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vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Science"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-viewsource" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:National_Medal_of_Science&action=edit"><span>View source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:National_Medal_of_Science&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:National_Medal_of_Science&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate%3ANational_Medal_of_Science%26action%3Dedit"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DTemplate%3ANational_Medal_of_Science%26action%3Dedit"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12681187" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">← <a href="/wiki/Template:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template:National Medal of Science">Template:National Medal of Science</a></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><p>You do not have permission to edit this page, for the following reasons: </p> <ul class="permissions-errors"><li class="mw-permissionerror-protectedpagetext"><div class="mw-parser-output"> <div class="mw-parser-output"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1099782930">.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat h2{margin-top:1em;border-bottom:0;font-size:130%;font-weight:bold;padding:0.15em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-submit{list-style:none;display:inline;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat{display:flex;flex-wrap:wrap;column-gap:2em}.mw-parser-output .pptext-whywhat>div{flex:1 1 400px}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238441935">.mw-parser-output .fmbox{clear:both;margin:0.2em 0;width:100%;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{border:1px solid #bb7070;background-color:#ffdbdb}.mw-parser-output .fmbox-editnotice{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .fmbox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .fmbox-warning{background-color:#300}}</style><table id="mw-protectedpagetext" class="plainlinks fmbox fmbox-system" role="presentation" style="border-style:none;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-protection" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/60px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/80px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="font-weight:bold; font-size:130%;"><div style="text-align: center;">This page is currently semi-protected so that only <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Why_create_an_account%3F" title="Wikipedia:Why create an account?">registered users</a> can edit it.</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="pptext-whywhat"> <div class="pptext-why"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Why_is_the_page_protected?"><span id="Why_is_the_page_protected.3F"></span>Why is the page protected?</h2></div> <ul> <li>While most articles can be edited by anyone, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#Semi-protection" title="Wikipedia:Protection policy">semi-protection</a> is sometimes necessary to prevent <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vandalism" title="Wikipedia:Vandalism">vandalism</a> to popular pages.</li> <li>The reason for protection can be found in the <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&type=protect&page=Template%3ANational+Medal+of+Science">protection log</a>. If there are no relevant entries in the protection log, the page may have been moved after being protected. </li> </ul> </div> <div class="pptext-what"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="What_can_I_do?"><span id="What_can_I_do.3F"></span>What can I do?