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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Observation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Observation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Observation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Observation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_hemisphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_hemisphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Northern hemisphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_hemisphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_hemisphere" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_hemisphere"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Southern hemisphere</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_hemisphere-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_the_early_constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_the_early_constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History of the early constellations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_the_early_constellations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of the early constellations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_the_early_constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Lascaux_Caves,_southern_France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lascaux_Caves,_southern_France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Lascaux Caves, southern France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lascaux_Caves,_southern_France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesopotamia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesopotamia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Mesopotamia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesopotamia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Ancient Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classical_antiquity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classical_antiquity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Classical antiquity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classical_antiquity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Ancient China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_modern_astronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_modern_astronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Early modern astronomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Early_modern_astronomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Early modern astronomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Early_modern_astronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_the_southern_constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_the_southern_constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Origin of the southern constellations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_the_southern_constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-88_modern_constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#88_modern_constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>88 modern constellations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-88_modern_constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Symbols</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dark_cloud_constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dark_cloud_constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Dark cloud constellations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dark_cloud_constellations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dark cloud constellations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dark_cloud_constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_dark_cloud_constellations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_dark_cloud_constellations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>List of dark cloud constellations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_dark_cloud_constellations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mythology,_lore,_history,_and_archaeoastronomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology,_lore,_history,_and_archaeoastronomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Mythology, lore, history, and archaeoastronomy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology,_lore,_history,_and_archaeoastronomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atlases_and_celestial_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atlases_and_celestial_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Atlases and celestial maps</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atlases_and_celestial_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Catalogs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Catalogs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Catalogs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Catalogs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constellation</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 137 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-137" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">137 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrebeeld" title="Sterrebeeld – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Sterrebeeld" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternbild" title="Sternbild – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sternbild" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="كوكبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كوكبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constela%C8%9Bie" title="Constelație – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Constelație" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constelaci%C3%B3n" title="Constelación – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Constelación" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbyjaty" title="Mbyjaty – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Mbyjaty" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%BCrc" title="Bürc – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bürc" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="اولدوزلار شکیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اولدوزلار شکیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%B2" title="তারামণ্ডল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তারামণ্ডল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seng-ch%C5%8D" title="Seng-chō – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Seng-chō" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%99%D0%BB%D0%BE%D2%A1" title="Йондоҙлоҡ – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Йондоҙлоҡ" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Сузор’е – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Сузор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%E2%80%99%D0%B5" title="Сузор’е – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сузор’е" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelasyon" title="Konstelasyon – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Konstelasyon" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8A%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Съзвездие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Съзвездие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steanbuid" title="Steanbuid – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Steanbuid" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazvije%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Sazviježđe – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sazviježđe" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steredeg" title="Steredeg – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Steredeg" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constel%C2%B7laci%C3%B3" title="Constel·lació – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Constel·lació" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%83%D0%BB%D1%82%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Çăлтăрлăх – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çăлтăрлăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelasyon" title="Konstelasyon – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Konstelasyon" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Souhv%C4%9Bzd%C3%AD" title="Souhvězdí – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Souhvězdí" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unganyeredzi" title="Unganyeredzi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Unganyeredzi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custellazione" title="Custellazione – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Custellazione" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytser" title="Cytser – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cytser" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernebillede" title="Stjernebillede – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Stjernebillede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A1stegovva" title="Nástegovva – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Nástegovva" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sternbild" title="Sternbild – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sternbild" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4htkuju" title="Tähtkuju – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tähtkuju" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αστερισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αστερισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constelaci%C3%B3n" title="Constelación – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Constelación" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelacio" title="Konstelacio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konstelacio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelazio" title="Konstelazio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Konstelazio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="صورت فلکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صورت فلکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Constellation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjerrebyld" title="Stjerrebyld – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Stjerrebyld" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9altbhu%C3%ADon" title="Réaltbhuíon – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Réaltbhuíon" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-hollys_rollageagh" title="Co-hollys rollageagh – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-hollys rollageagh" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reul-bhad" title="Reul-bhad – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Reul-bhad" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constelaci%C3%B3n" title="Constelación – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Constelación" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="નક્ષત્ર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નક્ષત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%AAn-chho" title="Sên-chho – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Sên-chho" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%84%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC" title="별자리 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="별자리" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Համաստեղություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համաստեղություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="तारामंडल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तारामंडल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvije%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Zviježđe – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Zviježđe" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelaro" title="Stelaro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Stelaro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cgw%C3%A8_kpakpando" title="Ìgwè kpakpando – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ìgwè kpakpando" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasi_bintang" title="Rasi bintang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rasi bintang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Constellation" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Стъалыгуппар – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Стъалыгуппар" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IsiShomo" title="IsiShomo – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IsiShomo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%B6rnumerki" title="Stjörnumerki – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Stjörnumerki" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costellazione" title="Costellazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costellazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9D" title="קבוצת כוכבים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קבוצת כוכבים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasi_lintang" title="Rasi lintang – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rasi lintang" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C" title="ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಪುಂಜ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಕ್ಷತ್ರಪುಂಜ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%97%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A1%E1%83%99%E1%83%95%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="თანავარსკვლავედები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="თანავარსკვლავედები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D2%9B%D0%B6%D2%B1%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Шоқжұлдыз – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шоқжұлдыз" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranneves" title="Ranneves – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ranneves" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundinyota" title="Kundinyota – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kundinyota" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelasyon" title="Konstelasyon – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Konstelasyon" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komst%C3%AAr" title="Komstêr – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Komstêr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF_%D0%B6%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7" title="Топ жылдыз – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Топ жылдыз" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellatio" title="Constellatio – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Constellatio" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zvaigzn%C4%81js" title="Zvaigznājs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Zvaigznājs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4rebild" title="Stärebild – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Stärebild" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%BDvaig%C5%BEdynas" title="Žvaigždynas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Žvaigždynas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starebeeld" title="Starebeeld – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Starebeeld" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nz%C9%94%CC%81t%C9%94" title="Nzɔ́tɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Nzɔ́tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constela" title="Constela – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Constela" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Csillagk%C3%A9p" title="Csillagkép – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Csillagkép" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%95%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Соѕвездие – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Соѕвездие" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antokon-kintana" title="Antokon-kintana – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Antokon-kintana" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BF" title="നക്ഷത്രരാശി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നക്ഷത്രരാശി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kostellazzjoni" title="Kostellazzjoni – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kostellazzjoni" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="तारकासमूह – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तारकासमूह" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%AA%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%AD%E1%83%90%E1%83%AD%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="მურიცხეჭაჭილი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მურიცხეჭაჭილი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%88%D9%83%D8%A8%D9%87" title="كوكبه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كوكبه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%84%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86" title="فلکی صورتون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="فلکی صورتون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruj" title="Buruj – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Buruj" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%ADng-c%C3%B4%CC%A4" title="Sĭng-cô̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sĭng-cô̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ကြယ်စုတန်း – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်စုတန်း" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miaccitlalli" title="Miaccitlalli – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Miaccitlalli" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sterrenbeeld" title="Sterrenbeeld – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sterrenbeeld" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelloatsie" title="Konstelloatsie – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Konstelloatsie" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%B2" title="तारामण्डल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तारामण्डल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%9F%E5%BA%A7" title="星座 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="星座" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Седарчийн гуламаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Седарчийн гуламаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A4%C3%A4rbil" title="Stäärbil – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Stäärbil" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernebilde" title="Stjernebilde – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Stjernebilde" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stjernebilete" title="Stjernebilete – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Stjernebilete" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constell%C3%A2tion" title="Constellâtion – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Constellâtion" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stelaro" title="Stelaro – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Stelaro" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellacion" title="Constellacion – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Constellacion" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuuja" title="Tuuja – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tuuja" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulduz_turkumlari" title="Yulduz turkumlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Yulduz turkumlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%82" title="ਖਿੱਤੀਆਂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਖਿੱਤੀਆਂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%AC%DA%BE%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%B9" title="تارہ جھرمٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تارہ جھرمٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA/_%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88_%D9%BC%D9%88%D9%84%DA%AB%D9%87" title="اسماني صورت/ د ستورو ټولګه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسماني صورت/ د ستورو ټولګه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costelassion" title="Costelassion – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Costelassion" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steernbild" title="Steernbild – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steernbild" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwiazdozbi%C3%B3r" title="Gwiazdozbiór – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gwiazdozbiór" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constela%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Constelação – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Constelação" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constela%C8%9Bie" title="Constelație – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Constelație" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warani" title="Warani – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Warani" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Созвездие – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Созвездие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D1%85%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D3%A9" title="Сулустар бөлөхтөрө – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Сулустар бөлөхтөрө" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Constellation" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yj%C3%ABsia" title="Yjësia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Yjësia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Custiddazzioni" title="Custiddazzioni – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Custiddazzioni" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constellation" title="Constellation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Constellation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BAhvezdie" title="Súhvezdie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Súhvezdie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozvezdje" title="Ozvezdje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ozvezdje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%92%D0%B5" title="Сазвежђе – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Сазвежђе" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sazvije%C5%BE%C4%91e" title="Sazviježđe – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sazviježđe" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasi_B%C3%A9ntang" title="Rasi Béntang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Rasi Béntang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A4hdist%C3%B6" title="Tähdistö – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tähdistö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stj%C3%A4rnbild" title="Stjärnbild – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Stjärnbild" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konstelasyon" title="Konstelasyon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Konstelasyon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="விண்மீன் குழாம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="விண்மீன் குழாம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tazdemt" title="Tazdemt – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tazdemt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%B7%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Йолдызлык – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Йолдызлык" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="กลุ่มดาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลุ่มดาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D3%A3" title="Пайкари осмонӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Пайкари осмонӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tak%C4%B1my%C4%B1ld%C4%B1z" title="Takımyıldız – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Takımyıldız" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%80%27%D1%8F" title="Сузір'я – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сузір'я" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D8%B9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%85" title="مجمع النجوم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مجمع النجوم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/12_%D8%A8%DB%87%D8%B1%D8%AC" title="12 بۇرج – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="12 بۇرج" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the star grouping. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Constellation_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Constellation (disambiguation)">Constellation (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:191px;max-width:191px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_constellation_Hevelius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Orion_constellation_Hevelius.jpg/189px-Orion_constellation_Hevelius.jpg" decoding="async" width="189" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Orion_constellation_Hevelius.jpg/284px-Orion_constellation_Hevelius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Orion_constellation_Hevelius.jpg/378px-Orion_constellation_Hevelius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="809" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:97px;max-width:97px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:156px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0333_Orion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0333_Orion.jpg/95px-Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0333_Orion.jpg" decoding="async" width="95" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0333_Orion.jpg/143px-Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0333_Orion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0333_Orion.jpg/190px-Book_of_the_Fixed_Stars_Auv0333_Orion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3434" data-file-height="5665" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Orion_IAU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orion_IAU.svg/152px-Orion_IAU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="152" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orion_IAU.svg/228px-Orion_IAU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Orion_IAU.svg/304px-Orion_IAU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="752" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:134px;max-width:134px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:188px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OrionCC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/OrionCC.jpg/132px-OrionCC.jpg" decoding="async" width="132" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/OrionCC.jpg/198px-OrionCC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/OrionCC.jpg/264px-OrionCC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><div> <p>Four views of the constellation <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a>: </p> <ul><li>Top: Baroque drawing of Orion from <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Johannes Hevelius</a><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span> star atlas <a href="/wiki/Prodromus_Astronomiae#Firmamentum_Sobiescianum" title="Prodromus Astronomiae"><i>Firmamentum Sobiescianum</i></a>, showing the stars as they would appear to an observer looking down upon the imaginary celestial sphere from the outside (left); and illustration from the medieval Persian astronomical text <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Fixed_Stars" class="mw-redirect" title="Book of Fixed Stars">Book of Fixed Stars</a> (right)</li> <li>Bottom: Contemporary map of Orion from the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">IAU</a> (left); and photograph of the night sky with drawn lines (right)</li></ul> </div></div></div></div></div> <p>A <b>constellation</b> is an area on the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a> in which a group of visible <a href="/wiki/Star" title="Star">stars</a> forms <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">a perceived pattern</a> or outline, typically representing an animal, mythological subject, or inanimate object.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddic2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddic2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first constellations were likely defined in <a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">prehistory</a>. People used them to relate stories of their beliefs, experiences, <a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">creation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>. Different cultures and countries invented their own constellations, some of which lasted into the early 20th century before today's constellations were internationally recognized. The recognition of constellations has changed significantly over time. Many changed in size or shape. Some became popular, only to drop into obscurity. Some were limited to a single culture or nation. Naming constellations also helped astronomers and navigators identify stars more easily.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twelve (or thirteen) ancient constellations belong to the <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a> (straddling the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a>, which the <a href="/wiki/Sun" title="Sun">Sun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planet" title="Planet">planets</a> all traverse). The origins of the zodiac remain historically uncertain; its <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrological</a> divisions became prominent <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 BC in <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_astronomy" title="Babylonian astronomy">Babylonian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Chaldea" title="Chaldea">Chaldean</a> astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Constellations appear in Western culture via Greece and are mentioned in the works of <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>. The traditional 48 constellations, consisting of the zodiac and 36 more (now 38, following the division of <a href="/wiki/Argo_Navis" title="Argo Navis">Argo Navis</a> into three constellations) are listed by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, a Greco-Roman astronomer from <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a>, Egypt, in his <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i>. The formation of constellations was the subject of extensive <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, most notably in the <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(Ovid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (Ovid)">Metamorphoses</a></i> of the Latin poet <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a>. Constellations in the far <a href="/wiki/Southern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Southern celestial hemisphere">southern sky</a> were added from the 15th century until the mid-18th century when European explorers began traveling to the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>. Due to Roman and European transmission, each constellation has a Latin name. </p><p>In 1922, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) formally accepted the modern list of <a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">88 constellations</a>, and in 1928 adopted official constellation boundaries that together cover the entire celestial sphere.<sup id="cite_ref-IAU1928_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU1928-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any given point in a <a href="/wiki/Celestial_coordinate_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial coordinate system">celestial coordinate system</a> lies in one of the modern constellations. Some <a href="/wiki/Stellar_designation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stellar designation">astronomical naming systems</a> include the constellation where a given celestial object is found to convey its approximate location in the sky. The <a href="/wiki/Flamsteed_designation" title="Flamsteed designation">Flamsteed designation</a> of a star, for example, consists of a number and the genitive form of the constellation's name. </p><p>Other star patterns or groups called <a href="/wiki/Asterism_(astronomy)" title="Asterism (astronomy)">asterisms</a> are not constellations under the formal definition, but are also used by observers to navigate the night sky. Asterisms may be several stars within a constellation, or they may share stars with more than one constellation. Examples of asterisms include the teapot within the constellation <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Big_dipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Big dipper">big dipper</a> in the constellation of <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ursa Major (constellation)">Ursa Major</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-DOCdb2018_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DOCdb2018-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SoftBisque2018_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SoftBisque2018-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>constellation</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Late_Latin" title="Late Latin">Late Latin</a> term <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cōnstellātiō</i></span>, which can be translated as "set of stars"; it came into use in <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> during the 14th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> word for constellation is <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E1%BC%84%CF%83%CF%84%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD" class="extiw" title="wikt:ἄστρον">ἄστρον</a> (<i>astron</i>). These terms historically referred to any recognisable pattern of stars whose appearance was associated with mythological characters or creatures, earthbound animals, or objects.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddic2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddic2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time, among European astronomers, the constellations became clearly defined and widely recognised. In the 20th century, the <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a> (IAU) recognized <a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">88 constellations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-oxforddicastro_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-oxforddicastro-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A constellation or star that never sets below the <a href="/wiki/Horizon" title="Horizon">horizon</a> when viewed from a particular <a href="/wiki/Latitude" title="Latitude">latitude</a> on Earth is termed <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_star" title="Circumpolar star">circumpolar</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> or <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a>, all constellations south or north of the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_equator" title="Celestial equator">celestial equator</a> are <a href="/wiki/Circumpolar_constellation" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumpolar constellation">circumpolar</a>. Depending on the definition, equatorial constellations may include those that lie between declinations 45° north and 45° south,<sup id="cite_ref-harbord_goodwin1897_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-harbord_goodwin1897-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or those that pass through the declination range of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">ecliptic</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">zodiac</a>) ranging between <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Cancer" title="Tropic of Cancer">23.5° north</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">23.5° south</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton14th_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton14th-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-steele1884_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-steele1884-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Stars in constellations can appear near each other in the sky, but they usually lie at a variety of distances away from the Earth. Since each star has its own independent motion, all constellations will change slowly over time. After tens to hundreds of thousands of years, familiar outlines will become unrecognizable.<sup id="cite_ref-marc_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marc-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Astronomers can predict the past or future constellation outlines by measuring <a href="/wiki/Common_proper_motion" class="mw-redirect" title="Common proper motion">common proper motions</a> of individual stars<sup id="cite_ref-Koupelis2007_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Koupelis2007-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by accurate <a href="/wiki/Astrometry" title="Astrometry">astrometry</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-c1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-c1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their <a href="/wiki/Radial_velocity" title="Radial velocity">radial velocities</a> by <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_spectroscopy" title="Astronomical spectroscopy">astronomical spectroscopy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IAUInfBull91_c1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAUInfBull91_c1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 88 constellations recognized by the IAU as well as those by cultures throughout history are imagined figures and shapes derived from the patterns of stars in the observable sky.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many officially recognized constellations are based on the imaginations of ancient, Near Eastern and Mediterranean mythologies.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these stories seem to relate to the appearance of the constellations, e.g. the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Orion_(mythology)" title="Orion (mythology)">Orion</a> by Scorpius, their constellations appearing at opposite times of year.