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Mingdynastin – Wikipedia

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vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">flytta till sidofältet</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">dölj</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inledning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Politisk_utveckling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politisk_utveckling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Politisk utveckling</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politisk_utveckling-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Politisk utveckling</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politisk_utveckling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hongwu-kejsaren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hongwu-kejsaren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Hongwu-kejsaren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hongwu-kejsaren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Yongle-kejsaren" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Yongle-kejsaren"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Yongle-kejsaren</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Yongle-kejsaren-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konsolidering_och_kontakter_med_omvärlden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konsolidering_och_kontakter_med_omvärlden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Konsolidering och kontakter med omvärlden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konsolidering_och_kontakter_med_omvärlden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tillbakagång" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tillbakagång"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Tillbakagång</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tillbakagång-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rättsväsen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rättsväsen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Rättsväsen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rättsväsen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filosofi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filosofi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Filosofi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filosofi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Filosofi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Filosofi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wang_Yangmings_konfucianism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wang_Yangmings_konfucianism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Wang Yangmings konfucianism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wang_Yangmings_konfucianism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konservativ_reaktion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konservativ_reaktion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Konservativ reaktion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konservativ_reaktion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Konfessionella_böjelser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Konfessionella_böjelser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Konfessionella böjelser</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Konfessionella_böjelser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknik_och_vetenskap" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknik_och_vetenskap"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Teknik och vetenskap</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Teknik_och_vetenskap-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Teknik och vetenskap</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Teknik_och_vetenskap-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Astronomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Astronomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Astronomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Astronomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kalender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kalender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Kalender</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kalender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teknik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teknik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Teknik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teknik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Vapenteknik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vapenteknik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Vapenteknik</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vapenteknik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Läkekonst" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Läkekonst"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Läkekonst</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Läkekonst-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Se_även" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Se_även"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Se även</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Se_även-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referenser" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referenser"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referenser</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Växla underavsnittet Referenser</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Referenser-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Noter" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noter"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Noter</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noter-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Källor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Källor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Källor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Källor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Innehåll" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Växla innehållsförteckningen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Växla innehållsförteckningen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mingdynastin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Gå till en artikel på ett annat språk. Tillgänglig på 125 språk" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-125" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">125 språk</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinastie" title="Ming-dinastie – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ming-dinastie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – schweizertyska" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="schweizertyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%88%9A%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D_%E1%88%A5%E1%88%AD%E1%8B%88_%E1%88%98%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%8D%E1%88%A5%E1%89%B5" title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት – amhariska" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የሚንግ ሥርወ መንግሥት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amhariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग वंश – angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="मिंग वंश" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%85%D8%A9" title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة – arabiska" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سلالة مينغ الحاكمة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – aragonesiska" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – asturiska" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_%C3%B1emo%C3%B1anga" title="Ming