</h2></div> <ul> <li>If you have a user account, <a href="/wiki/Special:UserLogin" title="Special:UserLogin">log in</a> first. If you do not yet have an account, you may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&type=signup&campaign=semiprotectednotice">create one</a>; after <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">4 days and 10 edits</a>, you will be able to edit semi-protected pages.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template talk:National Medal of Science">Discuss this page</a> with others.</li> <li>For move-protected pages, see <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requested_moves" title="Wikipedia:Requested moves">requested moves</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Requests_for_page_protection#Current_requests_for_reduction_in_protection_level" title="Wikipedia:Requests for page protection">Request that the page's protection level be reduced</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Help:Introduction">Find out more about how to get started editing Wikipedia</a>.</li> <li>If you have noticed an error or have a suggestion for a <b>simple, non-controversial change</b>, you can submit an edit request by clicking the button below and following the instructions. An <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:User_access_levels#Autoconfirmed_users" title="Wikipedia:User access levels">established user</a> may then make the change on your behalf. Please check <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Medal_of_Science" title="Template talk:National Medal of Science">the talk page</a> first in case the issue is already being discussed.</li> <li class="pptext-submit"><div> <p><span class="plainlinks clickbutton"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template_talk%3ANational_Medal_of_Science&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+semi-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Semi-protected+edit+request+on+27+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+semi-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Template%3ANational+Medal+of+Science"><span class="mw-ui-button mw-ui-progressive">Submit an edit request</span></a></span> </p> </div></li> <li>If you wrote any text, please save it temporarily to your device until you can edit this page.</li> </ul> </div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-blockedtext"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> from <i>editing</i> Wikipedia.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:L235" title="User:L235">‪L235‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <div class="user-block colocation-webhost" style="margin-bottom: 0.5em; background-color: #ffefd5; border: 1px solid #AAA; padding: 0.7em;"> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/40px-Server-multiple.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="57" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/60px-Server-multiple.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Server-multiple.svg/80px-Server-multiple.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="1052" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure><b>The <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP address</a> that you are currently using has been blocked because it is believed to be a <a href="/wiki/Web_hosting_service" title="Web hosting service">web host provider</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colocation_centre" title="Colocation centre">colocation provider</a>.