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Observation">Observation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Observation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156495266">.mw-parser-output .scalable img{max-width:100%!important;height:auto!important}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .scalable .lazy-image-placeholder{width:100%!important;max-height:100%}}</style> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="max-width:567px"><div class="scalable thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Celestial_chart_(asterisms_and_areas)_(esp).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spanish-language star chart with dotted line indicating zodiac (ecliptic)"><img alt="Spanish-language star chart with dotted line indicating zodiac (ecliptic)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Celestial_chart_%28asterisms_and_areas%29_%28esp%29.png/565px-Celestial_chart_%28asterisms_and_areas%29_%28esp%29.png" decoding="async" width="565" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Celestial_chart_%28asterisms_and_areas%29_%28esp%29.png/848px-Celestial_chart_%28asterisms_and_areas%29_%28esp%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Celestial_chart_%28asterisms_and_areas%29_%28esp%29.png/1130px-Celestial_chart_%28asterisms_and_areas%29_%28esp%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2922" data-file-height="1465" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Celestial_chart_(asterisms_and_areas)_(esp).png" title="File:Celestial chart (asterisms and areas) (esp).png"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Spanish-language <a href="/wiki/Star_chart" title="Star chart">star chart</a> with dotted line indicating zodiac (ecliptic)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Constellation positions change throughout the year due to <a href="/wiki/Night" title="Night">night</a> on Earth occurring at gradually different portions of <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_orbit" title="Earth's orbit">its orbit</a> around the Sun. As <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_rotation" title="Earth's rotation">Earth rotates</a> toward the east, the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_sphere" title="Celestial sphere">celestial sphere</a> appears to rotate west, with stars circling counterclockwise around the northern <a href="/wiki/Pole_star" title="Pole star">pole star</a> and clockwise around the southern pole star.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because of Earth's 23.5° <a href="/wiki/Axial_tilt" title="Axial tilt">axial tilt</a>, the zodiac is distributed equally across hemispheres (along the ecliptic), approximating a <a href="/wiki/Great_circle" title="Great circle">great circle</a>. Zodiacal constellations of the northern sky are <a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a>. In the southern sky are <a href="/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libra_(constellation)" title="Libra (constellation)">Libra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricornus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The zodiac appears directly overhead from latitudes of 23.5° north to 23.5° south, depending on the time of year. In summer, the ecliptic appears higher up in the daytime and lower at night, while in winter the reverse is true, for both hemispheres. </p><p>Due to the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>'s 60° tilt, the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_plane" title="Galactic plane">galactic plane</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Milky_Way" title="Milky Way">Milky Way</a> is inclined 60° from the ecliptic,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> between Taurus and Gemini (north) and Scorpius and Sagittarius (south and near which the <a href="/wiki/Galactic_Center" title="Galactic Center">Galactic Center</a> can be found).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The galaxy appears to pass through <a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a> (near the celestial equator) and northern constellations <a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perseus_(constellation)" title="Perseus (constellation)">Perseus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auriga_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Auriga (constellation)">Auriga</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Betelgeuse" title="Betelgeuse">Betelgeuse</a>), as well as <a href="/wiki/Monoceros" title="Monoceros">Monoceros</a> (near the celestial equator), and southern constellations <a href="/wiki/Puppis" title="Puppis">Puppis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vela_(constellation)" title="Vela (constellation)">Vela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carina_(constellation)" title="Carina (constellation)">Carina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crux" title="Crux">Crux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centaurus" title="Centaurus">Centaurus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Australe" title="Triangulum Australe">Triangulum Australe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ara_(constellation)" title="Ara (constellation)">Ara</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_hemisphere">Northern hemisphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Northern hemisphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Northern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Northern celestial hemisphere">Northern celestial hemisphere</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polaris" title="Polaris">Polaris</a>, being the North Star, is the approximate center of the northern celestial hemisphere. It is part of <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a>, constituting the end of the Little Dipper's handle.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From latitudes of around 35° north, in January, <a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a> (containing the <a href="/wiki/Big_Dipper" title="Big Dipper">Big Dipper</a>) appears to the northeast, while Cassiopeia is the northwest. To the west are Pisces (above the horizon) and Aries. To the southwest <a href="/wiki/Cetus" title="Cetus">Cetus</a> is near the horizon. Up high and to the south are Orion and Taurus. To the southeast above the horizon is <a href="/wiki/Canis_Major" title="Canis Major">Canis Major</a>. Appearing above and to the east of Orion is <a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a>: also in the east (and progressively closer to the horizon) are Cancer and Leo. In addition to Taurus, Perseus and Auriga appear overhead.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the same latitude, in July, Cassiopeia (low in the sky) and <a href="/wiki/Cepheus_(constellation)" title="Cepheus (constellation)">Cepheus</a> appear to the northeast. Ursa Major is now in the northwest. <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes" title="Boötes">Boötes</a> is high up in the west. Virgo is to the west, with Libra southwest and Scorpius south. Sagittarius and Capricorn are southeast. Cygnus (containing the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cross_(asterism)" title="Northern Cross (asterism)">Northern Cross</a>) is to the east. <a href="/wiki/Hercules_(constellation)" title="Hercules (constellation)">Hercules</a> is high in the sky along with <a href="/wiki/Corona_Borealis" title="Corona Borealis">Corona Borealis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pole01-eng.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pole01-eng.svg/260px-Pole01-eng.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pole01-eng.svg/390px-Pole01-eng.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pole01-eng.svg/520px-Pole01-eng.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption>The Southern Cross in <a href="/wiki/Crux" title="Crux">Crux</a> and the 'Southern Pointers' of <a href="/wiki/Centaurus" title="Centaurus">Centaurus</a> can be used to find the southern pole star, <a href="/wiki/Sigma_Octantis" title="Sigma Octantis">Sigma Octantis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_hemisphere">Southern hemisphere</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Southern hemisphere"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Southern_celestial_hemisphere" title="Southern celestial hemisphere">Southern celestial hemisphere</a></div> <p>January constellations include <a href="/wiki/Pictor" title="Pictor">Pictor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reticulum" title="Reticulum">Reticulum</a> (near Hydrus and Mensa, respectively).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July, Ara (adjacent to Triangulum Australe) and Scorpius can be seen.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constellations near the pole star include <a href="/wiki/Chamaeleon" title="Chamaeleon">Chamaeleon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apus" title="Apus">Apus</a> and Triangulum Australe (near Centaurus), <a href="/wiki/Pavo_(constellation)" title="Pavo (constellation)">Pavo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrus" title="Hydrus">Hydrus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mensa_(constellation)" title="Mensa (constellation)">Mensa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Sigma_Octantis" title="Sigma Octantis">Sigma Octantis</a> is the closest star approximating a southern pole star, but is faint in the night sky. Thus, the pole can be triangulated using the constellation Crux as well as the stars <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_Centauri" title="Beta Centauri">Beta Centauri</a> (about 30° counterclockwise from Crux) of the constellation Centaurus (arching over Crux).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_23-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_the_early_constellations">History of the early constellations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of the early constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lascaux_Caves,_southern_France"><span id="Lascaux_Caves.2C_southern_France"></span>Lascaux Caves, southern France</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lascaux Caves, southern France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It has been suggested that the 17,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">cave paintings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lascaux" title="Lascaux">Lascaux</a>, southern France, depict star constellations such as Taurus, Orion's Belt, and the Pleiades. However, this view is not generally accepted among scientists.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mesopotamia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inscribed stones and clay writing tablets from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> (in modern Iraq) dating to 3000 BC provide the earliest generally accepted evidence for humankind's identification of constellations.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems that the bulk of the Mesopotamian constellations were created within a relatively short interval from around 1300 to 1000 BC. Mesopotamian constellations appeared later in many of the classical Greek constellations.<sup id="cite_ref-Greek_Constellations_2007_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_Constellations_2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Old_Babylonian_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Babylonian astronomy">Old Babylonian astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Babylonian_tablet_recording_Halley%27s_comet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Babylonian_tablet_recording_Halley%27s_comet.jpg/170px-Babylonian_tablet_recording_Halley%27s_comet.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Babylonian_tablet_recording_Halley%27s_comet.jpg/255px-Babylonian_tablet_recording_Halley%27s_comet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Babylonian_tablet_recording_Halley%27s_comet.jpg/340px-Babylonian_tablet_recording_Halley%27s_comet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1470" /></a><figcaption> Babylonian tablet recording <a href="/wiki/Halley%27s_Comet" title="Halley's Comet">Halley's Comet</a> in 164 BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_star_catalogues" title="Babylonian star catalogues">Babylonian catalogues</a> of stars and constellations date back to the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a>, most notably the <i>Three Stars Each</i> texts and the <i><a href="/wiki/MUL.APIN" title="MUL.APIN">MUL.APIN</a></i>, an expanded and revised version based on more accurate observation from around 1000 BC. However, the numerous <a href="/wiki/Sumerian_language" title="Sumerian language">Sumerian names</a> in these catalogues suggest that they built on older, but otherwise unattested, <a href="/wiki/Sumer" title="Sumer">Sumerian</a> traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Bronze Age">Early Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The classical Zodiac is a revision of <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-Babylonian">Neo-Babylonian</a> constellations from the 6th century BC. The Greeks adopted the Babylonian constellations in the 4th century BC. Twenty Ptolemaic constellations are from the Ancient Near East. Another ten have the same stars but different names.<sup id="cite_ref-Greek_Constellations_2007_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greek_Constellations_2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/E._W._Bullinger" title="E. W. Bullinger">E. W. Bullinger</a> interpreted some of the creatures mentioned in the books of <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Ezekiel" title="Book of Ezekiel">Ezekiel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a> as the middle signs of the four-quarters of the Zodiac,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the Lion as <a href="/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a>, the Bull as <a href="/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)" title="Taurus (astrology)">Taurus</a>, the Man representing <a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a>, and the Eagle standing in for <a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Scorpio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen1899_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen1899-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biblical <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Job" title="Book of Job">Book of Job</a> also makes reference to a number of constellations, including <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">עיש</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">‘Ayish</i></span> "bier", <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כסיל</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">chesil</i></span> "fool" and <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כימה</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><i lang="he-Latn">chimah</i></span> "heap" (Job 9:9, 38:31–32), rendered as "Arcturus, Orion and Pleiades" by the <a href="/wiki/KJV" class="mw-redirect" title="KJV">KJV</a>, but <i>‘Ayish</i> "the bier" actually corresponding to Ursa Major.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term <i><a href="/wiki/Mazzaroth" title="Mazzaroth">Mazzaroth</a></i> <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">מַזָּרוֹת</span></span>, translated as <i>a garland of crowns</i>, is a <i><a href="/wiki/Hapax_legomenon" title="Hapax legomenon">hapax legomenon</a></i> in Job 38:32, and it might refer to the zodiacal constellations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classical_antiquity">Classical antiquity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">Egyptian astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Ancient Greek astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Astronomical_Ceiling,_Tomb_of_Senenmut_MET_DT207429.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Astronomical_Ceiling%2C_Tomb_of_Senenmut_MET_DT207429.jpg/170px-Astronomical_Ceiling%2C_Tomb_of_Senenmut_MET_DT207429.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Astronomical_Ceiling%2C_Tomb_of_Senenmut_MET_DT207429.jpg/255px-Astronomical_Ceiling%2C_Tomb_of_Senenmut_MET_DT207429.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Astronomical_Ceiling%2C_Tomb_of_Senenmut_MET_DT207429.jpg/340px-Astronomical_Ceiling%2C_Tomb_of_Senenmut_MET_DT207429.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2913" data-file-height="3722" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian star chart and decanal clock, from the ceiling of <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_ceiling_of_Senenmut%27s_Tomb" title="Astronomical ceiling of Senenmut's Tomb">Senenmut's tomb</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1473 BC</span></figcaption></figure> <p>There is only limited information on ancient Greek constellations, with some fragmentary evidence being found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Works_and_Days" title="Works and Days">Works and Days</a></i> of the Greek poet <a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a>, who mentioned the "heavenly bodies".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Greek astronomy essentially adopted the older Babylonian system in the <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_era" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic era">Hellenistic era</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> first introduced to Greece by <a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cnidus" title="Eudoxus of Cnidus">Eudoxus of Cnidus</a> in the 4th century BC. The original work of Eudoxus is lost, but it survives as a versification by <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>, dating to the 3rd century BC. The most complete existing works dealing with the mythical origins of the constellations are by the Hellenistic writer termed <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Eratosthenes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Eratosthenes">pseudo-Eratosthenes</a> and an early Roman writer styled pseudo-<a href="/wiki/Hyginus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hyginus">Hyginus</a>. The basis of Western astronomy as taught during <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a> and until the <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern period">Early Modern period</a> is the <i><a href="/wiki/Almagest" title="Almagest">Almagest</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a>, written in the 2nd century. </p><p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_astronomy" title="Egyptian astronomy">native Egyptian</a> tradition of anthropomorphic figures represented the planets, stars, and various constellations.