sizes="128x128"/> <meta name="application-name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#000000"/> <meta name="msapplication-TileImage" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-144x144.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square70x70logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-70x70.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square150x150logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-150x150.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-wide310x150logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-310x150.png"/> <meta name="msapplication-square310x310logo" content="http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/favicon/mstile-310x310.png"/> <link href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514cs_/https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Source+Sans+Pro:400,600,400italic,600italic,700,700italic" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css"> <title>Anthony M. Kennedy - Academy of Achievement</title>  <meta name="description" content=""Our system presumes that there are certain principles that are more important than the temper of the times." In today's politically charged debate over the role of the courts in American society, Justice Anthony Kennedy has long stood as a model of judicial temperance and objectivity. At 38, Kennedy was the youngest federal appeals judge in the country. Appointed to the Supreme Court by President Reagan in 1988, Kennedy won the unanimous approval of the United States Senate. As a Justice of the Supreme Court, he resolutely evaluated every case on its merits, without attempting to promote an overriding political viewpoint or philosophy. Even those who disagreed with his findings were compelled to admire his carefully drafted opinions. Although he generally voted with his conservative colleagues on crime issues, he at times sided with the Court's more liberal members on issues of free speech and privacy. His warm, unpretentious demeanor enabled him to negotiate compromises between his fellow Justices and rise above the political passions of the moment. His longtime commitment to international legal education has insured that his influence will extend far beyond his 30-year tenure on the nation's highest court."/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Anthony M. Kennedy - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">"Our system presumes that there are certain principles that are more important than the temper of the times."</p> <p class="inputText">In today's politically charged debate over the role of the courts in American society, Justice Anthony Kennedy has long stood as a model of judicial temperance and objectivity. At 38, Kennedy was the youngest federal appeals judge in the country. Appointed to the Supreme Court by President Reagan in 1988, Kennedy won the unanimous approval of the United States Senate.</p> <p class="inputText">As a Justice of the Supreme Court, he resolutely evaluated every case on its merits, without attempting to promote an overriding political viewpoint or philosophy. Even those who disagreed with his findings were compelled to admire his carefully drafted opinions. Although he generally voted with his conservative colleagues on crime issues, he at times sided with the Court's more liberal members on issues of free speech and privacy.</p> <p class="inputText">His warm, unpretentious demeanor enabled him to negotiate compromises between his fellow Justices and rise above the political passions of the moment. His longtime commitment to international legal education has insured that his influence will extend far beyond his 30-year tenure on the nation's highest court.</p>"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/kennedy-Feature-Image-2800x1120.jpg"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="2800"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1120"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="<p class="inputTextFirst">"Our system presumes that there are certain principles that are more important than the temper of the times."</p> <p class="inputText">In today's politically charged debate over the role of the courts in American society, Justice Anthony Kennedy has long stood as a model of judicial temperance and objectivity. At 38, Kennedy was the youngest federal appeals judge in the country. Appointed to the Supreme Court by President Reagan in 1988, Kennedy won the unanimous approval of the United States Senate.</p> <p class="inputText">As a Justice of the Supreme Court, he resolutely evaluated every case on its merits, without attempting to promote an overriding political viewpoint or philosophy. Even those who disagreed with his findings were compelled to admire his carefully drafted opinions. Although he generally voted with his conservative colleagues on crime issues, he at times sided with the Court's more liberal members on issues of free speech and privacy.</p> <p class="inputText">His warm, unpretentious demeanor enabled him to negotiate compromises between his fellow Justices and rise above the political passions of the moment. His longtime commitment to international legal education has insured that his influence will extend far beyond his 30-year tenure on the nation's highest court.</p>"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Anthony M. Kennedy - Academy of Achievement"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/kennedy-Feature-Image-2800x1120.jpg"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181224053514\/http:\/\/schema.org","@type":"WebSite","@id":"#website","url":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181224053514\/http:\/\/www.achievement.org\/","name":"Academy of Achievement","alternateName":"A museum of living history","potentialAction":{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20181224053514\/http:\/\/www.achievement.org\/search\/{search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}}</script> <script 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<div class="feature-area__text-inner text-white"> <h2 class="serif-8 feature-area__text-subhead back"><a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever">All achievers</a></h2> <h1 class="serif-1 entry-title feature-area__text-headline">Anthony M. Kennedy</h1> <h5 class="sans-6 feature-area__blurb">Former Justice, Supreme Court of the United States</h5> </div> </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </header> </div>  <nav class="in-page-nav row fixedsticky"> <ul class="nav text-xs-center clearfix" role="tablist"> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link active" data-toggle="tab" href="#biography" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Biography">Biography</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#profile" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Profile">Profile</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#interview" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Interview">Interview</a> </li> <li class="nav-item col-xs-3"> <a class="nav-link" data-toggle="tab" href="#gallery" role="tab" data-gtm-category="tab" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever Gallery">Gallery</a> </li> </ul> </nav> <article class="post-2600 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-public-service"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane fade in active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="banner clearfix"> <div class="banner--single clearfix"> <div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-2"> <div class="banner__image__container"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/what-it-takes/id1025864075?mt=2" target="_blank"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <img class="lazyload banner__image" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/WhatItTakes_kennedy-anthony-2017-256-190x190.jpg" alt=""/> </figure> </a> </div> <div class="banner__text__container"> <h3 class="serif-3 banner__headline"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/what-it-takes/id1025864075?mt=2" target="_blank"> Listen to this achiever on <i>What It Takes</i> </a> </h3> <p class="sans-6 banner__text m-b-0"><i>What It Takes</i> is an audio podcast on iTunes produced by the American Academy of Achievement featuring intimate, revealing conversations with influential leaders in the diverse fields of endeavor: music, science and exploration, sports, film, technology, literature, the military and social justice.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">The Constitution doesn't belong to a bunch of judges and lawyers. It belongs to you.</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">The Essential Right to Human Dignity</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> July 23, 1936 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p class="inputtextfirst">Anthony McLeod Kennedy was born and raised in Sacramento, California. His father, Anthony J. Kennedy, a former dock worker from San Francisco, had worked his way through law school and built a substantial practice as a lawyer and lobbyist in the state capital. Young Anthony Kennedy enjoyed following his father on his business rounds and developed an early taste for the world of government and public service. After school hours, he served as a page boy for the California State Senate.</p> <figure id="attachment_19267" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19267 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428576_10.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19267 size-full lazyload" alt="U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan announcing Judge Anthony M. Kennedy's nomination to the Supreme Court while Kennedy's family watches, November 1, 1987. (Photo by Dirck Halstead/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1511" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428576_10.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428576_10-380x252.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428576_10-760x504.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428576_10.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan announcing Judge Anthony M. Kennedy’s nomination to the Supreme Court while Kennedy’s family watches, November 1, 1987. (Photo by Dirck Halstead/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">Anthony Kennedy graduated from Stanford University, spending his senior year at the London School of Economics. After graduating <i>cum laude</i> from Harvard Law School in 1961, he served for a year with the California Army National Guard. He accepted a job with a law firm in San Francisco, but when his father died unexpectedly in 1963, Kennedy returned to Sacramento to take charge of his father’s firm. In addition to his law practice, Kennedy pursued a lifelong interest in legal education. From 1965 until his appointment to the Supreme Court more than 20 years later, he was a Professor of Constitutional Law at the McGeorge School of Law, University of the Pacific.</p> <figure id="attachment_19265" style="width: 2920px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19265 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420405_10.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19265 size-full lazyload" alt="Anthony Kennedy in the office of Senator Patrick Leahy. Judge Kennedy met with the Senators of the Judiciary Committee during his Supreme Court confirmation process, November 1987. (Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)" width="2920" height="1936" data-sizes="(max-width: 2920px) 100vw, 2920px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420405_10.jpg 2920w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420405_10-380x252.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420405_10-760x504.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420405_10.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Anthony Kennedy in the office of Senator Patrick Leahy. Judge Kennedy met with the Senators of the Judiciary Committee during his Supreme Court confirmation process, November 1987. (Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">As a prominent attorney in Sacramento, Kennedy attracted the attention of then-Governor Ronald Reagan. When a seat on the United States Court of Appeals fell vacant, Governor Reagan recommended Kennedy to President Gerald Ford. President Ford appointed Kennedy to the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in 1975. At age 38, Kennedy was the youngest federal appeals judge in the country. His record on the federal bench was generally a conservative one, but Kennedy approached each case on an individual basis, and showed more interest in adhering to the letter of the law than in proclaiming an all-embracing theory of jurisprudence. As a federal judge, he also participated in the Judicial Conference of the United States, serving on the Advisory Committee on Codes of Conduct, from 1979 to 1987, and chairing the Committee on Pacific Territories from 1982 to 1990. In 1987 and 1988, he also served on the board of the Federal Judicial Center.