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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commuter_tax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commuter_tax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Commuter tax</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commuter_tax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempted_"coup"_and_criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempted_"coup"_and_criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Attempted "coup" and criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempted_"coup"_and_criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_York_congestion_tolls" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_York_congestion_tolls"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>New York congestion tolls</span> </div> </a> <ul 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Sheldon Silver</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:NYS_Assembly_Speaker_Sheldon_Silver_(6162420311).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/NYS_Assembly_Speaker_Sheldon_Silver_%286162420311%29.jpg/220px-NYS_Assembly_Speaker_Sheldon_Silver_%286162420311%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/NYS_Assembly_Speaker_Sheldon_Silver_%286162420311%29.jpg/330px-NYS_Assembly_Speaker_Sheldon_Silver_%286162420311%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/NYS_Assembly_Speaker_Sheldon_Silver_%286162420311%29.jpg/440px-NYS_Assembly_Speaker_Sheldon_Silver_%286162420311%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="640" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Silver in 2011</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">119th <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" title="List of speakers of the New York State Assembly">Speaker of the New York State Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />February 11, 1994 – February 2, 2015</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Governor</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Spitzer" title="Eliot Spitzer">Eliot Spitzer</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">David Paterson</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Cuomo" title="Andrew Cuomo">Andrew Cuomo</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Weprin" title="Saul Weprin">Saul Weprin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heastie" title="Carl Heastie">Carl Heastie</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 1, 1977 – November 30, 2015</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_G._DiFalco" title="Anthony G. DiFalco">Anthony G. DiFalco</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Cancel" title="Alice Cancel">Alice Cancel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Constituency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_63rd_State_Assembly_district" title="New York's 63rd State Assembly district">63rd district</a> <span class="nowrap">(1977–1982)</span><br /> <a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_62nd_State_Assembly_district" title="New York's 62nd State Assembly district">62nd district</a> <span class="nowrap">(1983–2002)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_64th_State_Assembly_district" title="New York's 64th State Assembly district">64th district</a> <span class="nowrap">(2003–2012)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_65th_State_Assembly_district" title="New York's 65th State Assembly district">65th district</a> <span class="nowrap">(2012–2015)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1944-02-13</span>)</span>February 13, 1944<br /><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 24, 2022<span style="display:none">(2022-01-24)</span> (aged 77)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ayer,_Massachusetts" title="Ayer, Massachusetts">Ayer, Massachusetts</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Rosa Mandelkern</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Law_School" title="Brooklyn Law School">Brooklyn Law School</a> (<a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">JD</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sheldon_Silver_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheldon Silver's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sheldon_Silver_Signature.png/128px-Sheldon_Silver_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sheldon_Silver_Signature.png/192px-Sheldon_Silver_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Sheldon_Silver_Signature.png/256px-Sheldon_Silver_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="118" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927222959/http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Sheldon-Silver/">Archived Assembly website</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sheldon Silver</b> (February 13, 1944 – January 24, 2022) was an American <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> politician and attorney from New York City who served as <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the New York State Assembly">Speaker of the New York State Assembly</a> from 1994 to 2015. A native of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>, Silver served in the New York State Assembly from 1977 to 2015. In 1994, he was elected as Speaker; he held that position for two decades. During this period, Silver was known as one of the most powerful politicians in the state. </p><p>Silver was arrested on federal corruption charges in early 2015, and resigned as Speaker of the Assembly shortly afterward. At his trial that November, he was convicted of all charges; the felony convictions triggered his automatic expulsion from the Assembly. Silver's conviction was overturned on appeal, but in May 2018, following a <a href="/wiki/Retrial" class="mw-redirect" title="Retrial">retrial</a>, he was found guilty on the same charges. After another appeal, the Second Circuit Court dismissed the guilty verdicts for three of the charges, but upheld them for four others. Silver was resentenced in July 2020 to <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years in prison and a $1 million fine. He was incarcerated in the federal prison at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Otisville" title="Federal Correctional Institution, Otisville">Otisville</a>, New York. Silver was released on May 4, 2021, under a provision of the <a