<sup id="cite_ref-Marshall_Clagett_1995,_p._111_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marshall_Clagett_1995,_p._111-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of these were combined with Greek and Babylonian astronomical systems culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Dendera_zodiac" title="Dendera zodiac">Zodiac of Dendera</a>; it remains unclear when this occurred, but most were placed during the Roman period between 2nd to 4th centuries AD. The oldest known depiction of the zodiac showing all the now familiar constellations, along with some original Egyptian constellations, <a href="/wiki/Decans" class="mw-redirect" title="Decans">decans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Planets" class="mw-redirect" title="Planets">planets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ptolemy's <i>Almagest</i> remained the standard definition of constellations in the medieval period both in Europe and in <a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Islamic astronomy</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_China">Ancient China</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Ancient China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">Chinese constellations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG/220px-Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG/330px-Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG/440px-Su_Song_Star_Map_1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1372" data-file-height="969" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_map" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star map">Chinese star map</a> with a cylindrical projection (<a href="/wiki/Su_Song" title="Su Song">Su Song</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Ancient_China" title="History of China">Ancient China</a> had a long tradition of observing celestial phenomena.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonspecific <a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese star names">Chinese star names</a>, later categorized in the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-eight_mansions" class="mw-redirect" title="Twenty-eight mansions">twenty-eight mansions</a>, have been found on <a href="/wiki/Oracle_bones" class="mw-redirect" title="Oracle bones">oracle bones</a> from <a href="/wiki/Anyang" title="Anyang">Anyang</a>, dating back to the middle <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang dynasty</a>. These <a href="/wiki/Chinese_constellations" title="Chinese constellations">constellations</a> are some of the most important observations of Chinese sky, attested from the 5th century BC. Parallels to the earliest Babylonian (Sumerian) star catalogues suggest that the ancient Chinese system did not arise independently.<sup id="cite_ref-sun_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three schools of classical <a href="/wiki/Chinese_astronomy" title="Chinese astronomy">Chinese astronomy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Han_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Han period">Han period</a> are attributed to astronomers of the earlier <a href="/wiki/Warring_States_period" title="Warring States period">Warring States period</a>. The constellations of the three schools were conflated into a single system by <a href="/wiki/Chen_Zhuo" title="Chen Zhuo">Chen Zhuo</a>, an astronomer of the 3rd century (<a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Three Kingdoms period">Three Kingdoms period</a>). Chen Zhuo's work has been lost, but information on his system of constellations survives in <a href="/wiki/Tang_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Tang period">Tang period</a> records, notably by <a href="/wiki/Qutan_Xida" class="mw-redirect" title="Qutan Xida">Qutan Xida</a>. The oldest extant Chinese star chart dates to that period and was preserved as part of the <a href="/wiki/Dunhuang_Manuscripts" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunhuang Manuscripts">Dunhuang Manuscripts</a>. Native Chinese astronomy flourished during the <a href="/wiki/Song_dynasty" title="Song dynasty">Song dynasty</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/Yuan_dynasty" title="Yuan dynasty">Yuan dynasty</a> became increasingly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Islamic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval Islamic astronomy">medieval Islamic astronomy</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Astrology_of_the_Kaiyuan_Era" title="Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era">Treatise on Astrology of the Kaiyuan Era</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-sun_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sun-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As maps were prepared during this period on more scientific lines, they were considered as more reliable.<sup id="cite_ref-Selin2008_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A well-known map from the Song period is the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_star_maps" title="Chinese star maps">Suzhou Astronomical Chart</a>, which was prepared with carvings of stars on the <a href="/wiki/Planisphere" title="Planisphere">planisphere</a> of the Chinese sky on a stone plate; it is done accurately based on observations, and it shows the supernova of the year of 1054 in Taurus.<sup id="cite_ref-Selin2008_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influenced by European astronomy during the late <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, charts depicted more stars but retained the traditional constellations. Newly observed stars were incorporated as supplementary to old constellations in the southern sky, which did not depict the traditional stars recorded by ancient Chinese astronomers. Further improvements were made during the later part of the Ming dynasty by <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell" title="Johann Adam Schall von Bell">Johann Adam Schall von Bell</a>, the German Jesuit and was recorded in <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_calendar" title="Chongzhen calendar">Chongzhen Lishu</a> (Calendrical Treatise of <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen_Emperor" title="Chongzhen Emperor">Chongzhen period</a>, 1628).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (September 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Traditional Chinese star maps incorporated 23 new constellations with 125 stars of the southern hemisphere of the sky based on the knowledge of Western star charts; with this improvement, the Chinese Sky was integrated with the World astronomy.<sup id="cite_ref-Selin2008_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selin2008-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_modern_astronomy">Early modern astronomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Early modern astronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, the origins of the constellations of the northern and southern skies are distinctly different. Most northern constellations date to antiquity, with names based mostly on Classical Greek legends.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton14th_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton14th-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Evidence of these constellations has survived in the form of <a href="/wiki/Star_charts" class="mw-redirect" title="Star charts">star charts</a>, whose oldest representation appears on the statue known as the <a href="/wiki/Farnese_Atlas" title="Farnese Atlas">Farnese Atlas</a>, based perhaps on the star catalogue of the Greek astronomer <a href="/wiki/Hipparchus" title="Hipparchus">Hipparchus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bradley2005_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bradley2005-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern constellations are more modern inventions, sometimes as substitutes for ancient constellations (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Argo_Navis" title="Argo Navis">Argo Navis</a>). Some southern constellations had long names that were shortened to more usable forms; e.g. Musca Australis became simply Musca.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton14th_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton14th-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the early constellations were never universally adopted. Stars were often grouped into constellations differently by different observers, and the arbitrary constellation boundaries often led to confusion as to which constellation a celestial object belonged. Before astronomers delineated precise boundaries (starting in the 19th century), constellations generally appeared as ill-defined regions of the sky.<sup id="cite_ref-Norton2nd_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Norton2nd-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today they now follow officially accepted designated lines of <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> based on those defined by <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Apthorp_Gould" title="Benjamin Apthorp Gould">Benjamin Gould</a> in <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)" title="Epoch (astronomy)">epoch</a> 1875.0 in his star catalogue <i>Uranometria Argentina</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1603 star atlas "<a href="/wiki/Uranometria" title="Uranometria">Uranometria</a>" of <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bayer" title="Johann Bayer">Johann Bayer</a> assigned stars to individual constellations and formalized the division by assigning a series of Greek and Latin letters to the stars within each constellation. These are known today as <a href="/wiki/Bayer_designation" title="Bayer designation">Bayer designations</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Swerdlow1986_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Swerdlow1986-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent star atlases led to the development of today's accepted modern constellations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_the_southern_constellations">Origin of the southern constellations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Origin of the southern constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uranometria" title="Uranometria">Uranometria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmonia_Macrocosmica" title="Harmonia Macrocosmica">Harmonia Macrocosmica</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Former_constellations" title="Former constellations">Former constellations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Southern_Celestial_Map_of_Mestre_Jo%C3%A3o_Faras.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Southern_Celestial_Map_of_Mestre_Jo%C3%A3o_Faras.gif/220px-Southern_Celestial_Map_of_Mestre_Jo%C3%A3o_Faras.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Southern_Celestial_Map_of_Mestre_Jo%C3%A3o_Faras.gif/330px-Southern_Celestial_Map_of_Mestre_Jo%C3%A3o_Faras.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Southern_Celestial_Map_of_Mestre_Jo%C3%A3o_Faras.gif/440px-Southern_Celestial_Map_of_Mestre_Jo%C3%A3o_Faras.gif 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="437" /></a><figcaption>Sketch of the southern celestial sky by Portuguese astronomer <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Faras" title="João Faras">João Faras</a> (1 May 1500)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/220px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/330px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg/440px-Planisph%C3%A6ri_c%C5%93leste.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5812" data-file-height="3972" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Celestial_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="Celestial chart">celestial map</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Netherlandish_cartography" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography">Golden Age of Netherlandish cartography</a>, by the Dutch cartographer <a href="/wiki/Frederik_de_Wit" title="Frederik de Wit">Frederik de Wit</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The southern sky, below about −65° <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a>, was only partially catalogued by ancient Babylonians, Egyptians, Greeks, Chinese, and Persian astronomers of the north. The knowledge that northern and southern star patterns differed goes back to Classical writers, who describe, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Exploration_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Exploration of Africa">African circumnavigation</a> expedition commissioned by Egyptian Pharaoh Necho II in c. 600 BC and those of <a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a> in c. 500 BC. </p><p>The history of southern constellations is not straightforward. Different groupings and different names were proposed by various observers, some reflecting national traditions or designed to promote various sponsors. Southern constellations were important from the 14th to 16th centuries, when sailors used the stars for <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a>. Italian explorers who recorded new southern constellations include <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Corsali" title="Andrea Corsali">Andrea Corsali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Pigafetta" title="Antonio Pigafetta">Antonio Pigafetta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Allen1899_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Allen1899-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of the 88 IAU-recognized constellations in this region first appeared on celestial globes developed in the late 16th century by <a href="/wiki/Petrus_Plancius" title="Petrus Plancius">Petrus Plancius</a>, based mainly on observations of the Dutch navigators <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Dirkszoon_Keyser" title="Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser">Pieter Dirkszoon Keyser</a><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_de_Houtman" title="Frederick de Houtman">Frederick de Houtman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These became widely known through <a href="/wiki/Johann_Bayer" title="Johann Bayer">Johann Bayer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Star_atlas" class="mw-redirect" title="Star atlas">star atlas</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Uranometria" title="Uranometria">Uranometria</a></i> of 1603.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Category:Constellations_listed_by_Lacaille" title="Category:Constellations listed by Lacaille">Fourteen</a> more were created in 1763 by the French astronomer <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Louis_de_Lacaille" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Louis de Lacaille">Nicolas Louis de Lacaille</a>, who also split the ancient constellation Argo Navis into three; these new figures appeared in his star catalogue, published in 1756.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several modern proposals have not survived. The French astronomers <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lemonnier_(physicist)" title="Pierre Lemonnier (physicist)">Pierre Lemonnier</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lalande" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lalande">Joseph Lalande</a>, for example, proposed constellations that were once popular but have since been dropped. The northern constellation <a href="/wiki/Quadrans_Muralis" title="Quadrans Muralis">Quadrans Muralis</a> survived into the 19th century (when its name was attached to the <a href="/wiki/Quadrantid" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrantid">Quadrantid</a> meteor shower), but is now divided between <a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes" title="Boötes">Boötes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="88_modern_constellations">88 modern constellations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 88 modern constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">IAU designated constellations</a></div> <p>A list of 88 constellations was produced for the IAU in 1922.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is roughly based on the traditional Greek constellations listed by Ptolemy in his <i>Almagest</i> in the 2nd century and <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>' work <i>Phenomena</i>, with early modern modifications and additions (most importantly introducing constellations covering the parts of the southern sky unknown to Ptolemy) by Petrus Plancius (1592, 1597/98 and 1613), <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hevelius" title="Johannes Hevelius">Johannes Hevelius</a> (1690) and Nicolas Louis de Lacaille (1763),<sup id="cite_ref-iau-const_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau-const-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who introduced fourteen new constellations.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lacaille studied the stars of the southern hemisphere from 1751 until 1752 from the <a href="/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope" title="Cape of Good Hope">Cape of Good Hope</a>, when he was said to have observed more than 10,000 stars using a <a href="/wiki/Refracting_telescope" title="Refracting telescope">refracting telescope</a> with an aperture of 0.5 inches (13 mm). </p><p>In 1922, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a> produced a list of 88 constellations with three-letter abbreviations for them.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, these constellations did not have clear borders between them. In 1928, the IAU formally accepted the 88 modern constellations, with contiguous boundaries<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along vertical and horizontal lines of <a href="/wiki/Right_ascension" title="Right ascension">right ascension</a> and <a href="/wiki/Declination" title="Declination">declination</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Joseph_Delporte" title="Eugène Joseph Delporte">Eugene Delporte</a> that, together, cover the entire celestial sphere;<sup id="cite_ref-auto_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lachièze-ReyLuminet2001_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lachièze-ReyLuminet2001-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> this list was finally published in 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-IAU1928_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IAU1928-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Where possible, these modern constellations usually share the names of their Graeco-Roman predecessors, such as Orion, Leo, or Scorpius. The aim of this system is area-mapping, i.e. the division of the celestial sphere into contiguous fields.<sup id="cite_ref-iau-const_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iau-const-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Out of the 88 modern constellations, 36 lie predominantly in the northern sky, and the other 52 predominantly in the southern. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156495266"> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"> <div class="thumbinner" style="max-width:652px"><div class="scalable thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the Hipparcos Catalogue, coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude, relative to the modern constellations and the ecliptic"><img alt="Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the Hipparcos Catalogue, coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude, relative to the modern constellations and the ecliptic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg/650px-Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg.png" decoding="async" width="650" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg/975px-Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg/1300px-Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="272" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Hipparcos_Catalogue_equirectangular_plot.svg" title="File:Hipparcos Catalogue equirectangular plot.svg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Equirectangular plot of declination vs right ascension of stars brighter than apparent magnitude 5 on the <a href="/wiki/Hipparcos_Catalogue" class="mw-redirect" title="Hipparcos Catalogue">Hipparcos Catalogue</a>, coded by spectral type and apparent magnitude, relative to the modern constellations and the ecliptic</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The boundaries developed by Delporte used data that originated back to epoch <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(astronomy)#Besselian_years" title="Epoch (astronomy)">B1875.0</a>, which was when <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_A._Gould" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin A. Gould">Benjamin A. Gould</a> first made his proposal to designate boundaries for the celestial sphere,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a suggestion on which Delporte based his work. The consequence of this early date is that because of the <a href="/wiki/Precession_(astronomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Precession (astronomy)">precession</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">equinoxes</a>, the borders on a modern star map, such as epoch <a href="/wiki/J2000" class="mw-redirect" title="J2000">J2000</a>, are already somewhat skewed and no longer perfectly vertical or horizontal.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This effect will increase over the years and centuries to come. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols">Symbols</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Symbols"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_symbol#Symbols_for_zodiac_and_other_constellations" class="mw-redirect" title="Astronomical symbol">Astronomical symbol § Symbols for zodiac and other constellations</a></div> <p>The constellations have no official symbols, though those of the ecliptic may take the signs of the zodiac.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Symbols for the other modern constellations, as well as older ones that still occur in modern nomenclature, have occasionally been published.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-constellations_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-constellations-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dark_cloud_constellations">Dark cloud constellations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dark cloud constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_(astronomy)" title="Great Rift (astronomy)">Great Rift (astronomy)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molecular_cloud#List_of_molecular_cloud_complexes" title="Molecular cloud">Molecular cloud § List of molecular cloud complexes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg/660px-Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg" decoding="async" width="660" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg/990px-Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg/1320px-Milkyway360-hemispheres-32k_m14-g1_Clouds.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>The Milky Way as seen from Earth, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominent <a href="/wiki/Star_cloud" class="mw-redirect" title="Star cloud">star clouds</a> labeled in black</figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Rift, a series of dark patches in the Milky Way, is most visible in the southern sky.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some cultures have discerned shapes in these patches. Members of the <a href="/wiki/Inca" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca">Inca</a> civilization identified various dark areas or <a href="/wiki/Dark_nebula" title="Dark nebula">dark nebulae</a> in the Milky Way as animals and associated their appearance with the seasonal rains.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a> also describes dark cloud constellations, the most famous being the "emu in the sky" whose head is formed by the <a href="/wiki/Coalsack" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalsack">Coalsack</a>, a dark nebula, instead of the stars.<sup id="cite_ref-Bordeleau2013_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bordeleau2013-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 541.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 539.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emu_public.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Emu in the sky – a constellation defined by dark clouds rather than by stars. The head of the emu is the Coalsack with Crux directly above. Scorpius is to the left."><img alt="The Emu in the sky – a constellation defined by dark clouds rather than by stars. The head of the emu is the Coalsack with Crux directly above. Scorpius is to the left." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Emu_public.jpg" decoding="async" width="540" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="89" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <i><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a> in the sky</i> – a constellation defined by dark clouds rather than by stars. The head of the emu is the Coalsack with Crux directly above. Scorpius is to the left.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coricancha_museum_marker_graphically_explaining_the_Inca_astronomical_system.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inca dark cloud constellations in the Mayu (Celestial River), or the Milky Way; Crux is above Yutu, while the eyes of the Llama are Alpha and Beta Centauri."><img alt="Inca dark cloud constellations in the Mayu (Celestial River), or the Milky Way; Crux is above Yutu, while the eyes of the Llama are Alpha and Beta Centauri." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coricancha_museum_marker_graphically_explaining_the_Inca_astronomical_system.jpg/320px-Coricancha_museum_marker_graphically_explaining_the_Inca_astronomical_system.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coricancha_museum_marker_graphically_explaining_the_Inca_astronomical_system.jpg/480px-Coricancha_museum_marker_graphically_explaining_the_Inca_astronomical_system.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Coricancha_museum_marker_graphically_explaining_the_Inca_astronomical_system.jpg/640px-Coricancha_museum_marker_graphically_explaining_the_Inca_astronomical_system.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5312" data-file-height="2988" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inca dark cloud constellations in the Mayu (Celestial River), or the Milky Way; Crux is above Yutu, while the eyes of the Llama are <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Centauri" title="Alpha Centauri">Alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beta_Centauri" title="Beta Centauri">Beta Centauri</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_dark_cloud_constellations">List of dark cloud constellations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: List of dark cloud constellations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Rift_(astronomy)" title="Great Rift (astronomy)">Great Rift (astronomy)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)#Dark_cloud_constellation" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpens%E2%80%93Aquila_Rift" title="Serpens–Aquila Rift">Serpens–Aquila Rift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_Horse_(astronomy)" title="Dark Horse (astronomy)">Dark Horse (astronomy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_Ophiuchi_cloud_complex" title="Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex">Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy#Emu_in_the_sky" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Emu in the sky</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_cartography" title="Celestial cartography">Celestial cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constellation_family" title="Constellation family">Constellation family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_constellations" title="Former constellations">Former constellations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_stars_by_constellation" title="Lists of stars by constellation">Lists of stars by constellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constellations_listed_by_Johannes_Hevelius" title="Category:Constellations listed by Johannes Hevelius">Constellations listed by Johannes Hevelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constellations_listed_by_Lacaille" title="Category:Constellations listed by Lacaille">Constellations listed by Lacaille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constellations_listed_by_Petrus_Plancius" title="Category:Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius">Constellations listed by Petrus Plancius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Constellations_listed_by_Ptolemy" title="Category:Constellations listed by Ptolemy">Constellations listed by Ptolemy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Footnotes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign" title="Astrological sign">Astrological signs</a> correspond to the period of a constellation's <i>invisibility</i> due to the Sun's transit.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxforddic2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxforddic2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxforddic2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130102014231/http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/constellation">"Definition of constellation"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/constellation">the original</a> on 2 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 August</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Definition+of+constellation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Fenglish%2Fconstellation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/constellation">"Constellation | Definition, Origin, History, & Facts | Britannica"</a>. 5 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constellation+%26%23124%3B+Definition%2C+Origin%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft.date=2024-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fscience%2Fconstellation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritton2010" class="citation journal cs1">Britton, John P. 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The introduction of the uniform zodiac". <i>Archive for History of Exact Sciences</i>. <b>64</b> (6): 617–63. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FS00407-010-0064-Z">10.1007/S00407-010-0064-Z</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41134332">41134332</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:122004678">122004678</a>. <q>[T]he zodiac was introduced between −408 and −397 and probably within a very few years of −400.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archive+for+History+of+Exact+Sciences&rft.atitle=Studies+in+Babylonian+lunar+theory%3A+part+III.+The+introduction+of+the+uniform+zodiac&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=617-63&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A122004678%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41134332%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FS00407-010-0064-Z&rft.aulast=Britton&rft.aufirst=John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IAU1928-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IAU1928_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IAU1928_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelporte1930" class="citation book cs1">Delporte, Eugène (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v3XvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Délimitation scientifique des constellations</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A9limitation+scientifique+des+constellations&rft.pub=International+Astronomical+Union&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Delporte&rft.aufirst=Eug%C3%A8ne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv3XvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidpath2018" class="citation web cs1">Ridpath, Ian (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/startales1d.html#delporte">"Star Tales: The final 88"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Tales%3A+The+final+88&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Ridpath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fstartales%2Fstartales1d.html%23delporte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DOCdb2018-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DOCdb2018_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.docdb.net/show_object.php?id=saucepan">"DOCdb Deep Sky Observer's Companion – the online database"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-214-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-214-6"><bdi>978-0-87169-214-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Egyptian+Science%3A+Calendars%2C+clocks%2C+and+astronomy&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-214-6&rft.au=Marshall+Clagett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_8c10QYoGa4UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDenderah1825" class="citation book cs1">Denderah (1825). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xznqw5EkOCMC"><i>Zodiac of Dendera, epitome. (Exhib., Leic. square)</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zodiac+of+Dendera%2C+epitome.+%28Exhib.%2C+Leic.+square%29&rft.date=1825&rft.au=Denderah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxznqw5EkOCMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedham1959" class="citation book cs1">Needham, Joseph (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jfQ9E0u4pLAC&pg=PA171"><i>Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth</i></a>. Science and Civilisation in China. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521058018" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521058018"><bdi>978-0521058018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+and+the+Sciences+of+the+Heavens+and+the+Earth&rft.series=Science+and+Civilisation+in+China&rft.pages=171&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1959&rft.isbn=978-0521058018&rft.aulast=Needham&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjfQ9E0u4pLAC%26pg%3DPA171&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sun-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sun_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sun_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiaochun_SunJacob_Kistemaker1997" class="citation book cs1">Xiaochun Sun; Jacob Kistemaker (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=87lvBoFi8A0C"><i>The Chinese Sky During the Han: Constellating Stars and Society</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10737-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-10737-3"><bdi>978-90-04-10737-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chinese+Sky+During+the+Han%3A+Constellating+Stars+and+Society&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-04-10737-3&rft.au=Xiaochun+Sun&rft.au=Jacob+Kistemaker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D87lvBoFi8A0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selin2008-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Selin2008_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selin2008_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Selin2008_42-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSelin2008" class="citation book cs1">Selin, Helaine Elise (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC&pg=PA2022"><i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-4559-2"><bdi>978-1-4020-4559-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.pages=2022&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2&rft.aulast=Selin&rft.aufirst=Helaine+Elise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkt9DIY1g9HYC%26pg%3DPA2022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSun1997" class="citation book cs1">Sun, Xiaochun (1997). <a href="/wiki/Helaine_Selin" title="Helaine Selin">Helaine Selin</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures</i>. Kluwer Academic Publishers. p. 910. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4066-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7923-4066-9"><bdi>978-0-7923-4066-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+the+History+of+Science%2C+Technology%2C+and+Medicine+in+Non-Western+Cultures&rft.pages=910&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7923-4066-9&rft.aulast=Sun&rft.aufirst=Xiaochun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bradley2005-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bradley2005_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaefer2005" class="citation journal cs1">Schaefer, Bradley E. (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phys.lsu.edu/farnese/JHAFarneseProofs.pdf">"The epoch of the constellations on the Farnese Atlas and their origin in Hipparchus's lost catalogue"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>36/2</b> (123): 167–19. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005JHA....36..167S">2005JHA....36..167S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182860503600202">10.1177/002182860503600202</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15431718">15431718</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.phys.lsu.edu/farnese/JHAFarneseProofs.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=The+epoch+of+the+constellations+on+the+Farnese+Atlas+and+their+origin+in+Hipparchus%27s+lost+catalogue&rft.volume=36%2F2&rft.issue=123&rft.pages=167-19&rft.date=2005-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15431718%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182860503600202&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005JHA....36..167S&rft.aulast=Schaefer&rft.aufirst=Bradley+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.phys.lsu.edu%2Ffarnese%2FJHAFarneseProofs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Norton2nd-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Norton2nd_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorton1919" class="citation book cs1">Norton, Arthur P. (1919). <a href="/wiki/Norton%27s_Star_Atlas" title="Norton's Star Atlas"><i>Norton's Star Atlas</i></a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norton%27s+Star+Atlas&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Norton&rft.aufirst=Arthur+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724193348/http://www.optcorp.com/edu/articleDetailEDU.aspx?aid=2195">"Astronomical Epoch"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.optcorp.com/edu/articleDetailEDU.aspx?aid=2195">the original</a> on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 July</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Epoch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.optcorp.com%2Fedu%2FarticleDetailEDU.aspx%3Faid%3D2195&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swerdlow1986-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Swerdlow1986_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwerdlow1986" class="citation journal cs1">Swerdlow, N. M. (August 1986). "A Star Catalogue Used by Johannes Bayer". <i>Journal for the History of Astronomy</i>. <b>17</b> (5): 189–97. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JHA....17..189S">1986JHA....17..189S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002182868601700304">10.1177/002182868601700304</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:118829690">118829690</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+History+of+Astronomy&rft.atitle=A+Star+Catalogue+Used+by+Johannes+Bayer&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=189-97&rft.date=1986-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A118829690%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002182868601700304&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986JHA....17..189S&rft.aulast=Swerdlow&rft.aufirst=N.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogg1951" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Helen_Sawyer_Hogg" title="Helen Sawyer Hogg">Hogg, Helen Sawyer</a> (1951). "Out of Old Books (Pieter Dircksz Keijser, Delineator of the Southern Constellations)". <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>45</b>: 215. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951JRASC..45..215S">1951JRASC..45..215S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Out+of+Old+Books+%28Pieter+Dircksz+Keijser%2C+Delineator+of+the+Southern+Constellations%29&rft.volume=45&rft.pages=215&rft.date=1951&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951JRASC..45..215S&rft.aulast=Hogg&rft.aufirst=Helen+Sawyer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Knobel, E. B. (1917). <i>On Frederick de Houtman's Catalogue of Southern Stars, and the Origin of the Southern Constellations</i>. (<i><a href="/wiki/Monthly_Notices_of_the_Royal_Astronomical_Society" title="Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society">Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society</a></i>, Vol. 77, pp.  414–32)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elly_Dekker" title="Elly Dekker">Dekker, Elly</a> (1987). <i>Early Explorations of the Southern Celestial Sky</i>. (<i>Annals of Science</i> 44, pp.  439–70)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Elly_Dekker" title="Elly Dekker">Dekker, Elly</a> (1987). <i>On the Dispersal of Knowledge of the Southern Celestial Sky</i>. (<i>Der Globusfreund</i>, 35–37, pp.  211–30)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Verbunt, Frank; van Gent, Robert H. (2011). <i>Early Star Catalogues of the Southern Sky: De Houtman, Kepler (Second and Third Classes), and Halley</i>. (<i>Astronomy & Astrophysics</i> 530)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Ridpath" class="citation web cs1">Ian Ridpath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/bayer-southern.html">"Johann Bayer's southern star chart"</a>. <i>Star Tales</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tales&rft.atitle=Johann+Bayer%27s+southern+star+chart&rft.au=Ian+Ridpath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fstartales%2Fbayer-southern.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Ridpath" class="citation web cs1">Ian Ridpath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/lacaille.html">"Lacaille's southern planisphere of 1756"</a>. <i>Star Tales</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tales&rft.atitle=Lacaille%27s+southern+planisphere+of+1756&rft.au=Ian+Ridpath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fstartales%2Flacaille.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-iau-const-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iau-const_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-iau-const_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/">"The Constellations"</a>. IAU – <a href="/wiki/International_Astronomical_Union" title="International Astronomical Union">International Astronomical Union</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Constellations&rft.pub=IAU+%E2%80%93+International+Astronomical+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iau.org%2Fpublic%2Fthemes%2Fconstellations%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Ridpath" class="citation web cs1">Ian Ridpath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html">"Constellation names, abbreviations and sizes"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constellation+names%2C+abbreviations+and+sizes&rft.au=Ian+Ridpath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fconstellations1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Ridpath" class="citation web cs1">Ian Ridpath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/almagest.html">"Star Tales – The Almagest"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Star+Tales+%E2%80%93+The+Almagest&rft.au=Ian+Ridpath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fstartales%2Falmagest.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Ridpath" class="citation web cs1">Ian Ridpath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/startales1d.html#lacaille">"Nicolas Louis de Lacaille at the Cape"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nicolas+Louis+de+Lacaille+at+the+Cape&rft.au=Ian+Ridpath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fstartales%2Fstartales1d.html%23lacaille&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/iaulist1.html">"The original names and abbreviations for constellations from 1922"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+original+names+and+abbreviations+for+constellations+from+1922&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fiaulist1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/boundaries.html">"Constellation boundaries"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Constellation+boundaries.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fboundaries.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lachièze-ReyLuminet2001-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lachièze-ReyLuminet2001_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Lachièze-ReyJean-Pierre_LuminetBibliothèque_Nationale_de_France._Paris2001" class="citation book cs1">Marc Lachièze-Rey; Jean-Pierre Luminet; Bibliothèque Nationale de France. Paris (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZFXiNn62ZEC&pg=PA80"><i>Celestial Treasury: From the Music of the Spheres to the Conquest of Space</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80040-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-80040-2"><bdi>978-0-521-80040-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celestial+Treasury%3A+From+the+Music+of+the+Spheres+to+the+Conquest+of+Space&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-521-80040-2&rft.au=Marc+Lachi%C3%A8ze-Rey&rft.au=Jean-Pierre+Luminet&rft.au=Biblioth%C3%A8que+Nationale+de+France.+Paris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ZFXiNn62ZEC%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Ridpath" class="citation web cs1">Ian Ridpath. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/startales/gould.html">"Benjamin Apthorp Gould and the <i>Uranometria Argentina</i>"</a>. <i>Star Tales</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Star+Tales&rft.atitle=Benjamin+Apthorp+Gould+and+the+Uranometria+Argentina&rft.au=Ian+Ridpath&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ianridpath.com%2Fstartales%2Fgould.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A.C. Davenhall & S.K. Leggett, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdsarc.u-strasbg.fr/ftp/cats/VI/49/constell.pdf">"A Catalogue of Constellation Boundary Data"</a>, (Centre de Donneés astronomiques de Strasbourg, February 1990).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For example, in the <i>Nautical Almanac and Astronomical Ephemeris for the year 1833</i> (Board of Admiralty, London)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Grego (2012) <i>The Star Book: Stargazing Throughout the Seasons in the Northern Hemisphere</i>. F+W Media.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-constellations-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-constellations_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2024" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Kirk (18 October 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2024/24235-constellation-symbols.pdf">"Preliminary presentation of constellation symbols"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>unicode.org</i>. The Unicode Consortium<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicode.org&rft.atitle=Preliminary+presentation+of+constellation+symbols&rft.date=2024-10-18&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Kirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicode.org%2FL2%2FL2024%2F24235-constellation-symbols.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRao2009" class="citation web cs1">Rao, Joe (11 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/7270-great-week-milky.html">"A Great Week to See the Milky Way"</a>. Space<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 July</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Great+Week+to+See+the+Milky+Way&rft.pub=Space&rft.date=2009-09-11&rft.aulast=Rao&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2F7270-great-week-milky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101216041003/http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/andes/inca.nightsky.html">"Night sky"</a>. <i>Astronomy.pomona.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomy.pomona.edu/archeo/andes/inca.nightsky.html">the original</a> on 16 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Astronomy.pomona.edu&rft.atitle=Night+sky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.astronomy.pomona.edu%2Farcheo%2Fandes%2Finca.nightsky.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDearbornWhite1983" class="citation journal cs1">Dearborn, D.S.P.; White, R.E. (1983). "The 'Torreon' of Machu Picchu as an Observatory". <i>Archaeoastronomy</i>. <b>14</b> (5): S37. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983JHAS...14...37D">1983JHAS...14...37D</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeoastronomy&rft.atitle=The+%27Torreon%27+of+Machu+Picchu+as+an+Observatory&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=S37&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1983JHAS...14...37D&rft.aulast=Dearborn&rft.aufirst=D.S.P.&rft.au=White%2C+R.E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrupp1994" class="citation book cs1">Krupp, Edwin (1994). <i>Echoes of the Ancient Skies</i>. Mineola: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 47–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486428826" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486428826"><bdi>978-0486428826</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Echoes+of+the+Ancient+Skies&rft.place=Mineola&rft.pages=47-51&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0486428826&rft.aulast=Krupp&rft.aufirst=Edwin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bordeleau2013-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bordeleau2013_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBordeleau2013" class="citation book cs1">Bordeleau, André G. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NSu5BAAAQBAJ&pg=PA124"><i>Flags of the Night Sky: When Astronomy Meets National Pride</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 124–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0929-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4614-0929-8"><bdi>978-1-4614-0929-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flags+of+the+Night+Sky%3A+When+Astronomy+Meets+National+Pride&rft.pages=124-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4614-0929-8&rft.aulast=Bordeleau&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNSu5BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Further_reading_cleanup plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This "<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Layout#Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Layout">Further reading</a>" section <b>may need cleanup</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">editing guide</a> and help improve the section.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology,_lore,_history,_and_archaeoastronomy"><span id="Mythology.2C_lore.2C_history.2C_and_archaeoastronomy"></span>Mythology, lore, history, and archaeoastronomy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Mythology, lore, history, and archaeoastronomy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hinckley_Allen" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Hinckley Allen">Allen, Richard Hinckley</a>. (1899) <i>Star-Names And Their Meanings</i>, G. E. Stechert, New York, hardcover; reprint 1963 as <i>Star Names: Their Lore and Meaning</i>, Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21079-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21079-7">978-0-486-21079-7</a> softcover.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tyler_Olcott" title="William Tyler Olcott">Olcott, William Tyler</a>. (1911); <i>Star Lore of All Ages</i>, <a href="/wiki/G._P._Putnam%27s_Sons" title="G. P. Putnam's Sons">G. P. Putnam's Sons</a>, New York, hardcover; reprint 2004 as <i>Star Lore: Myths, Legends, and Facts</i>, Dover Publications, Inc., Mineola, NY, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43581-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-43581-7">978-0-486-43581-7</a> softcover.</li> <li>Kelley, David H. and Milone, Eugene F. (2004) <i>Exploring Ancient Skies: An Encyclopedic Survey of Archaeoastronomy</i>, Springer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95310-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95310-6">978-0-387-95310-6</a> hardcover.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Ridpath" title="Ian Ridpath">Ridpath, Ian</a>. (2018) <i>Star Tales</i> 2nd ed., Lutterworth Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-718-89478-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-718-89478-8">978-0-718-89478-8</a> softcover.</li> <li>Staal, Julius D. W. (1988) <i>The New Patterns in the Sky: Myths and Legends of the Stars</i>, McDonald & Woodward Publishing Co., <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939923-10-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-939923-10-6">0-939923-10-6</a> hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-939923-04-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-939923-04-1">0-939923-04-1</a> softcover.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, John H. (1998). "Origins of the Ancient Constellations: I. The Mesopotamian Traditions". <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>108</b>: 9–28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108....9R">1998JBAA..108....9R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Ancient+Constellations%3A+I.+The+Mesopotamian+Traditions&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=9-28&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JBAA..108....9R&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRogers1998" class="citation journal cs1">Rogers, John H. (1998). "Origins of the Ancient Constellations: II. The Mediterranean Traditions". <i>Journal of the British Astronomical Association</i>. <b>108</b>: 79–89. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998JBAA..108...79R">1998JBAA..108...79R</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+British+Astronomical+Association&rft.atitle=Origins+of+the+Ancient+Constellations%3A+II.+The+Mediterranean+Traditions&rft.volume=108&rft.pages=79-89&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998JBAA..108...79R&rft.aulast=Rogers&rft.aufirst=John+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstellation" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Atlases_and_celestial_maps">Atlases and celestial maps</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Atlases and celestial maps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Celestial_map,_signs_of_the_Zodiac_and_lunar_mansions..JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Celestial_map%2C_signs_of_the_Zodiac_and_lunar_mansions..JPG/220px-Celestial_map%2C_signs_of_the_Zodiac_and_lunar_mansions..JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Celestial_map%2C_signs_of_the_Zodiac_and_lunar_mansions..JPG/330px-Celestial_map%2C_signs_of_the_Zodiac_and_lunar_mansions..JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Celestial_map%2C_signs_of_the_Zodiac_and_lunar_mansions..JPG/440px-Celestial_map%2C_signs_of_the_Zodiac_and_lunar_mansions..JPG 2x" data-file-width="1731" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman period celestial map, signs of the Zodiac and lunar mansions (<i><a href="/wiki/Zubdat_al-Tawarikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubdat al-Tawarikh">Zubdat al-Tawarikh</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Becvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonin Becvar">Becvar, Antonin</a>. <i>Atlas Coeli</i>. Published as <i>Atlas of the Heavens</i>, Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA, with coordinate grid transparency overlay.</li> <li>Becvar, Antonin. (1962) <i>Atlas Borealis 1950.0</i>, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved), Praha, Czechoslovakia, 1st Edition, elephant folio hardcover, with small transparency overlay coordinate grid square and separate paper magnitude legend ruler. 2nd Edition 1972 and 1978 reprint, Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (Ceskoslovenske Akademie Ved), Prague, Czechoslovakia, and Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933346-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-933346-01-8">0-933346-01-8</a> oversize folio softcover spiral-bound, with transparency overlay coordinate grid ruler.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a>. (1957, 1970, 2001, 2007) <i>The Heavens</i> (1970), Cartographic Division of the National Geographic Society (NGS), Washington, DC, two-sided large map chart depicting the constellations of the heavens; as a special supplement to the August 1970 issue of <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">National Geographic</a></i>. Forerunner map as <i>A Map of The Heavens</i>, as a special supplement to the December 1957 issue. Current version 2001 (Tirion), with 2007 reprint.