</p> <figure id="attachment_19263" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19263 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-U88118003-6.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19263 size-full lazyload" alt="Anthony Kennedy is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court on February 18, 1988. Chief Justice William Rehnquist administers the oath, and Kennedy's wife, Mary, holds the family Bible as President Reagan looks on. (漏 Bettmann/CORBIS)" width="2280" height="1498" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-U88118003-6.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-U88118003-6-380x250.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-U88118003-6-760x499.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-U88118003-6.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Anthony Kennedy is sworn in as a Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court on February 18, 1988. Chief Justice William Rehnquist administers the oath, and Kennedy’s wife, Mary, holds the family Bible as President Reagan looks on.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">In 1987, Associate Justice Lewis Powell retired from the United States Supreme Court. President Reagan first nominated Robert Bork to replace Powell, but the nomination was rejected by the Senate after an unusually contentious debate. President Reagan’s second nominee for the Supreme Court seat, Douglas Ginsburg, withdrew his name from consideration when a controversy erupted over his admission of past marijuana use. In 1988, entering the last year of his presidency, President Reagan was determined to name a candidate who would be assured of confirmation, and turned to his old Sacramento acquaintance Anthony Kennedy, who was perceived as more pragmatic and less driven by ideology than the two failed nominees. Kennedy received the highest possible recommendation from the American Bar Association, and the United States Senate confirmed his appointment by a unanimous vote. Kennedy took his seat as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court on February 18, 1988.</p> <figure id="attachment_19485" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-19485 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-AP090929018969.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-19485 lazyload" alt="The Justices of the United States Supreme Court sit for a class picture in September 2009. Seated, from left: Anthony M. Kennedy, John Paul Stevens, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas. Standing, from left are: Samuel Alito Jr., Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor. (AP Images/Charles Dharapak)" width="2280" height="1537" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-AP090929018969.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-AP090929018969-380x256.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-AP090929018969-760x512.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp-AP090929018969.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">The Justices of the United States Supreme Court sit for a class picture in September 2009. Seated, from left: Anthony M. Kennedy, John Paul Stevens, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas. Standing, from left are: Samuel Alito Jr., Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer and Sonia Sotomayor. (AP Images)</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">After joining the Supreme Court, Justice Kennedy often sided with the Chief Justice, the late William Rehnquist. He has generally shared Rehnquist’s conservativism on criminal law issues, voting to uphold the constitutionality of workplace drug-testing for railroad workers after accidents, and for employees of the U.S. Customs Service. On other issues, he has favored the right to personal privacy over the state’s police power. Kennedy wrote the Court’s opinion invalidating a provision in the Colorado Constitution denying homosexuals the right to bring local discrimination claims. In 2003, he wrote the majority opinion in <i>Lawrence v. Texas</i>, invalidating the criminal prohibitions against homosexual activity between consenting adults. He joined Justices Sandra Day O’Connor and David Souter in a plurality opinion in the case of <i>Planned Parenthood v. Casey</i> (1992), which re-affirmed the <i>Roe v. Wade</i> decision recognizing the right to abortion while permitting some state restrictions. On the other hand, Kennedy joined with Court majorities in several decisions favoring states’ rights and capital punishment and invalidating federal and state affirmative action programs.</p> <figure id="attachment_19258" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19258 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AP110131125467.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19258 size-full lazyload" alt="U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy presides over arguments at "The Trial of Hamlet," a Shakespeare Center of Los Angeles representation of Hamlet's trial with a jury of 12 community members, including actors, high school students, philanthropists and Los Angeles dignitaries at the University of Southern California Bovard Auditorium in Los Angeles on January 31, 2011. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes)" width="2280" height="1612" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AP110131125467.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AP110131125467-380x269.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AP110131125467-760x537.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AP110131125467.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2011: U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy presides over arguments at <em>The Trial of Hamlet</em>, a Shakespeare Center of Los Angeles representation of Hamlet’s trial with a jury of 12 community members, including actors, high school students, philanthropists and Los Angeles dignitaries at the University of Southern California. (AP Photo)</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">In addition to the awesome responsibility of sitting on the nation’s highest court, Justice Kennedy has carried on a remarkable series of educational activities. He has lectured in law schools and universities throughout the United States and in other parts of the world, particularly China, where he is a frequent visitor. Following the 2003 defeat of Saddam Hussein’s regime in Iraq, Justice Kennedy designed a three-day educational program for the country’s senior judges. An educational exercise he called “Dialogue on Freedom” has been used by over a million high school students throughout the United States. He has also written an exercise for attorneys and law students entitled “The Trial of Hamlet,” in which forensic psychiatrists testify regarding the criminal responsibility of Shakespeare’s hero.</p> <figure id="attachment_19272" style="width: 1281px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19272 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Academy2005_1292.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19272 size-full lazyload" alt="Awards Council member Sir Roger Bannister presents the Golden Plate Award to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy during the 2005 Banquet of the Golden Plate in Chicago. (漏 Academy of Achievement) " width="1281" height="1024" data-sizes="(max-width: 1281px) 100vw, 1281px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Academy2005_1292.jpg 1281w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Academy2005_1292-380x304.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Academy2005_1292-760x608.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Academy2005_1292.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Awards Council member Sir Roger Bannister presents the Academy’s Golden Plate Award to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy during the 2005 Banquet of the Golden Plate gala ceremonies held in New York City.</figcaption></figure><p>In 2013, the Supreme Court considered two historic cases concerning same-sex marriage. One case, <i>U.S. v. Windsor</i>, turned on the federal “Defense of Marriage Act” (DOMA), which denied federal recognition to same-sex marriages performed under state law. The second case concerned California’s Proposition 8, a referendum question, approved by the state’s voters in 2008, which amended the California Constitution specifically to bar local jurisdictions from performing same-sex marriages. After two lower courts found this measure unconstitutional, the Governor and Attorney General of California accepted the lower courts’ decisions and declined to press the matter further. The proponents of the original measure pursued the matter to the federal Court of Appeals and to the U.S. Supreme Court.</p> <figure id="attachment_5171" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-5171 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0046_wordpress.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-5171 lazyload" alt="Justice Anthony M. Kennedy adresses the Fellows at the U.S. Supreme Court." width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0046_wordpress.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0046_wordpress-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0046_wordpress-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0046_wordpress.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2012: Awards Council member Justice Anthony Kennedy addresses the Academy delegates at the Supreme Court.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">In a five-to-four decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the proponents of Proposition 8 lacked legal standing to pursue the matter in federal court because they had suffered no “concrete and personalized injury.” Justice Kennedy dissented from this opinion, writing for the minority that the Court did not “take into account the fundamental principles or the practical dynamics of the initiative system…” Both the majority and minority opinions addressed only the plaintiff’s standing, not the constitutionality of the California statute.</p> <figure id="attachment_19260" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19260 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/justices.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19260 size-full lazyload" alt="Supreme Court Justices, from left, Chief Justice John Roberts, Anthony Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan await the start of President Barack Obama's State of the Union address during a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill, February 12, 2013. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak, Pool)" width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/justices.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/justices-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/justices-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/justices.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">U.S. Supreme Court Justices, from left, Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Anthony M. Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan await the start of President Barack Obama’s State of the Union address during a joint session of Congress at the U.S. Capitol on February 12, 2013. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak)</figcaption></figure><p>In the DOMA case, the Court did address a constitutional issue, again in a five-to-four decision, but in this case Justice Kennedy led the majority. “The federal statute is invalid, for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and to injure those whom the State (of New York), by its marriage laws, sought to protect in personhood and dignity,” he wrote, speaking for the majority. “By seeking to displace this protection and treating those persons as living in marriages less respected than others, the federal statute is in violation of the Fifth Amendment.”</p> <figure id="attachment_38651" style="width: 2249px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-38651 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp2280-SupremeCourt_018-003.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-38651 lazyload" alt="" width="2249" height="3373" data-sizes="(max-width: 2249px) 100vw, 2249px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp2280-SupremeCourt_018-003.jpg 2249w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp2280-SupremeCourt_018-003-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp2280-SupremeCourt_018-003-507x760.jpg 507w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp2280-SupremeCourt_018-003.