href="/wiki/CARES_Act" title="CARES Act">CARES Act</a>, which allows prison bureaus to release those deemed vulnerable to COVID-19, but was recalled to a medical-care specialized federal prison at <a href="/wiki/Federal_Medical_Center,_Devens" title="Federal Medical Center, Devens">Devens</a>, Massachusetts two days later on May 6. He died at a hospital in nearby <a href="/wiki/Ayer,_Massachusetts" title="Ayer, Massachusetts">Ayer, Massachusetts</a>, on January 24, 2022, while still serving his sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-silverdead_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverdead-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Jew">Orthodox Jew</a> whose parents were Russian immigrants, Silver was a native of <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lower_East_Side" title="Lower East Side">Lower East Side</a>. He graduated from the <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Jacob_Joseph_School" title="Rabbi Jacob Joseph School">Rabbi Jacob Joseph High School</a> on <a href="/wiki/Henry_Street_(Manhattan)" title="Henry Street (Manhattan)">Henry Street</a>, where he was captain of the basketball team. Silver graduated from <a href="/wiki/Yeshiva_University" title="Yeshiva University">Yeshiva University</a> with a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965, and earned his <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">Juris Doctor</a> from <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Law_School" title="Brooklyn Law School">Brooklyn Law School</a> in 1968.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_career">Law career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Law career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silver practiced law with the firm of Schecter and Schwartz from 1968 until 1971, and then served as law secretary for <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Civil_Court" title="New York City Civil Court">New York City Civil Court</a> Judge Francis N. Pecora from 1971 to 1976. In addition to Silver's duties in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> from 1977 to 2015, he was "<a href="/wiki/Of_counsel" title="Of counsel">of counsel</a>" at <a href="/wiki/Weitz_%26_Luxenberg_P.C." title="Weitz & Luxenberg P.C.">Weitz & Luxenberg</a>, one of <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a>'s largest personal injury litigation firms.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For years, Weitz & Luxenberg insisted that Silver's ties with the firm were negligible. In 2007, the <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></i> charged that Silver's refusal to disclose the terms of his employment or the income he received raised suspicions of a <a href="/wiki/Conflict_of_interest" title="Conflict of interest">conflict of interest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The income Silver received from Weitz & Luxenberg and the manner in which Silver obtained it ultimately led to his 2015 arrest on federal corruption charges.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Carolyn_Maloney_announces_$2_million_in_additional_federal_funds_for_construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_subway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carolyn_Maloney_announces_%242_million_in_additional_federal_funds_for_construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_subway.jpg/220px-Carolyn_Maloney_announces_%242_million_in_additional_federal_funds_for_construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_subway.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carolyn_Maloney_announces_%242_million_in_additional_federal_funds_for_construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_subway.jpg/330px-Carolyn_Maloney_announces_%242_million_in_additional_federal_funds_for_construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_subway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Carolyn_Maloney_announces_%242_million_in_additional_federal_funds_for_construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_subway.jpg/440px-Carolyn_Maloney_announces_%242_million_in_additional_federal_funds_for_construction_of_the_Second_Avenue_subway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption>Silver, <a href="/wiki/Carolyn_Maloney" title="Carolyn Maloney">Carolyn Maloney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/C._Virginia_Fields" title="C. Virginia Fields">C. Virginia Fields</a> announce federal funds for construction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Avenue_subway" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Avenue subway">Second Avenue subway</a>, December 2001</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eliot_Engel,_Sheldon_Silver,_Jeffrey_Dinowitz,_and_Jonathan_Engel_at_the_Israel_Day_Parade_in_New_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Eliot_Engel%2C_Sheldon_Silver%2C_Jeffrey_Dinowitz%2C_and_Jonathan_Engel_at_the_Israel_Day_Parade_in_New_York.jpg/220px-Eliot_Engel%2C_Sheldon_Silver%2C_Jeffrey_Dinowitz%2C_and_Jonathan_Engel_at_the_Israel_Day_Parade_in_New_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Eliot_Engel%2C_Sheldon_Silver%2C_Jeffrey_Dinowitz%2C_and_Jonathan_Engel_at_the_Israel_Day_Parade_in_New_York.jpg/330px-Eliot_Engel%2C_Sheldon_Silver%2C_Jeffrey_Dinowitz%2C_and_Jonathan_Engel_at_the_Israel_Day_Parade_in_New_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Eliot_Engel%2C_Sheldon_Silver%2C_Jeffrey_Dinowitz%2C_and_Jonathan_Engel_at_the_Israel_Day_Parade_in_New_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Silver, <a href="/wiki/Eliot_Engel" title="Eliot Engel">Eliot Engel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Dinowitz" title="Jeffrey Dinowitz">Jeffrey Dinowitz</a> at the Israel Day Parade in New York, May 2004</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elections">Elections</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Elections"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silver was first elected to the Assembly in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver advanced to the chairmanship of the Assembly Ways and Means Committee in 1991<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became speaker of the Assembly in 1994.