</li> <li>Norton, Arthur Philip. (1910) <i><a href="/wiki/Norton%27s_Star_Atlas" title="Norton's Star Atlas">Norton's Star Atlas</a></i>, 20th Edition 2003 as <i>Norton's Star Atlas and Reference Handbook</i>, edited by <a href="/wiki/Ian_Ridpath" title="Ian Ridpath">Ridpath, Ian</a>, Pi Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-145164-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-145164-3">978-0-13-145164-3</a>, hardcover.</li> <li>Sinnott, Roger W. and Perryman, Michael A.C. (1997) <i><a href="/wiki/Millennium_Star_Atlas" title="Millennium Star Atlas">Millennium Star Atlas</a></i>, Epoch 2000.0, Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA, and European Space Agency (ESA), ESTEC, Noordwijk, The Netherlands. Subtitle: "An All-Sky Atlas Comprising One Million Stars to Visual Magnitude Eleven from the Hipparcos and Tycho Catalogues and Ten Thousand Nonstellar Objects". 3 volumes, hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933346-84-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-933346-84-0">0-933346-84-0</a>. Vol. 1, 0–8 Hours (Right Ascension), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933346-81-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-933346-81-6">0-933346-81-6</a> hardcover; Vol. 2, 8–16 Hours, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933346-82-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-933346-82-4">0-933346-82-4</a> hardcover; Vol. 3, 16–24 Hours, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933346-83-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-933346-83-2">0-933346-83-2</a> hardcover. Softcover version available. Supplemental separate purchasable coordinate grid transparent overlays.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wil_Tirion" title="Wil Tirion">Tirion, Wil</a>; et al. (1987) <i>Uranometria 2000.0</i>, Willmann-Bell, Inc., Richmond, VA, 3 volumes, hardcover. Vol. 1 (1987): "The Northern Hemisphere to −6°", by Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport, and George Lovi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-14-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-14-X">0-943396-14-X</a> hardcover, printed boards. Vol. 2 (1988): "The Southern Hemisphere to +6°", by Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport and George Lovi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-15-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-15-8">0-943396-15-8</a> hardcover, printed boards. Vol. 3 (1993) as a separate added work: <i>The Deep Sky Field Guide to Uranometria 2000.0</i>, by Murray Cragin, James Lucyk, and Barry Rappaport, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-943396-38-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-943396-38-7">0-943396-38-7</a> hardcover, printed boards. 2nd Edition 2001 as collective set of 3 volumes – Vol. 1: <i>Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas</i>, by Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport, and Will Remaklus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-71-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-71-2">978-0-943396-71-2</a> hardcover, printed boards; Vol. 2: <i>Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Atlas</i>, by Wil Tirion, Barry Rappaport, and Will Remaklus, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-72-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-72-9">978-0-943396-72-9</a> hardcover, printed boards; Vol. 3: <i>Uranometria 2000.0 Deep Sky Field Guide</i> by Murray Cragin and Emil Bonanno, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-73-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-73-6">978-0-943396-73-6</a>, hardcover, printed boards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wil_Tirion" title="Wil Tirion">Tirion, Wil</a> and Sinnott, Roger W. (1998) <i>Sky Atlas 2000.0</i>, various editions. 2nd Deluxe Edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Catalogs">Catalogs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Catalogs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Becvar, Antonin. (1959) <i>Atlas Coeli II Katalog 1950.0</i>, Praha, 1960 Prague. Published 1964 as <i>Atlas of the Heavens – II Catalogue 1950.0</i>, Sky Publishing Corporation, Cambridge, MA</li> <li>Hirshfeld, Alan and Sinnott, Roger W. (1982) <i>Sky Catalogue 2000.0</i>, Cambridge University Press and Sky Publishing Corporation, 1st Edition, 2 volumes. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/81017975">81-17975</a> both vols., and <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/83240310">83-240310</a> vol. 1. "Volume 1: Stars to Magnitude 8.0", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24710-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24710-1">0-521-24710-1</a> (Cambridge) and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933346-35-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-933346-35-2">0-933346-35-2</a> hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933346-34-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-933346-34-4">0-933346-34-4</a> softcover. Vol. 2 (1985) – "Volume 2: Double Stars, Variable Stars, and Nonstellar Objects", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-25818-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-25818-9">0-521-25818-9</a> (Cambridge) hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27721-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27721-3">0-521-27721-3</a> (Cambridge) softcover. 2nd Edition (1991) with additional third author François Ochsenbein, 2 volumes, <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/91026764">91-26764</a>. Vol. 1: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-41743-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-41743-0">0-521-41743-0</a> (Cambridge) hardcover; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-42736-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-42736-3">0-521-42736-3</a> (Cambridge) softcover . Vol. 2 (1999): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-27721-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-27721-3">0-521-27721-3</a> (Cambridge) softcover and 0-933346-38-7 softcover – reprint of 1985 edition.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Observatory" title="Yale University Observatory">Yale University Observatory</a>. (1908, et al.) <i><a href="/wiki/Bright_Star_Catalogue" title="Bright Star Catalogue">Catalogue of Bright Stars</a></i>, New Haven, CN. Referred to commonly as "Bright Star Catalogue". Various editions with various authors historically, the longest term revising author as <a href="/wiki/Dorrit_Hoffleit" title="Dorrit Hoffleit">(Ellen) Dorrit Hoffleit</a>. 1st Edition 1908. 2nd Edition 1940 by Frank Schlesinger and <a href="/wiki/Louise_F._Jenkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise F. Jenkins">Louise F. Jenkins</a>. 3rd Edition (1964), 4th Edition, 5th Edition (1991), and 6th Edition (pending posthumous) by Hoffleit.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constellation&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Constellations</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/constellation" class="extiw" title="wikt:constellation">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Constellations" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Constellations">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Constellation" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Constellation">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/The_visible_sky#Constellations" class="extiw" title="v:The visible sky">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iau.org/public/themes/constellations/">IAU: The Constellations</a>, including high quality maps.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlascoelestis.com">Atlascoelestis</a>, di Felice Stoppa.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://celestia.sourceforge.net">Celestia</a> free 3D realtime space-simulation (OpenGL)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stellarium.org/">Stellarium</a> realtime sky rendering program (OpenGL)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050410212059/http://cdsweb.u-strasbg.fr/viz-bin/Cat?VI%2F49">Strasbourg Astronomical Data Center Files on official IAU constellation boundaries</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130830160349/http://members.westnet.com.au/Gary-David-Thompson/">Studies of Occidental Constellations and Star Names to the Classical Period: An Annotated Bibliography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ianridpath.com/constellations1.html">Table of Constellations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoi.com/Text/HyginusAstronomica.html">Online Text: Hyginus, Astronomica translated by Mary Grant</a> Greco-Roman constellation myths</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neave.com/planetarium/">Neave Planetarium</a> Adobe Flash interactive web browser planetarium and stardome with realistic movement of stars and the planets.</li> <li>Audio – Cain/Gay (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.astronomycast.com/2009/10/ep-157-constellations/">Astronomy Cast</a> Constellations</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://solariapublications.com/2015/04/13/the-greek-star-map/">The Greek Star-Map</a> short essay by Gavin White</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0272270">Bucur D. The network signature of constellation line figures</a>. PLOS ONE 17(7): e0272270 (2022). A comparative analysis on the structure of constellation line figures across 56 sky cultures.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_88_modern_constellations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constellations/modern" title="Template:Constellations/modern"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constellations/modern" title="Template talk:Constellations/modern"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/modern" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/modern"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_88_modern_constellations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/IAU_designated_constellations" title="IAU designated constellations">88 modern constellations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Andromeda (constellation)">Andromeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antlia" title="Antlia">Antlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apus" title="Apus">Apus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(constellation)" title="Ara (constellation)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriga" title="Auriga">Auriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes" title="Boötes">Boötes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelum" title="Caelum">Caelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelopardalis" title="Camelopardalis">Camelopardalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canes_Venatici" title="Canes Venatici">Canes Venatici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_Major" title="Canis Major">Canis Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_Minor" title="Canis Minor">Canis Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricornus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carina_(constellation)" title="Carina (constellation)">Carina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus" title="Centaurus">Centaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepheus_(constellation)" title="Cepheus (constellation)">Cepheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetus" title="Cetus">Cetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleon" title="Chamaeleon">Chamaeleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circinus" title="Circinus">Circinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_(constellation)" title="Columba (constellation)">Columba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coma_Berenices" title="Coma Berenices">Coma Berenices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_Australis" title="Corona Australis">Corona Australis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_Borealis" title="Corona Borealis">Corona Borealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(constellation)" title="Corvus (constellation)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_(constellation)" title="Crater (constellation)">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crux" title="Crux">Crux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinus" title="Delphinus">Delphinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorado" title="Dorado">Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equuleus" title="Equuleus">Equuleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridanus_(constellation)" title="Eridanus (constellation)">Eridanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornax" title="Fornax">Fornax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grus_(constellation)" title="Grus (constellation)">Grus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(constellation)" title="Hercules (constellation)">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horologium_(constellation)" title="Horologium (constellation)">Horologium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrus" title="Hydrus">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_(constellation)" title="Indus (constellation)">Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacerta" title="Lacerta">Lacerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Minor" title="Leo Minor">Leo Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepus_(constellation)" title="Lepus (constellation)">Lepus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libra_(constellation)" title="Libra (constellation)">Libra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_(constellation)" title="Lupus (constellation)">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(constellation)" title="Lynx (constellation)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(constellation)" title="Mensa (constellation)">Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopium" title="Microscopium">Microscopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoceros" title="Monoceros">Monoceros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musca" title="Musca">Musca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_(constellation)" title="Norma (constellation)">Norma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octans" title="Octans">Octans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus" title="Ophiuchus">Ophiuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavo_(constellation)" title="Pavo (constellation)">Pavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(constellation)" title="Pegasus (constellation)">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(constellation)" title="Perseus (constellation)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(constellation)" title="Phoenix (constellation)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictor" title="Pictor">Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscis_Austrinus" title="Piscis Austrinus">Piscis Austrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppis" title="Puppis">Puppis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyxis" title="Pyxis">Pyxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reticulum" title="Reticulum">Reticulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagitta" title="Sagitta">Sagitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculptor_(constellation)" title="Sculptor (constellation)">Sculptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutum_(constellation)" title="Scutum (constellation)">Scutum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpens" title="Serpens">Serpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextans" title="Sextans">Sextans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopium" title="Telescopium">Telescopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulum" title="Triangulum">Triangulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Australe" title="Triangulum Australe">Triangulum Australe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucana" title="Tucana">Tucana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_(constellation)" title="Vela (constellation)">Vela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volans" title="Volans">Volans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulpecula" title="Vulpecula">Vulpecula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_constellations" title="Lists of constellations">Lists of constellations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Constellation_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constellations/historic" title="Template:Constellations/historic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constellations/historic" title="Template talk:Constellations/historic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/historic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/historic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Constellation_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Constellation history</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ddf;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constellations/historic/ptolemaic" title="Template:Constellations/historic/ptolemaic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constellations/historic/ptolemaic" title="Template talk:Constellations/historic/ptolemaic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/historic/ptolemaic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/historic/ptolemaic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="48_constellations_listed_by_Ptolemy_after_150_AD" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">48 constellations listed by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Ptolemy</a> after 150 AD</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andromeda_(constellation)" title="Andromeda (constellation)">Andromeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(constellation)" title="Aquarius (constellation)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)" title="Aquila (constellation)">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ara_(constellation)" title="Ara (constellation)">Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_Navis" title="Argo Navis">Argo Navis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aries_(constellation)" title="Aries (constellation)">Aries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auriga" title="Auriga">Auriga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bo%C3%B6tes" title="Boötes">Boötes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(constellation)" title="Cancer (constellation)">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_Major" title="Canis Major">Canis Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canis_Minor" title="Canis Minor">Canis Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricornus" title="Capricornus">Capricornus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassiopeia_(constellation)" title="Cassiopeia (constellation)">Cassiopeia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centaurus" title="Centaurus">Centaurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cepheus_(constellation)" title="Cepheus (constellation)">Cepheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cetus" title="Cetus">Cetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_Australis" title="Corona