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<span>Environment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Settlement,_architecture_and_organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement,_architecture_and_organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Settlement, architecture and organization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement,_architecture_and_organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Food_and_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_and_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Food and resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_and_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Food_restrictions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Food_restrictions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Food restrictions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Food_restrictions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kinship_and_descent_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kinship_and_descent_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Kinship and descent system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kinship_and_descent_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage_customs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage_customs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Marriage customs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage_customs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Political structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Mythology</span> </div> </a> <ul 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<span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Comparative_vocabulary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparative_vocabulary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Comparative vocabulary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparative_vocabulary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-General_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>General references</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mbuti people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%86%D1%96" title="Бамбуці – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бамбуці" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti" title="Mbuti – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mbuti" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti_(peuple)" title="Mbuti (peuple) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mbuti (peuple)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suku_Mbuti" title="Suku Mbuti – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Suku Mbuti" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti" title="Mbuti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mbuti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%98%D7%99" title="מבוטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מבוטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti" title="Mbuti – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Mbuti" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A0%E3%83%96%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E6%97%8F" title="ムブティ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ムブティ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti" title="Mbuti – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Mbuti" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti" title="Mbuti – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mbuti" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povo_Mbuti" title="Povo Mbuti – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Povo Mbuti" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbuti" title="Mbuti – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mbuti" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbutiler" title="Mbutiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mbutiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E6%8F%90%E4%BA%BA" title="姆巴提人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="姆巴提人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3039820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="View the content 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Indigenous pygmy groups in the Congo region of Africa</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the 1956 documentary, see <a href="/wiki/Bambuti_(film)" title="Bambuti (film)">Bambuti (film)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Mbuti</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bambuti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bambuti.jpg/220px-Bambuti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bambuti.jpg/330px-Bambuti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Bambuti.jpg/440px-Bambuti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="337" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A group of Mbuti, with American traveller <a href="/wiki/Osa_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Osa Johnson">Osa Johnson</a>, in 1930</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">30,000 to 40,000<sup id="cite_ref-ofosuah_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofosuah-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/20px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/31px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Efe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efe language">Efe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asoa_language" title="Asoa language">Asoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kango_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kango language">Kango</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Bambuti_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Bambuti mythology">Bambuti mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">African Pygmies</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Mbuti people</b>, or <b>Bambuti</b>, are one of several <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">indigenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Pygmy_peoples#Africa" title="Pygmy peoples">pygmy</a> groups in the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>. Their languages are <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic languages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subgroups">Subgroups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Subgroups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bambuti are <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">pygmy</a> <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, and are one of the oldest indigenous people of the Congo region of Africa. The Bambuti are composed of bands which are relatively small in size, ranging from 15 to 60 people. The Bambuti population totals about 30,000 to 40,000 people.