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the election years of his speakership, 1994–2014, Silver's district typically re-elected him with 80 to 90 percent of the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Elections_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Elections-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2008, he had his first Democratic primary challenge in over two decades, winning 69 percent, or 7,037 votes, to defeat his challengers, Paul Newell, who earned 22 percent (2,401 votes), and Luke Henry with 9 percent (891).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver was re-elected on November 4 with 27,632 votes. His Republican challenger, Danniel Maio, received 7,387 votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Board_of_Elections_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Board_of_Elections-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speaker_of_New_York_State_Assembly">Speaker of New York State Assembly</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Speaker of New York State Assembly"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On February 11, 1994, after <a href="/wiki/Saul_Weprin" title="Saul Weprin">Saul Weprin</a> died from a stroke, Silver became the <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the New York State Assembly">Speaker of the New York State Assembly</a>. Silver served as Assembly Speaker until November 30, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Death_penalty">Death penalty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Death penalty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As Speaker, Silver was instrumental in the reinstatement of the death penalty in New York State in 1995.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York's death penalty law was eventually ruled unconstitutional by the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Court_of_Appeals" title="New York Court of Appeals">New York Court of Appeals</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/People_v._LaValle" title="People v. LaValle">People v. LaValle</a></i> (2004). The law provided that juries in capital cases would be instructed that if they deadlocked between sentencing a defendant to life imprisonment without parole and sentencing a defendant to death, the judge would sentence the defendant to life imprisonment with parole eligibility after 20 to 25 years. The Court found this provision unconstitutional, reasoning that this instruction would make execution seem preferable to juries because they would wish to avoid a defendant's potential future release on parole.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no executions were carried out under the 1995 law, New York's crime rate dropped significantly in the decade since the law was passed. Silver let the law expire without much debate.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2005, after two New York City police officers were killed in as many months, Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> called for reinstatement of the death penalty. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> quoted Silver's spokesman Charles Carrier as saying, "He no longer supports it because Assembly hearings have shown it is not the most effective way to improve public safety."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Affordable_housing">Affordable housing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Affordable housing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997 and throughout his Assembly career, Silver was a key advocate of state-administered <a href="/wiki/Rent_control_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Rent control in New York">rent regulation</a> of New York apartments. This complex and highly politicized system made the Speaker a central figure, continually courted by major participants in the real-estate industry.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1967, New York City leveled the 20-acre (80,000 m<sup>2</sup>) <a href="/wiki/Seward_Park_(Manhattan)" title="Seward Park (Manhattan)">Seward Park</a> Urban Renewal Area in Silver's neighborhood, and removed more than 1,800 low-income largely <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic</a> families, with a promise that they could return to new low-income apartments when they were built. However, the site was kept undeveloped for decades afterward, as Silver and key allies, for example, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Council_on_Jewish_Poverty#Seward_Park_Urban_Renewal_Area" title="Metropolitan Council on Jewish Poverty">Metropolitan Council on Jewish Poverty</a> strove to maintain the area's Jewish identity and opposed affordable housing, which would have brought more Hispanic and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese American</a> residents. Finally in 2012, the site was approved for the <a href="/wiki/Essex_Crossing" title="Essex Crossing">Essex Crossing</a> mixed-use development project.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Construction is scheduled to be completed in 2024, some 57 years after the site was cleared.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commuter_tax">Commuter tax</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Commuter tax"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1999, Silver was instrumental in the repeal of New York City's <a href="/wiki/Commuter_tax" title="Commuter tax">commuter tax</a> on non-resident earners. The repeal was a benefit to those commuting to work in the city from surrounding areas, but came at a substantial cost to New York City residents. Silver was criticized by city leaders for removing the tax, and although he suggested he would support reinstating it after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he took no steps to do so. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attempted_"coup"_and_criticism"><span id="Attempted_.22coup.22_and_criticism"></span>Attempted "coup" and criticism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Attempted "coup" and criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, Silver faced an attempted "coup" in the Assembly as members, primarily from <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a> and dissatisfied with his leadership style, tried to overthrow him as Speaker. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bragman" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Bragman">Michael Bragman</a>, the leader of the backlash, lost his position as majority leader. An editorial in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Buffalo_News" title="The Buffalo News">The Buffalo News</a></i>, written in response, criticized Silver for having too much power:<sup id="cite_ref-buffalo_news_20000525_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-buffalo_news_20000525-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote><p>The problem—which also exists in the State Senate—can be boiled down to a single overarching issue: The Assembly speaker has too much power. He controls everything, from the legislation that can be voted on to how his normally docile members vote on it. He decides what the Assembly will accept in a state budget. He negotiates secretly with the other two leaders to hammer out important, expensive and far-reaching laws. And he ignores the wishes of less-exalted lawmakers.</p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_York_congestion_tolls">New York congestion tolls</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New York congestion tolls"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In July 2007, Silver was skeptical about <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Mayor">New York City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_York_congestion_pricing" class="mw-redirect" title="New York congestion pricing">New York congestion pricing</a> program. When a meeting of the Democratic Assembly Conference indicated the proposal lacked sufficient support, Silver declined to schedule a vote on the measure, and it died. Although he stated that he "probably would have voted for the bill," a majority of his conference opposed the proposed plan.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mixed_martial_arts">Mixed martial arts</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mixed martial arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silver, in his role as Speaker, was widely blamed for the delay in passing legislation allowing professional <a href="/wiki/Mixed_martial_arts" title="Mixed martial arts">mixed martial arts</a> in New York State.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York became the last of the 50 states to allow the sport in early 2016, after Silver had been expelled from the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failure_to_investigate_sexual_harassment">Failure to investigate sexual harassment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Failure to investigate sexual harassment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A former top aide to Silver, chief counsel J. Michael Boxley, was accused of raping two legislative aides while he was working for the Speaker, and Boxley eventually pleaded guilty to <a href="/wiki/Sexual_misconduct" title="Sexual misconduct">sexual misconduct</a>. Silver was sued for failing to investigate the accusations properly and for tolerating a culture of sexual harassment in the Assembly. In 2006, Silver and the Assembly leadership agreed to pay $500,000 to settle the lawsuit.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_20081407_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt_20081407-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similar settlements in 2012 and 2015 resulted from multiple harassment charges against former Assemblyman <a href="/wiki/Vito_Lopez" class="mw-redirect" title="Vito Lopez">Vito Lopez</a>, and Silver was accused of not acting forcefully to prevent Lopez's behavior. Silver apologized for not reporting cases to the Assembly's Ethics Committee as required, and said that since then he "put in place new policies to ensure these incidents are dealt with swiftly and transparently."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criminal_proceedings">Criminal proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Criminal proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On January 7, 2015, Silver was re-elected Speaker of the New York State Assembly for the 11th time, with almost unanimous support from the Democratic majority despite an ongoing federal probe into his outside income.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two weeks later, on January 22, Silver was arrested on federal corruption charges resulting from that probe.<sup id="cite_ref-ny12215_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny12215-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was charged with <a href="/wiki/Extortion" title="Extortion">extortion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wire_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Wire fraud">wire fraud</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mail_fraud" class="mw-redirect" title="Mail fraud">mail fraud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federal inquiry, which followed the state's abrupt disbandment of its <a href="/wiki/Moreland_Commission_to_Investigate_Public_Corruption" title="Moreland Commission to Investigate Public Corruption">Moreland Commission to Investigate Public Corruption</a>, focused on large payments that Silver received for years from Goldberg & Iryami, a law firm that specialized in seeking reductions of New York City real estate taxes for real estate developers. Silver was alleged to have persuaded developers who had business with the state to use the firm, which in turn generated $700,000 in referral fees to Silver. Investigators led by U.S. Attorney for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States Attorney for the Southern District of New York">Southern District of New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Preet_Bharara" title="Preet Bharara">Preet Bharara</a> charged that Silver did not properly disclose the payments from the firm on his annual financial disclosure filings with the state. Goldberg & Iryami's major client was the state's single-largest political donor. One of the firm's founding partners, Jay Goldberg, was Silver's former Assembly counsel. Goldberg's partner at the firm, Dara Iryami, agreed to testify under immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar charges were also filed involving millions of dollars in referral fees that Silver received from the law firm Weitz & Luxenberg. In this scheme, Silver was alleged to have directed about $500,000 in state grants to Dr. Robert Taub, a researcher in diseases caused by <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a> and the director of the <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesothelioma" title="Mesothelioma">Mesothelioma</a> Center.