</b> To prevent abuse, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">web hosts and colocation providers may be blocked</a> from editing Wikipedia. <div style="border-top: 1px solid #AAA; clear: both">You will not be able to edit Wikipedia using a web host or colocation provider because it hides your IP address, much like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Open_proxies" title="Wikipedia:Open proxies">proxy</a> or <a href="/wiki/Virtual_private_network" title="Virtual private network">VPN</a>. <p><b>We recommend that you attempt to use another connection to edit.</b> For example, if you use a proxy or VPN to connect to the internet, turn it off when editing Wikipedia. If you edit using a mobile connection, try using a Wi-Fi connection, and vice versa. If you are using a corporate internet connection, switch to a different Wi-Fi network. If you have a Wikipedia account, please log in. </p><p>If you do not have any other way to edit Wikipedia, you will need to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption#Requesting_and_granting_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">request an IP block exemption</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">How to appeal if you are confident that your connection does not use a colocation provider's IP address:</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> If you are confident that you are not using a web host, you may <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">appeal this block</a> by adding the following text on your <a href="/wiki/Help:Talk_pages" title="Help:Talk pages">talk page</a>: <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Unblock" title="Template:Unblock">unblock</a>|reason=Caught by a colocation web host block but this host or IP is not a web host. My IP address is _______. <i>Place any further information here.</i> ~~~~}}</code>. <b>You must fill in the blank with your IP address for this block to be investigated.</b> Your IP address can be determined <span class="plainlinks"><b><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Get_my_IP_address?withJS=MediaWiki:Get-my-ip.js">here</a></b></span>. Alternatively, if you wish to keep your IP address private you can use the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Unblock_Ticket_Request_System" title="Wikipedia:Unblock Ticket Request System">unblock ticket request system</a>. There are several reasons you might be editing using the IP address of a web host or colocation provider (such as if you are using VPN software or a business network); please use this method of appeal only if you think your IP address is in fact not a web host or colocation provider.</div></div> <p><span class="sysop-show" style="font-size: 85%;"><span style="border:#707070 solid 1px;background-color:#ffe0e0;padding:2px"><b>Administrators:</b></span> The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IP_block_exemption" title="Wikipedia:IP block exemption">IP block exemption</a> user right should only be applied to allow users to edit using web host in exceptional circumstances, and requests should usually be directed to the functionaries team via email. If you intend to give the IPBE user right, a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CheckUser" title="Wikipedia:CheckUser">CheckUser</a> needs to take a look at the account. This can be requested most easily at <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:SPI#Quick_CheckUser_requests" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:SPI">SPI Quick Checkuser Requests</a>. <b>Unblocking</b> an IP or IP range with this template <b>is highly discouraged</b> without at least contacting the blocking administrator.