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id="toc-System_and_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Indoor_American_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indoor_American_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Indoor American football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indoor_American_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Semi-pro_football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Semi-pro_football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Semi-pro football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Semi-pro_football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minor_League_Football_System" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minor_League_Football_System"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Minor League Football System </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minor_League_Football_System-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_circuit" 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class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Defunct Minor leagues </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defunct_Minor_leagues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Defunct Minor leagues subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Defunct_Minor_leagues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-High-level_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High-level_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 High-level </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-level_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-level_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-level_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Mid-level </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-level_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Low-level_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low-level_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Low-level </div> </a> 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Professional gridiron (American or Canadian) football played below the major league level</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Minor League Football</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Sport</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">Gridiron football</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">No. of teams</th><td class="infobox-data">Varies</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Countries</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">TV partner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Broadcast</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a>: <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>/<a href="/wiki/Fox_Broadcasting_Company" title="Fox Broadcasting Company">Fox</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_Profesional" title="Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional">LFA</a>: <a href="/wiki/Nuestra_Visi%C3%B3n" title="Nuestra Visión">Nuestra Visión</a>/<a href="/wiki/Grupo_Multimedios" title="Grupo Multimedios">Multimedios</a>/<a href="/wiki/Televisa" title="Televisa">Televisa</a>/<a href="/wiki/XHRCG-TDT" title="XHRCG-TDT">RCG Televisión</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">IFL</a>: <a href="/wiki/CBS_Sports_Network" title="CBS Sports Network">CBS Sports Network</a></li><li>Live streaming</li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a>: <a href="/wiki/ESPN%2B" title="ESPN+">ESPN+</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">IFL</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Arena_League" title="National Arena League">NAL</a>: <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap">Related competitions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_Profesional" title="Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional">LFA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_Developmental_Football_League" title="Gridiron Developmental Football League">GDFL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rivals_Professional_Football_League" title="Rivals Professional Football League">RPFL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football#Current_leagues" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor football leagues</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Minor league football, also known as alternative football or secondary football, is an <a href="/wiki/Umbrella_term" class="mw-redirect" title="Umbrella term">umbrella term</a> for professional <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">gridiron football</a> that is played below the <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major league</a> level. The <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> are both designated as major leagues, but contrary to the four other major sports leagues in North America—<a href="/wiki/Major_League_Baseball" title="Major League Baseball">Major League Baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">National Basketball Association</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a>—no formal development farm system was in use after the NFL severed ties with all minor league teams in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> The developmental league concept was shuttered again with the cancellation of <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Since 2018, the CFL has had a partnership agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Professional_American_Football_League_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Professional American Football League of Mexico">Professional American Football League of Mexico</a> (LFA) for player development,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> but does not consider it a minor league in the traditional sense.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> In 2023, the NFL signed a collaboration agreement with the <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a> on rules, equipment, and safety testing, but the agreement does not cover sharing players for developmental purposes.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> There have been professional football leagues of varying levels since the invention of the sport, and over the years there have been attempts to organize development or <a href="/wiki/Farm_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Farm system">farm</a> leagues such as the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Professional_Football_Leagues" title="Association of Professional Football Leagues">Association of Professional Football Leagues</a><a href="#cite_note-CC1-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-CC2-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and the World League of American Football, later known as NFL Europe and then NFL Europa, but they failed to produce profits and were eventually shut down.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> As a result, over time the North American leagues settled into an informal hierarchy, with many aspiring entrepreneurs trying to establish rival, alternative, or supplemental leagues to the NFL, similar to baseball's <a href="/wiki/Independent_baseball_league" title="Independent baseball league">independent leagues</a>. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference" title="All-America Football Conference">All-America Football Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a>, which merged with the NFL, none of the other leagues have succeeded,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> particularly because the leagues' inability to generate television revenue to keep them afloat in their first years of existence.<a href="#cite_note-AntitrustBill-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> In modern times, the NFL has developed players not ready for the active roster through each team's <a href="/wiki/Practice_squad" title="Practice squad">practice squad</a>, or relied on <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and separate entities like the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-AFL1-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> as their feeder organizations. Since the beginning of the 21st century, three fledgling pro football leagues—the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">United Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Fall_Experimental_Football_League" title="Fall Experimental Football League">Fall Experimental Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-espn2-24">[24]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a> (AAF)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>—had hoped to create a relationship with the NFL as developmental minor leagues, but all folded without any such connection being made. Nevertheless, some players did find a path to the NFL through those leagues, especially the high-level ones like the AAF, <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a>, and <a href="/wiki/USFL_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="USFL (2022)">United States Football League</a> (USFL).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Currently, there are four active minor leagues in North America: the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a> (UFL), the <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_Developmental_Football_League" title="Gridiron Developmental Football League">Gridiron Developmental Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rivals_Professional_Football_League" title="Rivals Professional Football League">Rivals Professional Football League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_Profesional" title="Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional">Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional</a>, with the latter the only Mexican league. The UFL is considered a high-level league, and the rest are viewed as low-level leagues. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_circuits_(1890–1919)">Early circuits (1890–1919)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early circuits (1890–1919)">edit</a>]</div> The birth of semi-professional football can be traced back to the 1880s, when most <a href="/wiki/Sports_club" title="Sports club">sports clubs</a> in America had a team playing football, and ostensibly played without paid players. In reality, most teams often found ways around that, and acquired the best players with the promise of jobs and trophies or watches to play against top regional clubs and colleges. While the practice of professional and semi-pro teams playing college and amateur teams was common in the 1880s and 1890s, most notably with the establishment of a coalition of teams that operated from 1886 to 1895 in the New York metropolitan area called the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Union" title="American Football Union">American Football Union</a>, in the 20th century college and professional football began to diverge, and college-professional interplay effectively ended after the NCAA formed in 1906. During this time, the most prominent circuit was the <a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_Professional_Football_Circuit" title="Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit">Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CCPC-28">[28]</a> The first attempt to form a pro league was the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_(1902)" title="National Football League (1902)">National Football League of 1902</a>, which, despite its name, was a Pennsylvania regional league, with two teams based in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and the third from <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>. The next step came when promoter <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_O%27Rourke_(promoter)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom O'Rourke (promoter) (page does not exist)">Tom O'Rourke</a> established the <a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Football_(1902%E2%80%9303)" title="World Series of Football (1902–03)">World Series of Football</a>, also in 1902. The series played indoors at <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City's</a> <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden_(1890)" title="Madison Square Garden (1890)">Madison Square Garden</a> and consisted of five teams: three from the state of <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, one from <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, and another team called New York comprising two Philadelphia teams, the <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Phillies_(NFL)" title="Philadelphia Phillies (NFL)">Athletics and Phillies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The 1903 series also featured the <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Athletic_Club" title="Franklin Athletic Club">Franklin Athletic Club</a> from Pennsylvania.<a href="#cite_note-CCPC-28">[28]</a> At the same time, the <a href="/wiki/Massillon_Tigers" title="Massillon Tigers">Massillon Tigers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Panhandles" title="Columbus Panhandles">Columbus Panhandles</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Canton_Bulldogs" title="Canton Bulldogs">Canton Bulldogs</a>, all from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>, started attracting much of the top professional football talent in America: <a href="/wiki/Harry_McChesney" title="Harry McChesney">Harry McChesney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bob_Shiring" title="Bob Shiring">Bob Shiring</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nesser_brothers" title="Nesser brothers">Nesser brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blondy_Wallace" title="Blondy Wallace">Blondy Wallace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cub_Buck" title="Cub Buck">Cub Buck</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a>, and gave rise to the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_League" title="Ohio League">Ohio League</a>. The league was actually a circuit— an informal and loose association of independent teams playing other local teams and competing for the Ohio Independent Championship. The group pioneered the concept of avoiding competition with college football games by playing games on Sundays, which was illegal in other states due to the existing <a href="/wiki/Blue_laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Blue laws">blue laws</a>. This eventually became the professional standard.<a href="#cite_note-CCPC-28">[28]</a> The Ohio League decade-long monopoly began to lose hold in the 1910s, with the formation of the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Pro_Football_League" title="New York Pro Football League">New York Pro Football League (NYPFL)</a>, first league to use a playoff format, and other associations in the Midwest, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>. The rise in level of play resulted in <a href="/wiki/Barnstorm_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnstorm (sports)">barnstorming</a> tours between the circuits, which laid the foundations for the first truly national major league: the <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">American Professional Football Association</a> in 1920, which later became the NFL.<a href="#cite_note-CCPC-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Golden_Era">The Golden Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Golden Era">edit</a>]</div> The first minor leagues period of prosperity or "heyday"<a href="#cite_note-CC1-8">[8]</a> started in the 1920s and lasted until the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. By the 1930s, football was not a fledgling enterprise, but pro football was, as even the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> had trouble attracting fans, and was located mostly in the northeastern quarter of the United States. In other parts of the country, several regional leagues tried their luck in the pro game, along with flourishing regional circuits of independent teams, recapturing the pro football roots. The era is also considered the best of all time, due to the quality of play, as there were only 250 players in the NFL, while the regional leagues could sometimes offer better pay and jobs, and offered black players opportunity to play during the period of 1933–1946, when they were excluded from all NFL teams.<a href="#cite_note-Outsiders-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> In 1934, the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1934)" title="American Football League (1934)">American Football League</a> (AFL) was the first true attempt to establish pro football in the American South and Southwest regions. The league was formed by the strongest independent teams in the region, including the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Memphis_Tigers_(AFL)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Memphis Tigers (AFL) (page does not exist)">Memphis Tigers</a>, who claimed the <a href="/wiki/Professional_American_football_championship_games" title="Professional American football championship games">national pro championship</a> in 1929, after beating the NFL champion <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_Packers" title="Green Bay Packers">Green Bay Packers</a>. The AFL had only one season of competition and folded after only the Memphis Tigers and Charlotte Bantams completed their seasons.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Another strong southern league was the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_League_(American_football)" title="Dixie League (American football)">Dixie League</a>, which represented <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid Atlantic</a> teams. The league was one of the most successful minor leagues in history, playing eight seasons in eleven years, while claiming to be the highest level minor football league of the era. Unlike most pro-football minor leagues, the Dixie League had a relative stable membership until the <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor attack</a> forced the league into hiatus. The league returned in 1946, but folded in 1947 after playing only one week.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The Dixie League's biggest counterpart was the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_(American_football)" title="American Association (American football)">American Association</a> (AA) football league. The AA was formed by the nucleus of independent teams that played in the New York and New Jersey circuits, and was led by president <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rosentover" title="Joe Rosentover">Joe Rosentover</a>. The league teams sought relationships with the NFL, and several teams, including the Newark Bears, Brooklyn Eagles, and Jersey City Giants, functioned as a farm system for the major NFL teams. The league allowed black players to participate, including the last African-American in the NFL in 1933, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Lillard" title="Joe Lillard">Joe Lillard</a>. Most teams scheduled games against the independent <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Pollard" title="Fritz Pollard">Fritz Pollard</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harlem_Brown_Bombers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harlem Brown Bombers (page does not exist)">Harlem Brown Bombers</a>. The league closed operations during World War II, and after a four-year hiatus, the AA was renamed the American Football League and expanded to include teams in Ohio and Pennsylvania. The league's demise was caused by the NFL severing ties with all minor league teams in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The last of the "Big Three Leagues"<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> was the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Professional_Football_League" title="Pacific Coast Professional Football League">Pacific Coast Professional Football League</a>, which started in 1940. The roots of pro football in the west are attributable to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Grange" title="Red Grange">Red Grange</a> <a href="/wiki/1925_Chicago_Bears_season#January_barnstorming_tour" title="1925 Chicago Bears season">barnstorming tour</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Bears" title="Chicago Bears">Chicago Bears</a> in 1926,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> as some short-lived leagues, including the 1926 <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Professional_Football_League" title="Pacific Coast Professional Football League">Pacific Coast Professional Football League</a> (PCPFL) and 1934–1935 <a href="/wiki/American_Legion_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Legion League">American Legion League</a>, were formed. The PCPFL was formed thanks to the financial backbone of the sport in <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Bulldogs" title="Los Angeles Bulldogs">Los Angeles Bulldogs</a>, billed as the "best football team in existence outside the NFL",<a href="#cite_note-Outsiders-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and the only prominent minor football league to operate during the war years. The league became home to the top African American football talents in the country, including <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Washington_(American_football)" title="Kenny Washington (American football)">Kenny Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woody_Strode" title="Woody Strode">Woody Strode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ozzie_Simmons" title="Ozzie Simmons">Ozzie Simmons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mel_Reid" title="Mel Reid">Mel Reid</a>, and briefly <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a> during the NFL enforced color barrier. The league played its last season in 1948, two years after the NFL moved the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Rams" title="Los Angeles Rams">Los Angeles Rams</a> to Los Angeles.