<sup id="cite_ref-ofosuah_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ofosuah-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many <a href="/wiki/Batwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Batwa">Batwa</a> in various parts of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a> (DRC) also call themselves Bambuti.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are three distinct subgroups:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge20027–8_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge20027–8-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The Sua (also Kango, or Mbuti), who speak a dialect (or perhaps two) of the language of a neighboring Bantu people, <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a>. They are located centrally and are eponymous of the larger group.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Efé">Efé</a>, who speak the language of the neighboring Central Sudanic <a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Asua_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Asua people">Asua</a>, speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_language" title="Mangbetu language">Mangbetu</a> (Central Sudanic) <a href="/wiki/Asua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asua language">Asua language</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Environment">Environment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Environment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png/220px-R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png/330px-R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png/440px-R%C3%A9gion_Ituri_R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo.png 2x" data-file-width="584" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Map of <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest" title="Ituri Rainforest">Ituri Rainforest</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">DRC</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Mbuti population live in the <a href="/wiki/Ituri_Rainforest" title="Ituri Rainforest">Ituri</a>, a tropical <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainforest</a> covering about 63,000 km<sup>2</sup> (24,000 square miles) of the north/northeast portion of the DRC. In this area, there is a high amount of rainfall annually, ranging from 1,300 to 1,800 mm (50 to 70 inches). The <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a> is in January, and then May through August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge20025_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge20025-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forest is a moist, humid region strewn with rivers and lakes. Several ecological problems exist which affect the Bambuti. <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">Tropical disease</a> is prevalent in the forests and can spread quickly, killing not only humans, but plants, and animals, the major source of food, as well. One disease, carried by <a href="/wiki/Tsetse_flies" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsetse flies">tsetse flies</a>, is <a href="/wiki/African_trypanosomiasis" title="African trypanosomiasis">sleeping sickness</a>, which limits the use of large <a href="/wiki/Mammals" class="mw-redirect" title="Mammals">mammals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Too much rainfall, as well as <a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">droughts</a>, can greatly diminish the food supply. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement,_architecture_and_organization"><span id="Settlement.2C_architecture_and_organization"></span>Settlement, architecture and organization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Settlement, architecture and organization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bambuti live in villages that are categorized as bands. Each hut houses a family unit. At the start of the <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>, they leave the village to enter the forest and set up a series of camps.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This way, the Bambuti are able to utilize more land area for maximum <a href="/wiki/Foraging" title="Foraging">foraging</a>. These villages are solitary and separated from other groups of people. Their houses are small, circular, and very temporary. </p><p>House construction begins with the tracing of the outline of the house into the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls of the structures are strong sticks that are placed in the ground, and at the top of the sticks, a vine is tied around them to keep them together.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large leaves and grass are used in the construction of the hut roofs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Food_and_resources">Food and resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Food and resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bambuti-Netzj%C3%A4ger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bambuti-Netzj%C3%A4ger.jpg/220px-Bambuti-Netzj%C3%A4ger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bambuti-Netzj%C3%A4ger.jpg/330px-Bambuti-Netzj%C3%A4ger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Bambuti-Netzj%C3%A4ger.jpg/440px-Bambuti-Netzj%C3%A4ger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>Mbuti net-hunter in <a href="/wiki/Okapi_Wildlife_Reserve" title="Okapi Wildlife Reserve">Okapi Wildlife Reserve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Bambuti are primarily hunter-gatherers. Their animal diet can include <a href="/wiki/Crab" title="Crab">crabs</a>, shellfish, <a href="/wiki/Ant" title="Ant">ants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larva" title="Larva">larvae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snail" title="Snail">snails</a>, wild pigs, <a href="/wiki/Antelope" title="Antelope">antelopes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monkey" title="Monkey">monkeys</a>, fish, and <a href="/wiki/Honey" title="Honey">honey</a>. The vegetable component of their diet includes wild <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, berries, fruits, roots, leaves, and <a href="/wiki/Kola_nuts" class="mw-redirect" title="Kola nuts">kola nuts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bambuti have an elaborate system of food allowances and restrictions; foods that are restricted are called kweri.