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">May 25, 2017: Justice Anthony Kennedy and Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg speaking to guests at an Academy dinner in honor of the legacy of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. in the Courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">In June 2015, the Court took further action, once again dividing five to four, and asserted the right of gay couples to marry throughout the United States. Writing for the majority in <i>Obergefell v. Hodges</i>, Justice Kennedy wrote, “The Court now holds that same-sex couples may exercise the fundamental right to marry. No longer may this liberty be denied to them.” Justice Kennedy’s ability to come to his own conclusions in these related — but very different — cases, based on his understanding of the law, without bias or partisanship, is characteristic of his honest and dedicated service to the Court and to his country.   In the summer of 2018, Justice Kennedy announced his decision to retire from the Court after 30 years of distinguished service.</p></body></html> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 2005 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.public-service">Public Service</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> July 23, 1936 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <p class="inputTextFirst">“Our system presumes that there are certain principles that are more important than the temper of the times.”</p> <p class="inputText">In today’s politically charged debate over the role of the courts in American society, Justice Anthony Kennedy has long stood as a model of judicial temperance and objectivity. At 38, Kennedy was the youngest federal appeals judge in the country. Appointed to the Supreme Court by President Reagan in 1988, Kennedy won the unanimous approval of the United States Senate.</p> <p class="inputText">As a Justice of the Supreme Court, he resolutely evaluated every case on its merits, without attempting to promote an overriding political viewpoint or philosophy. Even those who disagreed with his findings were compelled to admire his carefully drafted opinions. Although he generally voted with his conservative colleagues on crime issues, he at times sided with the Court’s more liberal members on issues of free speech and privacy.</p> <p class="inputText">His warm, unpretentious demeanor enabled him to negotiate compromises between his fellow Justices and rise above the political passions of the moment. His longtime commitment to international legal education has insured that his influence will extend far beyond his 30-year tenure on the nation’s highest court.</p> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/fbZNtnEP_9k?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=2683&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_28_24_24.Still004-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_28_24_24.Still004-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">The Essential Right to Human Dignity</h2> <div class="sans-2">New York City</div> <div class="sans-2">June 3, 2005</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p class="inputtextfirst"><b>Did you always know you wanted to be an attorney?</b></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/WNvQ5r3CRow?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=33&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Anthony-2005-MasterEdit.00_12_45_22.Still012-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Anthony-2005-MasterEdit.00_12_45_22.Still012-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Anthony Kennedy: Oh, there was really, really no choice. My dad was an attorney. I think he knew he would not have a long life. He was a solo practitioner. He would take me to his trials in Northern California, in these little towns because he was lonely. I’d say, “Oh, I have a geometry test.” He said, “I’ll teach you whatever you need to know.” So, I probably saw ten trials before I was out of high school and took notes at the counsel table, and worked late in his office typing documents. So, it was not a question, “Would you be a doctor or a lawyer or a priest?” It was just assumed.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p class="inputtext"><b>You were always a lawyer in training?</b></p> <p class="inputtext">Anthony Kennedy: I suppose. I really wanted to be a doctor.</p> <p class="inputtext"><b>You were not yet 40 years old when you were appointed to the federal bench. You were the youngest federal appellate court judge in America and the third youngest in the history of this country. How do you account for that?</b></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/QXb2COgp0WY?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=75&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Anthony-2005-MasterEdit.00_24_50_16.Still016-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Anthony-2005-MasterEdit.00_24_50_16.Still016-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/preparation/">Preparation</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Anthony Kennedy: In a way, I was a little ahead of the curve because of my experience with my father and being basically a law clerk in his chambers. So, I was a little ahead of the curve in that respect. I think it’s a mistake to go on the appellate bench too young, and I might have been too young, because it’s very important that you bring to each case a new energy, a new commitment, because what you do is very important to the litigants, and so I was very careful to watch myself for the signs of burnout or disinterest. And so, I’ve always taught, and I continue to teach, which I thought was important to do. But, as I said, I wanted to be a trial judge. Watergate had come along; they weren’t making new trial judges, and there was an opening in the Court of Appeals. And then Governor Reagan asked if I would like to be considered for that, and I thought, “Well, you know, the merry-go-round goes around, and there’s an empty horse, and if you don’t get on it, the next time it goes around somebody is on the horse.” So, I thought maybe I should take this opportunity.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_19269" style="width: 1968px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19269 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50477271_10.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19269 size-full lazyload" alt="Justice Anthony M. Kennedy in his judicial robe, 1994. (Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)" width="1968" height="2888" data-sizes="(max-width: 1968px) 100vw, 1968px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50477271_10.jpg 1968w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50477271_10-259x380.jpg 259w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50477271_10-518x760.jpg 518w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50477271_10.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">United States Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy in his judicial robe, 1994. (Time Life Pictures/Getty)</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext"><b>Was there a learning curve for you?</b></p> <p class="inputtext">Anthony Kennedy: There’s always a learning curve in any occupation, in any new project you undertake, so of course there was. It was a more introspective occupation than I had thought. You have to ask yourself, “What is it that’s making me do this? Why am I deciding this?” It’s surprising how often you have to go back to square one.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/1IcphSn03tE?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=0&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Anthony-2005-MasterEdit.00_16_43_22.Still014-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Anthony-2005-MasterEdit.00_16_43_22.Still014-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/integrity/">Integrity</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">You know, all of us have an instinctive judgment that we make. You meet a person, you say, “I trust this person. I don’t trust this person. I find her interesting. I don’t find him interesting.” Whatever. You make these quick judgments. That’s the way you get through life. And, judges do the same thing. And, I suppose there’s nothing wrong with that if it’s just a beginning point. But, after you make a judgment, you then must formulate the reason for your judgment into a verbal phrase, into a verbal formula. And then, you have to see if that makes sense, if it’s logical, if it’s fair, if it accords with the law, if it accords with the Constitution, if it accords with your own sense of ethics and morality. And, if at any point along this process you think you’re wrong, you have to go back and do it all over again. And that’s, I think, not unique to the law, in that any prudent person behaves that way.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_19262" style="width: 2100px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19262 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-646343.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19262 size-full lazyload" alt="Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy appears before the House Appropriations Committee, March 17, 2004 to discuss the Supreme Court's 2005 budget. (漏 Chris Kleponis/ZUMA/Corbis)" width="2100" height="1553" data-sizes="(max-width: 2100px) 100vw, 2100px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-646343.jpg 2100w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-646343-380x281.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-646343-760x562.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-646343.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy appears before the House Appropriations Committee, March 17, 2004.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">Some law professors say, “We teach you how to think,” as if nobody else does. That sounds a little bit pretentious. All good teachers — all good citizens — are interested in thinking. It is true that in the law we teach you to think about very ordinary things in a very formal way, and I had to realize that. The other thing I had to learn was this:</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/wTolevBFLSo?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=0&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Anthony-2005-MasterEdit.00_08_41_10.Still008-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Anthony-2005-MasterEdit.00_08_41_10.Still008-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Lawyers, judges, law professors talk all the time about <i>stare decisis</i>. If you want to say something important, we use Latin because it makes it sound more important. <i>Stare decisis</i> means that you’re bound by what previous judges have decided, unless it’s very wrong and very important, and then you have to depart from that precedent, and that’s a major event in the law. But essentially, you’re bound by <i>stare decisis</i>. When I went on the Court, I thought, “Well, this is not very interesting. It’s antiquarian. It’s like historical research.” I thought I’d be like a scientist putting together an explanation for an experiment that had failed, and I go back and say, “Well, you did this wrong or you did that,” and I was interested in it because I love the law, but I thought it was rather limiting. I was quite mistaken. Really, the dynamic of being bound by precedent, the so-called <i>stare decisis</i>, is very forward-looking, because it teaches you that you will be bound by what you do. You’re the first person that will be bound by what you do, and if you’re on a court which reviews other courts, they will all be bound by what you do. So, there is really a very forward-looking dynamic to judging. You must ask yourself, to the extent that you can without being imprecise, “How will my judgment play out in the future?” And, there’s a lot of looking out the window in that job.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_19270" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19270 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy_photo.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19270 size-full lazyload" alt="Anthony Kennedy, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States." width="2280" height="2858" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy_photo.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy_photo-303x380.jpg 303w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy_photo-606x760.jpg 606w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy_photo.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Anthony Kennedy, Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States. He has served on the Court since 1988.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">I was in Thailand right after the tsunami. A judge’s conference had been scheduled, and I thought, “Gee, should we be having a judge’s conference in the wake of this terrible human tragedy?” Colin Powell was still the Secretary of State. The State Department called and said, “This is very important. You have to go to Thailand for this judge’s conference. They’re talking about what it is to build a society, and you build a society with a legal system. Law is part of the capital infrastructure.” We can talk about that later, but going back to Thailand…</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/bFxII496jLQ?