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> The Big Three reached an agreement with the NFL, and in 1946 formed the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Professional_Football_Leagues" title="Association of Professional Football Leagues">Association of Professional Football Leagues</a> as a formal farm system with the league. The agreement lasted less than two years, after the NFL cancelled it altogether in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-auto1-2">[2]</a> The termination triggered the end of the era. Other prominent leagues were the <a href="/wiki/Anthracite_League" title="Anthracite League">Anthracite League</a> of Pennsylvania, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_of_Professional_Football" title="Eastern League of Professional Football">Eastern League of Professional Football</a> based in Pennsylvania and New Jersey, the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Valley_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Valley League">Ohio Valley League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1935%E2%80%931940)" title="Midwest Football League (1935–1940)">Midwest Football League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_War_Industries_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest War Industries League">Northwest War Industries League</a> in Washington and Oregon. During the 1930s and 1940s, there were also strong independent circuits in Greater <a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">New York metropolitan area</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_second_wave">The second wave</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The second wave">edit</a>]</div> The minor leagues experienced a renaissance in the 1960s and 1970s; their growing relevance occurred alongside the <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger" title="AFL–NFL merger">AFL and NFL rivalry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AntitrustBill-13">[13]</a> Several prominent leagues operated during that period and were mostly regional. The <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="United Football League (1961–1964)">original United Football League</a> (UFL) lasted from 1961 to 1964 and was concentrated in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a>, and was the first football league to operate teams in both the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Rifles" class="mw-redirect" title="Quebec Rifles">Quebec Rifles</a> played in the league in 1964. The <a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeast</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Football_League" title="Atlantic Coast Football League">Atlantic Coast Football League</a> (ACFL) formed in 1962 and was run by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rosentover" title="Joe Rosentover">Joe Rosentover</a>, former president of the 1930s AA.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In April 1964, the two leagues, along with the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_States_Football_League_(1962%E2%80%931975)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central States Football League (1962–1975) (page does not exist)">Central States Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1962%E2%80%931978)" title="Midwest Football League (1962–1978)">Midwest Football League</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Football_League_(1963-1965)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Football League (1963-1965) (page does not exist)">Southern Football League</a>, formed the Association of Minor Football Leagues. The association also included the non-paying semi-pro <a href="/wiki/New_England_Football_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Football Conference">New England Football Conference</a>,<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> and appointed UFL commissioner <a href="/w/index.php?title=George_T._Gareff&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="George T. Gareff (page does not exist)">George T. Gareff</a> as the <a href="/wiki/CEO" class="mw-redirect" title="CEO">CEO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The association represented teams in fifty cities spanning twenty-one U.S. states plus Quebec, and scheduled exhibition games between leagues,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> but disbanded after two years without notice. When the UFL folded and the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Bears_(ACFL)" class="mw-redirect" title="Newark Bears (ACFL)">Newark Bears</a> of the ACFL unsuccessfully applied to join the AFL, two new national leagues formed. The first was the <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_Football_League_(1965-1966)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American Football League (1965-1966) (page does not exist)">North American Football League</a> (NAFL),<a href="#cite_note-AntitrustBill-13">[13]</a> which ran from 1965 to 1966, and tried to establish major league affiliations with either the NFL or the AFL. The second, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Football_League" title="Continental Football League">Continental Football League</a> (CoFL), which ran from 1965 to 1971, was probably the biggest in the era, and attracted three teams from the ACFL: the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Charter_Oaks" title="Hartford Charter Oaks">Hartford Charter Oaks</a>, the Newark Bears, and the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Neptunes" title="Norfolk Neptunes">Norfolk Neptunes</a>. Some of the other notable leagues were the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_League_of_America" title="Professional Football League of America">Professional Football League of America</a> (PFLA),<a href="#cite_note-OutsidersII-46">[46]</a> which lasted from 1965 to 1967 and played in the Midwest, essentially replacing the UFL, the <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Football_League" title="North Pacific Football League">North Pacific Football League</a> (NPFL), and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Football_League" title="Texas Football League">Texas Football League</a> (TFL), which operated in the southern United States. Those leagues would later merge with the CoFL, as several teams from the NPFL joined the league in 1966, and the PFLA followed in 1968, resulting in the dissolution of both leagues.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> In 1969, the CoFL announced the all eight teams from TFL were being added to its ranks as a separate division, and were scheduled to play mostly against each other, along with a few inter-league contests.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> The two bigger leagues, the CoFL and ACFL, had different strategies: the CoFL aimed to remain independent, while the ACFL functioned as a developmental league and, like previous Rosentover leagues, allowed its teams to become farm teams for the AFL and NFL.<a href="#cite_note-AntitrustBill-13">[13]</a> Over their existence, the CoFL arguably had better talent move on to <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> (CFL) stardom, including <a href="/wiki/Ken_Stabler" title="Ken Stabler">Ken Stabler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Don_Jonas" title="Don Jonas">Don Jonas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sam_Wyche" title="Sam Wyche">Sam Wyche</a>, but folded in 1969, and again in 1971 as an incarnation called the <a href="/wiki/Trans-American_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-American Football League">Trans-American Football League</a> formed with remnants of the TFL; plans to take on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> head-to-head were abandoned. Although the revival as the TAFL was largely a failure, the league foreshadowed the future of minor football, as it played its season in the spring to avoid direct competition against football in the fall.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The ACFL also produced some significant talent, such as <a href="/wiki/Pro_Bowl" title="Pro Bowl">Pro Bowler</a> <a href="/wiki/Marvin_Hubbard" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvin Hubbard">Marvin Hubbard</a>, first female professional football player <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Palinkas" title="Patricia Palinkas">Patricia Palinkas</a>, who was placeholder for her husband Stephen, and cult figure <a href="/wiki/King_Corcoran" title="King Corcoran">King Corcoran</a>. It also lasted longer. The league operated continuously through 1971, with a return season in 1973, which was played mostly by promoted teams from the lower-level <a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Football_League" title="Seaboard Football League">Seaboard Football League</a> (SFL), which in turn, brought up semi-pro teams to replace them.<a href="#cite_note-Gill-51">[51]</a> However, the attempted major <a href="/wiki/World_Football_League" title="World Football League">World Football League</a> (WFL) sapped both leagues of most of their talent, forcing them to fold by 1974. The league's first collapse in 1972, along with the demise of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Midwest_Professional_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midwest Professional Football League (page does not exist)">Midwest Professional Football League</a>, ended the era of NFL teams having individual farm teams. During its existence, the SFL hovered between a minor league and semi-pro, as some of its players, most notably <a href="/wiki/Joe_Klecko" title="Joe Klecko">Joe Klecko</a>,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> were never paid, and others received only fifty dollars per game. Despite that, the league had some notable alumni, including <a href="/wiki/Vince_Papale" title="Vince Papale">Vince Papale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dolbin" title="Jack Dolbin">Jack Dolbin</a>, and Klecko. Additionally, the league was the last minor league to play an inter-league exhibition match against an NFL team, when the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Jets" title="New York Jets">New York Jets</a> rookies defeated <a href="/w/index.php?title=Long_Island_Chiefs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Long Island Chiefs (page does not exist)">Long Island Chiefs</a> 29–3.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rookie_QB_Fires_Jets-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gill-51">[51]</a> One other minor league attempt in the 1970s was the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Association_(1978%E2%80%931983)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football Association (1978–1983)">American Football Association</a> (AFA), which operated from 1977 to 1983, was less successful, as it struggled to acquire recognizable players and failed to secure a TV deal.<a href="#cite_note-kilmerquits-55">[55]</a> The AFA followed the model set by the TAFL, and played its from May to August.<a href="#cite_note-leagueforms-56">[56]</a> The formation of the first <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a> (USFL) in 1982 led to a decline in AFA talent, a move to semi-pro status, and a cancellation of the league entirely after the 1983 season. Near the end of the era, there was one last attempt to organize non-NFL pro teams under one umbrella, with the establishment of the Minor Professional Football Association, which represented more than 200 teams and about 10,000 players.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> From 1980 through 1985, the association sponsored an annual post-season championship tournament for minor league teams, with an attempt to establish a minor-league system. In 1981 the association reached an agreement with the NFL to hold a special national all-star game for minor leaguers, the day before the <a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a>, with scouts in attendance. The NFL had the right to sign any player from the association for a $1,500 payment to the team that held his contract. But the agreement did not continue, and in 1986 the association reformed into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Football_Association_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Football Association (organization) (page does not exist)">American Football Association</a> (AFA) and focused on providing services to semi-pro and amateur teams around the US.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The development of <a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">arena football</a> and the birth of the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a> (AFL) in 1987 effectively ended the era, reducing most outdoor leagues to amateur or semi-pro status. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NFL_Europe">NFL Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: NFL Europe">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a></div> After the turmoil in the 1980s, the NFL decided to form its own league in 1991, the <a href="/wiki/World_League_of_American_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="World League of American Football">World League of American Football</a>, as a spring developmental league. For the first time, an American sport league had a European division as part of its ten-team league,<a href="#cite_note-Dufresne91-59">[59]</a> while the other teams were located in continental US and Canada. The league was used to test rule changes and technical innovations<a href="#cite_note-Stellino91-60">[60]</a> and planned as a farm system for NFL teams. However, the first two seasons produced low TV ratings,<a href="#cite_note-Dufresne91p2-61">[61]</a> and the league was put on hiatus until 1995. When it came back, the league was based entirely in Europe, reduced to six teams, and re-branded in 1998 as NFL Europe. The league kept the same format until 2007, when the NFL terminated it.<a href="#cite_note-NFLEcease-62">[62]</a> Ultimately, the league was one of the longest tenured high-level minor leagues in history, lasting fifteen years in total and producing players like Hall of Famer <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Warner" title="Kurt Warner">Kurt Warner</a> and Super Bowl quarterbacks <a href="/wiki/Brad_Johnson_(American_football)" title="Brad Johnson (American football)">Brad Johnson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jake_Delhomme" title="Jake Delhomme">Jake Delhomme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Other notable players include <a href="/wiki/Dante_Hall" title="Dante Hall">Dante Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Akers" title="David Akers">David Akers</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Harrison_(American_football)" title="James Harrison (American football)">James Harrison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Vinatieri" title="Adam Vinatieri">Adam Vinatieri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Perry_(American_football)" title="William Perry (American football)">William Perry</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_era">Modern era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Modern era">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_2000s">Early 2000s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Early 2000s">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a wave of entrepreneurs tried forming new leagues in the ever growing football market. The first league was the self-styled "major league of spring football" <a href="/wiki/Regional_Football_League" title="Regional Football League">Regional Football League</a> (RFL) that played a single season in 1999. The league was initially planned to begin in 1998,<a href="#cite_note-times1-64">[64]</a> but financial difficulties delayed it by a year and changed the business plan, transforming it into a lower-budget league featuring just six teams from mid-sized cities mostly located the southern United States.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-times2-67">[67]</a> The league did not prosper, as it failed to secure a television contract and was forced to play a shortened eight-week season.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> Although the league was unsuccessful, it pioneered the idea of assigning players teams based of the region where they played in college. Parallel to the RFL, there were two more attempts to start up new leagues. The first, the <a href="/wiki/International_Football_Federation" title="International Football Federation">International Football Federation</a>, folded so rapidly it is considered the shortest football league in history, ceasing operations before completing the preliminary planning stages.<a href="#cite_note-cnnsi-69">[69]</a> The second, the <a href="/wiki/Spring_Football_League" title="Spring Football League">Spring Football League</a>, was founded by several ex-NFL players: <a href="/wiki/Bo_Jackson" title="Bo Jackson">Bo Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drew_Pearson_(American_football)" title="Drew Pearson (American football)">Drew Pearson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Dickerson" title="Eric Dickerson">Eric Dickerson</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Dorsett" title="Tony Dorsett">Tony Dorsett</a>. It failed to attract big investors on account of the tech-market crash of 2000, and was cancelled after only two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The next attempt was probably the most significant since the emergence of the AFL in 1960, as <a href="/wiki/NBC" title="NBC">NBC</a> and the <a href="/wiki/WWE" title="WWE">WWE</a> collaborate to form the (original) <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL</a> in 2001.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Although 14 million viewers tuned in for the first game, the <a href="/wiki/Nielsen_ratings" class="mw-redirect" title="Nielsen ratings">Nielsen ratings</a> later plummeted and triggered NBC to pulled out of its broadcast contract, and the league folded after one season. The league featured several changes in rules and broadcast style, and gave birth to the <a href="/wiki/Skycam" title="Skycam">Skycam</a> in sports broadcasting.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> From the late 2000s into the early 2010s, many startup leagues had trouble attracting investors. Five high-profile attempts by the <a href="/wiki/All_American_Football_League" title="All American Football League">All American Football</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_National_Gridiron_League" title="United National Gridiron League">United National Gridiron</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> leagues in 2007, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2010)" title="United States Football League (2010)">New United States Football League</a> in 2010 and 2014,<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/A-11_Football_League" title="A-11 Football League">A-11 Football League</a> in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> never materialized. Two other leagues in the era were the low-level <a href="/wiki/World_Football_League_(2008%E2%80%932010)" title="World Football League (2008–2010)">New World Football League</a> (NWFL)<a href="#cite_note-tw080719-79">[79]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stars_Football_League" title="Stars Football League">Stars Football League</a> (SFL),<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> both of which survived three seasons: the NWFL from 2008 to 2010, and the SFL from 2011 to 2013. The 2009 <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">United Football League</a> (UFL) was the most prominent league in the era, playing 3½ seasons before folding.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The UFL was fairly successful, attracting big crowds in <a href="/wiki/Omaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Omaha">Omaha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sacramento" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacramento">Sacramento</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hartford" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford">Hartford</a> and airing all league games on <a href="/wiki/Versus_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Versus (TV channel)">Versus</a>, <a href="/wiki/HDnet" class="mw-redirect" title="HDnet">HDnet</a>, and over the Internet, and had plans to expand.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> It functioned as a single-entity league following the <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Soccer" title="Major League Soccer">Major League Soccer</a> model. The UFL featured former NFL players, and was the first professional fall league other than the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> to play in the United States since the mid-1970s. The league collapsed in the middle of its 2012 season, failing to pay the bills after most investors stepped out.