<sup id="cite_ref-ichikawa_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ichikawa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Food sources yielded by the forest are non-<i>kweri</i> animals for meat consumption, root plants, palm trees, and <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in some seasons, wild honey.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukenge_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukenge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">Yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legumes" class="mw-redirect" title="Legumes">legumes</a>, beans, peanuts, <a href="/wiki/Hibiscus" title="Hibiscus">hibiscus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amaranth" title="Amaranth">amaranth</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gourds" class="mw-redirect" title="Gourds">gourds</a> are consumed.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnbull_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Bambuti use large <a href="/wiki/Net_(device)" title="Net (device)">nets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Animal_trapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal trapping">traps</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bow_(weapon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bow (weapon)">bows</a> and arrows to hunt game. Women and children sometimes assist in the hunt by driving the prey into the nets. Both sexes gather and forage. Each band has its own hunting ground, although boundaries are hard to maintain.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mbuti call the forest "mother" and "father" as the mood seizes them, because, like their parents, the forest gives them food, shelter, and clothing, which are readily made from abundant forest materials.<sup id="cite_ref-turnbull1985_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-turnbull1985-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bantu villagers produce many items that the hunter-gatherers trade some of their products for. They often obtain iron goods, pots, wooden goods, and basketry, in exchange for meat, animal hides, and other forest goods.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge2002112–114_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge2002112–114-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bushmeat" title="Bushmeat">Bushmeat</a> is a particularly frequently traded item.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> They will also trade to obtain agricultural products from the villagers through barter.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge20027_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge20027-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hunting is usually done in groups, with men, women, and children all aiding in the process. Women and children are not involved if the hunting involves the use of a bow and arrow, but if nets are used, it is common for everyone to participate. In some instances, women may hunt using a net more often than men. The women and the children herd the animals to the net, while the men guard the net. Everyone engages in foraging, and women and men both take care of the children. Women are in charge of cooking, cleaning and repairing the hut, and obtaining water. The kin-based units work together to provide food and care for the young. It is easier for men to lift the women into the trees for honey.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Food_restrictions">Food restrictions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Food restrictions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to a study published in 1987, based on fieldwork and data gathered between 1974 and 1985, the Mbuti restrict some 40% of the over 500 species of plants and animals they gather and hunt, including some 85% of the animals. The <i>kweri</i> animals are thought to cause disease and disorder, especially to young children; restrictions are gradually relaxed as one ages.<sup id="cite_ref-ichikawa_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ichikawa-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kinship_and_descent_system">Kinship and descent system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Kinship and descent system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bambuti tend to follow a <a href="/wiki/Patrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrilineal">patrilineal</a> descent system, and their residences after marriage are patrilocal. However, the system is rather loose. The only type of group seen amongst the Bambuti is the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukenge_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukenge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">Kinship</a> also provides allies for each group of people. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage_customs">Marriage customs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage customs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sister exchange is the common form of <a href="/wiki/Marriage" title="Marriage">marriage</a>. Based on reciprocal exchange, men from other bands exchange sisters or other females to whom they have ties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Bambuti society, <a href="/wiki/Bride_wealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Bride wealth">bride wealth</a> is not customary. There is no formal marriage ceremony: a couple are considered officially married when the groom presents his bride's parents with an antelope he alone has hunted and killed. <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> does occur, but at different rates depending on the group, and it is not very common. The sexual intercourse of married couples is regarded as an act entirely different from that of unmarried partners, for only in marriage may children be conceived.<sup id="cite_ref-mosko_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mosko-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_structure">Political structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bambuti societies have no ruling group or lineage, no overlying political organization, and little social structure. The Bambuti are an <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a> society in which the band is the highest form of social organization.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leadership may be displayed for example on hunting treks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men become leaders because they are good hunters. Owing to their superior hunting ability, leaders eat more meat and fat and fewer carbohydrates than other men.