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taub then referred asbestos claimants to Weitz & Luxenberg, which paid Silver $1.4 million in salary and another $3.9 million in referral fees, although he did no work for them.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the charges were announced, Weitz & Luxenberg promptly placed Silver on leave.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both Taub and another of Silver's longtime associates, Brian Meara, provided key information to investigators in exchange for non-prosecution agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-ny12215_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ny12215-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 30, after a week of intense political pressure and dwindling support, Silver submitted his resignation as Speaker, effective February 2, while retaining his seat as a member of the Assembly<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vowing to fight the charges against him. On February 3, the Assembly elected <a href="/wiki/Carl_Heastie" title="Carl Heastie">Carl Heastie</a> as their new Speaker.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On April 25, 2015, Silver was indicted on additional charges of making illegal investments through private vehicles, netting a profit of $750,000.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He pleaded not guilty to those charges three days later, on April 28.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trial">Trial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Trial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silver's trial on seven corruption charges lasted for much of November 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On November 30, 2015, a unanimous jury found Silver guilty on all seven counts, triggering his automatic expulsion from the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Supreme_Court,_Appellate_Division" title="New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division">New York Supreme Court, Appellate Division</a>, which handles judicial and attorney misconduct, affirmed his automatic disbarment for the felony convictions.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On May 3, 2016, federal judge <a href="/wiki/Valerie_E._Caproni" title="Valerie E. Caproni">Valerie E. Caproni</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">United States District Court for the Southern District of New York</a>, who presided over the trial, sentenced Silver to 12 years in prison, and ordered him to pay $5.3 million in ill-gotten gains and $1.75 million in additional fines. Silver received two prison terms: 12 years for six criminal counts against him and 10 years on the seventh, to run concurrently.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appeal">Appeal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Appeal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the conviction, Silver remained free on bail as a panel of judges considered his appeal based on the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a>'s decision in <i><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_v._United_States" title="McDonnell v. United States">McDonnell v. United States</a></i> that reversed the corruption conviction of former <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Governor" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Governor">Virginia Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonnell" title="Bob McDonnell">Bob McDonnell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Supreme Court decision in the McDonnell case narrowed the kinds of activities that could constitute corruption,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Silver's conviction was overturned by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit</a> in Manhattan on July 13, 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_trial,_conviction,_appeal,_and_resentencing"><span id="Second_trial.2C_conviction.2C_appeal.2C_and_resentencing"></span>Second trial, conviction, appeal, and resentencing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Second trial, conviction, appeal, and resentencing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After his conviction was overturned, Silver was retried on the same charges. On May 11, 2018, he was again found guilty on all counts.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 27, 2018, Judge Caproni sentenced him to seven years in prison, five years less than the sentence she gave him for his first conviction, citing his advancing age.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-syn_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syn-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Silver was due to report to prison on October 5, 2018,<sup id="cite_ref-syn_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-syn-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but this was stayed as he again appealed his conviction to the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. While his case was under continued appeal, he remained free on $200,000 bail.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 21, 2020, the panel unanimously dismissed the three charges stemming from Silver's involvement in the asbestos exposure cases but upheld the four charges related to the kickbacks from Goldberg & Iryami and <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a>, sending the case back to Judge Caproni for resentencing.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silver was resentenced by Judge Caproni on July 20, this time to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027"><span class="frac">6<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span> years in prison and a fine of $1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reported to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Correctional_Institution,_Otisville" title="Federal Correctional Institution, Otisville">federal prison at Otisville, New York</a>, on August 26, 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After being furloughed briefly, Silver was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Federal_Medical_Center,_Devens" title="Federal Medical Center, Devens">Federal Medical Center, Devens</a> in May 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Assessments">Assessments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Assessments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A number of commentators reflected on Silver's political career in the aftermath of his criminal convictions. Sara Foss, writing for the <i>Daily Gazette</i>, said that during his speakership, "he wielded an enormous amount of power, while also using his office for personal gain." She attributed to Silver an "opaque and autocratic style of governance".