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fall_Experimental_Football_League" title="Fall Experimental Football League">Fall Experimental Football League</a> (FXFL), founded in 2014, was the first league that openly embraced the minor league concept, and aimed to become a professional feeder system for the NFL since the 1970's. The league owner, Brian Woods, wanted his franchises to be primarily based in minor league baseball stadiums, and use the infrastructure in place to attract fans. The FXFL attracted the final NFL roster cuts, for the purpose of keeping them "in football shape, physically and mentally".<a href="#cite_note-ECL-84">[84]</a> The league was cancelled after two abbreviated seasons, and was reformatted as the developmental <a href="/wiki/The_Spring_League" title="The Spring League">Spring League</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_resurgence">New resurgence</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New resurgence">edit</a>]</div> In 2018, several figures with connections to the original 2001 XFL entered the spring-football market with rival leagues. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a> (AAF), founded by <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Ebersol" title="Charlie Ebersol">Charlie Ebersol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bill_Polian" title="Bill Polian">Bill Polian</a>, which began playing in 2019, but ceased operations eight weeks in, as the controlling owner <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Dundon" title="Thomas Dundon">Thomas Dundon</a> decided to pull the plug after the league made a deal with the <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a>, which planned to take ownership of 15% of the league.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The second was the relaunched version of the <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a>, as <a href="/wiki/Vince_McMahon" title="Vince McMahon">Vince McMahon</a> hired <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Luck" title="Oliver Luck">Oliver Luck</a> as commissioner. The league first began play in 2020, with more success and a better reception than its first iteration, and aired on <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox_Sports" title="Fox Sports">Fox Sports</a>. After five weeks of play, the XFL announced its season would end because of growing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 pandemic in the United States">COVID-19 pandemic</a> concerns. The league was on hiatus in 2021 and 2022, after it filed for bankruptcy and put up for sale by McMahon and was later sold to <a href="/wiki/Dany_Garcia" title="Dany Garcia">Dany Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dwayne_%22The_Rock%22_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson">Dwayne "The Rock" Johnson</a> and RedBird Capital,<a href="#cite_note-newxflowners-87">[87]</a> and began its second season on February 18, 2023.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> Six other leagues have entered the planning stage, but have yet to launch.<a href="#cite_note-guide-89">[89]</a> The first is the <a href="/wiki/Spring_League_of_American_Football" title="Spring League of American Football">Spring League of American Football</a>, a planned high-level minor league that was first announced in September 2016, by two former <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a> executives, but did not acquire any funding to begin play. As of 2023, the league appears defunct, with no official website and no news since 2018. <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Football_(MLFB)" title="Major League Football (MLFB)">Major League Football</a> was founded in 2014, but so far only has two cancelled seasons in <a href="/wiki/2016_Major_League_Football_season" title="2016 Major League Football season">2016</a> and <a href="/wiki/2022_Major_League_Football_season" title="2022 Major League Football season">2022</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Patriot_League" title="American Patriot League">American Patriot League</a> was founded in 2018 and planned to start in 2019, held two league showcase and allocated players and coaches to teams,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> but still hasn't launched because of the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>. Another planned league is the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Football_League" title="Freedom Football League">Freedom Football League</a>, also founded in 2018, run by former NFL players <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Garcia" title="Jeff Garcia">Jeff Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ricky_Williams" title="Ricky Williams">Ricky Williams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terrell_Owens" title="Terrell Owens">Terrell Owens</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Rice" title="Simeon Rice">Simeon Rice</a>, with an initial 2020 starting season, but with no recent updates to its timeline. The last two were developmental-level leagues. The first was <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Pro_Football" title="Pacific Pro Football">Pacific Pro Football</a>, founded in 2017 and designed for non-NFL eligible players; it was abandoned in mid-2020 after several investors backed out, and was reformatted to a scouting event called <a href="/wiki/HUB_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="HUB Football">HUB Football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The other, <a href="/wiki/Your_Call_Football" title="Your Call Football">Your Call Football</a>, did start, lasted from 2018 to 2019, and featured concepts that gave the fans the power to control the outcome, which were also adopted by the indoor <a href="/wiki/Fan_Controlled_Football" title="Fan Controlled Football">Fan Controlled Football</a> league, but was abandoned when its parent company moved on to adapting the technology in other sporting environments. Since 2017, a developmental league called <a href="/wiki/The_Spring_League" title="The Spring League">The Spring League</a> (TSL) was aimed at professional athletes but acted as "instructional league and showcase for professional football talent" with abbreviated seasons. On June 3, 2021, TSL owner Brian Woods announced that he had acquired the remaining extant trademarks of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a> and launched a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Football League (2022)">USFL-branded league in 2022</a>, with Fox Sports owning the league and reportedly committing $150 million over three years to its operations,<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> essentially ending the five years run of TSL,<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> and establishing the USFL as a new high-level minor league.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> In late 2023, the XFL and USFL merged to form a new league, taking the name <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a>. The league comprises four former XFL teams and four former USFL teams.<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ufl-96">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="System_and_structure">System and structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: System and structure">edit</a>]</div> There have been professional football leagues of varying levels since the invention of the sport, with the NFL dominant through most of the 20th century and into the 21st. There have been many attempts to start rival major leagues, most recently the original <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a> (USFL), but most leagues that followed have been high-level minor leagues such as the <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">UFL</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">AAF</a>. Whether major or minor, most football leagues have tried to establish teams in large, untapped U.S. markets.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Most of the minor leagues have been separated through the years into three <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> categories:<a href="#cite_note-CCminor-98">[98]</a> high-level, including the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Professional_Football_League" title="Pacific Coast Professional Football League">Pacific Coast Professional Football League</a> (PCPFL),<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> the original <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a> (AAF);<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> low-level, such as the <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Association_(1978%E2%80%931983)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football Association (1978–1983)">American Football Association</a> (AFA) and <a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Football_League" title="Seaboard Football League">Seaboard Football League</a> (SFL); and semi-professional leagues. Today, there are also mid-level leagues, including the <a href="/wiki/Regional_Football_League" title="Regional Football League">Regional Football League</a> (RFL) and <a href="/wiki/Fall_Experimental_Football_League" title="Fall Experimental Football League">Fall Experimental Football League</a> (FXFL)<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> and developmental leagues,<a href="#cite_note-si-108">[108]</a> such as <a href="/wiki/The_Spring_League" title="The Spring League">The Spring League</a> (TSL)<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Your_Call_Football" title="Your Call Football">Your Call Football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-111">[111]</a> The categories are usually determined by the following rules: the high-level leagues salaries are above the <a href="/wiki/Median_income" title="Median income">median</a> <a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">personal income in the United States</a>, mid-level leagues pay at approximately median level, and the low-level leagues pay around or below the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum wage in the United States</a>. The developmental leagues do not pay salaries or contract with non-NFL eligible players, and are designed to showcase the players' skills for future opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-si-108">[108]</a> Since 1998, there have been more than twenty <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_football" title="Gridiron football">traditional</a> or <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">indoor</a> football leagues that played an average of 3½ years before folding or merging with others; some never reached the stage of playing games.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> There are four active minor leagues in North America: the high-level <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a> (UFL); and three low-level leagues, the <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_Developmental_Football_League" title="Gridiron Developmental Football League">Gridiron Developmental Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rivals_Professional_Football_League" title="Rivals Professional Football League">Rivals Professional Football League</a>, and the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_Profesional" title="Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional">Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indoor_American_football">Indoor American football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Indoor American football">edit</a>]</div> The high cost of supporting an entire roster of professional players and stadium fees led to an <a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">indoor variation</a> with the launch of the <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a> (AFL) in 1987. In its heyday, the it functioned as de facto minor league to the NFL, as six NFL team owners—<a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Falcons" title="Atlanta Falcons">Atlanta Falcons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dallas_Cowboys" title="Dallas Cowboys">Dallas Cowboys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denver_Broncos" title="Denver Broncos">Denver Broncos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Lions" title="Detroit Lions">Detroit Lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Saints" title="New Orleans Saints">New Orleans Saints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Titans" title="Tennessee Titans">Tennessee Titans</a>—had purchased teams in the AFL,<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> and many players and coaches made the transition between leagues.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> On February 8, 1999, the NFL also purchased, but never exercised, an option to buy a major interest in the AFL.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Currently, the <a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">Indoor Football League</a> (IFL) has a player personnel partnership with the <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a> and later with the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a>, to function as their de facto minor league.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> Prior to the first AFL's collapse in 2008, the league had its own minor developmental league called <a href="/wiki/Af2" class="mw-redirect" title="Af2">af2</a>, which never actually functioned as a farm system, and was used to test potential new markets (or growing the game to markets who couldn't sustain a AFL team) and rule changes,<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> but it dissolved after the 2009 season amid financial problems rooted in the <a href="/wiki/Financial_crisis_of_2007%E2%80%932008" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial crisis of 2007–2008">2007–2008 financial crisis</a> and several of its teams joined the second AFL, which began play in 2010.<a href="#cite_note-barnstormers-121">[121]</a> Today, the indoor variation of football also has an unofficial minor-league hierarchy, although no major indoor league exists currently after the second AFL went bankrupt in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-AFL1-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Pro leagues pay varying salaries on a per-game basis, while the high-level leagues also provide housing, health insurance, and two meals per day to players during the season. The categories are more fluid than the outdoor variation, but usually determined by per-game salaries and arena size: <ul><li>High-level – <a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">Indoor Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-guide-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-$75-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-AL-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Arena_League" title="National Arena League">National Arena League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/American_Indoor_Football" title="American Indoor Football">American Indoor Football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a></li> <li>Mid-level – <a href="/wiki/Champions_Indoor_Football" title="Champions Indoor Football">Champions Indoor Football</a><a href="#cite_note-AL-125">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-$75-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></li> <li>Low-level – <a href="/wiki/American_Arena_League" title="American Arena League">American Arena League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Arena_Football" title="Great Lakes Arena Football">Great Lakes Arena Football</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_Indoor_Football_Alliance" title="American Indoor Football Alliance">American Indoor Football Alliance</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_West_Football_Conference" title="American West Football Conference">American West Football Conference</a></li></ul> As of 2024, CIF has been absorbed into a league reviving the Arena Football League name.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Semi-pro_football">Semi-pro football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Semi-pro football">edit</a>]</div> Semi-pro leagues have existed since the beginning of American football, but were far more common in the early and mid 20th century than they are today. Football is especially suited for semi-pro play, and most leagues often operate at a semi-professional level due to cost concerns. Furthermore, because they play only one game per week, the players are able to pursue outside employment. In the 21st century, the semi-pro circuits usually attract only local players and teams don't pay salaries, although in the past most teams helped players find local jobs within the community. Over the years, semi-pro leagues were effectively a farm system for the NFL, attracting college players on the cusp of playing in the NFL who needed to stay in shape.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-MFLS-NYT-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> The semi-pro game experienced two peak periods: first in the 1950s, then in the 1970s and 1980s, when minor leagues started disappearing. Instead, the level below the NFL tended to take the form of local, sometimes unofficial leagues matching teams from different neighborhoods or suburbs of big cities with little to no pay.<a href="#cite_note-OutsidersII-46">[46]</a> The semi-pro leagues role in history is best portrayed in the <a href="/wiki/1987_NFL_season" title="1987 NFL season">1987</a> 24-day <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_Players_Association#Gene_Upshaw_era_(1983–2008)" title="National Football League Players Association">NFLPA Strike</a>, when semi-pro players were called up as <a href="/wiki/Replacement_player" title="Replacement player">replacements</a> after the third week of the NFL season was cancelled.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Their stories are documented in the 2017 <a href="/wiki/ESPN" title="ESPN">ESPN</a> film <a href="/wiki/30_for_30#Volume_III" title="30 for 30">Year of the Scab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> The decline of semi-pro football is attributable to the rise of <a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">college football</a> in the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-AP-16">[16]</a> and the subsequent growth of a vast pool of young talent from which the NFL can draw. Notable semi-pro players include <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Unitas" title="Johnny Unitas">Johnny Unitas</a>, who played quarterback, safety, and punter on a Pittsburgh suburb team called the <a href="/wiki/Bloomfield_(Pittsburgh)#Sport" title="Bloomfield (Pittsburgh)">Bloomfield Rams</a> for six dollars per game before joining the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Colts" title="Baltimore Colts">Baltimore Colts</a>;<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Swann" title="Eric Swann">Eric Swann</a>, who played for the Bay State Titans in the <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> suburb of Lynn and was the first, and so far the only, player to be drafted into the <a href="/wiki/NFL_draft" title="NFL draft">NFL draft</a> first round from a semi-pro organization; and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Seals" title="Ray Seals">Ray Seals</a>, who did not play college football, but made his way to the NFL through the semi-pro rank Syracuse Express. The <a href="/wiki/Watertown_Red_%26_Black" title="Watertown Red & Black">Watertown Red & Black</a>, a semi-professional team from <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a>, is the oldest existing football club, tracing its history to 1896.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minor_League_Football_System">Minor League Football System</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Minor League Football System">edit</a>]</div> After the decline of the minor leagues in the 1980s, the semi-pro circuit tried to fill that niche. In the summer of 1989, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_League_Football_System&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minor League Football System (page does not exist)">Minor League Football System</a> (MLFS) was formed as an attempt to develop a nationwide semi-pro football league.<a href="#cite_note-MFLS-NYT-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-MFLS-ss-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-MFLS-WP-143">[143]</a> The circuit had aspirations to become a feeder system for the NFL<a href="#cite_note-MFLS-WP-143">[143]</a> and featured eleven teams in as many states. The league's commissioner was <a href="/wiki/Roger_Wehrli" title="Roger Wehrli">Roger Wehrli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MFLS-ss-142">[142]</a> Because the league wanted to attract good local talent but did not pay any salary, it functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Employment_agency" title="Employment agency">temporary employment agency</a>, and offered jobs and housing for players in local communities during the season.