</span> </p> </div></div> </div> <p>This block will expire on 18:23, 24 August 2026. Your current IP address is 8.222.208.146. </p> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>Even when blocked, you will <i>usually</i> still be able to edit your <a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Special:MyTalk">user talk page</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Emailing_users" title="Wikipedia:Emailing users">email</a> administrators and other editors. </p> </div> <div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div style="font-size: 16px;"> <p>For information on how to proceed, please read the <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block#Common_questions" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">FAQ for blocked users</a></b> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Appealing_a_block" title="Wikipedia:Appealing a block">guideline on block appeals</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Guide_to_appealing_blocks" title="Wikipedia:Guide to appealing blocks">guide to appealing blocks</a> may also be helpful. </p> </div> <p>Other useful links: <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">Blocking policy</a> · <a href="/wiki/Help:I_have_been_blocked" title="Help:I have been blocked">Help:I have been blocked</a> </p> </div></li><li class="mw-permissionerror-globalblocking-blockedtext-range"> <div id="mw-blocked-text" style="border: 1px solid #AAA; background-color: var(--background-color-warning-subtle, ivory); color: inherit; padding: 1.5em; width: 100%; box-sizing: border-box;"> <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 26px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stop_hand_nuvola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/50px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/75px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f1/Stop_hand_nuvola.svg/100px-Stop_hand_nuvola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="240" /></a></span><b> This IP address range has been <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_blocks" class="extiw" title="m:Global blocks">globally blocked</a>.</b></span><br /><span style="font-size: 18px;">This does not affect your ability to <i>read</i> Wikipedia pages.</span></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><b>Most people who see this message have done nothing wrong.</b> Some kinds of blocks restrict editing from specific service providers or telecom companies in response to recent abuse or vandalism, and can sometimes affect other users who are unrelated to that abuse. Review the information below for assistance if you do not believe that you have done anything wrong.<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div> <p>This block affects editing on all Wikimedia wikis. </p><p>The IP address or range 8.222.128.0/17 has been globally <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Blocking_policy" title="Wikipedia:Blocking policy">blocked</a> by <a href="/wiki/User:Jon_Kolbert" title="User:Jon Kolbert">‪Jon Kolbert‬</a> for the following reason(s): </p> <div style="padding:10px; background:var(--background-color-base, white); color:inherit; border:1px #666 solid;"> <p><a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/NOP" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/NOP">Open proxy/Webhost</a>: See the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WM:OP/H" class="extiw" title="m:WM:OP/H">help page</a> if you are affected </p> </div> <p>This block will expire on 15:12, 27 August 2028. 