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=132&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_44_29_13.Still007-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_44_29_13.Still007-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>We went to Bangkok, I think it was three and a half weeks after the tsunami. It was 400 miles from where the tragedy had occurred, and the Buddhist people are very quiet and introspective themselves, and didn’t want to talk much about the specific tragedy. But, I talked there with a priest who had been working with the victims of the tsunami. And he used the method pioneered by the psychologist Robert Coles, who would talk to little children, and he’d give them a blank sheet of paper and some crayons and ask the child to draw while they were talking. As if, in this interview, you were asking me to draw something, and he would 鈥斅爃e worked with 10- and 12-year-old, 13-year-old kids who had lost everything 鈥斅爐heir brothers, their sisters, their parents, their homes 鈥斅燼nd he gave that kid four pieces of paper, and at first he said, “Draw what your life was 鈥斅爕our parents, your brothers, your sisters, your house. And the second one was, “Draw the tsunami, because you have to confront evil and the forces of nature which have injured you and somehow come to grips with it. You can’t repress this, so draw the tsunami, draw the event.” And the fourth paper, of course, was “Draw what you’d like your life to be.” But the third paper was the hardest, and that’s “Draw the present. Draw the present.” These kids had a particularly difficult problem in drawing the present, because it was a completely changed environment they had to adjust to. But, it occurred to me that maybe it’s the hardest for all of us to draw the present. We’d probably make a mistake when we predict the future, but at least we’re confident that we know what it ought to be like, what we want it to be like. And, judges have to understand that they have to, in part, deal with the present.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p class="inputtext">I can look back and know what the law was. I can look forward and say at least what I think it ought to be, but you must be careful you’re not missing something. History is moving very quickly, and we’re moving with it, and it’s hard for us to assess whether or not we’re taking the right direction. I don’t think our society as a whole does a very good job, frankly, of asking where they’re headed.</p> <figure id="attachment_19259" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19259 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/eb63fbeb99b3b712330f6a7067009c07.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19259 size-full lazyload" alt="Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington, April 14, 2011. A sharply divided Supreme Court said police can routinely take DNA from people they arrest, comparing a DNA cheek swab to other common jailhouse procedures like fingerprinting. "Taking and analyzing a cheek swab of the arrestee DNA is like fingerprinting and photographing, a legitimate police booking procedure that is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment," Kennedy wrote for the Court's five-Justice majority. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci, File)" width="2280" height="1618" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/eb63fbeb99b3b712330f6a7067009c07.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/eb63fbeb99b3b712330f6a7067009c07-380x270.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/eb63fbeb99b3b712330f6a7067009c07-760x539.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/eb63fbeb99b3b712330f6a7067009c07.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">2011: Justice Kennedy testifies. A sharply divided Supreme Court said police can routinely take DNA from people they arrest, comparing a DNA cheek swab to other common jailhouse procedures like fingerprinting. “Taking and analyzing a cheek swab of the arrestee DNA is like fingerprinting and photographing, a legitimate police booking procedure that is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment,” Kennedy wrote for the Court’s five-Justice majority.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext"><b>No matter what the field is, you can’t please all of the people all of the time, least of all on the Supreme Court. How do you deal with criticism, with controversy? </b></p> <p class="inputtext">Anthony Kennedy: I haven’t thought much about that question. In part, we’re so busy working on the next case, we can’t worry about the last one. You must be very confident that you’re not deciding one way or the other because of popular opinion.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/s427SngiZDQ?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=0&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_30_04_02.Still005-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_30_04_02.Still005-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/courage/">Courage</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">The dynamic of the law is that it transcends 鈥斅爋r attempts to transcend 鈥斅爐he emotions of the time. That’s the dynamic of the legal system. Most law professors and many commentators say that the judicial review 鈥斅爐he idea that courts can set aside legislation 鈥斅爄s anti-majoritarian, or contra-majoritarian, so that a majority can’t make its will binding on an injured minority. That’s true in one sense, false in another. It may be true that when we set aside a particular congressional enactment or a state law 鈥斅爓hich is an awful function, awful in the sense of powerful 鈥斅爄t’s true that we, for the moment, may displease the majority. But, if you look over time, if you ask what the American people 鈥斅爐he majority of the American people 鈥斅爓ant over time, over our history, they want judicial review. They want to make sure that the promises of the Constitution are honored, that the commitments we made basically over time with our ancestors are followed.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_19256" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-19256 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/461919184.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-19256 size-full lazyload" alt="U.S. Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy stand before President Barack Obama's State of the Union Address at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., February 2013. (Photo by MANDEL NGAN/WHITE HOUSE POOL (ISP POOL IMAGES/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images)" width="2280" height="1489" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/461919184.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/461919184-380x248.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/461919184-760x496.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/461919184.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">U.S. Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy stand before President Barack Obama’s State of the Union Address at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., February 2013. (Corbis/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext">And, the Constitution defines the American people. Americans have their self-definition — their self-identity — shaped by the Constitution. When we rebelled against England, the rest of the world said, “What do these Americans want? What’s the problem?” The Americans said, “We want freedom.” People in England and Europe said, “Freedom? Those are the freest people in the world! They have all the property they need, all the land. What are they talking about, freedom?” So we had to send a fax back to them, an e-mail, as to what our principles were, what the reason for this revolt was, what the reason was that we were committing our young people to confront the British military. The reason we gave was a legal one. The Declaration of Independence is basically an indictment of King George, and the Constitution is a formulation of what we think the principles of freedom are, and that’s what defines America.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/03N67KpzJd8?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=97&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_00_52_02.Still001-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_00_52_02.Still001-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/the-american-dream/">The American Dream</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">We’re so fortunate. Either by accident or history or providence or design, I think all those. The self-definition, the self-image of an American relates to his or her Constitution. No other country in the world has that. We can’t be smug about this and say no other country in the world can have a constitution, but this accounts for the fact that our Constitution is the oldest constitution in the world. I’ve had the heads of foreign governments ask me, “I think I should amend the constitution to do this and that,” usually something that helps them over the short term. And I say, “You know, a constitution, by definition, is something that has to last over time.” Madison said, “The Constitution must acquire the reverence of its people, and it can only acquire that reverence over time.” And so, the Court wants to 鈥斅爄s a way, is one way of reminding Americans, of reminding ourselves that the Constitution must transcend the emotions and the opinions of a particular day. And so, criticism doesn’t bother me. I think criticism is very important. The Constitution doesn’t belong to a bunch of judges and lawyers. It belongs to you. It’s yours. Now, we have to interpret it in this formal way, but you have to live it.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><p class="inputtext">So if there’s a decision people don’t like, of course, we’re pressured about it. I think it’s unfortunate that sometimes people ascribe improper motives to judges. They don’t understand the tradition. A lot of editorial writers just read the dissent, they don’t read the majority opinion. The press does a fair job of reporting <i>what</i> we do, not a particularly good job of reporting why we do it. But that’s because of the time line. They have to meet the 24-hour or 48-hour deadline, and then the public loses interest. Our function is more philosophical and has a broader time line than that.</p> <figure id="attachment_3631" style="width: 1680px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><noscript><img class="wp-image-3631 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/551.jpg"></noscript><img class="wp-image-3631 size-full lazyload" alt="Justices Anthony Kennedy and Ruth Ginsburg present the Gold Medal of the American Academy of Achievement to Justice Sonia Sotomayor at the 2012 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C." width="1680" height="1315" data-sizes="(max-width: 1680px) 100vw, 1680px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/551.jpg 1680w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/551-380x297.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/551-760x595.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://162.243.3.155/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/551.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Awards Council members Justices Anthony M. Kennedy and Ruth Ginsburg present the Gold Medal of the Academy of Achievement to Justice Sonia Sotomayor at the 2012 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext"><b>You have a reputation as someone who can build bridges, who can build majorities, who can achieve compromise. How important is compromise in this system of ours?</b></p> <p class="inputtext">Anthony Kennedy: It’s essential.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/hqFGPX4PQLY?