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Joseph Spector and Jon Campbell in the <i>Observer Dispatch</i> said that, "for more than two decades" Silver "was one of the most powerful and feared politicians in New York".<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, Daniel Leddy of the <i><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Advance" title="Staten Island Advance">Staten Island Advance</a></i> wrote "As speaker of the New York State Assembly, Sheldon Silver was corruption personified, an iron-fisted dictator who turned that legislative body into his own personal, profit-making enterprise. The full extent of Silver's sleaziness will never be known, nor will the identity of those irreparably harmed by it".<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life_and_death">Personal life and death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personal life and death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Silver and his wife Rosa, a former <a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">special needs</a> schoolteacher, had four children.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to court papers unsealed during the sentencing phase of his first trial, Silver was alleged to have had two extramarital affairs, both of which were connected to his Albany position. Both Silver and the two women who were the subject of the allegations have denied the affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time he became Speaker of the Assembly, he was known to play basketball with other high-ranking officials, including former Governor <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a> and former New York State Comptroller <a href="/wiki/Alan_G._Hevesi" class="mw-redirect" title="Alan G. Hevesi">Alan G. Hevesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two weeks after Silver's first criminal conviction, his son-in-law Marcello Trebitsch was sentenced to prison for a separate multimillion-dollar crime, also prosecuted by Bharara's office.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of his death, Silver was imprisoned at the Devens Federal Medical Center in <a href="/wiki/Devens,_Massachusetts" title="Devens, Massachusetts">Devens, Massachusetts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-silverdead_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverdead-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died at <a href="/wiki/Nashoba_Valley_Medical_Center" title="Nashoba Valley Medical Center">Nashoba Valley Medical Center</a> in nearby <a href="/wiki/Ayer,_Massachusetts" title="Ayer, Massachusetts">Ayer, Massachusetts</a>, on January 24, 2022, less than a month before his 78th birthday.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-silverdead_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-silverdead-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_members_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="List of members of the New York State Assembly">List of members of the New York State Assembly</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-silverdead-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-silverdead_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverdead_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-silverdead_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and 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Assembly Speaker, Dies at 77"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 24,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sheldon+Silver%2C+Former+N.Y.+Assembly+Speaker%2C+Dies+at+77&rft.date=2022-01-24&rft.aulast=McKinley&rft.aufirst=Jesse&rft.au=Ferr%C3%A9-Sadurn%C3%AD%2C+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2022%2F01%2F24%2Fnyregion%2Fsheldon-silver-dead.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASheldon+Silver" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Paterson, David (2020). <i>Black, Blind, & in Charge: A Story of Visionary Leadership and Overcoming Adversity</i>. New York: Skyhorse Publishing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sheldon_Silver&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Sheldon_Silver" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Sheldon Silver">Sheldon Silver</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150927222959/http://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Sheldon-Silver/">Sheldon Silver's New York State Assembly Page (archived)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shellysilver.org">Shelly Silver's non-governmental website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180322083648/http://shellysilver.org/">Archived</a> March 22, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://graphics8.nytimes.com/packages/pdf/nyregion/2015/20150123_silvercomplaint.pdf">United States of America v. Sheldon Silver (criminal complaint)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?13010">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_G._DiFalco" title="Anthony G. DiFalco">Anthony G. DiFalco</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a><br />from the 63rd district </b><br />1977–1982 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Sanders_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Steven Sanders (politician) (page does not exist)">Steven Sanders</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Paul_M._Viggiano" title="Paul M. Viggiano">Paul M. Viggiano</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a><br />from the 62nd district </b><br />1983–2002 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Straniere" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Straniere">Robert Straniere</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Richard_N._Gottfried" title="Richard N. Gottfried">Richard N. Gottfried</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a><br />from the 64th district </b><br />2003–2012 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malliotakis" title="Nicole Malliotakis">Nicole