<a href="#cite_note-MFLS-WP-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Despite that, it managed to attract decent talent, including ex-NFL players such as <a href="/wiki/Rusty_Hilger" title="Rusty Hilger">Rusty Hilger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ben_Rudolph" title="Ben Rudolph">Ben Rudolph</a>, as well as coaches including <a href="/wiki/Walt_Michaels" title="Walt Michaels">Walt Michaels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Darryl_Rogers" title="Darryl Rogers">Darryl Rogers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lou_Saban" title="Lou Saban">Lou Saban</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Saban_leaves_Heat_Wave-145">[145]</a> After a successful first season, the league attracted strong sponsors in <a href="/wiki/Wilson_Sporting_Goods" title="Wilson Sporting Goods">Wilson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gatorade" title="Gatorade">Gatorade</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> but two teams folded midway through the second year, while the rest folded after the end of the season, unable to establish a working agreement with the NFL. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modern_circuit">Modern circuit</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Modern circuit">edit</a>]</div> Today, most leagues and independent teams are sanctioned by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=American_Football_Association_(organization)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="American Football Association (organization) (page does not exist)">American Football Association</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> which acts as an organizer of games and playoff tournaments for teams throughout the U.S. and maintains a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_League/Semi-Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Minor League/Semi-Pro Football Hall of Fame (page does not exist)">Minor League/Semi-Pro Football Hall of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Another semi-pro organization is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=USA_Bowl_Championship_Series&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="USA Bowl Championship Series (page does not exist)">USA Bowl Championship Series</a>,<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> which ranks the top twenty-five semi-pro and amateur teams in the country, and crowns an annual <a href="/wiki/Mythical_national_championship" title="Mythical national championship">"national champion"</a> at the USA Bowl. The final such association is the <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_States_Federation_of_American_Football&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United States Federation of American Football (page does not exist)">United States Federation of American Football</a>,<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> which tries to divide the existing leagues into AAA and AA groups rated by business practices, representation, and athletics;<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> it was formerly recognized by the <a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">International Federation of American Football</a> as the USA's football governing body.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> Under <a href="/wiki/USA_Football" title="USA Football">USA Football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Football_Canada" title="Football Canada">Football Canada</a> criteria, players at this level are eligible for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_national_American_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="United States national American football team">United States national American football team</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_men%27s_national_football_team" title="Canada men's national football team">Canada men's national football team</a>, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> The prominent present-day leagues in the <a href="/wiki/American_football_in_the_United_States#Adult_Amateur_Football_/_Semi-Pro_Football" title="American football in the United States">adult amateur/semi-pro</a> US circuit are: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>League </th> <th>First season </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Geographical area </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Amateur_to_Professional_Developmental_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amateur to Professional Developmental Football League (page does not exist)">Amateur to Professional Developmental Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-si-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-dme-157">[157]</a> </td> <td align="center">2013<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_United_States" title="Southeastern United States">Southeast</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">American 7s Football League</a> </td> <td align="center">2014 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Eight-man_football" title="Eight-man football">Seven-man Football</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Barnstorm_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnstorm (sports)">Traveling league</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/American_Flag_Football_League" title="American Flag Football League">American Flag Football League</a> </td> <td align="center">2018 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Flag_football" title="Flag football">Flag football</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Barnstorm_(sports)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barnstorm (sports)">Traveling league</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=East_Coast_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="East Coast Football League (page does not exist)">East Coast Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> </td> <td align="center">2013 </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Football_League_(1961-)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Football League (1961-) (page does not exist)">Eastern Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> </td> <td align="center">1961<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Empire_Football_League" title="Empire Football League">Empire Football League</a> </td> <td align="center">1969 </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Florida_Football_Alliance" title="Florida Football Alliance">Florida Football Alliance</a> </td> <td align="center">2008 </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mason-Dixon_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mason-Dixon Football League (page does not exist)">Mason-Dixon Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> </td> <td align="center">1978<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_(United_States)" title="Mid-Atlantic (United States)">Mid-Atlantic</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=MidStates_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MidStates Football League (page does not exist)">MidStates Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> </td> <td align="center">1999<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/East_North_Central_states" title="East North Central states">North Central</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Minor_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Minor Football League (page does not exist)">Minor Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> </td> <td align="center">1993 </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_United_States" title="Eastern United States">Eastern</a> & <a href="/wiki/Central_United_States" title="Central United States">Central United States</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/North_Louisiana_Football_Alliance" title="North Louisiana Football Alliance">North Louisiana Football Alliance</a> </td> <td align="center">2020 </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Nine-man_football" title="Nine-man football">Nine-man football</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/South_Central_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="South Central United States">South Central</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_England_Football_League" title="New England Football League">New England Football League</a>* </td> <td align="center">1994 </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Coast_Football_League_(2006-)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific Coast Football League (2006-) (page does not exist)">Pacific Coast Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a> </td> <td align="center">2006<a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pacific_Northwest_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pacific Northwest Football League (page does not exist)">Pacific Northwest Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> </td> <td align="center">2016 </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rocky_Mountain_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rocky Mountain Football League (page does not exist)">Rocky Mountain Football League</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> </td> <td align="center">1997<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> </td> <td align="center">Outdoor </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Mountains" title="Rocky Mountains">Rocky Mountains</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> * The <abbr title="New England Football League">NEFL</abbr> is unique in the American sports landscape, allowing promotion and relegation among conferences. In <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> there are <a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_teams_in_Canada#Canadian_Football_2" title="List of gridiron football teams in Canada">three prominent</a> leagues: <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>League </th> <th>First season </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Geographical area </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Football_League" title="Alberta Football League">Alberta Football League</a> (AFL) </td> <td align="center">1984 </td> <td align="center">Three downs </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Football_League" title="Maritime Football League">Maritime Football League</a> (MFL) </td> <td align="center">2001 </td> <td align="center">Three downs </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Provinces">Maritime Provinces</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Football_Conference" title="Northern Football Conference">Northern Football Conference</a> (NFC) </td> <td align="center">1954 </td> <td align="center">Four downs </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> The AFL and NFC are considered bigger leagues, and every September the NFC champion meets the champion of the AFL to determine the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Major_Football_League" title="Canadian Major Football League">Canadian Major Football League</a> national champions.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> Canada also has <a href="/wiki/List_of_gridiron_football_teams_in_Canada#Junior_football" title="List of gridiron football teams in Canada">three prominent</a> <a href="/wiki/Youth_system" title="Youth system">junior leagues</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Football_League" title="Atlantic Football League">Atlantic Football League</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Junior_Football_League" title="Canadian Junior Football League">Canadian Junior Football League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Junior_Football_League" title="Quebec Junior Football League">Quebec Junior Football League</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_American_Football_Leagues">International American Football Leagues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: International American Football Leagues">edit</a>]</div> American football continues to grow in popularity worldwide, and has had International Olympic Committee recognition since 2013. The NFL has tried to expand their exposure to additional markets by playing games outside the United States. The first pro game outside the U.S. and Canada was played in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> in 1976.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> In 1978 the NFL played in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>,<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> and in 1983 they had their first game in Europe, in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> With the success of the international series in the 1970s and 1980s, other countries established their own leagues that have earned good reputations over the years, especially the long-established leagues throughout Europe and in Japan. European leagues and teams attract and sign American coaches and import players, some of whom have <a href="/wiki/NFL" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL">NFL</a> experience, from U.S. colleges or other leagues. The number of import players allowed per team is set by league rules. The typical American import player contract includes a monthly salary, housing, insurance, transportation, round trip flights, meals, and possible performance bonuses. The top leagues in Europe are traditionally the <a href="/wiki/German_Football_League" title="German Football League">German Football League</a> (GFL), <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Football_League" title="Austrian Football League">Austrian Football League</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Football_League" title="Italian Football League">Italian Football League</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Vaahteraliiga" title="Vaahteraliiga">Finnish league</a>. The <a href="/wiki/X-League_(Japan)" title="X-League (Japan)">X-League</a> in Japan, which plays under NCAA or NFL rules, is also very strong.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Usually the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_players_in_the_National_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign players in the National Football League">foreign players in the National Football League</a> moved to the US early, and played the game in college, but there are exceptions. <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Dabl%C3%A9" title="Anthony Dablé">Anthony Dablé</a>, a French football player, was the first foreign pro player to sign in the NFL. <a href="/wiki/Moritz_B%C3%B6hringer" title="Moritz Böhringer">Moritz Böhringer</a> was drafted in <a href="/wiki/2016_NFL_draft" title="2016 NFL draft">2016</a> directly from the GFL, but did not play in an official game before returning to the GFL in 2021. <a href="/wiki/Efe_Obada" title="Efe Obada">Efe Obada</a> was the first player to make an NFL 53-man active roster. Since 2017, the NFL has run the <a href="/wiki/International_Player_Pathway_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="International Player Pathway Program">International Player Pathway Program</a> (IPPP) to increase the number of non-American and non-Canadian players in the league.<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Since 2017, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a> (CFL) has tried to globalize as well,<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> and made partnership agreements with football leagues in Austria, <a href="/wiki/National_Ligaen" class="mw-redirect" title="National Ligaen">Denmark</a>, Finland, <a href="/wiki/Ligue_%C3%89lite_de_Football_Am%C3%A9ricain" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligue Élite de Football Américain">France</a>, Germany, Italy, Japan, <a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_Profesional" title="Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional">Mexico</a>, Norway, <a href="/wiki/Superserien" title="Superserien">Sweden</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/BAFA_National_Leagues" title="BAFA National Leagues">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> The league first held a special draft in 2019 for <a href="/wiki/2019_CFL%E2%80%93LFA_Draft" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 CFL–LFA Draft">Mexican born players</a>, and another one for <a href="/wiki/2019_CFL_European_Draft" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 CFL European Draft">European players</a>.,<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> and hold a special <a href="/wiki/2020_CFL_season#Global_combines" title="2020 CFL season">global scouting combine</a> and Global Draft for players from Europe, Mexico, and Japan since <a href="/wiki/2021_CFL_Global_Draft" class="mw-redirect" title="2021 CFL Global Draft">2021</a>.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Today, each CFL team includes two designated global-player roster spots for players from outside the U.S. and Canada.<a href="#cite_note-France_Combine-198">[198]</a> Another American league, the <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_Developmental_Football_League" title="Gridiron Developmental Football League">Gridiron Developmental Football League</a>, has partnership agreements for player development with two international leagues: the <a href="/wiki/Elite_Football_League_of_India" title="Elite Football League of India">Elite Football League of India</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federaci%C3%B3n_Deportiva_Nacional_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_de_Chile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federación Deportiva Nacional de Fútbol Americano de Chile (page does not exist)">Federación Deportiva Nacional de Fútbol Americano de Chile</a> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_Deportiva_Nacional_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_de_Chile" class="extiw" title="es:Federación Deportiva Nacional de Fútbol Americano de Chile">es</a>] (FDNFA).<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="European_League_of_Football">European League of Football</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: European League of Football">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">European League of Football</a></div> In March 2021, a new league, the European League of Football, announced it had reached an agreement with the NFL to be able to use team names from the days of <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> The league is a professional American football league,<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> and consists of seventeen teams located in nine countries: <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. There are plans to expand to twenty-four teams by 2025. <a href="/wiki/KaVontae_Turpin" title="KaVontae Turpin">KaVontae Turpin</a> was the first ELF alum who played in the NFL, while <a href="/wiki/Adedayo_Odeleye" title="Adedayo Odeleye">Adedayo Odeleye</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Dabo" title="Marcel Dabo">Marcel Dabo</a> signed as practice squad players through the league's IPPP. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australian_Football_League">Australian Football League</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Australian Football League">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australians_in_American_football" title="Australians in American football">Australians in American football</a></div> American football uses significantly different rules than <a href="/wiki/Australian_rules_football" title="Australian rules football">Australian rules football</a> played in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Football_League" title="Australian Football League">Australian Football League</a> (AFL).<a href="#cite_note-Ausi-204">[204]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/Punter_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punter (football)">punting specialist position</a> requires similar skills under both rule sets.<a href="#cite_note-Niesen-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wagoner-206">[206]</a> The most successful player to ever make the transition from the AFL to the NFL is <a href="/wiki/Darren_Bennett_(football_player)" title="Darren Bennett (football player)">Darren Bennett</a>, who was selected to the <a href="/wiki/NFL_1990s_All-Decade_Team" title="NFL 1990s All-Decade Team">NFL 1990s All-Decade Team</a>. Because salaries are usually up to five times higher in the U.S.,<a href="#cite_note-Ausi-204">[204]</a> a high number of players try their luck in the American game. In the last decade, the NFL has placed full-time development officers in Australia, and there is a full-time punting academy in the Australian continent called Prokick Australia.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> – which is aimed at training and assessing talented punters from the country for positions in major U.S. colleges and the NFL. Although the vast majority of Australian players in the NFL are <a href="/wiki/Punter_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Punter (football)">punters</a>, there are a few exceptions. The most famous is <a href="/wiki/Offensive_tackle" class="mw-redirect" title="Offensive tackle">offensive tackle</a> <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Mailata" title="Jordan Mailata">Jordan Mailata</a>, who played <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">Rugby league</a> and was drafted in <a href="/wiki/2018_NFL_draft" title="2018 NFL draft">2018</a> without college experience.