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Miller|Neal Elgar Miller]] | group2 = 1980s | list2 = ;1986 : [[Herbert A. Simon]] ;1987 : [[Anne Anastasi]] : [[George Stigler|George J. Stigler]] ;1988 : [[Milton Friedman]] | group3 = 1990s | list3 = ;1990 : [[Leonid Hurwicz]] : [[Patrick Suppes]] ;1991 : [[George Armitage Miller|George A. Miller]] ;1992 : [[Eleanor J. Gibson]] ;1994 : [[Robert K. Merton]] ;1995 : [[Roger Shepard|Roger N. Shepard]] ;1996 : [[Paul Samuelson]] ;1997 : [[William Kaye Estes|William K. Estes]] ;1998 : [[William Julius Wilson]] ;1999 : [[Robert Solow|Robert M. Solow]] | group4 = 2000s | list4 = ;2000 : [[Gary Becker]] ;2003 : [[R. Duncan Luce]] ;2004 : [[Kenneth Arrow]] ;2005 : [[Gordon H. Bower]] ;2008 : [[Michael Posner (psychologist)|Michael I. Posner]] ;2009 : [[Mortimer Mishkin]] | group5 = 2010s | list5 = ;2011 : [[Anne Treisman]] ;2014 : [[Robert Axelrod (political scientist)|Robert Axelrod]] ;2015 : [[Albert Bandura]] }} | group2 = Biological sciences | abbr2 = biological | list2 = {{navbox|subgroup | group1 = 1960s | list1 = ;1963 : [[C. B. van Niel]] ;1964 : [[Theodosius Dobzhansky]] : [[Marshall Warren Nirenberg|Marshall W. Nirenberg]] ;1965 : [[Francis Peyton Rous|Francis P. Rous]] : [[George Gaylord Simpson|George G. Simpson]] : [[Donald Van Slyke|Donald D. Van Slyke]] ;1966 : [[Edward F. Knipling]] : [[Fritz Albert Lipmann]] : [[William Cumming Rose|William C. Rose]] : [[Sewall Wright]] ;1967 : [[Kenneth Stewart Cole|Kenneth S. Cole]] : [[Harry Harlow|Harry F. Harlow]] : [[Michael Heidelberger]] : [[Alfred Sturtevant|Alfred H. Sturtevant]] ;1968 : [[Horace Barker]] : [[Bernard Brodie (biochemist)|Bernard B. Brodie]] : [[Detlev Bronk|Detlev W. Bronk]] : [[Jay Laurence Lush|Jay Lush]] : [[B. F. Skinner|Burrhus Frederic Skinner]] ;1969 : [[Robert Huebner]] : [[Ernst Mayr]] | group2 = 1970s | list2 = ;1970 : [[Barbara McClintock]] : [[Albert Sabin|Albert B. Sabin]] ;1973 : [[Daniel I. Arnon]] : [[Earl W. Sutherland Jr.]] ;1974 : [[Britton Chance]] : [[Erwin Chargaff]] : [[James V. Neel]] : [[James Augustine Shannon]] ;1975 : [[Hallowell Davis]] : [[Paul Gyorgy]] : [[Sterling B. Hendricks]] : [[Orville Vogel|Orville Alvin Vogel]] ;1976 : [[Roger Guillemin]] : [[Keith Roberts Porter]] : [[Efraim Racker]] : [[E. O. Wilson]] ;1979 : [[Robert H. Burris]] : [[Elizabeth C. Crosby]] : [[Arthur Kornberg]] : [[Severo Ochoa]] : [[Earl Reece Stadtman]] : [[G. Ledyard Stebbins|George Ledyard Stebbins]] : [[Paul Alfred Weiss]] | group3 = 1980s | list3 = ;1981 : [[Philip Handler]] ;1982 : [[Seymour Benzer]] : [[Glenn W. Burton]] : [[Mildred Cohn]] ;1983 : [[Howard Bachrach|Howard L. Bachrach]] : [[Paul Berg]] : [[Wendell L. Roelofs]] : [[Berta Scharrer]] ;1986 : [[Stanley Cohen (biochemist)|Stanley Cohen]] : [[Donald Henderson|Donald A. Henderson]] : [[Vernon Mountcastle|Vernon B. Mountcastle]] : [[George Emil Palade]] : [[Joan A. Steitz]] ;1987 : [[Michael E. DeBakey]] : [[Theodor O. Diener]] : [[Harry Eagle]] : [[Har Gobind Khorana]] : [[Rita Levi-Montalcini]] ;1988 : [[Michael S. Brown]] : [[Stanley Norman Cohen]] : [[Joseph L. Goldstein]] : [[Maurice Hilleman|Maurice R. Hilleman]] : [[Eric Kandel|Eric R. Kandel]] : [[Rosalyn Sussman Yalow]] ;1989 : [[Katherine Esau]] : [[Viktor Hamburger]] : [[Philip Leder]] : [[Joshua Lederberg]] : [[Roger W. Sperry]] : [[Harland G. Wood]] | group4 = 1990s | list4 = ;1990 : [[Baruj Benacerraf]] : [[Herbert W. Boyer]] : [[Daniel E. Koshland Jr.]] : [[Edward B. Lewis]] : [[David G. Nathan]] : [[E. Donnall Thomas]] ;1991 : [[Mary Ellen Avery]] : [[G. Evelyn Hutchinson]] : [[Elvin A. Kabat]] : [[Robert Kates|Robert W. Kates]] : [[Salvador Luria]] : [[Paul Marks (scientist)|Paul A. Marks]] : [[Folke K. Skoog]] : [[Paul C. Zamecnik]] ;1992 : [[Maxine Singer]] : [[Howard Martin Temin]] ;1993 : [[Daniel Nathans]] : [[Salome G. Waelsch]] ;1994 : [[Thomas Eisner]] : [[Elizabeth F. Neufeld]] ;1995 : [[Alexander Rich]] ;1996 : [[Ruth Patrick]] ;1997 : [[James Watson]] : [[Robert A. Weinberg]] ;1998 : [[Bruce Ames]] : [[Janet Rowley]] ;1999 : [[David Baltimore]] : [[Jared Diamond]] : [[Lynn Margulis]] | group5 = 2000s | list5 = ;2000 : [[Nancy C. Andreasen]] : [[Peter H. Raven]] : [[Carl Woese]] ;2001 : [[Francisco J. Ayala]] : [[George Bass (archaeologist)|George F. Bass]] : [[Mario