Australis">Corona Australis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corona_Borealis" title="Corona Borealis">Corona Borealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(constellation)" title="Corvus (constellation)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crater_(constellation)" title="Crater (constellation)">Crater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation)" title="Cygnus (constellation)">Cygnus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphinus" title="Delphinus">Delphinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draco_(constellation)" title="Draco (constellation)">Draco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equuleus" title="Equuleus">Equuleus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eridanus_(constellation)" title="Eridanus (constellation)">Eridanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(constellation)" title="Gemini (constellation)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hercules_(constellation)" title="Hercules (constellation)">Hercules</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydra_(constellation)" title="Hydra (constellation)">Hydra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_(constellation)" title="Leo (constellation)">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepus_(constellation)" title="Lepus (constellation)">Lepus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libra_(constellation)" title="Libra (constellation)">Libra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupus_(constellation)" title="Lupus (constellation)">Lupus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra">Lyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus" title="Ophiuchus">Ophiuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_(constellation)" title="Orion (constellation)">Orion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegasus_(constellation)" title="Pegasus (constellation)">Pegasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_(constellation)" title="Perseus (constellation)">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)" title="Pisces (constellation)">Pisces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piscis_Austrinus" title="Piscis Austrinus">Piscis Austrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagitta" title="Sagitta">Sagitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(constellation)" title="Sagittarius (constellation)">Sagittarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpius" title="Scorpius">Scorpius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serpens" title="Serpens">Serpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(constellation)" title="Taurus (constellation)">Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulum" title="Triangulum">Triangulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Major" title="Ursa Major">Ursa Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursa_Minor" title="Ursa Minor">Ursa Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(constellation)" title="Virgo (constellation)">Virgo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#ffe"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Constellations_listed_by_Ptolemy" title="Category:Constellations listed by Ptolemy">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ddf;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constellations/historic/modern" title="Template:Constellations/historic/modern"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constellations/historic/modern" title="Template talk:Constellations/historic/modern"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/historic/modern" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/historic/modern"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_41_additional_constellations_added_in_the_16th,_17th_and_18th_centuries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The 41 additional constellations added in the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Vespucci or Corsalius early 16c</i>: <a href="/wiki/Crux" title="Crux">Crux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Australe" title="Triangulum Australe">Triangulum Australe</a></li> <li><i>Vopel</i> 1536: <a href="/wiki/Coma_Berenices" title="Coma Berenices">Coma Berenices</a></li> <li><i>Keyser & de Houtman</i> 1596: <a href="/wiki/Apus" title="Apus">Apus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamaeleon" title="Chamaeleon">Chamaeleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorado" title="Dorado">Dorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grus_(constellation)" title="Grus (constellation)">Grus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrus" title="Hydrus">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_(constellation)" title="Indus (constellation)">Indus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musca" title="Musca">Musca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavo_(constellation)" title="Pavo (constellation)">Pavo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(constellation)" title="Phoenix (constellation)">Phoenix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucana" title="Tucana">Tucana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volans" title="Volans">Volans</a></li> <li><i>Plancius</i> 1613: <a href="/wiki/Camelopardalis" title="Camelopardalis">Camelopardalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columba_(constellation)" title="Columba (constellation)">Columba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoceros" title="Monoceros">Monoceros</a></li> <li><i>Habrecht</i> 1621: <a href="/wiki/Reticulum" title="Reticulum">Reticulum</a></li> <li><i>Hevelius</i> 1683: <a href="/wiki/Canes_Venatici" title="Canes Venatici">Canes Venatici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacerta" title="Lacerta">Lacerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Minor" title="Leo Minor">Leo Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_(constellation)" title="Lynx (constellation)">Lynx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutum_(constellation)" title="Scutum (constellation)">Scutum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextans" title="Sextans">Sextans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulpecula" title="Vulpecula">Vulpecula</a></li> <li><i>de Lacaille</i> 1763: <a href="/wiki/Antlia" title="Antlia">Antlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caelum" title="Caelum">Caelum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carina_(constellation)" title="Carina (constellation)">Carina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circinus" title="Circinus">Circinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornax" title="Fornax">Fornax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horologium_(constellation)" title="Horologium (constellation)">Horologium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mensa_(constellation)" title="Mensa (constellation)">Mensa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microscopium" title="Microscopium">Microscopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norma_(constellation)" title="Norma (constellation)">Norma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octans" title="Octans">Octans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictor" title="Pictor">Pictor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppis" title="Puppis">Puppis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyxis" title="Pyxis">Pyxis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculptor_(constellation)" title="Sculptor (constellation)">Sculptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopium" title="Telescopium">Telescopium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vela_(constellation)" title="Vela (constellation)">Vela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #ddf;"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Constellations/historic/obsolete" title="Template:Constellations/historic/obsolete"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Constellations/historic/obsolete" title="Template talk:Constellations/historic/obsolete"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/historic/obsolete" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Constellations/historic/obsolete"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Obsolete_constellations_(including_Ptolemy&#039;s_Argo_Navis)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Former_constellations" title="Former constellations">Obsolete constellations</a> (including Ptolemy's Argo Navis)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguilla (constellation)">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anser_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anser (constellation)">Anser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antinous_(constellation)" title="Antinous (constellation)">Antinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apes_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Apes (constellation)">Apes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranea_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aranea (constellation)">Aranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_Navis" title="Argo Navis">Argo Navis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asterion_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asterion (constellation)">Asterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bufo_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bufo (constellation)">Bufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_Minor" title="Cancer Minor">Cancer Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerberus_(constellation)" title="Cerberus (constellation)">Cerberus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chara_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chara (constellation)">Chara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_Messium" title="Custos Messium">Custos Messium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felis_(constellation)" title="Felis (constellation)">Felis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honores_Friderici" title="Honores Friderici">Honores Friderici/Gloria Frederici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallus_(constellation)" title="Gallus (constellation)">Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globus_Aerostaticus" title="Globus Aerostaticus">Globus Aerostaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippocampus_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippocampus (constellation)">Hippocampus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudo_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hirudo (constellation)">Hirudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanus_(constellation)" title="Jordanus (constellation)">Jordanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Palatinus" title="Leo Palatinus">Leo Palatinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilium_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lilium (constellation)">Lilium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Limax_(constellation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Limax (constellation) (page does not exist)">Limax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochium_Funis" title="Lochium Funis">Lochium Funis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lumbricus_(constellation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lumbricus (constellation) (page does not exist)">Lumbricus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machina_Electrica" title="Machina Electrica">Machina Electrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malus_(constellation)" title="Malus (constellation)">Malus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Manis_(constellation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manis (constellation) (page does not exist)">Manis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mons_Maenalus" title="Mons Maenalus">Mons Maenalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musca_Borealis" title="Musca Borealis">Musca Borealis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noctua_(constellation)" title="Noctua (constellation)">Noctua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Officina_Typographica" title="Officina Typographica">Officina Typographica</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Patella_(constellation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patella (constellation) (page does not exist)">Patella</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phaethon_(constellation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phaethon (constellation) (page does not exist)">Phaethon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polophylax" title="Polophylax">Polophylax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalterium_Georgii" title="Psalterium Georgii">Psalterium Georgianum/Harpa Georgii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrans_Muralis" title="Quadrans Muralis">Quadrans Muralis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramus_Pomifer" title="Ramus Pomifer">Ramus Pomifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robur_Carolinum" title="Robur Carolinum">Robur Carolinum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rosa_(constellation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rosa (constellation) (page does not exist)">Rosa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Scarabaeus_(constellation)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Scarabaeus (constellation) (page does not exist)">Scarabaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceptrum_Brandenburgicum" title="Sceptrum Brandenburgicum">Sceptrum Brandenburgicum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceptrum_et_Manus_Iustitiae" title="Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae">Sceptrum et Manus Iustitiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solarium_(constellation)" title="Solarium (constellation)">Solarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangifer_(constellation)" title="Rangifer (constellation)">Tarandus/Rangifer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_Poniatovii" title="Taurus Poniatovii">Taurus Poniatovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telescopium_Herschelii" title="Telescopium Herschelii">Telescopium Herschelii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(constellation)#History_and_Mythology" title="Pisces (constellation)">Testudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Tigris_(constellation)" title="River Tigris (constellation)">Tigris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triangulum_Minus" title="Triangulum Minus">Triangulum Minus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turdus_Solitarius" title="Turdus Solitarius">Turdus Solitarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespa_(constellation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vespa (constellation)">Vespa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background: #ddf;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><b>obsolete constellation names</b></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musca#History" title="Musca">Apis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grus_(constellation)" title="Grus (constellation)">Phoenicopterus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus" title="Ophiuchus">Serpentarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorado" title="Dorado">Xiphias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyra" title="Lyra">Vultur cadens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquila_(constellation)#History" title="Aquila (constellation)">Vultur volans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Zodiac" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Zodiac" title="Template:Zodiac"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Zodiac" title="Template talk:Zodiac"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Zodiac" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Zodiac"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Zodiac" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Zodiac" title="Zodiac">Zodiac</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign" title="Astrological sign">Astrological signs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aries_(astrology)" title="Aries (astrology)">Aries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurus_(astrology)" title="Taurus (astrology)">Taurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_(astrology)" title="Gemini (astrology)">Gemini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancer_(astrology)" title="Cancer (astrology)">Cancer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_(astrology)" title="Leo (astrology)">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgo_(astrology)" title="Virgo (astrology)">Virgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libra_(astrology)" title="Libra (astrology)">Libra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorpio_(astrology)" title="Scorpio (astrology)">Scorpio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagittarius_(astrology)" title="Sagittarius (astrology)">Sagittarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capricorn_(astrology)" title="Capricorn (astrology)">Capricorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquarius_(astrology)" title="Aquarius (astrology)">Aquarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisces_(astrology)" title="Pisces (astrology)">Pisces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts in <br /><a href="/wiki/Western_astrology" title="Western astrology">Western astrology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_the_classical_elements" title="Astrology and the classical elements">Element</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_(astrology)" title="House (astrology)">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign#The_three_modalities" title="Astrological sign">Modality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign#Polarity" title="Astrological sign">Polarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triplicity" title="Triplicity">Triplicity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axial_precession" title="Axial precession">Axial precession</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constellations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ecliptic" title="Ecliptic">Ecliptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecliptic_coordinate_system" title="Ecliptic coordinate system">Ecliptic coordinate system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ophiuchus_(astrology)" title="Ophiuchus (astrology)">Ophiuchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planets_in_astrology" title="Planets in astrology">Planets in astrology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_symbols" title="Planetary symbols">symbols</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zodiacal_light" title="Zodiacal light">Zodiacal light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output 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