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> Another example is <a href="/wiki/Joel_Wilkinson" title="Joel Wilkinson">Joel Wilkinson</a>, who signed with the <a href="/wiki/Arizona_Cardinals" title="Arizona Cardinals">Arizona Cardinals</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Cornerback" title="Cornerback">cornerback</a>. <a href="/wiki/Defensive_end" title="Defensive end">Defensive end</a> <a href="/wiki/Adam_Gotsis" title="Adam Gotsis">Adam Gotsis</a> is probably the most successful non-punter Australian. He played at <a href="/wiki/Georgia_Tech_Yellow_Jackets_football" title="Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets football">Georgia Tech</a> in college and was drafted in the second round of the <a href="/wiki/2016_NFL_draft" title="2016 NFL draft">2016 NFL draft</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Denver_Broncos" title="Denver Broncos">Denver Broncos</a>. Other notable players are <a href="/wiki/Jarryd_Hayne" title="Jarryd Hayne">Jarryd Hayne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Williams_(American_football)" title="Jesse Williams (American football)">Jesse Williams</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Current_and_planned_Minor_leagues">Current and planned Minor leagues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Current and planned Minor leagues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Current_leagues">Current leagues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Current leagues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-level">High-level</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: High-level">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a> (UFL),<a href="#cite_note-wapo-ufl-96">[96]</a> 2024–</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low-level">Low-level</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Low-level">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Gridiron_Developmental_Football_League" title="Gridiron Developmental Football League">Gridiron Developmental Football League</a> (GDFL),<a href="#cite_note-si-108">[108]</a> 2010–</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Rivals_Professional_Football_League" title="Rivals Professional Football League">Rivals Professional Football League</a> (RPFL),<a href="#cite_note-si-108">[108]</a> 2014–</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_Profesional" title="Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional">Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional</a> (LFA),<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> 2016–</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Planned_leagues">Planned leagues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Planned leagues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High-level_2">High-level</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: High-level">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spring_League_of_American_Football" title="Spring League of American Football">Spring League of American Football</a> (SLAF), postponed<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-cbsny-213">[213]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Football_League" title="Freedom Football League">Freedom Football League</a> (FFL), postponed<a href="#cite_note-sportingnews-214">[214]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mid-level">Mid-level</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mid-level">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/International_Football_Alliance" title="International Football Alliance">International Football Alliance</a> (IFA), propose to begin in 2025<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/American_Spring_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Spring Football League">American Spring Football League</a> (ASFL), postponed (proposed to begin in 2023).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/American_Patriot_League" title="American Patriot League">American Patriot League</a> (APL), postponed.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low-level_2">Low-level</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Low-level">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Football_(MLF)" title="Major League Football (MLF)">Major League Football</a> (MLF), propose to begin in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> but pushed back to 2024.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Developmental">Developmental</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Developmental">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Young_Superstars_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Superstars League">Young Superstars League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> TBA (APL D-League).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defunct_Minor_leagues">Defunct Minor leagues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Defunct Minor leagues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High-level_3">High-level</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: High-level">edit</a>]</div> Source<a href="#cite_note-CCminor-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outsiders-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-OutsidersII-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-YouSure-225">[225]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Anthracite_League" title="Anthracite League">Anthracite League</a>, 1924<a href="#cite_note-226">[a]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_League#Ohio_Valley_League_(1925-1929)" title="Ohio League">Ohio Valley League</a>, 1925–1929<a href="#cite_note-227">[b]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1934)" title="American Football League (1934)">American Football League</a>, 1934</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/American_Association_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association (football)">American Association</a>* 1936–1941/<a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1946)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Football League (1946)">American Football League</a>* 1946–1950<a href="#cite_note-228">[c]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dixie_League_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dixie League (football)">Dixie League</a>*, 1936–1942;<a href="#cite_note-229">[d]</a> 1946–1947</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Originally South Atlantic Football Association</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1935%E2%80%931940)" title="Midwest Football League (1935–1940)">Midwest Football League</a>, 1935–1939</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Became American Professional Football Association in 1938, American Football League in 1939</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Professional_Football_League" title="Pacific Coast Professional Football League">Pacific Coast Professional Football League</a>*, 1940–1948</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1944)" title="American Football League (1944)">American Football League</a>, 1944<a href="#cite_note-230">[e]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(1961)" class="mw-redirect" title="United Football League (1961)">United Football League</a>, 1961–1964</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Football_League" title="Atlantic Coast Football League">Atlantic Coast Football League</a>‡, 1962–1971, 1973<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Continental_Football_League" title="Continental Football League">Continental Football League</a>, 1965–1969</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Supplemented the <a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_League_of_America" title="Professional Football League of America">Professional Football League of America</a> in 1968 and the <a href="/wiki/Texas_Football_League" title="Texas Football League">Texas Football League</a> in 1969.</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Malavasi#After_the_NFL" title="Ray Malavasi">International Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> 1983𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe"><img alt="Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/35px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/45px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">World League of American Football</a>* 1991–1992<a href="#cite_note-233">[f]</a>/<a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a>* 1995–2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Professional_Spring_Football_League" title="Professional Spring Football League">Professional Spring Football League</a>, 1992𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fan_Ownership_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fan Ownership League (page does not exist)">Fan Ownership League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-234">[228]</a> 1996𝐟<a href="#cite_note-235">[g]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Glieberman#All-American_Football_League" title="Bernard Glieberman">All-American Football League</a>, 1997𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/International_Football_Federation" title="International Football Federation">International Football Federation</a>, 1999𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL</a>, 2001</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/All_American_Football_League" title="All American Football League">All American Football League</a>, 2007𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">United Football League</a>, 2009–2012</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2010)" title="United States Football League (2010)">New United States Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-236">[h]</a> 2010𝐟,<a href="#cite_note-237">[229]</a> 2014𝐟<a href="#cite_note-238">[230]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/A-11_Football_League" title="A-11 Football League">A-11 Football League</a>, 2014𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_American_Football_League" title="North American Football League">North American Football League</a>, 2014𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a>, 2019</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a>,<a href="#cite_note-239">[231]</a> 2020; 2023<a href="#cite_note-240">[i]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Football League (2022)">United States Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a> 2022–2023<a href="#cite_note-242">[j]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-level_2">Mid-level</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Mid-level">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Regional_Football_League" title="Regional Football League">Regional Football League</a>, 1999</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Spring_Football_League" title="Spring Football League">Spring Football League</a>, 2000</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Fall_Experimental_Football_League" title="Fall Experimental Football League">Fall Experimental Football League</a>, 2014–2015<a href="#cite_note-243">[k]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Football_(MLFB)" title="Major League Football (MLFB)">Major League Football</a>,<a href="#cite_note-244">[l]</a> 2016𝐟; 2022𝐟</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Low-level_3">Low-level</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Low-level">edit</a>]</div> Source<a href="#cite_note-CCminor-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Outsiders-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-OutsidersII-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-YouSure-225">[225]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_League_(football)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Coast League (football)">Pacific Coast League</a>, 1926</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_of_Professional_Football" title="Eastern League of Professional Football">Eastern League of Professional Football</a>, 1926–1927</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anthracite_League_(1928-1929)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anthracite League (1928-1929) (page does not exist)">Anthracite League</a>, 1928–1929</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Football_League_(1932-1933)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Football League (1932-1933) (page does not exist)">Eastern Football League</a>, 1932–1933</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Renamed Interstate Football League in 1933</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_New_York_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Greater New York League (page does not exist)">Greater New York League</a>, 1934–1935<a href="#cite_note-245">[m]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Originally the New Jersey Football Circuit (1934)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/American_Legion_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Legion League">American Legion League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-246">[233]</a> 1934–1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Football_League" title="Northwest Football League">Northwest Football League</a>, 1935–1938</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Outgrowth of the Tri-States Football League (1934)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Football_League_(1936)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New England Football League (1936) (page does not exist)">New England Football League</a>, 1936</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia-Carolina_Football_League" title="Virginia-Carolina Football League">Virginia-Carolina Football League</a>, 1937</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/California_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="California Football League">California Football League</a>, 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pennsylvania_Football_League" title="Eastern Pennsylvania Football League">Eastern Pennsylvania Football League</a>‡, 1938</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Football League">Northeast Football League</a>, 1940–1942<a href="#cite_note-247">[n]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Association#Southern_Professional_Football_League" title="Southern Association">Southern Professional Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[o]</a> 1940𝐟; 1944𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Professional_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio Professional Football League">Ohio Professional Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-249">[234]</a> 1941</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Northwest_War_Industries_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Northwest War Industries League">Northwest War Industries Football League</a>, 1942</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Football_League_(1944)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Football League (1944) (page does not exist)">Eastern Football League</a>, 1944</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Negro_football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Negro football League">Virginia Negro League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-250">[235]</a> 1946</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_States_Football_League_(1948%E2%80%931953)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central States Football League (1948–1953) (page does not exist)">Central States Football League</a>, 1948–1953</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Football_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Football Conference">Pacific Football Conference</a>, 1957–1958</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Conference_(1959%E2%80%931961)" title="American Football Conference (1959–1961)">American Football Conference</a>, 1959–1961<a href="#cite_note-251">[p]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_States_Football_League_(1962%E2%80%931975)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central States Football League (1962–1975) (page does not exist)">Central States Football League</a>, 1962–1975</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Outgrowth of the Bi-States Football League (1949–1959) and Tri-States Football League (1960–1961)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1962%E2%80%931978)" title="Midwest Football League (1962–1978)">Midwest Football League</a>‡, 1962–1978</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Football_League_(1963-1965)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Football League (1963-1965) (page does not exist)">Southern Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-252">[236]</a> 1963–1965</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Merger between the Dixie Football League<a href="#cite_note-253">[237]</a> (1961–1962) and Florida Football League (1962–1963)</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada"><img alt="Canada" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/North_Pacific_Football_League" title="North Pacific Football League">North Pacific Football League</a>‡, 1963–1966</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=New_England_Football_League_(1964-1971)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="New England Football League (1964-1971) (page does not exist)">New England Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CTgridiron-254">[238]</a> 1964–1967</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Renamed North Atlantic Football League in 1967</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=North_American_Football_League_(1965%E2%80%9366)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="North American Football League (1965–66) (page does not exist)">North American Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-255">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-AntitrustBill-13">[13]</a> 1965–1966</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Supplemented the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Football_League_(1963-1965)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Football League (1963-1965) (page does not exist)">Southern Football League</a> in 1966</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_League_of_America" title="Professional Football League of America">Professional Football League of America</a>‡, 1965–1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Texas_Football_League" title="Texas Football League">Texas Football League</a> 1966–1968<a href="#cite_note-256">[q]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_American_Football_League" title="United American Football League">United American Football League</a>, 1967</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Trans-American_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-American Football League">Trans-American Football League</a>, 1970–1971</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Midwest_Professional_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Midwest Professional Football League (page does not exist)">Midwest Professional Football League</a>‡, 1970–1972<a href="#cite_note-257">[r]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Football_League" title="Seaboard Football League">Seaboard Football League</a>, 1971–1974</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Southwestern_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Southwestern Football League">Southwestern Football League</a>, 1972–1973</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/California_Football_League_(1974-1982)" class="mw-redirect" title="California Football League (1974-1982)">California Football League</a>, 1974–1982</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd><dl><dd>Renamed Western Football League for the 1976 season</dd></dl></dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Association_(1977%E2%80%931983)" title="American Football Association (1977–1983)">American Football Association</a>, 1977–1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_States_Football_League_(1977-1985)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern States Football League (1977-1985) (page does not exist)">Northern States Football League</a>, 1977–1985</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=United_Football_Teams_of_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="United Football Teams of America (page does not exist)">United Football Teams of America</a>,<a href="#cite_note-258">[240]</a> 1982</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/United_National_Gridiron_League" title="United National Gridiron League">United National Gridiron League</a>, 2007𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/World_Football_League_(2008%E2%80%932010)" title="World Football League (2008–2010)">World Football League</a>, 2008–2010</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Professional_Football_League" title="Hawaii Professional Football League">Hawaii Professional Football League</a>, 2011𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Stars_Football_League" title="Stars Football League">Stars Football League</a>, 2011–2013</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinity_Professional_Spring_Football_League&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinity Professional Spring Football League (page does not exist)">Trinity Professional Spring Football League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-259">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[242]</a> 2018𝐟</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Fútbol Americano de México">Fútbol Americano de México</a>, 2019–2022</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developmental_2">Developmental</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Developmental">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Pro_Football" title="Pacific Pro Football">Pacific Pro Football</a>, 2017𝐟<a href="#cite_note-261">[s]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/The_Spring_League" title="The Spring League">The Spring League</a>,<a href="#cite_note-espn-262">[243]</a> 2017–2021<a href="#cite_note-263">[t]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Your_Call_Football" title="Your Call Football">Your Call Football</a>,<a href="#cite_note-auto-111">[111]</a> 2018–2019</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style>* Official NFL / AFL minor league. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562">‡ Unofficial NFL minor league, that featured NFL farm team(s). 𝐟 Folded without playing. Notes <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Pottsville_Maroons" title="Pottsville Maroons">Pottsville Maroons</a> moved to the NFL. </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Informal association of teams; <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Portsmouth_Spartans" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Portsmouth Spartans">Portsmouth Spartans</a> would later move to the NFL. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> American Association suspended operations for duration of U.S. involvement in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>; in 1946 the AA was renamed American Football League. </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> Suspended operations in 1942 for duration of U.S. involvement in World War II; Some teams played few games at the newly formed (and somewhat informal) Virginia Football League in 1942 before going to full hiatus. </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Merged with PCPFL in 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> The league was in hiatus and re-branded as the NFL Europe League in 1995. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Merged with <a href="/wiki/International_Football_Federation" title="International Football Federation">IFF</a> in 1999, but both leagues folded without playing. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> Two separate attempts, with different managements. </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> Merged with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Football League (2022)">USFL</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a> in 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> Merged with the <a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">UFL</a> in 2024 </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> Reformatted as the developmental <a href="/wiki/The_Spring_League" title="The Spring League">The Spring League</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> Two separate attempts, with same management. </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> Informal association of teams. </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> Informal association of teams. </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Two separate attempts, with same management. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> Informal association of teams; the Toledo Tornadoes and Duquesne Ironmen would later move to the UFL and the ACFL (respectively). </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> Merged with CoFL in 1969. </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> Started in 1969 as a Midwestern circuit with loose association between the teams. </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> Reformatted to a scouting event called <a href="/wiki/HUB_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="HUB Football">HUB Football</a> in 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> Reformatted as the high-level <a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Football League (2022)">United States Football League</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_Players_Association" title="United Football Players Association">United Football Players Association</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theringer.com/nfl/2019/4/4/18294528/american-alliance-football-aaf-collapse-suspend-xfl">"The AAF Failed Because All Minor League Football Does"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Ringer_(website)" title="The Ringer (website)">The Ringer</a>. 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Hits the Big Time"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bulldogs%3A+L.A.+Hits+the+Big+Time&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2Farchives%2FWebsite_Files%2FCoffin_Corner%2F06-An-205.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/04-07-104.pdf">"PCPFL: 1940–45"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PCPFL%3A+1940%E2%80%9345&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2Farchives%2FWebsite_Files%2FCoffin_Corner%2F04-07-104.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/05-04-135.pdf">"The End of the PCPFL"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+End+of+the+PCPFL&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2Farchives%2FWebsite_Files%2FCoffin_Corner%2F05-04-135.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/11-01-362.pdf">"Other Minor Leagues"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Other+Minor+Leagues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2Farchives%2FWebsite_Files%2FCoffin_Corner%2F11-01-362.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/12/21/archives/joseph-rosentover-is-dead-led-minor-football-leagues.html">"Joseph Rosentover Is Dead; Led Minor Football Leagues"</a>. NY Times. 21 December 1973.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NY+Times&rft.atitle=Joseph+Rosentover+Is+Dead%3B+Led+Minor+Football+Leagues&rft.date=1973-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F12%2F21%2Farchives%2Fjoseph-rosentover-is-dead-led-minor-football-leagues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> William J. Ryczek. 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Retrieved April 3, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Racine+Journal-Times+Sunday+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Raiders+Whip+Elmhurst+7%E2%80%930&rft.date=1964-11-22&rft.au=Papara%2C+Cam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F75033904%2Fthe-racine-journal-times-sunday-bulletin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OutsidersII-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OutsidersII_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OutsidersII_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OutsidersII_46-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OutsidersII_46-3">d</a> Bob Gill, with Tod Maher. Outsiders II: Minor League And Independent Football, 1951–1985, St. Johann Press, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1878282654" title="Special:BookSources/1878282654">1878282654</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sportscollectorsdigest.com/news/continental-football-league">"Celebrating the Continental Football League"</a>. 29 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Celebrating+the+Continental+Football+League&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsportscollectorsdigest.com%2Fnews%2Fcontinental-football-league&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"TFL Aligns With Huge Continental". 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The New Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=Becoming+a+Pro&rft.date=1977-11-12&rft.aulast=Cramer&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F71252%2Fbecoming-pro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfl.com/news/regional-combine-gives-three-nfl-long-shots-their-big-chance-0ap2000000324572">"Regional combine gives three NFL long shots their big chance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NFL.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL.com">NFL.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NFL.com&rft.atitle=Regional+combine+gives+three+NFL+long+shots+their+big+chance&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fnews%2Fregional-combine-gives-three-nfl-long-shots-their-big-chance-0ap2000000324572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://entertainment.howstuffworks.com/sports/club-intramural/10-tips-for-semi-pro-football-tryouts.htm">"10 Tips for Semi-pro Football Tryouts"</a>. 21 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=10+Tips+for+Semi-pro+Football+Tryouts&rft.date=2011-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fentertainment.howstuffworks.com%2Fsports%2Fclub-intramural%2F10-tips-for-semi-pro-football-tryouts.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/b138e33d943a53fc64cc0bcd23bb8a9e">"A Look At the Semi-Pro Leagues Providing the Strike Players"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usfaf.org/home">the original</a> on 2021-03-05. Retrieved 2020-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+States+Federation+of+American+Football&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usfaf.org%2Fhome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626092314/https://mlfn.org/aaa-and-aa-league-criteria-updated-p334-165.htm">"AAA AND AA LEAGUE CRITERIA UPDATED"</a>. mlfn.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mlfn.org/aaa-and-aa-league-criteria-updated-p334-165.htm">the original</a> on 2020-06-26. 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Daily Mountain Eagle. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mountaineagle.com/stories/p-town-wreckaz-switch-leagues-tapped-to-host-kick-off-classic,14644">the original</a> on December 26, 2018. Retrieved December 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Mountain+Eagle&rft.atitle=P-Town+Wreckaz+switch+leagues%2C+tapped+to+host+Kick-off+Classic&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Elane&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmountaineagle.com%2Fstories%2Fp-town-wreckaz-switch-leagues-tapped-to-host-kick-off-classic%2C14644&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semiprofootball.org/minor/champs/ampdevfl.htm">"Amateur to Professional Developmental Football League – Champions"</a>. semiprofootball.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=semiprofootball.org&rft.atitle=Amateur+to+Professional+Developmental+Football+League+%E2%80%93+Champions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semiprofootball.org%2Fminor%2Fchamps%2Fampdevfl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ecfl.us/teams/?u=EASTCOASTFOOTBALLLEA&s=football">"East Coast Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Coast+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ecfl.us%2Fteams%2F%3Fu%3DEASTCOASTFOOTBALLLEA%26s%3Dfootball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanfootballassn.com/news/190-east-coast-football-league-ecfl-joins-american-football-association.html">"East Coast Football League (ECFL) Joins American Football Association"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=East+Coast+Football+League+%28ECFL%29+Joins+American+Football+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanfootballassn.com%2Fnews%2F190-east-coast-football-league-ecfl-joins-american-football-association.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easternfootballleague.net/">"Eastern Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Football+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.easternfootballleague.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211027193501/https://www.wickedlocal.com/sports/20171023/semipro-football-taunton-gladiators-win-third-consecutive-eastern-football-league-crown">"SEMIPRO FOOTBALL: Taunton Gladiators win third consecutive Eastern Football League crown"</a>. 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Retrieved 2020-09-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SEMIPRO+FOOTBALL%3A+Taunton+Gladiators+win+third+consecutive+Eastern+Football+League+crown&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wickedlocal.com%2Fsports%2F20171023%2Fsemipro-football-taunton-gladiators-win-third-consecutive-eastern-football-league-crown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://msjnews.com/semipro-football-is-back-p12430-96.htm">"Semi-pro football is back"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Semi-pro+football+is+back&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmsjnews.com%2Fsemipro-football-is-back-p12430-96.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semiprofootball.org/minor/champs/eastfl.htm">"Eastern Football League CHAMPIONS"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastern+Football+League+CHAMPIONS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semiprofootball.org%2Fminor%2Fchamps%2Feastfl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hometeamsonline.com/teams/?u=MDFOOTBALL&s=football">"Mason-Dixon Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mason-Dixon+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hometeamsonline.com%2Fteams%2F%3Fu%3DMDFOOTBALL%26s%3Dfootball&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAparicio1991" class="citation web cs1">Aparicio, Nestor (9 August 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1991-08-09-1991221164-story.html">"In Mason Dixon, local players Bear souls for another NFL shot"</a>. baltimoresun.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=baltimoresun.com&rft.atitle=In+Mason+Dixon%2C+local+players+Bear+souls+for+another+NFL+shot&rft.date=1991-08-09&rft.aulast=Aparicio&rft.aufirst=Nestor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.baltimoresun.com%2Fnews%2Fbs-xpm-1991-08-09-1991221164-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuchalter1994" class="citation web cs1">Buchalter, Bill (13 February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orlandosentinel.com/news/os-xpm-1994-02-13-9402110480-story.html">"FORMER UCF PUNTER SALERNO EARNS CHANCE AT PRO DREAM"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.msflfootball.com/">the original</a> on 2016-12-02. Retrieved 2020-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MidStates+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.msflfootball.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626124827/https://prev.dailyherald.com/story/?id=316673">"A quarterback the Bears could use"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights,_Illinois)" title="Daily Herald (Arlington Heights, Illinois)">Daily Herald</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prev.dailyherald.com/story/?id=316673">the original</a> on 2020-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=A+quarterback+the+Bears+could+use&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprev.dailyherald.com%2Fstory%2F%3Fid%3D316673&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmann2019" class="citation web cs1">Feldmann, Mark (October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journaltimes.com/sports/football/racine-raiders-national-playoff-path-set-for-undefeated-squad/article_cda5803f-18f6-51eb-b85e-626b9b9ef693.html">"Racine Raiders: National playoff path set for undefeated squad"</a>. Journal Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Journal+Times&rft.atitle=Racine+Raiders%3A+National+playoff+path+set+for+undefeated+squad&rft.date=2019-10&rft.aulast=Feldmann&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournaltimes.com%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fracine-raiders-national-playoff-path-set-for-undefeated-squad%2Farticle_cda5803f-18f6-51eb-b85e-626b9b9ef693.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semiprofootball.org/minor/champs/msfl.htm">"Mid-States Football League – Champions"</a>. semiprofootball.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=semiprofootball.org&rft.atitle=Mid-States+Football+League+%E2%80%93+Champions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semiprofootball.org%2Fminor%2Fchamps%2Fmsfl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mflishere.com/">"Minor Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minor+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mflishere.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=4313900">"Vick welcome to play in football minor league"</a>. ESPN.com. July 8, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN.com&rft.atitle=Vick+welcome+to+play+in+football+minor+league&rft.date=2009-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnfl%2Fnews%2Fstory%3Fid%3D4313900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412233758/https://mont.thesentinel.com/2016/06/03/minor-league-football-gears-up-in-moco/">"Minor League Football gears up in MoCo"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mont.thesentinel.com/2016/06/03/minor-league-football-gears-up-in-moco/">the original</a> on 2020-04-12. Retrieved 2020-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minor+League+Football+gears+up+in+MoCo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmont.thesentinel.com%2F2016%2F06%2F03%2Fminor-league-football-gears-up-in-moco%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.1888pressrelease.com/mfl-and-african-union-mission-announce-groundbreaking-intern-pr-654337.html">"MFL and African Union Mission Announce Groundbreaking International Developmental Football by Minor Football League"</a>. 1888pressrelease.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=1888pressrelease.com&rft.atitle=MFL+and+African+Union+Mission+Announce+Groundbreaking+International+Developmental+Football+by+Minor+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.1888pressrelease.com%2Fmfl-and-african-union-mission-announce-groundbreaking-intern-pr-654337.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thepcfl.com/">"Pacific Coast Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+Coast+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thepcfl.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfbayview.com/2014/02/golden-state-giants-football-is-back-an-interview-wit-golden-state-giants-president-tirrell-muhammad/">"Golden State Giants football is back: an interview wit' Golden State Giants President Tirrell Muhammad"</a>. February 4, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Golden+State+Giants+football+is+back%3A+an+interview+wit%27+Golden+State+Giants+President+Tirrell+Muhammad&rft.date=2014-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfbayview.com%2F2014%2F02%2Fgolden-state-giants-football-is-back-an-interview-wit-golden-state-giants-president-tirrell-muhammad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oaklandnorth.net/2017/03/15/east-bay-guardians-prep-for-2017-semi-pro-football-season/">"East Bay Guardians prep for 2017 semi-pro football season"</a>. Oakland North. 15 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oakland+North&rft.atitle=East+Bay+Guardians+prep+for+2017+semi-pro+football+season&rft.date=2017-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foaklandnorth.net%2F2017%2F03%2F15%2Feast-bay-guardians-prep-for-2017-semi-pro-football-season%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semiprofootball.org/minor/champs/ncaff.htm">"Pacific Coast Football League – Champions"</a>. semiprofootball.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=semiprofootball.org&rft.atitle=Pacific+Coast+Football+League+%E2%80%93+Champions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semiprofootball.org%2Fminor%2Fchamps%2Fncaff.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pnfl.org/">"Pacific Northwest Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+Northwest+Football+League&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpnfl.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnfafootball.org/PNFL.htm">"Pacific Northwest Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+Northwest+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnfafootball.org%2FPNFL.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmyfl.org/">"Rocky Mountain Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocky+Mountain+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rmyfl.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gnfafootball.org/RMFL.htm">"Rocky Mountain Football League"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocky+Mountain+Football+League&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnfafootball.org%2FRMFL.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semiprofootball.org/minor/champs/rockyfl.htm">"Rocky Mountain Football League champs"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rocky+Mountain+Football+League+champs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.semiprofootball.org%2Fminor%2Fchamps%2Frockyfl.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006083019/https://aflfootball.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/2015-CMFL-Agreement.pdf">"2015 CMFL Agreement"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aflfootball.ca/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/2015-CMFL-Agreement.