Malliotakis</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Micah_Kellner" title="Micah Kellner">Micah Kellner</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a><br />from the 65th district </b><br />2013–2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Alice_Cancel" title="Alice Cancel">Alice Cancel</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Weprin" title="Saul Weprin">Saul Weprin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Assembly" title="New York State Assembly">New York State Assembly</a><br />Chairman of the Committee on Ways and Means </b><br />1991–1994 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Herman_D._Farrell,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Herman D. Farrell, Jr.">Herman D. Farrell, Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Saul_Weprin" title="Saul Weprin">Saul Weprin</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_New_York_State_Assembly" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker of the New York State Assembly">Speaker of the New York State Assembly</a> </b><br />1994–2015 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heastie" title="Carl Heastie">Carl Heastie</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Livingston" title="Walter Livingston">W. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evert_Bancker_(speaker)" title="Evert Bancker (speaker)">Bancker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hathorn" title="John Hathorn">Hathorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gelston" title="David Gelston">Gelston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansing_Jr." title="John Lansing Jr.">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Varick" title="Richard Varick">Varick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lansing_Jr." title="John Lansing Jr.">Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulian_Verplanck_(speaker)" title="Gulian Verplanck (speaker)">Verplanck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Watts_(New_York_politician)" title="John Watts (New York politician)">Watts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Watson_(New_York_politician)" title="James Watson (New York politician)">Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_North" title="William North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulian_Verplanck_(speaker)" title="Gulian Verplanck (speaker)">Verplanck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirck_Ten_Broeck" title="Dirck Ten Broeck">Ten Broeck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Osgood" title="Samuel Osgood">Osgood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Storm" title="Thomas Storm">Storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sheldon" title="Alexander Sheldon">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_McCord" title="Andrew McCord">McCord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sheldon" title="Alexander Sheldon">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wilkin" title="James W. Wilkin">Wilkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_North" title="William North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Sanford" title="Nathan Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ross_(speaker)" title="William Ross (speaker)">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sheldon" title="Alexander Sheldon">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_R._Van_Rensselaer" title="Jacob R. Van Rensselaer">Van Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Emott" title="James Emott">Emott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Young_(New_York_politician)" title="Samuel Young (New York politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Cruger" title="Daniel Cruger">Cruger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Woods_(New_York_politician)" title="David Woods (New York politician)">Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obadiah_German" title="Obadiah German">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Canfield_Spencer" title="John Canfield Spencer">Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sharpe" title="Peter Sharpe">P. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_B._Romaine" title="Samuel B. Romaine">Romaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Livingston_(politician,_born_1766)" title="Peter R. Livingston (politician, born 1766)">P. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Goodell" title="Richard Goodell">Goodell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarkson_Crolius" title="Clarkson Crolius">Crolius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Young_(New_York_politician)" title="Samuel Young (New York politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Robinson_(speaker)" title="Peter Robinson (speaker)">P. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_Root" title="Erastus Root">Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Davis_(New_York_politician)" title="George R. Davis (New York politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_L._Livingston" title="Charles L. Livingston">C. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Baker_(New_York_politician)" title="William Baker (New York politician)">Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Humphrey" title="Charles Humphrey">Humphrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Livingston_(speaker)" title="Edward Livingston (speaker)">E. Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Bradish" title="Luther Bradish">Bradish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Patterson" title="George W. Patterson">G. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_B._Porter_Jr." title="Peter B. Porter Jr.">Porter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levi_S._Chatfield" title="Levi S. Chatfield">Chatfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Davis_(New_York_politician)" title="George R. Davis (New York politician)">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Litchfield" title="Elisha Litchfield">Litchfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Seymour" title="Horatio Seymour">Seymour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Crain" title="William C. Crain">Crain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_C._Hasbrouck" title="William C. Hasbrouck">Hasbrouck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_K._Hadley" title="Amos K. Hadley">Hadley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_S._Elderkin" title="Noble S. Elderkin">Elderkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Pruyn" title="Robert H. Pruyn">Pruyn</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferral_C._Dininny" title="Ferral C. Dininny">Dininny</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_B._Varnum_Jr." title="Joseph B. Varnum Jr.">Varnum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_C._Heartt" title="Jonas C. Heartt">Heartt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Ludlow" title="William H. Ludlow">Ludlow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Pruyn" title="Robert H. Pruyn">Pruyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_Littlejohn" title="DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn">Littlejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orville_Robinson" title="Orville Robinson">O Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_Littlejohn" title="DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn">Littlejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DeWitt_Clinton_Littlejohn" title="DeWitt Clinton Littlejohn">Littlejohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_C._Callicot" title="Theophilus C. Callicot">Callicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gilbert_Hoskins" title="George Gilbert Hoskins">Hoskins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Tremain" title="Lyman Tremain">Tremain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_L._Pitts" title="Edmund L. Pitts">Pitts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hitchman" title="William Hitchman">Hitchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_G._Younglove" title="Truman G. Younglove">Younglove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hitchman" title="William Hitchman">Hitchman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Smith_(speaker)" title="Henry Smith (speaker)">H Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alonzo_B._Cornell" title="Alonzo B. Cornell">Cornell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_McGuire" title="Jeremiah McGuire">McGuire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Sloan" title="George B. Sloan">Sloan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Alvord" title="Thomas G. Alvord">Alvord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Sharpe" title="George H. Sharpe">G. Sharpe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Patterson" title="Charles E. Patterson">C. Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_C._Chapin" title="Alfred C. Chapin">Chapin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Sheard" title="Titus Sheard">Sheard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Z._Erwin" title="George Z. Erwin">Erwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_Cole" title="Fremont Cole">Cole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Husted_(speaker)" title="James W. Husted (speaker)">Husted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Sheehan" title="William F. Sheehan">Sheehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._Bush" title="Robert P. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sulzer" title="William Sulzer">Sulzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_R._Malby" title="George R. Malby">Malby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_Fish_II" title="Hamilton Fish II">Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._E._O%27Grady" title="James M. E. O'Grady">O'Grady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Frederick_Nixon" title="S. Frederick Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Wadsworth_Jr." title="James W. Wadsworth Jr.">Wadsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_D._Frisbie" title="Daniel D. Frisbie">Frisbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Albert_Merritt" title="Edwin Albert Merritt">Merritt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">A. Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_C._Sweet" title="Thaddeus C. Sweet">Sweet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Edmund_Machold" title="H. Edmund Machold">Machold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._McGinnies" title="Joseph A. McGinnies">McGinnies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_Steingut" title="Irwin Steingut">I. Steingut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Ives" title="Irving Ives">Ives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_D._Heck" title="Oswald D. Heck">Heck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_F._Carlino" title="Joseph F. Carlino">Carlino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_J._Travia" title="Anthony J. Travia">Travia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moses_M._Weinstein" title="Moses M. Weinstein">Weinstein</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perry_B._Duryea_Jr." title="Perry B. Duryea Jr.">Duryea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Steingut" title="Stanley Steingut">S. Steingut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Fink" title="Stanley Fink">Fink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Miller" title="Mel Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Tallon" title="James R. Tallon">Tallon</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Weprin" title="Saul Weprin">Weprin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Silver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Morelle" title="Joseph Morelle">Morelle</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Heastie" title="Carl Heastie">Heastie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7493559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata936" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7493559#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata936" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7493559#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000034738792">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6310734">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1458116/">FAST</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/25741/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJrKPV6dXWYBh9DyFG78md">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83145213">United States</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1132176">Trove</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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