R. Capecchi]] : [[Ann Graybiel]] : [[Gene Likens|Gene E. Likens]] : [[Victor A. McKusick]] : [[Harold Varmus]] ;2002 : [[James E. Darnell]] : [[Evelyn M. Witkin]] ;2003 : [[J. Michael Bishop]] : [[Solomon H. Snyder]] : [[Charles Yanofsky]] ;2004 : [[Norman Borlaug|Norman E. Borlaug]] : [[Phillip A. Sharp]] : [[Thomas Starzl|Thomas E. Starzl]] ;2005 : [[Anthony Fauci]] : [[Torsten N. Wiesel]] ;2006 : [[Rita R. Colwell]] : [[Nina Fedoroff]] : [[Lubert Stryer]] ;2007 : [[Robert Lefkowitz|Robert J. Lefkowitz]] : [[Bert W. O'Malley]] ;2008 : [[Francis Collins|Francis S. Collins]] : [[Elaine Fuchs]] : [[Craig Venter|J. Craig Venter]] ;2009 : [[Susan L. Lindquist]] : [[Stanley B. Prusiner]] | group6 = 2010s | list6 = ;2010 : [[Ralph L. Brinster]] : [[Rudolf Jaenisch]] ;2011 : [[Lucy Shapiro]] : [[Leroy Hood]] : [[Sallie Chisholm]] ;2012 : [[May Berenbaum]] : [[Bruce Alberts]] ;2013 : [[Rakesh K. Jain]] ;2014 : [[Stanley Falkow]] : [[Mary-Claire King]] : [[Simon Levin]] }} | group3 = Chemistry | abbr3 = chemistry | list3 = {{navbox|subgroup | group1 = 1960s | list1 = ;1964 : [[Roger Adams]] | group2 = 1980s | list2 = ;1982 : [[F. Albert Cotton]] : [[Gilbert Stork]] ;1983 : [[Roald Hoffmann]] : [[George C. Pimentel]] : [[Richard N. Zare]] ;1986 : [[Harry B. Gray]] : [[Yuan Tseh Lee]] : [[Carl S. Marvel]] : [[Frank H. Westheimer]] ;1987 : [[William Summer Johnson|William S. Johnson]] : [[Walter H. Stockmayer]] : [[Max Tishler]] ;1988 : [[William O. Baker]] : [[Konrad E. Bloch]] : [[Elias J. Corey]] ;1989 : [[Richard Barry Bernstein|Richard B. Bernstein]] : [[Melvin Calvin]] : [[Rudolph A. Marcus]] : [[Harden M. McConnell]] | group3 = 1990s | list3 = ;1990 : [[Elkan Blout]] : [[Karl August Folkers|Karl Folkers]] : [[John D. Roberts]] ;1991 : [[Ronald Breslow]] : [[Gertrude B. Elion]] : [[Dudley R. Herschbach]] : [[Glenn T. Seaborg]] ;1992 : [[Howard Ensign Simmons Jr.|Howard E. Simmons Jr.]] ;1993 : [[Donald J. Cram]] : [[Norman Hackerman]] ;1994 : [[George S. Hammond]] ;1995 : [[Thomas Cech]] : [[Isabella L. Karle]] ;1996 : [[Norman Davidson (biologist)|Norman Davidson]] ;1997 : [[Darleane C. Hoffman]] : [[Harold S. Johnston]] ;1998 : [[John W. Cahn]] : [[George M. Whitesides]] ;1999 : [[Stuart A. Rice]] : [[John Ross (chemist)|John Ross]] : [[Susan Solomon]] | group4 = 2000s | list4 = ;2000 : [[John D. Baldeschwieler]] : [[Ralph F. Hirschmann]] ;2001 : [[Ernest R. Davidson]] : [[Gábor A. Somorjai]] ;2002 : [[John I. Brauman]] ;2004 : [[Stephen J. Lippard]] ;2005 : [[Tobin J. Marks]] ;2006 : [[Marvin H. Caruthers]] : [[Peter Dervan|Peter B. Dervan]] ;2007 : [[Mostafa El-Sayed|Mostafa A. El-Sayed]] ;2008 : [[Joanna Fowler]] : [[JoAnne Stubbe]] ;2009 : [[Stephen J. Benkovic]] : [[Marye Anne Fox]] | group5 = 2010s | list5 = ;2010 : [[Jacqueline K. Barton]] : [[Peter J. Stang]] ;2011 : [[Allen J. Bard]] : [[M. Frederick Hawthorne]] ;2012 : [[Judith P. Klinman]] : [[Jerrold Meinwald]] ;2013 : [[Geraldine L. Richmond]] ;2014 : [[A. Paul Alivisatos]] }} | group4 = Engineering sciences | abbr4 = engineering | list4 = {{navbox|subgroup | group1 = 1960s | list1 = ;1962 : [[Theodore von Kármán]] ;1963 : [[Vannevar Bush]] : [[John Robinson Pierce]] ;1964 : [[Charles S. Draper]] : [[Othmar Ammann|Othmar H. Ammann]] ;1965 : [[Hugh L. Dryden]] : [[Clarence L. Johnson]] : [[Warren K. Lewis]] ;1966 : [[Claude E. Shannon]] ;1967 : [[Edwin H. Land]] : [[Igor I. Sikorsky]] ;1968 : [[J. Presper Eckert]] : [[Nathan M. Newmark]] ;1969 : [[Jack St. Clair Kilby]] | group2 = 1970s | list2 = ;1970 : [[George E. Mueller]] ;1973 : [[Harold E. Edgerton]] : [[Richard T. Whitcomb]] ;1974 : [[Rudolf Kompfner]] : [[Ralph Brazelton Peck]] : [[Abel Wolman]] ;1975 : [[Manson Benedict]] : [[William Hayward Pickering]] : [[Frederick Terman|Frederick E. Terman]] : [[Wernher von