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=0&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_12_57_09.Still002-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_12_57_09.Still002-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">Sometimes people think compromise means squishy, centrist. It doesn’t. The whole idea of a democratic society is that there must be a consensus, and it’s a consensus that should be based on rational dialogue. I’m not sure that mass politics with modern communications has yet found a way to have a quiet, rational dialogue. I’m not quite sure we’ve found the key to that. But, we not only have to do that in our own society, we must not become a hostile, factious, divisive society. We must be a society that has a broad consensus on certain very fundamental values, and we must do that because after we build bridges of understanding with ourselves, we have to build bridges of understanding with the rest of the world. I was talking to some students around the turn of the century. I guess it would be 1999, I think, and some student raised his hand and said, “What are the great issues of the next millennium?” Or the next 100 years. It was something I should have had an answer for, after dinner table conversation or something, in reflection, but I didn’t. It caught me by surprise. So, I came up with an answer. I said, “We have the great challenge and the first duty to build bridges of understanding with the world of Islam.” And I got more letters from that comment 鈥斅爄t was on C-Span 鈥斅爐han anything I’ve ever said. Thousands of letters saying, “Why?” People saying 鈥斅燼nd it struck me that there’s a void there. We’re in a struggle in which our security will depend on ideas. The idea of freedom, if accepted by most of the rest of the world, is our best security. And, we must build bridges of understanding to explain the principles of freedom. And, I’m not sure that we’re doing a very good job at the moment.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body><figure id="attachment_25055" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-25055 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/wordpress_IMG_4990_cityhall-1.jpg"></noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-25055 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1518" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/wordpress_IMG_4990_cityhall-1.jpg 2280w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/wordpress_IMG_4990_cityhall-1-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/wordpress_IMG_4990_cityhall-1-760x506.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/wordpress_IMG_4990_cityhall-1.jpg"><figcaption class="wp-caption-text">Justice Anthony M. Kennedy addresses the Academy delegates at the 2014 Achievement Summit in San Francisco.</figcaption></figure><p class="inputtext"><b>Are some decisions harder to make than others? What are the most difficult decisions to make?</b></p> <p class="inputtext">Anthony Kennedy: I’ll tell you first the easiest.</p></body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20181224053514if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/s6j2MxDzyek?feature=oembed&autohide=1&hd=1&color=white&modestbranding=1&rel=0&showinfo=0&theme=light&start=0&end=69&version=3" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_14_34_25.Still003-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Kennedy-Justice-2005-Upscale-1-of-2.00_14_34_25.Still003-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/keys-to-success/integrity/">Integrity</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p class="inputtext">The easiest are the technical ones, the things I was trained to do in law school: how to read a statute, how to apply the rules of evidence. I have a lot of help in the history of the law for that. The most difficult ones are defining the components of human liberty, because if you insist that the individual has a particular right, that means the legislature cannot infringe on that right. And, sometimes your own values and your own morals really would disapprove of the conduct that you’re ratifying, but you do so because there’s an area of morality. But, morality really should have an underpinning of rational choice, and each citizen must make a rational choice to determine what is good and what is evil, and those are hard.</p> </div> </div>     <aside class="collapse" id="full-interview">    <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Do you ever second-guess yourself?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: Not often. You can’t be effective if you’re always worrying about the last decision. You sometimes wonder how your decisions will play out, but I think the major decisions that I’ve made are correct over the course of time. We must give reasons for what we do. That’s another part of judicial tradition. We will be judged by those reasons.</p> <p><strong>How difficult is it to transcend your own points of view and your own feelings when those are at issue?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: You have to do it again, every case. I thought, “Oh, I’m a good judge now. I know how to do that.” And then I’ll get a case and I have to do it all over again. What is it that really should control the decision? What is it that’s controlling my decision? Do those two match?” Judges, particularly on our court, don’t go around giving press conferences. We don’t have a press conference and say how great our decision yesterday was or how bad another one was. Part of the reason for that is that we try to teach a lesson. We try to teach that we will listen to your cause and judge the cause only when we hear it. You know, in any given year, we may make more important decisions than the legislative branch does — precluding foreign affairs perhaps. Important in the sense that it will control the direction of society.</p> <p>Today is June 3, and by June 15, all of our dissents and opinions must be circulated internally. And by June 30, we will finish our work for the year: 80, 90, 100 cases. That doesn’t mean we’re better than the Congress, or more committed or more principled, it just means we’re different. All we can do is decide. A case is presented to us, and it’s our duty and obligation to decide it, whether we want to or not. We decide it within the language of the law, and the language of the law is different than the languages of the political branches. Not better, not worse, different. It’s more confined.</p> <p>The language of the law has a grammar, a logic, a tradition, a dynamic, an elegance, a syntax. It’s all its own. It’s the language of the law. It’s very formal. We are constrained by that language of the law. We can decide only within the confines of that language. Other branches of the government, providentially and happily, have a different language. The job of the citizen is to translate, and the job of the lawyer is to translate the language of the law to the language of everyday life.</p> <p><strong>Could you imagine, when you embarked on this life as a judge, that you would one day be a Justice of the Supreme Court?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I didn’t really think about it that much, no. Being a judge on the Supreme Court is kind of like being struck by lightning. The vacancies come up so rarely, and the stars have to be aligned the right way. I know there are some judges who always think that they’re going to be on the Supreme Court. One of the great judges in New York City was Learned Hand. Judge Hand was a brilliant man, a very principled judge, a judge whose decisions can still teach you things when you read them. He was a District Judge in the United States Court of Appeals, and everybody just assumed he would be on the Supreme Court some day. He had the brilliance and the talent, but he never was.</p> <p><strong>Are you ever troubled by fears of making a wrong decision. Have you felt self-doubt, agonizing over these things?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: Yes. If you have complete confidence that you’re right, then you’d better do a reality check. Now, there’s a difference between being weak and indecisive and not knowing at once what you’re going to do. You have the duty of introspection and reflection and study, and of judging, of adjudicating, based on what you hear. I think you have a duty to keep an open mind. That’s not indecisiveness. That’s just a commitment to the tradition of the law. Of course, you wonder if you’ve missed things. On the Court of Appeals it’s a bit harder, because you’re the first appellate court. You have to make sure that the issue you’re talking about was what the trial judge’s decision turned on, and that the attorneys have given you all of the law. On the Court of Appeals, I used to say, “There must be something on this that the attorneys have missed that I have to find for myself.” We don’t have that problem on the Supreme Court because we’re a second or third-tier review, and the issue has been refined. Different courts have already disagreed when we enter the fray. So on the Supreme Court, it’s actually easier to identify the issue you’re supposed to decide. How to go about deciding it and what the results should be is more difficult, because you can’t make a mistake without really hurting the system.</p> <p>On the Court of Appeals, you could trim your sails a little bit. What’s the metaphor? I heard a law professor say, “When you go to a swimming pool and nobody is there, you put your towel over here on this chaise lounge, and you put your other stuff over there. You make a big space, but then as more people come, you have to narrow your perimeter, you have to pull in,” and this is what happens in the law. If you’re writing on a new area, you can be expansive; if you’re writing a very difficult area, you must pay attention to what’s around you.</p> <p><strong>What were you thinking on the first day that you donned the black robe of the Supreme Court? Was there a weight of history? Was there trepidation? Was there anticipation?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: There was, since I had been an appellate judge and was committed to the law. I teach constitutional law, and that’s mostly Supreme Court decisions. Since I taught the decisions of the Supreme Court, I thought I knew about the inside dynamics. I was wrong about that. I didn’t fully comprehend the difficulty of the position at the time I took it.</p> <p>The Supreme Court has these marble steps, it looks like we couldn’t have had a Supreme Court if we didn’t have Greek architecture. We look at the Capitol Building, and the White House is there and the Washington Monument. I told some school kids not long ago, “Washington is a stage set for democracy.” The minute I said that, I thought, “Well, I don’t want to cheapen the enterprise or use too popular or vacuous a metaphor,” so I immediately explained to them, but it’s real. It’s designed to remind you that what you’re doing is very important. You are put onto a stage with these props around you to help you realize that what you’re doing is important and does have a significance and does have an obligation and does have a duty and does have an oath connected with it and you must respect your position.</p> <p><strong>You grew up in California, in the state capital. What was it like growing up in Sacramento in the 1930s and ’40s?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: It was a wonderful town and a wonderful time. What’s the movie with Jimmy Stewart? <em>It’s a Wonderful Life.聽</em>As I look back, many of my parents’ closest friends were in the government of the State of California — the Director of Public Works, the Chief Counsel for the legislature, the head of the Franchise Tax Board — and these people were very proud to be public servants. And, people talk sometimes about the British civil servant, being absolutely committed, people of great integrity. This is what those people were like in California when I was growing up. And, they had this idea of public service, and looking back now, I suppose that was a formative influence on me. At the time you meet someone who is a role model, you don’t realize that he or she is a role model, but then you look back and you understand what some of the formative influences in your life were. And, I think being in the government of the State of California, they had this pride that carried down to me, and I’m very proud to be a government servant.</p> <p><strong>What were you like as a kid? How would you describe your childhood?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: We had a very vibrant, active household. My father had a rule that my mother always had to set a couple extra places at the dinner table, because people would come from out of the city, from out of the state to see him and consult him. He was a great attorney. And he would bring them home for dinner because he wanted to be with us. And we were taught to stay at the dinner table and to participate in the conversations.</p> <p>I did not particularly like school, and I would run away, in a sense. I would run home to read. So they made up a job for me at the state legislature. I was the only page boy the State Senate ever had. I was the page boy there for a number of years.</p> <p><strong>What age were you when you were a page boy?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I think I started in the fourth grade and did it through the eighth grade, so I was this young, little kid. It probably stunted my growth because of all the cigar smoke they had in those days. As a result, I knew Earl Warren very well, on a somewhat professional basis. Professional, as in I was a nine-year-old page boy and he was the Governor. We knew his children and played in the Governor’s Mansion and so forth. I have a letter I’ve given to the Supreme Court Historical Society, in which he wrote and said, “You’re going to go very far in government.” I’m very proud of the fact that I knew well someone who later became the Chief Justice of the United States.