ñemoñanga – guaraní" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ming ñemoñanga" data-language-autonym="Avañe&#039;ẽ" data-language-local-name="guaraní" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_s%C3%BClal%C9%99si" title="Min sülaləsi – azerbajdzjanska" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Min sülaləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbajdzjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="مین سولاله‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مین سولاله‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%82_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B6" title="মিং রাজবংশ – bengali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মিং রাজবংশ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%AAng-ti%C3%A2u" title="Bêng-tiâu – min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Bêng-tiâu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Мин империяһы – basjkiriska" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Мин империяһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="basjkiriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Імперыя Мін – belarusiska" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Імперыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Дынастыя Мін – belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дынастыя Мін" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="belarusiska (tarasjkevitsa)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Мин – bulgariska" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%92%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8D" title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས། – tibetanska" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མིང་རྒྱལ་རབས།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="tibetanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – bosniska" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tierniezh_Ming" title="Tierniezh Ming – bretonska" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tierniezh Ming" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81" title="Мин улас – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Мин улас" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – katalanska" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B9%D3%97" title="Мин империйӗ – tjuvasjiska" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мин империйӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tjuvasjiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%98%C3%AD%C5%A1e_Ming" title="Říše Ming – tjeckiska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Říše Ming" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tjeckiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brenhinllin_Ming" title="Brenhinllin Ming – walesiska" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brenhinllin Ming" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="walesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – danska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – tyska" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – estniska" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA" title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ – grekiska" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δυναστεία Μινγκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – engelska" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engelska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – spanska" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dinastia" title="Ming dinastia – baskiska" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ming dinastia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="دودمان مینگ – persiska" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دودمان مینگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – Fiji-hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji-hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastie_Ming" title="Dynastie Ming – franska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dynastie Ming" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADshliocht_Ming" title="Ríshliocht Ming – iriska" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ríshliocht Ming" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="iriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ACgh-shliochd_nam_Ming" title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming – skotsk gäliska" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Rìgh-shliochd nam Ming" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotsk gäliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinast%C3%ADa_Ming" title="Dinastía Ming – galiciska" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Dinastía Ming" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACn-chh%C3%A8u" title="Mìn-chhèu – hakka" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Mìn-chhèu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="hakka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%82%98%EB%9D%BC" title="명나라 – koreanska" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명나라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Մին դինաստիա – armeniska" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մին դինաստիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – kroatiska" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastio_Ming" title="Dinastio Ming – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Dinastio Ming" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_a_Dinastia" title="Ming a Dinastia – iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Ming a Dinastia" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – indonesiska" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingveldi%C3%B0" title="Mingveldið – isländska" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mingveldið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="isländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – italienska" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italienska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92" title="שושלת מינג – hebreiska" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שושלת מינג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wangsa_Ming" title="Wangsa Ming – javanesiska" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wangsa Ming" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mi%C5%8B_Kewiya%C9%A3_K%C9%A9%C9%96%C9%9Bza%C9%A3" title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Miŋ Kewiyaɣ Kɩɖɛzaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინის დინასტია – georgiska" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინის დინასტია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Мин династиясы – kazakiska" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Мин династиясы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ternieth_Ming" title="Ternieth Ming – korniska" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Ternieth Ming" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_(nasaba)" title="Ming (nasaba) – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ming (nasaba)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B0%E0%BA%A7%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%87%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%87" title="ລາຊະວົງມິງ – laotiska" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ລາຊະວົງມິງ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laotiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Familia_Mim" title="Familia Mim – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Familia Mim" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minu_dinastija" title="Minu dinastija – lettiska" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Minu dinastija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – luxemburgiska" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburgiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming%C5%B3_dinastija" title="Mingų