Braun]] ;1976 : [[Morris Cohen (scientist)|Morris Cohen]] : [[Peter C. Goldmark]] : [[Erwin Wilhelm Müller]] ;1979 : [[Emmett N. Leith]] : [[Raymond D. Mindlin]] : [[Robert N. Noyce]] : [[Earl R. Parker]] : [[Simon Ramo]] | group3 = 1980s | list3 = ;1982 : [[Edward H. Heinemann]] : [[Donald L. Katz]] ;1983 : [[Bill Hewlett]] : [[George Low]] : [[John G. Trump]] ;1986 : [[Hans Wolfgang Liepmann]] : [[Tung-Yen Lin]] : [[Bernard M. Oliver]] ;1987 : [[Robert Byron Bird]] : [[H. Bolton Seed]] : [[Ernst Weber (engineer)|Ernst Weber]] ;1988 : [[Daniel C. Drucker]] : [[Willis M. Hawkins]] : [[George W. Housner]] ;1989 : [[Harry George Drickamer]] : [[Herbert E. Grier]] | group4 = 1990s | list4 = ;1990 : [[Mildred Dresselhaus]] : [[Nick Holonyak Jr.]] ;1991 : [[George H. Heilmeier]] : [[Luna B. Leopold]] : [[H. Guyford Stever]] ;1992 : [[Calvin F. Quate]] : [[John Roy Whinnery]] ;1993 : [[Alfred Y. Cho]] ;1994 : [[Ray W. Clough]] ;1995 : [[Hermann A. Haus]] ;1996 : [[James L. Flanagan]] : [[C. Kumar N. Patel]] ;1998 : [[Eli Ruckenstein]] ;1999 : [[Kenneth N. Stevens]] | group5 = 2000s | list5 = ;2000 : [[Yuan-Cheng Fung|Yuan-Cheng B. Fung]] ;2001 : [[Andreas Acrivos]] ;2002 : [[Leo Beranek]] ;2003 : [[John Prausnitz|John M. Prausnitz]] ;2004 : [[Edwin N. Lightfoot]] ;2005 : [[Jan D. Achenbach]] ;2006 : [[Robert S. Langer]] ;2007 : [[David J. Wineland]] ;2008 : [[Rudolf E. Kálmán]] ;2009 : [[Amnon Yariv]] | group6 = 2010s | list6 = ;2010 : [[Shu Chien]] ;2011 : [[John B. Goodenough]] ;2012 : [[Thomas Kailath]] }} | group5 = Mathematical, statistical, and computer sciences | abbr5 = math-stat-comp | list5 = {{navbox|subgroup | group1 = 1960s | list1 = ;1963 : [[Norbert Wiener]] ;1964 : [[Solomon Lefschetz]] : [[Marston Morse|H. Marston Morse]] ;1965 : [[Oscar Zariski]] ;1966 : [[John Milnor]] ;1967 : [[Paul Cohen]] ;1968 : [[Jerzy Neyman]] ;1969 : [[William Feller]] | group2 = 1970s | list2 = ;1970 : [[Richard Brauer]] ;1973 : [[John Tukey]] ;1974 : [[Kurt Gödel]] ;1975 : [[John W. Backus]] : [[Shiing-Shen Chern]] : [[George Dantzig]] ;1976 : [[Kurt O. Friedrichs|Kurt Otto Friedrichs]] : [[Hassler Whitney]] ;1979 : [[Joseph L. Doob]] : [[Donald Knuth|Donald E. Knuth]] | group3 = 1980s | list3 = ;1982 : [[Marshall H. Stone]] ;1983 : [[Herman Goldstine]] : [[Isadore Singer]] ;1986 : [[Peter Lax]] : [[Antoni Zygmund]] ;1987 : [[Raoul Bott]] : [[Michael Freedman]] ;1988 : [[Ralph E. Gomory]] : [[Joseph B. Keller]] ;1989 : [[Samuel Karlin]] : [[Saunders Mac Lane]] : [[Donald C. Spencer]] | group4 = 1990s | list4 = ;1990 : [[George F. Carrier]] : [[Stephen Cole Kleene]] : [[John McCarthy (computer scientist)|John McCarthy]] ;1991 : [[Alberto Calderón]] ;1992 : [[Allen Newell]] ;1993 : [[Martin David Kruskal]] ;1994 : [[John Cocke (computer scientist)|John Cocke]] ;1995 : [[Louis Nirenberg]] ;1996 : [[Richard Karp]] : [[Stephen Smale]] ;1997 : [[Shing-Tung Yau]] ;1998 : [[Cathleen Synge Morawetz]] ;1999 : [[Felix Browder]] : [[Ronald Coifman|Ronald R. Coifman]] | group5 = 2000s | list5 = ;2000 : [[John Griggs Thompson]] : [[Karen Uhlenbeck]] ;2001 : [[Calyampudi Radhakrishna Rao|Calyampudi R. Rao]] : [[Elias M. Stein]] ;2002 : [[James Glimm|James G. Glimm]] ;2003 : [[Carl R. de Boor]] ;2004 : [[Dennis Sullivan|Dennis P. Sullivan]] ;2005 : [[Bradley Efron]] ;2006 : [[Hyman Bass]] ;2007 : [[Leonard Kleinrock]] : [[Andrew Viterbi|Andrew J. Viterbi]] ;2009 : [[David B. Mumford]] | group6 = 2010s | list6 = ;2010 : [[Richard A. Tapia]] : [[S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan]] ;2011 : [[Solomon W. Golomb]] : [[Barry Mazur]] ;2012 : [[Alexandre Chorin]] : [[David Blackwell]] ;2013 : [[Michael Artin]] }} | group6 = Physical sciences | abbr6 = physical | list6 = {{navbox|subgroup | group1 = 1960s | list1 = ;1963 : [[Luis Walter