</p> <p><strong>What didn’t you like about school?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I was bored. The Sacramento Public School system was a very good system. I didn’t run away all the time, I dropped in and out. When I started in the later years of junior high school and high school, I really got to like it.</p> <p><strong>Were you a good student?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I was a good student. I was kind of a study nerd, I guess.</p> <p><strong>What books were important to you? What did you read as a child?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I read everything that I could get my hands on. My father loved to read Dickens, so we would read that out loud. We’d read Shakespeare out loud, adventure books. People don’t read them anymore. Howard Pease was a mystery writer for boys, and his hero was a kid who ran away from home and he became a mate on a ship. It was called <em>The Tattooed Man</em>. It was kind of a kids’ version of Herman Melville.</p> <p><strong>Were there teachers that were important to you?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: Very! I had a wonderful fourth grade teacher who I think was formative. She gave me extra things to read to keep me interested.</p> <p><strong>What inspired you, what motivated you when you were growing up?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I don’t know. It may be that I had a certain amount of insecurity, as all young kids do. I was a skinny kid.聽In the summer, I got jobs in the oil fields. My uncle was in the oil business, and so at the age of I think 14, I got my first job kind of cleaning up around the oil rig. And then, I learned how to do that, and I went to Montana, Canada, New Orleans. I worked on a drilling barge on the Gulf in the summer. You could make a lot of money in those days, by the standards of those days, in the oil fields, and so I saved that to help for my education, and I loved it.</p> <p><strong>What do you think you learned from those experiences? As a page in the State Senate or working in an oil field?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I think I maybe learned more in the oil fields than I did in the State Senate. I think there’s a lot of wisdom in the working man and the working woman. I think they’re very concerned with what the country is like, what their life should be like. And I think that taught me a lot, because I was the butt of many jokes when I was a little kid working with these high-powered people in the oil fields, and I had to learn to adjust to that and try to pull my own weight.</p> <p><strong>What was most difficult for you growing up?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I don’t know that I had any particular challenges, other than wanting to do the right thing, making sure that with life’s many choices, you made the right choice. I had an easy childhood. I had devoted parents, a brother and sister, lots of friends. It didn’t seem difficult, but I wanted to achieve.</p> <p><strong>Did you want to follow in your father’s footsteps?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I did. I wanted to be a trial lawyer. I went to Stanford, and then I went to the London School of Economics, and then Harvard Law School.</p> <p><strong>What did you do after law school? Where did you get your first job?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I wanted to be back in California to be near my dad, who wasn’t well. So I started in San Francisco with a big firm, and then when I lost my dad, I came back up to Sacramento to see if I could start up his practice. I actually went to close the practice, but it reached out and engulfed me and I never got out. So I started with his solo practice.</p> <p><strong>How did you move from this law practice to a career in public service?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I wasn’t sure I wanted to be a judge. But some of the people I admired most in the community were judges. I loved the law. I thought I could best contribute to the law as a judge. I really wanted to be a trial judge. You see real people. You can influence the course of some particular person’s life in a way that’s more immediate than you can as an appellate judge, which is a writing exercise. If most people could see what an appellate judge does, they would find it very uninteresting. It would be like following the life of a writer. You don’t have the excitement of juries and witnesses.</p> <p><strong>What does it take to be a good judge?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I was teaching this last summer at the school for judges in Europe, which is in the Netherlands, and their system is different from ours. In Europe — many parts of the world — right out of school, you elect one of two paths: you’re either a judge or an attorney. And so, you’re a judge at the very beginning, although you begin as just a clerk for the court, but you work your way up the judge’s ladder. So, I was teaching a class for young judges, and so they were in their late 20’s, and a lovely woman raised her hand, and she said, “How can I be a good judge if I still need to know so much concerning the world around me?” And, it was one of those questions I wasn’t prepared for, but everybody was quiet, so it was also one of the defining moments of the class. If you’re a classroom teacher, you never know, you stumble sometimes on what’s a dynamic moment. And, I said — so she asked me, “How can I be a good judge if there’s so much I still have to learn concerning the world around me?” and I said, “If you always ask yourself that question, then you will be a good judge. If you realize that your learning doesn’t end when you go on the bench, it begins anew, then you’ll be a good judge.” That was the answer I gave her.</p> <p>You have to struggle to be neutral, you have to struggle to be impartial, which is why the courts have rules. Some people say, “Oh, these judges are so stuffy. They have these traditions, the black robe.” This is designed to remind you that your function is greater than you are. You must represent something that’s greater than you are, and that’s the law, which has a life and a language and a logic of its own.</p> <p><strong>What do you think are the most important qualities for achievement in your field?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I think that maybe the qualities for achievement in my field are not different — much different — than any others. Number one: Knowing yourself, and being honest about your own failings and your own weakness. Number two: To have an understanding that you have the opportunity to shape the destiny of this country. The framers wanted you to shape the destiny of the country. They didn’t want to frame it for you. And you, I think, have to remind yourself that you can achieve something now, but that it’s going to be measured in the long term. And I worry about a society in which five percent of the people use 45 percent of the nation’s resources. I think that’s selfish, not only for the rest of the world, but for our own grandchildren.</p> <p>I think you are happiest if you find a profession or a business or an occupation where you manipulate symbols that have an intrinsic ethical content. Tom Wolfe wrote a book called <em>Bonfire of the Vanities</em>. It’s a parody or a portrayal of New York. No one comes out well in this book. The lawyers never come out very well, newspaper people don’t come out very well, clergy doesn’t come out well. He has a hero or protagonist, Sherman McCoy, and he’s some sort of a businessman. He goes to the beach with his daughter when she’s nine or ten. He takes the day off and takes her to the beach for her birthday, and she looks up and she says, “Daddy, what do you do?” He realizes, and the reader realizes, that what he does doesn’t make any difference. He manipulates symbols with no ethical content. If you’re going to achieve, you have to achieve by manipulating symbols and working with systems that have an ethical content.</p> <p><strong>Is there anything you would like a second chance at, that you would like to do over again?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I would like to begin teaching more students. I’ve taught many, many students, I wish that I could have taught more. I wish that I could find a way to reach more young people. The way I do it now is somewhat hit and miss. I teach classes and I go to universities. I wish there were some more formal way for me to write or speak and to try to interest more people in what I think is the true dynamic of the law and the true dynamic of freedom.</p> <p><strong>Looking ahead, what concerns you most? What are your major concerns as we head into the 21st century, for this country, for the world?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: My major concern is that what I thought was the golden age of peace seems farther from our reach than I would have thought ten years ago. My major concerns are that there is not an understanding and a commitment to the idea that the American constitutional system and the American idea of freedom have certain universal components that we have the duty, number one, to understand ourselves, and number two, to explain to the rest of the world. Not at the point of a bayonet. That’s sometimes necessary, but not at the point of a bayonet, but because we have a bond with all of humankind. I don’t think that we are looking far ahead enough in this respect, and I am concerned that nationalism or self-interest will obscure the greatness of American traditions.</p> <p><strong>What about the contentiousness of American life today, including the judiciary and politics?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I think we have to do a better job of being less divisive, less narrow. Part of this is because our focus is too short term. If we had a long term objective and a consensus of long term mission, it would be less factious.</p> <p><strong>What books would you read to your grandchildren? What are the important books to you?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: The minute I give you this list, I’ll walk out the door and I’ll say, “Why didn’t I mention this book?”聽I think fiction is very important because it gets us into the mind of a person. <em>Hamlet</em> is a tremendous piece of literature. You know Hamlet better than you know most real people. Do you know the reason? Because you know what he’s thinking. And this teaches you that every human has an integrity and an autonomy and a spirituality of his own, of her own, and great literature can teach you that. <em>Billy Budd</em>, <em>Antigone</em>, are very important works. <em>Antigone</em> is brilliant. You know, in literature, the woman is a symbol of mercy and of equity: Antigone, Portia — Rosa Parks, to use a real person. That’s why Justice is a woman, even though she has a sword sometimes. I don’t know if that fits, but so: <em>Antigone</em>, <em>The Merchant of Venice</em>, <em>Hamlet</em>, <em>Billy Budd</em>, <em>Nineteen Eighty-Four</em>. You and I grew up with a great fear of the Soviet military might. <em>Nineteen Eighty-Four</em> has one of the most brilliant scenes in literature. The protagonist is being tortured by his communist or totalitarian interrogators, and they want him to say that “Two and two is five.” And finally he can’t stand the torture anymore, he says, “Okay, two and two is five.” But, the torture continues. He said, “Why are you continuing?” They say, “The torture continues not until you just say it, but until you believe it.” And, this is a powerful reminder that governments want to plan your destiny. They want to plan what you think, and this must never happen. And so, <em>Nineteen Eighty-Four</em> is a book of tremendous importance, I think, in that regard.</p> <p>Movies, I think young people misjudge. If you ask high school students what are good books, they usually come up with fair answers, the books they get in college prep courses. So they usually recite some of those types. <em>Scarlet Letter</em>? Excellent! <em>Walden Pond</em>? Terrible, I think. My own choice, I don’t like it. But movies? They have no concept that great movies have an ethical development; a spiritual awareness happens to the character. They think movies are just entertainment. And so — Old? Forget it! Subtitles? Forget it! Black and white? Forget it! They think of movies as having special effects for momentary entertainment, and that’s very sad. I’m afraid the producers think of it that way, too, and that’s very sad, because movies are a wonderful way to teach about human struggle, human conflict, human reconciliation, human atonement.</p> <p><strong>Why do you think Anthony Kennedy made it to the Supreme Court?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: I like to think that those who were interested in my appointment thought that I was devoted to the law, and that I would be fair. That’s all that I ever ask of myself. That’s all I ever try to hold myself out to be.