<sup id="cite_ref-hewlett_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hewlett-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men and women basically have equal power. Issues are discussed and decisions are made by consensus at fire camps; men and women engage in the conversations equivalently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If there is a disagreement, <a href="/wiki/Misdemeanor" title="Misdemeanor">misdemeanor</a>, or offense, then the offender may be banished, beaten, or scorned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In more recent times<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (August 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> the practice is to remove the offender from the forest and have them work for private landowners for little to no pay.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukenge_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukenge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology">Mythology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mbuti_mythology" title="Mbuti mythology">Mbuti mythology</a></div> <p>Everything in the Bambuti life is centered on the forest. They consider the forest to be their great protector and provider and believe that it is a sacred place. They sometimes call the forest "mother" or "father".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200258_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200258-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An important <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> that impacts the Bambuti's life is referred to as <i>molimo</i>. After events such as death of an important person in the tribe, <i>molimo</i> is noisily celebrated to wake the forest, in the belief that if bad things are happening to its children, it must be asleep.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As with many Bambuti rituals, the time it takes to complete a molimo is not rigidly set; instead, it is determined by the mood of the group. Food is collected from each hut to feed the molimo, and in the evening the ritual is accompanied by the men dancing and singing around the fire. Women and children must remain in their huts with the doors closed. These practices were studied thoroughly by British anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Turnbull" title="Colin Turnbull">Colin Turnbull</a>, known primarily for his work with the tribe. </p><p>"Molimo" is also the name of a trumpet the men play during the ritual. Traditionally, it was made of wood or sometimes <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a>, but Turnbull also reported the use of metal drainpipes. The sound produced by a molimo is considered more important than the material it is made out of. When not in use, the trumpet is stored in the trees of the forest. During a celebration, the trumpet is retrieved by the youth of the village and carried back to the fire.<sup id="cite_ref-Mukenge_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mukenge-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_situation">Contemporary situation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Contemporary situation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The way of life of the Bambuti is threatened for various reasons. Their territory in the DRC has no legal protections, and the boundaries that each band claims are not formally established. Bambuti are no longer allowed to hunt large game. Due to <a href="/wiki/Deforestation" title="Deforestation">deforestation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold_mining" title="Gold mining">gold mining</a>, and modern influences from plantations, agriculturalists, and efforts to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_preservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental preservation">conserve</a> the forests, their food supply is threatened. There is also significant civil unrest in the country. </p><p>The Bambuti have also been targets of a genocide campaign known as <i><a href="/wiki/Effacer_le_tableau" title="Effacer le tableau">Effacer le tableau</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetics">Genetics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Genetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies#Genetics" title="African Pygmies">African Pygmies § Genetics</a></div> <p>Y-chromosomal <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_E-M96" title="Haplogroup E-M96">haplogroup E-M200</a> has been found in 25% (3/12) of a small sample of Mbuti from the Democratic Republic of the Congo. <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_B-M60" title="Haplogroup B-M60">Haplogroup B-P7</a> has been observed most frequently in samples of some populations of pygmies 21% (10/47) Mbuti from Democratic Republic of the Congo.<sup id="cite_ref-wood_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wood-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages">Languages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three distinct languages spoken by the Mbuti:<sup id="cite_ref-Demolin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demolin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kango_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kango language">Kango</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> <a href="/wiki/Guthrie_classification_of_Bantu_languages#Zone_D" title="Guthrie classification of Bantu languages">Zone D</a> language related to <a href="/wiki/Bila_language" title="Bila language">Bila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Efe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Efe language">Efe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mangbutu%E2%80%93Lese_languages" title="Mangbutu–Lese languages">Mangbutu</a> language related to <a href="/wiki/Lese_language" title="Lese language">Lese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asua_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Asua language">Asua language</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_languages" title="Mangbetu languages">Mangbetu</a> language</li></ul> <p>Efe and Asua are <a href="/wiki/Central_Sudanic_languages" title="Central Sudanic languages">Central Sudanic languages</a>, while Kango is a <a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93Congo_languages" title="Niger–Congo languages">Niger–Congo language</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparative_vocabulary">Comparative vocabulary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Comparative vocabulary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bantu and Central Sudanic comparative lexicon of Ituri languages:<sup id="cite_ref-Demolin_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demolin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proto-Bantu" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Bantu">Proto-Bantu</a></th> <th>Ndààká</th> <th>Mbò</th> <th>Bàlí</th> <th>Lìkó</th> <th>Bila</th> <th><i>Kángò</i></th> <th></th> <th><i>ɛ́fɛ́</i></th> <th>Lese</th> <th>Mamvu </th></tr> <tr> <td>bee</td> <td>*júkì</td> <td>ngùngù</td> <td>ngùngù</td> <td>nzóló</td> <td>nzɔ́</td> <td>njòkí</td> <td>nzòkí</td> <td></td> <td>idi</td> <td>ìdì</td> <td>ìdì </td></tr> <tr> <td>mouth</td> <td>*nùà</td> <td>nù</td> <td>nù</td> <td>nɔ̀kù</td> <td>tùlù</td> <td>njòkò</td> <td>nyɔ̀kɔ̀</td> <td></td> <td>ùʈì</td> <td>ùʈì</td> <td>ùʈì </td></tr> <tr> <td>arm</td> <td>*bòkò</td> <td>bɔ̀kɔ̀</td> <td>kɔ́ndɔ́</td> <td>bɔ́kɔ̀</td> <td>bɔ́kúkɔ̀</td> <td>mbómbó</td> <td>kɔ́ndɔ̀</td> <td></td> <td>ʈòʔù</td> <td>ʈòhù</td> <td>tòqù </td></tr> <tr> <td>dog</td> <td>*búà</td> <td>vá</td> <td>vá</td> <td>vá</td> <td>vá</td> <td>mbwá</td> <td>vá</td> <td></td> <td>īɓū</td> <td>īɓū</td> <td>ìɓú </td></tr> <tr> <td>to cultivate</td> <td>*dìm</td> <td>ìmà</td> <td>lìmà</td> <td>dɛ̀mɛ̀</td> <td>dìmá</td> <td>tèmá</td> <td>tɛ́ɛ́myá</td> <td></td> <td>ùsú</td> <td>ùsú</td> <td>ìqʊ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>to dance</td> <td>*b̩ìn</td> <td>búnò</td> <td>nìjò</td> <td>ìnè</td> <td>bínó</td> <td>bínò</td> <td>kìyá</td> <td></td> <td>ɔ̀ɓɛ̄</td> <td>ɔ̀ɓɛ̄</td> <td>ɔ̀ɓɛ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>tooth</td> <td>*j̩ínò</td> <td>yénù</td> <td>lénú</td> <td>nwà</td> <td>lǎnwù</td> <td>mìnyò</td> <td>nyɔ̀</td> <td></td> <td>ùsɛ́</td> <td>úsɛ́</td> <td>ūsɛ́ </td></tr> <tr> <td>water</td> <td>*d̩ìbà</td> <td>ípó</td> <td>ípó</td> <td>bó</td> <td>bó</td> <td>líbó</td> <td>bá</td> <td></td> <td>úū</td> <td>úū</td> <td>úū </td></tr> <tr> <td>child</td> <td>*jánà</td> <td>àná</td> <td>àná</td> <td>sí</td> <td>kí</td> <td>míkí</td> <td>níkí</td> <td></td> <td>ádī</td> <td>ádī</td> <td>mūngú </td></tr> <tr> <td>arrow</td> <td>*gùì</td> <td>gùsà</td> <td>gùsà</td> <td>ngùlé</td> <td>wàgásù</td> <td>ápì</td> <td>pì</td> <td></td> <td>àpì</td> <td>àpì</td> <td>èbī </td></tr> <tr> <td>knee</td> <td>*dú̩</td> <td>hú</td> <td>lúlú</td> <td>lùlú</td> <td>líkò</td> <td>mòákù</td> <td>kúsú</td> <td></td> <td>gbɔ̀rɔ̀</td> <td>gbɔ̀rɔ̀</td> <td>ngbòrò </td></tr> <tr> <td>man</td> <td>*ntù</td> <td>gùwè</td> <td>gùwè</td> <td>mɛ̀tù</td> <td>tú</td> <td>tùwá</td> <td>ùkú</td> <td></td> <td>āqɓí</td> <td>ágbī</td> <td>áfū </td></tr> <tr> <td>moon</td> <td>*jéì̩</td> <td>lí</td> <td>lí</td> <td>lí</td> <td>sìnzì</td> <td>sóngè</td> <td>lí</td> <td></td> <td>tèbá</td> <td>tèbá</td> <td>tèmbá </td></tr> <tr> <td>house</td> <td>*dǎkù</td> <td>kàà</td> <td>kàà</td> <td>ndàbò</td> <td>ndàbʊ̀</td> <td>éndú</td> <td>àndú</td> <td></td> <td>āí</td> <td>àí</td> <td>ùyá </td></tr> <tr> <td>nose</td> <td>*júdù</td> <td>màó</td> <td>lùlú</td> <td>míɔ̀</td> <td>sɔ́ngʊ́</td> <td>élò</td> <td>ɛ̀lɔ́</td> <td></td> <td>ʈɔ̀gí</td> <td>ʈɔ̀gí</td> <td>ʈɔ̀njí </td></tr> <tr> <td>black</td> <td>*jínà</td> <td>ìnó</td> <td>ìná</td> <td>dìmbè</td> <td>línò</td> <td>àhí</td> <td>ínà</td> <td></td> <td>ákɔ̄gù</td> <td>ákɔ̄gù</td> <td>qó </td></tr> <tr> <td>eye</td> <td>*jícò</td> <td>ìsó</td> <td>ìsó</td> <td>ìsó</td> <td>ìsó</td> <td>ùsó</td> <td>ùsá</td> <td></td> <td>éʔí</td> <td>éhí</td> <td>ɛ̄qɛ̄ </td></tr> <tr> <td>ear</td> <td>*tú̩ì̩</td> <td>cwéí</td> <td>cwéí</td> <td>tóì</td> <td>tílíkò</td> <td>tóì</td> <td>tóí</td> <td></td> <td>ɔ̀gì</td> <td>ɔ̀gì</td> <td>ɔ̀njì </td></tr> <tr> <td>bone</td> <td>*kú̩pà</td> <td>wó</td> <td>wó</td> <td>kùò</td> <td>kùò</td> <td>kùà</td> <td>kúwà</td> <td></td> <td>īgbì</td> <td>ígbī</td> <td>ífù </td></tr> <tr> <td>skin/bark</td> <td>*kòbà</td> <td>pàpì</td> <td>pàsì</td> <td>pàsì</td> <td>ìkó</td> <td></td> <td>pàsí</td> <td></td> <td>ɛ̀gbā</td> <td>ɛ̀gbā</td> <td>qàɓū </td></tr> <tr> <td>rain</td> <td>*bú̩dà</td> <td>gbàá</td> <td>gbàá</td> <td>mbúlò</td> <td>mbwáì</td> <td>mvúù</td> <td>mbúà</td> <td></td> <td>ūbvī</td> <td>tìbō</td> <td>tìɓō </td></tr> <tr> <td>heart</td> <td>*ti̩má</td> <td>tímá</td> <td>túmá</td> <td>lómà</td> <td>mbɛ̀ngí</td> <td>moyo</td> <td>kámìnà</td> <td></td> <td>ɓòrù</td> <td>ɓòrù</td> <td>ɓòrù </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Some Bantu and Central Sudanic animal names of Ituri languages:<sup id="cite_ref-Demolin_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demolin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Gloss</th> <th>Bali</th> <th>Bila</th> <th>Sua Bila</th> <th>Bodo</th> <th>Tshwa Bodo</th> <th>Ndaaka</th> <th><i>Kango</i></th> <th></th> <th><i>Asua</i></th> <th><i>Efe</i></th> <th>Lese </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chimpanzee" title="Chimpanzee">chimpanzee</a></td> <td>bebeleko</td> <td>seko</td> <td>seko</td> <td>ngole</td> <td>tobe</td> <td>ngoe</td> <td>sekɔ</td> <td></td> <td>ozue</td> <td>ndatɔ</td> <td>dato </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a></td> <td>loli</td> <td>moli</td> <td>moli</td> <td>kuei</td> <td>biti</td> <td>kuei</td> <td>mapiti</td> <td></td> <td>kaʔwa</td> <td>ʔau</td> <td>kaʔu </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hyrax" title="Hyrax">hyrax</a></td> <td>ngoyɔ</td> <td>soka</td> <td>toku</td> <td>kpaa</td> <td>soka</td> <td>ngoya</td> <td>koasa</td> <td></td> <td>ndɔka</td> <td>yama</td> <td>yama </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephant</a></td> <td>mbongo</td> <td>mbongo</td> <td>ndopo</td> <td>toku</td> <td>mbongo</td> <td></td> <td>bepe</td> <td></td> <td>ukɔɛ</td> <td>ʊʔʊ</td> <td>uku </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/African_buffalo" title="African buffalo">buffalo</a></td> <td>tibi</td> <td>njali</td> <td>njali</td> <td>ndopo</td> <td>nzale</td> <td></td> <td>nzale</td> <td></td> <td>kibiyɛ</td> <td>tupi</td> <td>tupi </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Okapi" title="Okapi">okapi</a></td> <td>ndumbo</td> <td>mbote</td> <td>mbote</td> <td>mundembe</td> <td>undembe</td> <td>undembe</td> <td>mundembe</td> <td></td> <td>ndumbaɛ</td> <td>oʔapi</td> <td>okapi </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ota_Benga" title="Ota Benga">Ota Benga</a> (c. 1893–1916), Mbuti man taken to the United States</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ofosuah-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ofosuah_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ofosuah_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFOfosuah_Johnson2018" class="citation web cs1">Ofosuah Johnson, Elizabeth (July 19, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://face2faceafrica.com/article/meet-the-forgotten-african-pygmies-who-are-living-ancient-lifestyles-in-the-21st-century">"Meet the forgotten African Pygmies who are living ancient lifestyles in the 21st century"</a>. <i>Face2Face Africa</i>. Babu Global<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 