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Il est, avec Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Choderlos de Laclos et le capitaine Carnot, l'un des lauréats les plus remarqués des concours des Académies provinciales françaises du xviii e siècle, l'un des hommes les plus typiques du siècle des Lumières..." /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/antoine-parmentier/" /> <meta property="og:locale" content="fr_FR" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Encyclopædia Universalis" /> <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.universalis.fr/_web/static/icons/favicon.png" /> <meta property="og:image:width" content="256" /> <meta property="og:image:height" content="252" /> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Biographie d'ANTOINE PARMENTIER (1737-1813)" /> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Biographie d'ANTOINE PARMENTIER (1737-1813). Il est, avec Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Choderlos de Laclos et le capitaine Carnot, l'un des lauréats les plus remarqués des concours des Académies provinciales françaises du xviii e siècle, l'un des hommes les plus typiques du siècle des Lumières..." /> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@universalisfr" /> <meta name="location" content="France" /> <meta name="rating" content="General" /> <meta name="distribution" content="Global" /> <meta name="resource-type" content="document" /> <meta name="copyright" content="© Copyright 2024 - Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-title" content="Universalis" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes" /> <meta name="apple-mobile-web-app-status-bar-style" content="default" /> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no,date=no,address=no,email=no,url=no" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_shared/pub/pub.css?1730108805" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/home.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/_web/assets/css/classification.css?1730119190" media="all"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/antoine-parmentier/" /> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Biographie d'ANTOINE PARMENTIER (1737-1813)","headline":"Biographie d'ANTOINE PARMENTIER (1737-1813)","description":"Biographie d'ANTOINE PARMENTIER (1737-1813). 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<div class="user-welcome"></div> <div class="login-form-wrapper-mobile"> <div class="login-form"> <div class="btn btn-sm btn-primary keep-label-space-top"> <i aria-hidden="true" class="fa fa-user"></i> Mon Compte </div> </div> </div> <div id="ad_topslot" class="pub-container text-center"> <div class="pub-placeholder"></div> </div> <div class="d-lg-none text-center mb-3"> <a href="/abonnement" title="Je m'abonne" data-matomo-category="CTA" data-matomo-name="Clic" data-matomo-value="Top (mobile)"> <img src="/typo3temp/assets/_processed_/1/6/csm_banner-cta_4de68c3a6b.webp" width="728" height="90" alt="Abonnez-vous à Universalis pour 1 euro" class="img-max shadow-sm"/> </a> </div> <div class="row"> <div id="main-content" class="col-lg-8 col-xl-9 pb-4"> <h1 class="mb-1"> <strong>PARMENTIER </strong><span class="pc">ANTOINE </span><span class="label-sub"> (1737-1813)</span> </h1> <ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 4" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">4</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 5" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">5</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 6" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">6</a></li></ul><div class="content whole type-biographie" ><div class="block_1" data-ucode="yT301875_0"><i class="anchor" id="yT301875_0"></i><p> Il est, avec Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Choderlos de Laclos et le capitaine Carnot, l'un des lauréats les plus remarqués des concours des Académies provinciales françaises du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle, l'un des hommes les plus typiques du siècle des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Malgré les travaux de Paul Hazard, les analyses d' Ernst Cassirer ou de Peter Gay, qui en proposaient une définition et en faisaient un modèle, la philosophie des Lumières se trouve aujourd'hui mise en question. Dans sa réalité même, comme ensemble cohérent, paradigmatique de la pensée du xviii e siècle, dans son histoire conçue comme une suite d'images et d'usages contradictoires..." title="Article : LUMIÈRES" href="/encyclopedie/lumieres/">Lumières</a>. Il