</p> <p><strong>How would you like to be remembered? What do you want your legacy to be?</strong></p> <p>Anthony Kennedy: Somebody who’s decent, and honest, and fair, and who’s absolutely committed to the proposition that freedom is America’s gift to the rest of the world.</p> <p><strong>We can’t thank you enough. It’s been a privilege.</strong></p> <p>Well, thank you.</p> </div>  </aside>  <div class="read-more__toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#full-interview"><a href="#" class="sans-4 btn">Read full interview</a></div> </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane fade" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Anthony M. Kennedy Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>25 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.8" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Academy2005_1292.jpg" data-image-caption="Awards Council member Sir Roger Bannister presents the Golden Plate Award to U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy during the 2005 Banquet of the Golden Plate in New York City. (漏 Academy of Achievement) " data-image-copyright="Academy2005_1292" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Academy2005_1292-380x304.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Academy2005_1292-760x608.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.73552631578947" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/anthony-kennedy-cole.jpg" data-image-caption="Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington, March 23, 2015. The Irish Catholic boy who came of age in Sacramento after World War II is an unlikely candidate to be the author of the Supreme Court鈥檚 major gay rights rulings. But those who have known Justice Anthony Kennedy for decades and scholars who have studied his work say he has long stressed the importance of valuing people as individuals. (AP Photo/Manuel Balce Ceneta)" data-image-copyright="Anthony Kennedy" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/anthony-kennedy-cole-380x279.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/anthony-kennedy-cole-760x559.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65921052631579" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/SCJustices.jpg" data-image-caption="Seated left to right: Justice Clarence Thomas, Justice Antonin Scalia (deceased), Chief Justice John G. Roberts, Justice Anthony M. Kennedy, Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg. Standing left to right: Justice Sonia Sotomayor, Justice Stephen G. Breyer, Justice Samuel A. Alito, Jr., Justice Elena Kagan." data-image-copyright="New U.S. Supreme Court Poses For "Class Photo"" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/SCJustices-380x250.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/SCJustices-760x501.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2541254125413" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy_photo.jpg" data-image-caption="Anthony Kennedy, Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States." data-image-copyright="Official Photograph of Justice Anthony Kennedy" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy_photo-303x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy_photo-606x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4671814671815" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50477271_10.jpg" data-image-caption="Justice Anthony M. Kennedy in his judicial robe, 1994. (Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Anthony M. Kennedy" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50477271_10-259x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50477271_10-518x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65921052631579" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428582_10.jpg" data-image-caption="President Ronald W. Reagan announces Judge Anthony M. Kennedy's nomination to the Supreme Court. White House Chief of Staff Howard Baker and Attorney General Edwin Meese III look on, November 1, 1987. (Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Anthony M. Kennedy [& Family];Ronald W. Reagan" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428582_10-380x251.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428582_10-760x501.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66315789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428576_10.jpg" data-image-caption="U.S. President Ronald W. Reagan announcing Judge Anthony M. Kennedy's nomination to the Supreme Court while Kennedy's family watches, November 1, 1987. (Photo by Dirck Halstead/Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Anthony M. Kennedy [& Family];Ronald W. Reagan" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428576_10-380x252.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50428576_10-760x504.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66973684210526" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420411_10.jpg" data-image-caption="Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy and his wife, Mary, during his swearing-in ceremony at the White House, February 18, 1988. (Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Anthony M. Kennedy [& Wife]" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420411_10-380x255.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420411_10-760x509.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66315789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420405_10.jpg" data-image-caption="Anthony Kennedy in the office of Senator Patrick Leahy. Judge Kennedy met with the Senators of the Judiciary Committee during his Supreme Court confirmation process, November 1987. (Time Life Pictures/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Anthony M. Kennedy" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420405_10-380x252.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-getty-50420405_10-760x504.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.63815789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-UT0057960.jpg" data-image-caption="The United States Supreme Court in a group portrait taken in 2000. Back row L-R are: Ruth Bader Ginsburg, David Souter, Clarence Thomas and Stephen Breyer. Front row L-R: Antonin Scalia, John Paul Stevens, William Rehnquist, Sandra Day O'Connor and Anthony M. Kennedy. (漏 Reuters/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="United States Supreme Court, 2000" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-UT0057960-380x243.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-UT0057960-760x485.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65657894736842" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-U88118003-6.jpg" data-image-caption="Anthony Kennedy is sworn in as a Justice of the United States Supreme Court on February 18, 1988. Chief Justice William Rehnquist administers the oath, and Kennedy's wife, Mary, holds the family Bible as President Reagan looks on. (漏 Bettmann/CORBIS)" data-image-copyright="Anthony Kennedy Taking Constitutional Oath" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-U88118003-6-380x250.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-U88118003-6-760x499.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.73947368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-646343.jpg" data-image-caption="Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy appears before the House Appropriations Committee, March 17, 2004 to discuss the Supreme Court's 2005 budget. (漏 Chris Kleponis/ZUMA/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="Supreme Court Justices Discuss FY 2005 Budget" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-646343-380x281.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-646343-760x562.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.5322580645161" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-639561.jpg" data-image-caption="U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy testifies before the House Committee on Appropriations in Washington, D.C, March 17, 2004. (漏 MANNIE GARCIA/Reuters/Corbis)" data-image-copyright="US SUPREME COURT JUSTICE KENNEDY TESTIFIES BEFORE HOUSE APPROPRIATIONS COMMITTEE" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-639561-248x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/kennedy-justice-corbis-DWF15-639561-496x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/justices.jpg" data-image-caption="Supreme Court Justices, from left, Chief Justice John Roberts, Anthony Kennedy, Ruth Bader Ginsburg, Stephen Breyer, Sonia Sotomayor and Elena Kagan await the start of President Barack Obama's State of the Union address during a joint session of Congress on Capitol Hill, February 12, 2013. (AP Photo/Charles Dharapak, Pool)" data-image-copyright="State Of Union" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/justices-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/justices-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.70921052631579" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/eb63fbeb99b3b712330f6a7067009c07.jpg" data-image-caption="Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy testifies on Capitol Hill in Washington, April 14, 2011. A sharply divided Supreme Court said police can routinely take DNA from people they arrest, comparing a DNA cheek swab to other common jailhouse procedures like fingerprinting. "Taking and analyzing a cheek swab of the arrestee DNA is like fingerprinting and photographing, a legitimate police booking procedure that is reasonable under the Fourth Amendment," Kennedy wrote for the Court's five-Justice majority. (AP Photo/Evan Vucci, File)" data-image-copyright="Anthony Kennedy" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/eb63fbeb99b3b712330f6a7067009c07-380x270.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/eb63fbeb99b3b712330f6a7067009c07-760x539.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.70657894736842" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AP110131125467.jpg" data-image-caption="U.S. Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy presides over arguments at "The Trial of Hamlet," a Shakespeare Center of Los Angeles representation of Hamlet's trial with a jury of 12 community members, including actors, high school students, philanthropists and Los Angeles dignitaries at the University of Southern California Bovard Auditorium in Los Angeles on January 31, 2011. (AP Photo/Damian Dovarganes)" data-image-copyright="Anthony Kennedy" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AP110131125467-380x269.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/AP110131125467-760x537.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.65263157894737" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/461919184.jpg" data-image-caption="U.S. Chief Justice John G. Roberts and Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy stand before President Barack Obama's State of the Union Address at the U.S. Capitol in Washington, D.C., February 2013. (Photo by MANDEL NGAN/WHITE HOUSE POOL (ISP POOL IMAGES/Corbis/VCG via Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="461919184" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/461919184-380x248.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/461919184-760x496.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_kennedy_nader_Academy2005_1025.jpg" data-image-caption="Justice Anthony Kennedy, a new honoree, with Awards Council member Ralph Nader at the 2005 International Achievement Summit in New York City. (漏 Academy of Achievement) " data-image-copyright="wordpress_kennedy_nader_Academy2005_1025" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_kennedy_nader_Academy2005_1025-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_kennedy_nader_Academy2005_1025-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.68026315789474" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_06Academy_1105.jpg" data-image-caption="Supreme Court Justice Anthony M. Kennedy and Los Angeles Mayor Antonio Villaraigosa with their wives, Mary Kennedy and Corina Villaraigosa. (漏 Academy of Achievement) " data-image-copyright="wordpress_06Academy_1105" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_06Academy_1105-380x259.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_06Academy_1105-760x517.