15,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Face2Face+Africa&rft.atitle=Meet+the+forgotten+African+Pygmies+who+are+living+ancient+lifestyles+in+the+21st+century&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft.aulast=Ofosuah+Johnson&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fface2faceafrica.com%2Farticle%2Fmeet-the-forgotten-african-pygmies-who-are-living-ancient-lifestyles-in-the-21st-century&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minorityrights.org/minorities/batwa-and-bambuti/">"Batwa and Bambuti"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Batwa+and+Bambuti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminorityrights.org%2Fminorities%2Fbatwa-and-bambuti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge20027–8-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge20027–8_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukenge2002">Mukenge 2002</a>, pp. 7–8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge20025-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge20025_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukenge2002">Mukenge 2002</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1968" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Colin M. (1968). <a href="/wiki/The_Forest_People" title="The Forest People"><i>The Forest People</i></a>. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Forest+People&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster%2C+Inc&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Colin+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200285_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukenge2002">Mukenge 2002</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ichikawa-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ichikawa_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ichikawa_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIchikawa1987" class="citation journal cs1">Ichikawa, Mitsuo (March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/2433/68341/1/ASM_S_6_97.pdf">"Food Restrictions of the Mbuti Pygmies, Eastern Zaire"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>African Study Monographs. Supplementary Issue</i>. <b>6</b>: 97–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14989%2F68341">10.14989/68341</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0286-9667">0286-9667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=African+Study+Monographs.+Supplementary+Issue&rft.atitle=Food+Restrictions+of+the+Mbuti+Pygmies%2C+Eastern+Zaire&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=97-121&rft.date=1987-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14989%2F68341&rft.issn=0286-9667&rft.aulast=Ichikawa&rft.aufirst=Mitsuo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.kulib.kyoto-u.ac.jp%2Fdspace%2Fbitstream%2F2433%2F68341%2F1%2FASM_S_6_97.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mukenge-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mukenge_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukenge_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukenge_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mukenge_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukenge,_Tshilemalea2002" class="citation book cs1">Mukenge, Tshilemalea (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00muke"><i>Culture and Customs of the Congo</i></a>. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313314858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313314858"><bdi>978-0313314858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+the+Congo&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0313314858&rft.au=Mukenge%2C+Tshilemalea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00muke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200210_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukenge2002">Mukenge 2002</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-turnbull1985-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-turnbull1985_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1985" class="citation journal cs1">Turnbull, C. (Autumn 1985). "Processional Ritual among the Mbuti Pygmies". <i>The Drama Review: TDR</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1145649">10.2307/1145649</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1145649">1145649</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Drama+Review%3A+TDR&rft.atitle=Processional+Ritual+among+the+Mbuti+Pygmies&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1145649&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1145649%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge2002112–114-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge2002112–114_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukenge2002">Mukenge 2002</a>, pp. 112–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge20027-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge20027_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukenge2002">Mukenge 2002</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mosko-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mosko_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosko1987" class="citation journal cs1">Mosko, Mark (December 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drabruzzi.com/MOSKO_The%20Symbols%20of%20Forest.pdf">"The Symbols of "Forest": A Structural Analysis of Mbuti Culture and Social Organization"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Anthropologist" title="American Anthropologist">American Anthropologist</a></i>. New Series. <b>89</b> (4): 899. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1987.89.4.02a00090">10.1525/aa.1987.89.4.02a00090</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=The+Symbols+of+%22Forest%22%3A+A+Structural+Analysis+of+Mbuti+Culture+and+Social+Organization&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=899&rft.date=1987-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1987.89.4.02a00090&rft.aulast=Mosko&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.drabruzzi.com%2FMOSKO_The%2520Symbols%2520of%2520Forest.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hewlett-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hewlett_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHewlettWalker1991" class="citation journal cs1">Hewlett, Barry S.; Walker, Phillip L. (December 1991). "Social Status and Dental Health among the Aka and Mbuti Pygmies". <i>American Anthropologist</i>. <b>93</b> (4): 943–944. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1991.93.4.02a00100">10.1525/aa.1991.93.4.02a00100</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Social+Status+and+Dental+Health+among+the+Aka+and+Mbuti+Pygmies&rft.volume=93&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=943-944&rft.date=1991-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1991.93.4.02a00100&rft.issn=0002-7294&rft.aulast=Hewlett&rft.aufirst=Barry+S.