est, dès l'âge de vingt ans, apothicaire sous-aide aux armées. Fait prisonnier pendant la guerre de Sept Ans, il herborise dans le Hanovre. Son ascension professionnelle est rapide. En 1772 — l'année de ses grandes réussites —, il est apothicaire-major des armées françaises. Cette même année, l'Académie de Besançon propose à son concours le thème des végétaux de remplacement dans l'alimentation humaine. Couronné lauréat en 1773, Parmentier propose dans son mémoire la généralisation de la culture de la pomme de terre, qu'il a connue dans le Hanovre. En 1785, l'aide éclairée de Louis XVI lui permet d'entreprendre sa célèbre expérience publicitaire. Tout en restant dans l'armée (il participe d'abord à la guerre d'Indépendance américaine, puis aux guerres révolutionnaires et napoléoniennes), Parmentier se spécialise de plus en plus dans les problèmes alimentaires. Après 1793, il prône le remplacement du sucre de canne par le sucre de raisin. Toutefois, les moyens techniques dont il dispose à l'époque ne lui permettent pas de résoudre le problème de la conservation de la viande ou des produits laitiers ; il envisage cependant la conservation par le froid. Inspecteur général du Service de santé sous Napoléon, c'est lui qui impose, de 1805 à 1813, l'obligation de la vaccination contre la variole. Écrivain infatigable, il vulgarise ses idées dans près d'une centaine de livres et de mémoires rédigés de 1773 à 1813. Il passe pour avoir vulgarisé auprès des Français la pomme de terre, mais en fait la culture de ce tubercule ne deviendra effective que vers les années 1840. Son rôle réel dans l'histoire dépasse l'anecdote. Esprit éclairé, il est l'un des principaux chefs de file de cette obscure légion d'expérimentateurs, qui n'ont cessé d'œuvrer, avec des succès divers, pour traduire dans la vie quotidienne les acquis d'une science en plein progrès. Il s'inscrit ainsi dans la lignée de ceux qui préféraient prévenir que guérir. Assez sceptique sur l'efficacité réelle d'une médecine encore rudimentaire, il pense que le meilleur moyen de lutter contre les maladies est d'offrir, d'abord, une meilleure nourriture, ensuite une hygiène améliorée. Il est donc partisan de l'intervention autoritaire de l'État, seul capable, selon lui, d'imposer les mesures appropriées. Parmentier peut donc passer, à juste titre, comme l'un des hommes symboles de cette étape décisive qui, du milieu du <span class="pc">xviii</span><sup>e</sup> siècle au milieu du siècle suivant, permet à la médecine « préventive » d'arriver, à force de micro-innovations, à agir efficacement sur l'espérance de vie moyenne. C'est une période qui a été trop longtemps méconnue. Académies, médecins, expérimentateurs ont ainsi essayé d'accomplir le programme tracé par le docteur Tronchin dans son article de la grande Encyclopédie sur l'inoculation, c'est-à-dire imposer les mesures salutaires avec l'aide des esprits éclairés. La situation acquise par Parmentier sous Napoléon I<sup>er</sup> illustre assez bien le ralliement d'une partie du monde médical à la politique du Premier Empire : Napoléon leur paraît seul capable de mettre en pratique les idées des <a data-bs-toggle="popover" data-bs-content="Malgré les travaux de Paul Hazard, les analyses d' Ernst Cassirer ou de Peter Gay, qui en proposaient une définition et en faisaient un modèle, la philosophie des Lumières se trouve aujourd'hui mise en question. Dans sa réalité même, comme ensemble cohérent, paradigmatique de la pensée du xviii e siècle, dans son histoire conçue comme une suite d'images et d'usages contradictoires..." title="Article : LUMIÈRES" href="/encyclopedie/lumieres/">Lumières</a>. Par là s'explique, en partie, le succès durable de l'autoritarisme bonapartiste dans la politique française du <span class="pc">xix</span><sup>e</sup> siècle.</p><div class="clearfix"></div><p class="author"> — Jean MEYER</p><div class="clearfix"></div></div><div class="clearfix"></div></div><ul class="pagination justify-content-center public-links "><li class="page-item active"><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 1" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">1</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 2" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">2</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" data-matomo-category="Article" data-matomo-name="Folio" data-matomo-value="page 3" class="page-link" title="Abonnez-vous" data-loaded="true">3</a></li><li class="page-item "><a href="/abonnement" 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