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_kennedy-supremecourt-9263-002.jpg" data-image-caption="Justice Anthony M. Kennedy addresses Academy student delegates at the International Achievement Summit. (漏 Academy of Achievement) " data-image-copyright="wordpress_kennedy-supremecourt-9263-002" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_kennedy-supremecourt-9263-002-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/wordpress_kennedy-supremecourt-9263-002-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="Justice Anthony M. Kennedy adresses the Fellows at the U.S. Supreme Court." data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - Justice Anthony M. Kennedy adresses the Fellows at the U.S. Supreme Court.">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0046_wordpress.jpg" data-image-caption="2012: Awards Council member Justice Anthony Kennedy addresses the Academy delegates at the Supreme Court." data-image-copyright="Reynolds_0046_wordpress" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0046_wordpress-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/Reynolds_0046_wordpress-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.56315789473684" title="Anthony M. Kennedy, Justice of the United States Supreme Court, addresses the 2014 International Achievement Summit in San Francisco, California." data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - Anthony M. Kennedy, Justice of the United States Supreme Court, addresses the 2014 International Achievement Summit in San Francisco, California.">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/kennedy-intro-video-thumbnail-1520x855-1.jpg" data-image-caption="Anthony M. Kennedy, Justice of the United States Supreme Court, addresses the 2014 International Achievement Summit in San Francisco, California. (漏 Academy of Achievement) " data-image-copyright="kennedy-intro-video-thumbnail-1520x855" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/kennedy-intro-video-thumbnail-1520x855-1-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2015/12/kennedy-intro-video-thumbnail-1520x855-1-760x428.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.56315789473684" title="Anthony M. Kennedy, City Hall, 2014" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - Anthony M. Kennedy, City Hall, 2014">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/kennedy-intro-video-thumbnail-1520x855.jpg" data-image-caption="Supreme Court Justice Anthony Kennedy addresses the Academy of Achievement's assemblage at City Hall in San Francisco during the 2014 International Achievement Summit. (漏 Academy of Achievement) " data-image-copyright="Anthony M. Kennedy, City Hall, 2014" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/kennedy-intro-video-thumbnail-1520x855-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2015/12/kennedy-intro-video-thumbnail-1520x855-760x428.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.78289473684211" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/551.jpg" data-image-caption="Justices Anthony Kennedy and Ruth Ginsburg present the Gold Medal of the Academy to Justice Sonia Sotomayor at the 2012 International Achievement Summit in Washington, D.C. (漏 Academy of Achievement) " data-image-copyright="551" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/551-380x297.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/551-760x595.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4990138067061" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp2280-SupremeCourt_018-003.jpg" data-image-caption="May 25, 2017: Justice Anthony Kennedy and Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg speaking to guests at an Academy dinner in honor of the legacy of Judge Frank M. Johnson, Jr. in the Courtroom of the Supreme Court of the United States." data-image-copyright="wp2280-SupremeCourt_018 (003)" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp2280-SupremeCourt_018-003-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/08/wp2280-SupremeCourt_018-003-507x760.jpg"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Facebook"><i class="icon-icon_facebook-circle"></i></a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-twitter" data-gtm-category="social" 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data-year-inducted="2014" data-achiever-name="Boies"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-boies-2/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/boi0-012a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/02/boi0-012a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">David Boies</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Counselor and Human Rights Advocate</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2014</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service illness-or-disability racism-discrimination ambitious pursue-public-office " data-year-inducted="1995" data-achiever-name="Ginsburg"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gin0-001a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/gin0-001a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Justice, Supreme Court of the United States</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1995</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever experienced-war-firsthand small-town-rural-upbringing " data-year-inducted="1978" data-achiever-name="Johnson"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-frank-013a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-frank-013a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Presidential Medal of Freedom</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1978</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service public-service poverty racism-discrimination help-mankind ambitious " data-year-inducted="2009" data-achiever-name="Romero"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/romero_760_SQUARE-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/04/romero_760_SQUARE-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> 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class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/sachs_760_ac-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/06/sachs_760_ac-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Albie Sachs</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Constitutional Court of South Africa</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2009</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service public-service difficulty-with-school illness-or-disability poverty racism-discrimination ambitious analytical extroverted help-mankind resourceful " data-year-inducted="2012" data-achiever-name="Sotomayor"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonia-sotomayor/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/sotomayor-001a-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/12/sotomayor-001a-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Sonia Sotomayor</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Justice, Supreme Court of the United States</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2012</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </article> <div class="modal image-modal fade" id="imageModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="imageModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="close-container"> <div class="close icon-icon_x" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></div> </div> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <figure class="image-modal__container"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <img class="image-modal__image" src="/web/20181224053514im_/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/" alt=""/>  <figcaption class="p-t-2 container"> <div class="image-modal__caption sans-2 text-white"></div>  </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="content-info main-footer bg-black"> <div 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Ellison</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nora-ephron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nora Ephron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/julius-erving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Julius Erving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tony-fadell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tony Fadell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-farmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Farmer, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzanne-farrell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzanne Farrell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-s-fauci-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-field/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally Field</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Norman Foster</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/aretha-franklin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Aretha Franklin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Milton Friedman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-fuentes/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Fuentes</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Athol Fugard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernest-j-gaines/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernest J. Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leymah Gbowee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-ghosn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Ghosn</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Gl眉ck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-john-gurdon/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir John Gurdon</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony Romero</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/james-rosenquist/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Rosenquist</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/pete-rozelle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pete Rozelle</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/bill-russell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bill Russell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/albie-sachs/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Albie Sachs</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/oliver-sacks-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oliver Sacks, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jonas Salk, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-sanger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick Sanger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/george-b-schaller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George B. Schaller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/barry-scheck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Barry Scheck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/richard-evans-schultes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/general-h-norman-schwarzkopf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-schwarzman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen A. Schwarzman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/glenn-t-seaborg-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Glenn T. Seaborg, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/neil-sheehan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Neil Sheehan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Slim Hel煤</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/frederick-w-smith/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick W. Smith</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/stephen-sondheim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Sondheim</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/sonia-sotomayor/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonia Sotomayor</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wole-soyinka/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wole Soyinka</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/esperanza-spalding/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Esperanza Spalding</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/martha-stewart/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Martha Stewart</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/admiral-james-b-stockdale/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral James B. Stockdale, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/hilary-swank/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hilary Swank</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/amy-tan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Amy Tan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/dame-kiri-te-kanawa/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Kiri Te Kanawa</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/edward-teller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Teller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/twyla-tharp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Twyla Tharp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/wayne-thiebaud/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wayne Thiebaud</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/lt-michael-e-thornton-usn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Michael E. Thornton, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20181224053514/http://www.achievement.org/achiever/charles-h-townes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Charles H. 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