&rft.au=Walker%2C+Phillip+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukenge200258-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMukenge200258_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMukenge2002">Mukenge 2002</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wood-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wood_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodStoverEhretDestro-Bisol2005" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Elizabeth T; Stover, Daryn A; Ehret, Christopher; Destro-Bisol, Giovanni; Spedini, Gabriella; McLeod, Howard; Louie, Leslie; Bamshad, Mike; Strassmann, Beverly I; Soodyall, Himla; Hammer, Michael F (27 April 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201408">"Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: evidence for sex-biased demographic processes"</a>. <i>European Journal of Human Genetics</i>. <b>13</b> (7): 867–876. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201408">10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1018-4813">1018-4813</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15856073">15856073</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=Contrasting+patterns+of+Y+chromosome+and+mtDNA+variation+in+Africa%3A+evidence+for+sex-biased+demographic+processes&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=867-876&rft.date=2005-04-27&rft.issn=1018-4813&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15856073&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fsj.ejhg.5201408&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+T&rft.au=Stover%2C+Daryn+A&rft.au=Ehret%2C+Christopher&rft.au=Destro-Bisol%2C+Giovanni&rft.au=Spedini%2C+Gabriella&rft.au=McLeod%2C+Howard&rft.au=Louie%2C+Leslie&rft.au=Bamshad%2C+Mike&rft.au=Strassmann%2C+Beverly+I&rft.au=Soodyall%2C+Himla&rft.au=Hammer%2C+Michael+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fsj.ejhg.5201408&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demolin-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demolin_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demolin_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demolin_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Demolin, Didier. 2021. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/de/region/afrika/veranstaltung/archiv/4-6-11-diedrich-westermann-workshop/4-6-11-diedrich-westermann-workshop-powerpoint-und-pdf/2021-11-westermann-berlin-2-5-demolin-ituri-forest-pygmies.pdf">The languages of the Ituri forest Pygmies: contact and historical perspectives</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaaw.hu-berlin.de/en/region/africa/events/archives/4-6-11-2021-diedrich-westermann-workshop/">Diedrich Westermann-Workshop</a> (West-central African linguistic history between Macro-Sudan Belt and Niger-Congo: commemorating Diedrich Westermann’s legacy and the 100th anniversary of the Berlin professorship for African languages), 4-6 November 2021, <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_University_of_Berlin" title="Humboldt University of Berlin">Humboldt University of Berlin</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukenge2002" class="citation book cs1">Mukenge, Tshilemalea (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof00muke"><i>Culture and Customs of the Congo</i></a>. Westport, CN: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313314858" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313314858"><bdi>978-0313314858</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+the+Congo&rft.place=Westport%2C+CN&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0313314858&rft.aulast=Mukenge&rft.aufirst=Tshilemalea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof00muke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General_references">General references</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: General references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEhret2016" class="citation book cs1">Ehret, Christopher (2016). <i>The Civilizations of Africa : a History to 1800</i> (Second ed.). University Press of Virginia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0813928807" title="Special:BookSources/978-0813928807"><bdi>978-0813928807</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilizations+of+Africa+%3A+a+History+to+1800&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0813928807&rft.aulast=Ehret&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKing2003" class="citation book cs1">King, Glenn (2003). <i>Traditional cultures : a survey of nonwestern experience and achievement</i>. Prospect Heights, IL: Waveland Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1577662037" title="Special:BookSources/978-1577662037"><bdi>978-1577662037</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Traditional+cultures+%3A+a+survey+of+nonwestern+experience+and+achievement&rft.place=Prospect+Heights%2C+IL&rft.pub=Waveland+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1577662037&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Glenn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2005" class="citation book cs1">Day, Thomas (2005). <i>The Largest Expanse</i>. Sydney, NSW: The Technics University of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Largest+Expanse&rft.place=Sydney%2C+NSW&rft.pub=The+Technics+University+of+Australia&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMbuti+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Todd Pitman, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tpitman.blogspot.com/search/label/Congo%3A%20The%20Forest%20People">Mbuti Net Hunters of the Ituri Forest, story with photos and link to Audio Slideshow</a>. The Associated Press, 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060216022849/http://www.ucc.uconn.edu/~epsadm03/mbuti.html">The Mbuti of Zaire</a>, uconn.edu</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pygmies.org/">African Pygmies</a> Hunter-Gatherers of Central Africa, with photos and soundscapes</li> <li>Stephanie McCrummen, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/11/11/AR2006111100923.html">"Lured Toward Modern Life, Pygmy Families Left in Limbo"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>, 12 November 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.minorityrights.org/?lid=1046">'Erasing the Board'</a> Report of the international research mission into crimes under international law committed against the Bambuti Pygmies in the eastern Democratic Republic of Congo; Minority Rights Group International, July 2004</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar 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Sudan)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakwa_Dishi_tribe" title="Bakwa