Alvarez|Luis W. Alvarez]] ;1964 : [[Julian Schwinger]] : [[Harold Urey]] : [[Robert Burns Woodward]] ;1965 : [[John Bardeen]] : [[Peter Debye]] : [[Leon M. Lederman]] : [[William Rubey]] ;1966 : [[Jacob Bjerknes]] : [[Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]] : [[Henry Eyring (chemist)|Henry Eyring]] : [[John H. Van Vleck]] : [[Vladimir K. Zworykin]] ;1967 : [[Jesse Beams]] : [[Francis Birch (geophysicist)|Francis Birch]] : [[Gregory Breit]] : [[Louis Hammett]] : [[George Kistiakowsky]] ;1968 : [[Paul Doughty Bartlett|Paul Bartlett]] : [[Herbert Friedman]] : [[Lars Onsager]] : [[Eugene Wigner]] ;1969 : [[Herbert C. Brown]] : [[Wolfgang Panofsky]] | group2 = 1970s | list2 = ;1970 : [[Robert H. Dicke]] : [[Allan R. Sandage]] : [[John C. Slater]] : [[John A. Wheeler]] : [[Saul Winstein]] ;1973 : [[Carl Djerassi]] : [[Maurice Ewing]] : [[Arie Jan Haagen-Smit]] : [[Vladimir Haensel]] : [[Frederick Seitz]] : [[Robert Rathbun Wilson]] ;1974 : [[Nicolaas Bloembergen]] : [[Paul Flory]] : [[William Alfred Fowler]] : [[Linus Carl Pauling]] : [[Kenneth Sanborn Pitzer]] ;1975 : [[Hans A. Bethe]] : [[Joseph O. Hirschfelder]] : [[Lewis Sarett]] : [[Edgar Bright Wilson]] : [[Chien-Shiung Wu]] ;1976 : [[Samuel Goudsmit]] : [[Herbert S. Gutowsky]] : [[Frederick Rossini]] : [[Verner Suomi]] : [[Henry Taube]] : [[George Uhlenbeck]] ;1979 : [[Richard P. Feynman]] : [[Herman Mark]] : [[Edward M. Purcell]] : [[John Sinfelt]] : [[Lyman Spitzer]] : [[Victor F. Weisskopf]] | group3 = 1980s | list3 = ;1982 : [[Philip Warren Anderson|Philip W. Anderson]] : [[Yoichiro Nambu]] : [[Edward Teller]] : [[Charles H. Townes]] ;1983 : [[E. Margaret Burbidge]] : [[Maurice Goldhaber]] : [[Helmut Landsberg]] : [[Walter Munk]] : [[Frederick Reines]] : [[Bruno B. Rossi]] : [[J. Robert Schrieffer]] ;1986 : [[Solomon J. Buchsbaum]] : [[H. Richard Crane]] : [[Herman Feshbach]] : [[Robert Hofstadter]] : [[Yang Chen-Ning|Chen-Ning Yang]] ;1987 : [[Philip Abelson]] : [[Walter Elsasser]] : [[Paul C. Lauterbur]] : [[George Pake]] : [[James A. Van Allen]] ;1988 : [[D. Allan Bromley]] : [[Chu Ching-wu|Paul Ching-Wu Chu]] : [[Walter Kohn]] : [[Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.]] : [[Jack Steinberger]] ;1989 : [[Arnold O. Beckman]] : [[Eugene Parker]] : [[Robert P. Sharp|Robert Sharp]] : [[Henry Stommel]] | group4 = 1990s | list4 = ;1990 : [[Allan McLeod Cormack|Allan M. Cormack]] : [[Edwin M. McMillan]] : [[Robert Pound]] : [[Roger Revelle]] ;1991 : [[Arthur L. Schawlow]] : [[Edward C. Stone|Ed Stone]] : [[Steven Weinberg]] ;1992 : [[Eugene M. Shoemaker]] ;1993 : [[Val Logsdon Fitch|Val Fitch]] : [[Vera Rubin]] ;1994 : [[Albert Overhauser]] : [[Frank Press]] ;1995 : [[Hans Dehmelt]] : [[Peter Goldreich]] ;1996 : [[Wallace S. Broecker]] ;1997 : [[Marshall Rosenbluth]] : [[Martin Schwarzschild]] : [[George Wetherill]] ;1998 : [[Don L. Anderson]] : [[John N. Bahcall]] ;1999 : [[James Cronin]] : [[Leo Kadanoff]] | group5 = 2000s | list5 = ;2000 : [[Willis E. Lamb]] : [[Jeremiah P. Ostriker]] : [[Gilbert F. White]] ;2001 : [[Marvin L. Cohen]] : [[Raymond Davis Jr.]] : [[Charles Keeling]] ;2002 : [[Richard Garwin]] : [[W. Jason Morgan]] : [[Edward Witten]] ;2003 : [[G. Brent Dalrymple]] : [[Riccardo Giacconi]] ;2004 : [[Robert N. Clayton]] ;2005 : [[Ralph A. Alpher]] : [[Lonnie Thompson]] ;2006 : [[Daniel Kleppner]] ;2007 : [[Fay Ajzenberg-Selove]] : [[Charles Pence Slichter|Charles P. Slichter]] ;2008 : [[Berni Alder]] : [[James E. Gunn (astronomer)|James E. Gunn]] ;2009 : [[Yakir Aharonov]] : [[Esther M. Conwell]] : [[Warren M. Washington]] | group6 = 2010s | list6 = ;2011 : [[Sidney Drell]] : [[Sandra Faber]] : [[Sylvester James Gates]] ;2012 : [[Burton Richter]] : [[Sean Solomon|Sean C. 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