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2018-10-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+CMFL+Agreement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faflfootball.ca%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2015%2F08%2F2015-CMFL-Agreement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRothman1989" class="citation web cs1">Rothman, Seymour (1989-07-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=zT1QAAAAIBAJ&pg=6981,636257">"Japan to get second look at American pro football"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Toledo_Blade" class="mw-redirect" title="Toledo Blade">Toledo Blade</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/vault/article/magazine/MAG1121180/index.htm">the original</a> on 2012-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=An+Overdose+Of+Problems&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsportsillustrated.cnn.com%2Fvault%2Farticle%2Fmagazine%2FMAG1121180%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/tampabay/stories/1996/12/02/story3.html">"New pro football league forming"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+pro+football+league+forming&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Ftampabay%2Fstories%2F1996%2F12%2F02%2Fstory3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081206030101/http://www.newusfl.com/index.html">"The New USFL – For the Love of the Game!"</a>. December 6, 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newusfl.com/index.html">the original</a> on 2008-12-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+New+USFL+%E2%80%93+For+the+Love+of+the+Game%21&rft.date=2008-12-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newusfl.com%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120319192221/http://www.theusfl.net/">"The USFL is Back"</a>. March 19, 2012. 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Breaking down salary structure for new league"</a>. www.sportingnews.com. 12 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sportingnews.com&rft.atitle=How+much+do+XFL+players+get+paid%3F+Breaking+down+salary+structure+for+new+league&rft.date=2021-08-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportingnews.com%2Fus%2Fnfl%2Fnews%2Fxfl-salary-structure%2F1amgsczt2ngnc1cekk66jektlr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://xflnewsroom.com/usfl/details-on-usfl-player-contracts-pay-reportedly-leak/">"Details on USFL Player Contracts & Pay Reportedly Leak"</a>. Pro Football Newsroom. 2022-02-04. Retrieved 2022-02-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pro+Football+Newsroom&rft.atitle=Details+on+USFL+Player+Contracts+%26+Pay+Reportedly+Leak&rft.date=2022-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fxflnewsroom.com%2Fusfl%2Fdetails-on-usfl-player-contracts-pay-reportedly-leak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.profootballresearchers.org/archives/Website_Files/Coffin_Corner/06-07-190.pdf">"California Dreamin': West Coast Pros in the 1930s"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=California+Dreamin%27%3A+West+Coast+Pros+in+the+1930s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.profootballresearchers.org%2Farchives%2FWebsite_Files%2FCoffin_Corner%2F06-07-190.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77098917/dayton-daily-news/">"2 Dayton Teams In New Pro Football Circuit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dayton_Daily_News" title="Dayton Daily News">Dayton Daily News</a>. September 21, 1941. Retrieved May 5, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dayton+Daily+News&rft.atitle=2+Dayton+Teams+In+New+Pro+Football+Circuit&rft.date=1941-09-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F77098917%2Fdayton-daily-news%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2001" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Charles K. (May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=56oUCgAAQBAJ&q=Outside+the+Lines%3A+African+Americans+and+the+Integration+of+the+National+Football+League+%22Virginia+Negro+League%22&pg=PA57">Outside the Lines: African Americans and the Integration of the National Football League</a>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814774960" title="Special:BookSources/9780814774960"><bdi>9780814774960</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outside+the+Lines%3A+African+Americans+and+the+Integration+of+the+National+Football+League&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2001-05&rft.isbn=9780814774960&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Charles+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D56oUCgAAQBAJ%26q%3DOutside%2Bthe%2BLines%253A%2BAfrican%2BAmericans%2Band%2Bthe%2BIntegration%2Bof%2Bthe%2BNational%2BFootball%2BLeague%2B%2522Virginia%2BNegro%2BLeague%2522%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200626150752/https://miltonhooper.com/2018/09/28/friday-flashback-southern-football-league/">"Friday Flashback: Southern Football League"</a>. That Dude Writer. September 28, 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://miltonhooper.com/2018/09/28/friday-flashback-southern-football-league/">the original</a> on 2020-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=That+Dude+Writer&rft.atitle=Friday+Flashback%3A+Southern+Football+League&rft.date=2018-09-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmiltonhooper.com%2F2018%2F09%2F28%2Ffriday-flashback-southern-football-league%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamprosports.com/birminghamvulcans3history.html">"Birmingham Vulcans Team and League History"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birmingham+Vulcans+Team+and+League+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamprosports.com%2Fbirminghamvulcans3history.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CTgridiron-254"><a href="#cite_ref-CTgridiron_254-0">^</a> William J. Ryczek. Connecticut Gridiron: Football Minor Leaguers of the 1960s and 1970s, p.113, McFarland & Company, 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786478330" title="Special:BookSources/0786478330">0786478330</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1964/12/07/new-pro-football-league-ready-to-operate-in-1965.html">"New Pro Football League Ready to Operate in 1965"</a>. The New York Times. December 7, 1964 – via NYTimes.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=New+Pro+Football+League+Ready+to+Operate+in+1965&rft.date=1964-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1964%2F12%2F07%2Fnew-pro-football-league-ready-to-operate-in-1965.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birminghamprosports.com/otherteamsufta.html">"Will Birmingham play in the United Football Teams of America?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Will+Birmingham+play+in+the+United+Football+Teams+of+America%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birminghamprosports.com%2Fotherteamsufta.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180105135427/https://tpsfl.net/">"TPSFL Official Site"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tpsfl.net/">the original</a> on 2018-01-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TPSFL+Official+Site&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftpsfl.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eirball.ie/trinity-professional-spring-football-league-2018/">"Trinity Professional Spring Football League 2018"</a>. 18 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trinity+Professional+Spring+Football+League+2018&rft.date=2020-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feirball.ie%2Ftrinity-professional-spring-football-league-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-espn-262"><a href="#cite_ref-espn_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClayton2016" class="citation news cs1">Clayton, John (December 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/18334913/spring-league-aims-develop-nfl-free-agents">"Spring league kicking off 4-team, 3-week development plan in April"</a>. ESPN. Retrieved August 30, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Spring+league+kicking+off+4-team%2C+3-week+development+plan+in+April&rft.date=2016-12-23&rft.aulast=Clayton&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnfl%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F18334913%2Fspring-league-aims-develop-nfl-free-agents&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinor+league+football+%28gridiron%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Minor_league_football_(gridiron)&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2019/08/12/Leagues-and-Governing-Bodies/Spring-football.aspx">Can spring football ever work?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/nfl-owners-coaches-say-a-developmental-league-is-needed-and-heres-whats-brewing/">NFL owners, coaches say a developmental league is needed</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bleacherreport.com/articles/1174271-nfl-minor-leagues-what-needs-to-be-done-to-help-develop-talent-in-the-nfl#slide0">NFL Minor Leagues: What Needs to Be Done to Help Develop Talent in the NFL</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/columnist/bell/2019/04/06/aaf-death-nfl-football-needs-another-league-survive/3387292002/">Football needs another successful league to survive, for the good of the game</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/2019/04/03/aaf-joins-xfl-usfl-wfl-start-up-pro-football-leagues-failed/3349422002/">Alliance of American Football is just the latest in a long line of failed start-up leagues</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Journal/Issues/2019/09/23/In-Depth/Methodology.aspx">Minor league markets rank: Methodology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbssports.com/nfl/news/nfl-to-present-formal-proposals-for-a-developmental-league-in-2017/">NFL to present formal proposals for a developmental league in 2017</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_football_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Template:American football in the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Template talk:American football in the United 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title="Early history of American football">Early</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_Union" title="American Football Union">American Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Football_Association" title="Intercollegiate Football Association">Intercollegiate Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_(1902)" title="National Football League (1902)">National Football League (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Pro_Football_League" title="New York Pro Football League">New York Pro Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_League" title="Ohio League">Ohio League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_Professional_Football_Circuit" title="Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit">Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Football_(1902%E2%80%9303)" title="World Series of Football (1902–03)">World Series of Football (1902–03)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_American_football" title="Modern history of American football">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference" title="All-America Football Conference">All-America Football Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1926)" title="American Football League (1926)">American Football League (1926)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1936)" title="American Football League (1936)">American Football League (1936)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1940)" title="American Football League (1940)">American Football League (1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Football_League" title="World Football League">World Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minor_league" title="Minor league">Minor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_(American_football)" title="American Association (American football)">American Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_League" title="Anthracite League">Anthracite League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Football_League" title="Atlantic Coast Football League">Atlantic Coast Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Football_League" title="Continental Football League">Continental Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_League_(American_football)" title="Dixie League (American football)">Dixie League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1935%E2%80%931940)" title="Midwest Football League (1935–1940)">Midwest Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">NFL Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Professional_Football_League" title="Pacific Coast Professional Football League">Pacific Coast Professional Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="United Football League (1961–1964)">United Football League (1961–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">United Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Football League (2022)">United States Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL (2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Spring_League" title="The Spring League">The Spring League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Your_Call_Football" title="Your Call Football">Your Call Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Halls of fame</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Pro Football Hall of Fame">Professional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="College Football Hall of Fame">College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_Hall_of_Fame" title="Arena Football Hall of Fame">Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor Football Hall of Fame">Indoor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Professional_gridiron_football" title="Professional gridiron football">Professional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_National_Football_League" title="History of the National Football League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_playoffs" title="NFL playoffs">Playoffs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFC_Championship_Game" title="AFC Championship Game">AFC Championship Game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFC_Championship_Game" title="NFC Championship Game">NFC Championship Game</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Bowl" title="Pro Bowl">Pro Bowl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_Bowl" title="Super Bowl">Super Bowl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Other outdoor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL">American 7s Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indoor_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Indoor American football">Indoor leagues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Arena_League" title="American Arena League">American Arena League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_Association" title="Arena Football Association">Arena Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_West_Football_Conference" title="American West Football Conference">American West Football Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indoor_Football" title="American Indoor Football">American Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Indoor_Football" title="Champions Indoor Football">Champions Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arena_League" title="National Arena League">National Arena League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Arena_Football" title="Great Lakes Arena Football">Great Lakes Arena Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Controlled_Football" title="Fan Controlled Football">Fan Controlled Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Proposed leagues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Patriot_League" title="American Patriot League">American Patriot League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Spring_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="American Spring Football League">American Spring Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Football_League" title="Freedom Football League">Freedom Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arena_League" title="The Arena League">The Arena League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_Researchers_Association" title="Professional Football Researchers Association">Researchers Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/College_football" title="College football">College</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Collegiate_Athletic_Association" title="National Collegiate Athletic Association">NCAA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Bowl_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision">FBS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_football_national_championships_in_NCAA_Division_I_FBS" title="College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS">National championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff_National_Championship" title="College Football Playoff National Championship">Playoff National Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_Football_Playoff" title="College Football Playoff">Playoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_game" title="Bowl game">Bowl game</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship_Subdivision" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision">FCS</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NCAA_Division_I_Football_Championship" title="NCAA Division I Football Championship">Championship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics" title="National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics">NAIA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAIA_Football_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="NAIA Football National Championship">National Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Junior_College_Athletic_Association" title="National Junior College Athletic Association">NJCAA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NJCAA_National_Football_Championship" title="NJCAA National Football Championship">Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Signing_Day" title="National Signing Day">National Signing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Junior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/High_school_football" title="High school football">High school</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Football_National_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="High School Football National Championship">High School Football National Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_State_High_School_Associations" title="National Federation of State High School Associations">National Federation of State High School Associations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Signing_Day" title="National Signing Day">National Signing Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Youth / middle</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Youth_Football" title="American Youth Football">American Youth Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Warner_Little_Scholars" title="Pop Warner Little Scholars">Pop Warner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_American_football" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's American football">Women's</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legends_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Legends Football League">Extreme Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Women%27s_Football_League" title="United States Women's Football League">United States Women's Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance" title="Women's Football Alliance">Women's Football Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Football_Conference" title="Women's National Football Conference">Women's National Football Conference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USA_Football" title="USA Football">USA Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_men%27s_national_American_football_team" title="United States men's national American football team">National men's team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_women%27s_national_American_football_team" title="United States women's national American football team">National women's team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_football_films" title="List of American football films">List of American football films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump_and_American_football" title="Donald Trump and American football">Donald Trump and American football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:American_football_in_the_United_States" title="Category:American football in the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:American_football_in_the_United_States" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:American football in the United States">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_football" title="Portal:American football">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Professional_gridiron_football_leagues_in_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Professional_gridiron_football_leagues_in_North_America" title="Template:Professional gridiron football leagues in North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Professional_gridiron_football_leagues_in_North_America" title="Template talk:Professional gridiron football leagues in