Dishi tribe">Bakwa Dishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_people" title="Banda people">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barambu_people" title="Barambu people">Barambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bembe_people" title="Bembe people">Bembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boa_people" title="Boa people">Boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_people" title="Budu people">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunda_people" title="Bunda people">Bunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_people" title="Bwile people">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengese_people" title="Dengese people">Dengese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A9_people" title="Efé people">Efé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furiiru_people" title="Furiiru people">Furiiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garanganze_people" title="Garanganze people">Garanganze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_people" title="Gbaya people">Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Great Lakes Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoholo_people" title="Holoholo people">Holoholo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyaelima_people" title="Iyaelima people">Iyaelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_people" title="Kakwa people">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_people" title="Kango people">Kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_people_(Congo)" title="Kele people (Congo)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keliko_people" title="Keliko people">Keliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjo_people" title="Konjo people">Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_people" title="Lega people">Lega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_people" title="Lele people">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_people" title="Logo people">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_people" title="Hemba people">Hemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lulua_people" title="Lulua people">Lulua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_people" title="Lugbara people">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungu_people" title="Lungu people">Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makere_people" title="Makere people">Makere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayogo_people" title="Mayogo people">Mayogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_people" title="Mbaka people">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_people" title="Mangbetu people">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_people_(Congo)" title="Mbo people (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbole_people" title="Mbole people">Mbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_people" title="Mbunda people">Mbunda</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_people" title="Mongo people">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_Twa" title="Mongo Twa">Mongo Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_people_(Congo)" title="Mono people (Congo)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moru_people" title="Moru people">Moru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpama_people" title="Mpama people">Mpama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndaka_people" title="Ndaka people">Ndaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngando_people" title="Ngando people">Ngando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngata_people" title="Ngata people">Ngata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_people" title="Ngbandi people">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_people" title="Nyanga people">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pende_people" title="Pende people">Pende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_people" title="Sanga people">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songora" class="mw-redirect" title="Songora">Songora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songye_people" title="Songye people">Songye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_people" title="Suku people">Suku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbu_people" title="Tagbu people">Tagbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teke_people" title="Teke people">Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people">Tetela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoke_people" title="Topoke people">Topoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbwe_people" title="Tumbwe people">Tumbwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turumbu_people" title="Turumbu people">Turumbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_people" title="Vira people">Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochua_people" title="Wochua people">Wochua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_people" title="Yaka people">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanzi_people" title="Yanzi people">Yanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakoma_people" title="Yakoma people">Yakoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yombe_people" title="Yombe people">Yombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulu_people" title="Yulu people">Yulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zande people">Zande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyoba_people" title="Zyoba people">Zyoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Europeans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3039820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3039820#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3039820#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1013008/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85011423">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122560306">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122560306">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282292005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/4a836cca-4af1-4503-a931-4fe08d4b1319">MusicBrainz</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031322972">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&oldid=1239912919">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mbuti_people&oldid=1239912919</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African_Pygmies" title="Category:African Pygmies">African Pygmies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Category:Ethnic groups in the Democratic 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