dinastija – litauiska" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Mingų dinastija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="litauiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dinasztia" title="Ming-dinasztia – ungerska" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ming-dinasztia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungerska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3_(%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Минг (династија) – makedonska" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Минг (династија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%82" title="മിങ് രാജവംശം – malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിങ് രാജവംശം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिंग राजवंश – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मिंग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="მინიშ დინასტია – mingrelianska" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მინიშ დინასტია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrelianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="عيلة مينج – egyptisk arabiska" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عيلة مينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="egyptisk arabiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%87" title="مینگ سلسله – mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مینگ سلسله" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – malajiska" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ACng-di%C3%A8u" title="Mìng-dièu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Mìng-dièu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%81" title="Мин улс – mongoliska" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Мин улс" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoliska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA" title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည် – burmesiska" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မြင်တိုင်းပြည်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="burmesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastie" title="Ming-dynastie – nederländska" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ming-dynastie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederländska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ वंश – nepalesiska" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मिङ वंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%99%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%97_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6" title="मिङ्ग राजवंश – newariska" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="मिङ्ग राजवंश" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newariska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – japanska" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Импери Мин – tjetjenska" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Импери Мин" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tjetjenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-D%C3%BCnastii" title="Ming-Dünastii – nordfrisiska" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ming-Dünastii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="nordfrisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="bra artikel"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastiet" title="Ming-dynastiet – norskt bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ming-dynastiet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norskt bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – nynorska" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – occitanska" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_(sulola)" title="Min (sulola) – uzbekiska" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Min (sulola)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%97_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%B5%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC" title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼ – punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿੰਗ ਰਾਜਵੰਸ਼" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%86%D8%AA" title="منگ سلطنت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="منگ سلطنت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AB_%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%86%D9%87_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8D" title="منګ واکمنه کورنۍ – pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="منګ واکمنه کورنۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%84" title="រាជវង្សមិង – kambodjanska" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រាជវង្សមិង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="kambodjanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-Dynastie" title="Ming-Dynastie – lågtyska" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Ming-Dynastie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lågtyska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynastia_Ming" title="Dynastia Ming – polska" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dynastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – portugisiska" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugisiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – rumänska" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumänska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D2%91" title="Дінастія Мінґ – rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Дінастія Мінґ" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Империя Мин – ryska" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Империя Мин" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ryska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Миин династията – jakutiska" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Миин династията" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" title="Ming Dynasty – skotska" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Ming Dynasty" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – albanska" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%82_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%82%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%BA" title="මිං රාජවංශය – singalesiska" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මිං රාජවංශය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singalesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ming dynasty" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming" title="Ming – slovakiska" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – slovenska" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8C%DB%95%D8%AA%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF" title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ – centralkurdiska" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیمپراتۆریەتیی مینگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralkurdiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Велико Царство Минг – serbiska" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Велико Царство Минг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastija_Ming" title="Dinastija Ming – serbokroatiska" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Dinastija Ming" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroatiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinasti_Ming" title="Dinasti Ming – sundanesiska" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Dinasti Ming" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sundanesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming-dynastia" title="Ming-dynastia – finska" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ming-dynastia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiyang_Ming" title="Dinastiyang Ming – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Dinastiyang