North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Professional_gridiron_football_leagues_in_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Professional gridiron football leagues in North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Professional_gridiron_football_leagues_in_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Professional <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_and_Canadian_football_leagues" title="List of American and Canadian football leagues">gridiron football leagues</a> in North America</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="American_football" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">National Football League</a> (1920–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Other</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A7FL" title="A7FL"> American 7s Football League</a> (2015–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liga_de_F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_Profesional" title="Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional">Liga de Fútbol Americano Profesional</a> (2016–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2024)" title="United Football League (2024)">United Football League</a> (2024–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct national</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1926)" title="American Football League (1926)">American Football League (1926)</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1936)" title="American Football League (1936)">American Football League (1936–1937)</a>²</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1940)" title="American Football League (1940)">American Football League (1940–1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-America_Football_Conference" title="All-America Football Conference">All-America Football Conference</a>² (1945–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League" title="American Football League">American Football League</a> (1960–1969)¹</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Football_League" title="Continental Football League">Continental Football League</a> (1965–1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Football_League" title="World Football League">World Football League</a> (1974–1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League" title="United States Football League">United States Football League</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFL_Europe" title="NFL Europe">World League of American Football/NFL Europe/NFL Europa</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFL_(2001)" title="XFL (2001)">XFL (2001)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(2009%E2%80%932012)" title="United Football League (2009–2012)">United Football League (2009–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_American_Football" title="Alliance of American Football">Alliance of American Football</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XFL_(2020)" class="mw-redirect" title="XFL (2020)">XFL</a> (2020, 2023)*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Football_League_(2022)" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Football League (2022)">United States Football League</a> (2022–2023)*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_Union" title="American Football Union">American Football Union</a> (1886–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pennsylvania_Professional_Football_Circuit" title="Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit">Western Pennsylvania Professional Football Circuit</a>** (1890–1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_League" title="Ohio League">Ohio League</a>² (1902–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Pro_Football_League" title="New York Pro Football League">New York Pro Football League</a>² (1908–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Football_League_(1902)" title="National Football League (1902)">National Football League (1902)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthracite_League" title="Anthracite League">Anthracite League</a>² (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_League_of_Professional_Football" title="Eastern League of Professional Football">Eastern League of Professional Football</a> (1926–1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1934)" title="American Football League (1934)">American Football League (1934)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1935%E2%80%931940)" title="Midwest Football League (1935–1940)">Midwest Football League (1935–1940)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixie_League_(American_football)" title="Dixie League (American football)">Dixie League</a>³ (1936–1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_(American_football)" title="American Association (American football)">American Association (American football)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1935%E2%80%931940)" title="Midwest Football League (1935–1940)">American Football League (1938–1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Pennsylvania_Football_League" title="Eastern Pennsylvania Football League">Eastern Pennsylvania Football League</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Professional_Football_League" title="Pacific Coast Professional Football League">Pacific Coast Professional Football League</a>³ (1940–1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_League_(1944)" title="American Football League (1944)">American Football League (1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_(American_football)" title="American Association (American football)">American Football League (1946–1950)</a>³</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_Conference_(1959%E2%80%931961)" title="American Football Conference (1959–1961)">American Football Conference (1959–1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Football_League_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="United Football League (1961–1964)">United Football League (1961–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Football_League" title="Atlantic Coast Football League">Atlantic Coast Football League</a>³ (1962–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Football_League_(1962%E2%80%931978)" title="Midwest Football League (1962–1978)">Midwest Football League (1962–1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Football_League_of_America" title="Professional Football League of America">Professional Football League of America</a> (1965–1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Football_League" title="Texas Football League">Texas Football League</a> (1966–1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_Football_League" title="Seaboard Football League">Seaboard Football League</a> (1971–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Football_Association_(1977%E2%80%931983)" title="American Football Association (1977–1983)">American Football Association (1977–1983)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Football_League" title="Regional Football League">Regional Football League</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_Football_League" title="Spring Football League">Spring Football League</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Football_League_(2008%E2%80%932010)" title="World Football League (2008–2010)">World Football League (2008–2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stars_Football_League" title="Stars Football League">Stars Football League</a> (2011–2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_Experimental_Football_League" title="Fall Experimental Football League">Fall Experimental Football League</a> (2014–2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BAtbol_Americano_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Fútbol Americano de México">Fútbol Americano de México</a> (2019–2022)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>¹ <a href="/wiki/AFL%E2%80%93NFL_merger" title="AFL–NFL merger">Merged into the NFL</a>. All teams still active as members of the NFL's <a href="/wiki/American_Football_Conference" title="American Football Conference">American Football Conference</a>.</li> <li>² Teams moved to NFL</li> <li>³ Official NFL minor league; see also <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Professional_Football_Leagues" title="Association of Professional Football Leagues">Association of Professional Football Leagues</a></li> <li>* Merged into the UFL, still active as conferences within</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Canadian_football" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_football" title="Canadian football">Canadian football</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">Major</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Football_League" title="Canadian Football League">Canadian Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Predecessors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Direct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Division_(CFL)" title="East Division (CFL)">Interprovincial Rugby Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Division_(CFL)" title="West Division (CFL)">Western Interprovincial Football Union</a></li></ul></li> <li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Ontario Rugby Football Union">Ontario Rugby Football Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Quebec Rugby Football Union">Quebec Rugby Football Union</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Junior</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Football_League" title="Atlantic Football League">Atlantic Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Junior_Football_League" title="Canadian Junior Football League">Canadian Junior Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Junior_Football_League" title="Quebec Junior Football League">Quebec Junior Football League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arena_football" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Arena_League" title="American Arena League">American Arena League 2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_One_(2025)" title="Arena Football One (2025)">Arena Football One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Arena_Football" title="Great Lakes Arena Football">Great Lakes Arena Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League" title="Indoor Football League">Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Arena_League" title="National Arena League">National Arena League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Arena_League" title="The Arena League">The Arena League</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indoor_Football" title="American Indoor Football">American Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Indoor_Football_Alliance" title="American Indoor Football Alliance">American Indoor Football Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Professional_Football_League" title="American Professional Football League">American Professional Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_West_Football_Conference" title="American West Football Conference">American West Football Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_Association" title="Arena Football Association">Arena Football Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League" title="Arena Football League">Arena Football League</a> (1987–2008, 2010–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Football_League_(2024)" title="Arena Football League (2024)">Arena Football League (2024)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AF2" title="AF2">arenafootball2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arena_Pro_Football" class="mw-redirect" title="Arena Pro Football">Arena Pro Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Can-Am_Indoor_Football_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Can-Am Indoor Football League">Can-Am Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Indoor_Football" title="Champions Indoor Football">Champions Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champions_Professional_Indoor_Football_League" title="Champions Professional Indoor Football League">Champions Professional Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Indoor_Football_League" title="Continental Indoor Football League">Continental Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Indoor_Football_Alliance" title="Independent Indoor Football Alliance">Independent Indoor Football Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Football_League_(1999%E2%80%932000)" title="Indoor Football League (1999–2000)">Indoor Football League (1999–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indoor_Professional_Football_League" title="Indoor Professional Football League">Indoor Professional Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intense_Football_League" title="Intense Football League">Intense Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Football_League" title="Lone Star Football League">Lone Star Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Indoor_Football_League" title="National Indoor Football League">National Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Indoor_Football_League_(1998)" title="Professional Indoor Football League (1998)">Professional Indoor Football League (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Indoor_Football_League" title="Professional Indoor Football League">Professional Indoor Football League (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Indoor_Football_League" title="Southern Indoor Football League">Southern Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Indoor_Football" title="Supreme Indoor Football">Supreme Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Indoor_Football_League" title="Ultimate Indoor Football League">Ultimate Indoor Football League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Indoor_Football" title="United Indoor Football">United Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-League_Indoor_Football" title="X-League Indoor Football">X-League Indoor Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Indoor_Football_League_(2007)" title="World Indoor Football League (2007)">World Indoor Football League (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Series_of_Football_(1902%E2%80%9303)" title="World Series of Football (1902–03)">World Series of Football (1902–03)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">On hiatus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fan_Controlled_Football" title="Fan Controlled Football">Fan Controlled Football</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Women&#039;s_football" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_gridiron_football" title="Women's gridiron football">Women's football </a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Football_Alliance" title="Women's Football Alliance">Women's Football Alliance</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Women%27s_Football_League" title="United States Women's Football League">United States Women's Football League</a> (2009–present)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Football_Conference" title="Women's National Football Conference">Women's National Football Conference</a> (2018–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct Outdoor</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Football_League_(1965%E2%80%931973)" title="Women's Professional Football League (1965–1973)">Women's Professional Football League</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Football_League" title="National Women's Football League">National Women's Football League</a> (1974–1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Professional_Football_League" title="Women's Professional Football League">Women's Professional Football League</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Football_Association" title="National Women's Football Association">National Women's Football Association</a> (2000–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Football_League" title="Independent Women's Football League">Independent Women's Football League</a> (2000–2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arena_football" title="Arena football">Arena football</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/X_League_(women%27s_football)" title="X League (women's football)"> X League</a> (2009–present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_American_football" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:International_American_football" title="Template:International American football"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:International_American_football" title="Template talk:International American football"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:International_American_football" title="Special:EditPage/Template:International American football"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_American_football" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International <a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">American football</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_American_Football" title="International Federation of American Football">IFAF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_World_Championship" title="IFAF World Championship">World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Women%27s_World_Championship" title="IFAF Women's World Championship">Women's World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Junior_World_Championship" title="IFAF Junior World Championship">Junior World Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_University_American_Football_Championship" title="World University American Football Championship">World University Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_Summer_Olympics" title="American football at the Summer Olympics">Olympics</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1904_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="American football at the 1904 Summer Olympics">1904</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_1932_Summer_Olympics" title="American football at the 1932 Summer Olympics">1932</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_football_at_the_2028_Summer_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag football at the 2028 Summer Olympics">2028 flag</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_World_Games" title="American football at the World Games">World Games</a> (<a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_2005_World_Games" title="American football at the 2005 World Games">2005</a>, <a href="/wiki/American_football_at_the_2017_World_Games" title="American football at the 2017 World Games">2017</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_football_at_the_2022_World_Games" title="Flag football at the 2022 World Games">2022 flag</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FDB813;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Africa" title="IFAF Africa">IFAF Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:IFAF_members.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IFAF_members.svg/220px-IFAF_members.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IFAF_members.svg/330px-IFAF_members.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/IFAF_members.svg/440px-IFAF_members.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="863" data-file-height="443" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #ED3D40;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Asia" title="IFAF Asia">IFAF Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_flag_football_at_the_2014_Asian_Beach_Games" title="Beach flag football at the 2014 Asian Beach Games">Beach flag football at the 2014 Asian Beach Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0080C7;">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Americas" title="IFAF Americas">IFAF Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #018440;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Europe" title="IFAF Europe">IFAF Europe</a>: <a href="/wiki/European_Championship_of_American_football" title="European Championship of American football">European Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_European_Championship_of_American_football" title="Women's European Championship of American football">Women's European Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Junior_Championship_of_American_football" title="European Junior Championship of American football">European Junior Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_League_of_Football" title="European League of Football">ELF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BIG6_European_Football_League" title="BIG6 European Football League">BIG6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurobowl" title="Eurobowl">Eurobowl</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Football_League" title="European Football League">EFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAF_Cup" title="EFAF Cup">EFAF Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAF_Challenge_Cup" title="EFAF Challenge Cup">EFAF Challenge Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EFAF_Euro_Top_20" title="EFAF Euro Top 20">EFAF Euro Top 20</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1em;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #807F85;">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IFAF_Oceania" title="IFAF Oceania">IFAF Oceania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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