Ming" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="மிங் அரசமரபு – tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மிங் அரசமரபு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%87" title="ราชวงศ์หมิง – thailändska" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ราชวงศ์หมิง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailändska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ming_Hanedan%C4%B1" title="Ming Hanedanı – turkiska" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ming Hanedanı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Min_imperi%C3%BDasy" title="Min imperiýasy – turkmeniska" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Min imperiýasy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmeniska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD" title="Династія Мін – ukrainska" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Династія Мін" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%B4%D8%A7%DB%81%DB%8C_%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%DB%81" title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منگ شاہی سلسلہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%89%DA%AD_%D8%B3%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%89" title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى – uiguriska" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مىڭ سۇلالىسى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="uiguriska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingzciuz" title="Mingzciuz – zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Mingzciuz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastia_Ming" title="Dinastia Ming – venetianska" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Dinastia Ming" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="venetianska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A0_Minh" title="Nhà Minh – vietnamesiska" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhà Minh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingi_d%C3%BCnastia" title="Mingi dünastia – võru" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Mingi dünastia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E" title="明 – litterär kineiska" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="明" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="litterär kineiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dinastiya_Ming" title="Dinastiya Ming – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dinastiya Ming" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="utmärkt artikel"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%9C%9D" title="明朝 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="明朝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92_%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A2" title="מינג דינאסטיע – jiddisch" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מינג דינאסטיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jiddisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%98%8E" title="大明 – kantonesiska" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="大明" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonesiska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mingu_dinast%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Mingu 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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sv" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r53696904">.mw-parser-output .infobox{border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9;color:black;margin:.5em 0 .5em 1em;padding:.2em;float:right;clear:right;width:22em;text-align:left;font-size:88%;line-height:1.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox td,.mw-parser-output .infobox th{vertical-align:top;padding:0 .2em}.mw-parser-output .infobox caption{font-size:larger}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered{border-collapse:collapse}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered th{border:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .borderless th{border:0}.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton button,.mw-parser-output .infobox-showbutton .mw-collapsible-text{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedtoprow th{border:0;border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.bordered .mergedrow th{border:0;border-right:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography{border:1px solid #ccd2d9;text-align:left;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedtoprow th{border-top:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedrow th{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .mergedbottomrow th{border-top:0;border-bottom:solid 1px #ccd2d9;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable td,.mw-parser-output .infobox.geography .maptable th{border:0;padding:0}</style> <table class="infobox" style="border-spacing: 1px; padding: 0px 0px; width: 290px; line-height:130%;" cellspacing="1px"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" class="mergedtoprow fn org summary" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:130%; font-weight:bold;">Mingdynastin </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; line-height:1.2em; font-size:118%; font-weight:bold;"><big>大明</big> <i>Dà Míng</i> (<a href="/wiki/Kinesiska" title="Kinesiska">Kinesiska</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; border: solid 1px #aaa; border-width:1px 0px; padding: 0.2em 0em 0.2em 0em;"> <table width="100%" style="text-align:center; margin:0 auto; background:transparent;"> <tbody><tr> <td width="50px" style="border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:30%; line-height: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin"><span style="font-size:300%;">←</span></a><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png/30px-Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png/45px-Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png/60px-Yuen_Dynasty_1294_-_Goryeo_as_vassal.png 2x" data-file-width="556" data-file-height="537" /></a></span><br /> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:118%; border:0;"><b>1368–1644</b> </td> <td width="50px" style="border:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:center; font-size:30%; line-height: 100%;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Mingdynastin" title="Södra Mingdynastin"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/30px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/45px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/60px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Mingdynastin" title="Södra Mingdynastin"><span style="font-size:300%;">→</span></a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Shundynastin" title="Shundynastin"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/30px-Flag_of_None.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/45px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_None.svg/60px-Flag_of_None.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="150" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Shundynastin" title="Shundynastin"><span style="font-size:300%;">→</span></a><br /><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><a href="/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin"><span style="font-size:300%;">→</span></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%; padding:0.6em 0em 0.6em 0em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kina under Yongle-kejsaren"><img alt="Kina under Yongle-kejsaren" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/240px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/360px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg/480px-Map_of_Ming_Chinese_empire_1415.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1577" data-file-height="2339" /></a><figcaption>Kina under Yongle-kejsaren</figcaption></figure> Kina under Yongle-kejsaren </td></tr> <tr> <td width="50%"><b><a href="/wiki/Huvudstad" title="Huvudstad">Huvudstad</a></b> </td> <td width="50%"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> <br /> <small>(1368–1644)</small> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> <br /><small>(1403–1644)</small> <p><br /> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shang_Di" title="Shang Di">Shang Di</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism">Daoism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">Konfucianism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_folkreligion" title="Kinesisk folkreligion">Kinesisk folkreligion</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Statsskick" title="Statsskick">Statsskick</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Absolut_monarki" title="Absolut monarki">Absolut monarki</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Mingdynastins_kejsare" title="Lista över Mingdynastins kejsare">Sista Kejsare</a></b> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chongzhen-kejsaren" title="Chongzhen-kejsaren">Chongzhen-kejsaren</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Bildades</b> </td> <td>23 januari 1368 i <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td>&#160;–&#160;bildades genom </td> <td>Erövring </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td>&#160;–&#160;bildades&#160;ur </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Upphörde</b> </td> <td>25 april 1644 i <a href="/wiki/Beijing" class="mw-redirect" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td>&#160;–&#160;upphörde&#160;genom </td> <td>Erövring </td></tr> <tr class="mergedrow"> <td>&#160;–&#160;uppgick i </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin">Qingdynastin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shundynastin" title="Shundynastin">Shundynastin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Mingdynastin" title="Södra Mingdynastin">Södra Mingdynastin</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align: top;"><b>Areal</b> </td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">6&#160;500&#160;000&#160;km² <small>(1415<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</small><br /> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top;"><b><a href="/wiki/Folkm%C3%A4ngd" title="Folkmängd">Folkmängd</a></b> </td> <td style="white-space: nowrap; vertical-align: top;">65&#160;000&#160;000 <small>(1393)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Valuta" title="Valuta">Valuta</a></b> </td> <td>Kopparmynt<br />silver <a href="/wiki/Tael" title="Tael">Tael</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sycee" class="mw-redirect" title="Sycee">Sycee</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Mingdynastin</b> (明朝, <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: Míng cháo), eller <b>Stora Mings imperium</b> (大明國, pinyin: Dà Míng Guó), var den regerande kejserliga <a href="/wiki/Dynasti" title="Dynasti">dynastin</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Kina</a> från <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a> till <a href="/wiki/1644" title="1644">1644</a> och kom till makten efter kollapsen av den <a href="/wiki/Mongoler" title="Mongoler">mongolledda</a> <a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastin</a>. Ming grundades av Hongwu-kejsaren <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> och har kallats "en av de största perioder av strukturerad regeringsmakt och social stabilitet i mänsklighetens historia".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det var den sista dynastin i Kina ledd av etniska <a href="/wiki/Hankineser" title="Hankineser">hankineser</a>. Även om Mings huvudstad <a href="/wiki/Peking" title="Peking">Peking</a> föll 1644 till rebeller ledda av <a href="/wiki/Li_Zicheng" title="Li Zicheng">Li Zicheng</a>, som själv snart ersattes av den <a href="/wiki/Manchu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu">Manchu</a>-ledda <a href="/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin">Qingdynastin</a>, så överlevde regimer lojala till Ming-tronen (gemensamt kallat <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Ming" class="mw-redirect" title="Södra Ming">Södra Ming</a>) till 1662. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politisk_utveckling">Politisk utveckling</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitt: Politisk utveckling" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Politisk utveckling"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hongwu-kejsaren">Hongwu-kejsaren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitt: Hongwu-kejsaren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Hongwu-kejsaren"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel&#58; <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Ming tog makten från <a href="/wiki/Mongoler" title="Mongoler">mongolerna</a>, och många forskare tror att det var mongolernas diskriminerade politik mot <a href="/wiki/Hankineser" title="Hankineser">hankineserna</a>, speciellt de syd<a href="/wiki/Kina_(region)" title="Kina (region)">kineser</a> som sist infogats i riket, som lade grunden för det stöd <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yuanzhang" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhu Yuanzhang">Zhu Yuanzhang</a> fick i sitt uppror mot <a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastin</a>. </p><p>Zhu Yuanzhang kom från en fattig bondefamilj, och efter att hans föräldrar dött blev han tiggarmunk. Hans erfarenheter av hur bönderna levde kom att påverka hans politik. Han deltog i <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_r%C3%B6da_turbanerna&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="De röda turbanerna [inte skriven än]">upproren</a> mot Yuandynastin och kom så småningom att bli upprorens ledare och utropade sig till kejsare <a href="/wiki/1368" title="1368">1368</a> under kejsarnamnet Hongwu. </p><p>För att lätta på <a href="/wiki/Skattetryck" class="mw-redirect" title="Skattetryck">skattetrycket</a> för bönderna, som till stor del gick till att finansiera militären, gjorde han militären nästan självförsörjande genom att de i fredstid arbetade inom jordbruket. Större jordegendomar togs i beslag och styckades upp. Uppodling av obrukad mark uppmuntrades genom skattebefrielse. Dessutom genomfördes flera viktiga administrativa reformer. Medan tidigare dynastier hade varit positiva till handeln ansåg Hongwu att jordbruket var basen i ekonomin. Av eftervärlden har Hongwu ansetts varit en duglig kejsare, men också mycket brutal. Hans utrensningar av personer som <a href="/wiki/Konspiration" title="Konspiration">konspirerade</a> eller som misstänktes konspirera mot honom kostade 10&#160;000-tals livet. </p><p>Efter Hongwus död uppstod stridigheter kring vem som skulle efterträda honom. Den prins som utsetts dog före Hongwu, och istället blev prinsens son Jianwen kejsare, men blev avsatt efter endast fyra år av en av Hongwus söner. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yongle-kejsaren">Yongle-kejsaren</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitt: Yongle-kejsaren" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Yongle-kejsaren"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="noprint huvudartikel" style="font-style:italic;"> <dl><dd>Huvudartikel&#58; <a href="/wiki/Yongle-kejsaren" title="Yongle-kejsaren">Yongle-kejsaren</a></dd></dl></div> <p>Mingdynastins två första kejsare förlade sin huvudstad till <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, för att distansera sig från mongolerna. Mongolerna, som från och med <a href="/wiki/Khubilai_khan" title="Khubilai khan">Khubilai khan</a> regerade som den kinesiska Yuandynastin, hade nämligen haft sin huvudstad i Khanbaliq, dagens <a href="/wiki/Peking" title="Peking">Peking</a>. Mingdynastins tredje kejsare, kallad <a href="/wiki/Yongle-kejsaren" title="Yongle-kejsaren">Yongle-kejsaren</a>, förlade sedan huvudstaden till Peking igen och stadens historiska delar med exempelvis <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rbjudna_staden" title="Förbjudna staden">Förbjudna staden</a> stammar därför från början av 1400-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Peking fick också efter återupprättandet som huvudstad sitt nuvarande namn Peking, eller på <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a> Beijing, "Norra huvudstaden". Detta till skillnad från den tidigare "Södra huvudstaden" Nanjing (som dock åter skulle bli huvudstad några decennier i början av <a href="/wiki/1900-talet" title="1900-talet">1900-talet</a>). </p><p>Under Yongle genomförde Kina en kortvarig erövring av <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> mellan 1406 och 1427, och flera militära expeditioner sändes mot mongolerna. En annan del av Yongles expansion var de sju resor <a href="/wiki/Enuck" class="mw-redirect" title="Enuck">enucken</a> <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> företog i västra <a href="/wiki/Stilla_havet" title="Stilla havet">Stilla havet</a> och <a href="/wiki/Indiska_oceanen" title="Indiska oceanen">Indiska oceanen</a>. Flottan besökte en rad länder i Asien och östra Afrika för att kräva dem på <a href="/wiki/Tribut" title="Tribut">tribut</a>, vilket hade syftet att befästa självbilden av Mingdynastin som världens centrum. Resorna kom att upphöra strax efter Yongles död. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konsolidering_och_kontakter_med_omvärlden"><span id="Konsolidering_och_kontakter_med_omv.C3.A4rlden"></span>Konsolidering och kontakter med omvärlden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konsolidering och kontakter med omvärlden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konsolidering och kontakter med omvärlden"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table align="right" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; border: 1px solid #aaaaaa; background: #f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background:#ccccff" align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/220px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/330px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg/440px-Departure_Herald-Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="246" /></a></span> </th></tr> <tr> <th style="padding: 0 5px 0 5px; background:#ccccff" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Kinas_historia" title="Kinas historia">Kinas historia</a> – <a href="/wiki/Tidsaxel_%C3%B6ver_Kinas_historia" title="Tidsaxel över Kinas historia">tidsaxel</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Kinas_f%C3%B6rhistoria" title="Kinas förhistoria">Förhistorisk tid</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Xiadynastin" title="Xiadynastin">Xiadynastin</a> 2070–1600 f.Kr. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Shangdynastin" title="Shangdynastin">Shangdynastin</a> 1600–1046 f.Kr. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Zhoudynastin" title="Zhoudynastin">Zhoudynastin</a> 1046–256 f.Kr. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 10px;"><small><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_Zhoudynastin" title="Västra Zhoudynastin">Västra Zhoudynastin</a> 1046–771 f.Kr.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 10px;"><small><a href="/wiki/%C3%96stra_Zhoudynastin" class="mw-redirect" title="Östra Zhoudynastin">Östra Zhoudynastin</a> 770–256 f.Kr.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px;"><small><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A5r-_och_h%C3%B6stperioden" title="Vår- och höstperioden">Vår- och höstperioden</a> 770–481 f.Kr.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 15px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><small><a href="/wiki/De_stridande_staterna" title="De stridande staterna">De stridande staterna</a> 403–221 f.Kr.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Qindynastin" title="Qindynastin">Qindynastin</a> 221 f.Kr.–206 f.Kr. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Handynastin" title="Handynastin">Västra Handynastin</a> 206 f.Kr.–24 e.Kr. </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 10px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Wang_Mangs_interregnum" title="Wang Mangs interregnum">Wang Mangs interregnum</a> (Xin) 9–23 e.Kr.</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Handynastin" title="Handynastin">Östra Handynastin</a> 25–220 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/De_tre_kungad%C3%B6mena" title="De tre kungadömena">De tre kungadömena</a> 220–280 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(265%E2%80%93420)" title="Jindynastin (265–420)">Jindynastin</a> 265–420 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><small><a href="/wiki/De_sexton_kungad%C3%B6mena" title="De sexton kungadömena">De sexton kungadömena</a> 304–439</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/De_sydliga_och_nordliga_dynastierna" title="De sydliga och nordliga dynastierna">De sydliga och nordliga dynastierna</a><br />420–589 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Suidynastin" title="Suidynastin">Suidynastin</a> 581–618 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tangdynastin</a> 618–907 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><small><a href="/wiki/Wu_Zhaos_interregnum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu Zhaos interregnum">Wu Zhaos interregnum</a> (Zhoudynastin) 690–705</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/De_fem_dynastierna_och_De_tio_rikena" title="De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena">De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena</a><br />902–979 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Songdynastin" title="Songdynastin">Songdynastin</a> 960–1279 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;">&#160;<small><a href="/wiki/Liaodynastin" title="Liaodynastin">Liaodynastin</a> 907–1125</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 10px;"><small><a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jindynastin (1115–1234)">Jindynastin</a> 1115–1234</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><small><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stra_Xia" class="mw-redirect" title="Västra Xia">Västra Xia</a> 1038–1227</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastin</a> 1271–1368 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Mingdynastin</a> 1368–1644 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 10px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><small><a href="/wiki/Shundynastin" title="Shundynastin">Shundynastin</a> 1644–1645</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin">Qingdynastin</a> 1644–1911 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Republiken_Kina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republiken Kina (1912–1949)">Republiken Kina</a> 1912–1949 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Folkrepubliken_Kinas_historia" title="Folkrepubliken Kinas historia">Folkrepubliken Kina</a> 1949– </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 90%; padding: 0 5px 0 5px;"><a href="/wiki/Republiken_Kina" class="mw-redirect" title="Republiken Kina">Republiken Kina</a> (Taiwan) 1949– </td></tr> <tr> <td align="right"><div class="plainlinks"><small><a class="external text" href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/wiki.phtml?title=Mall:Kinas_historia&amp;action=edit">redigera</a>&#160;</small></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ming, den sista hankinesiska dynastin, förde till en början Kinas utveckling framåt med en blomstringsperiod under första delen av <a href="/wiki/1400-talet" title="1400-talet">1400-talet</a>, inklusive oceangående expeditioner ledda av amiral <a href="/wiki/Zheng_He" title="Zheng He">Zheng He</a> till <a href="/wiki/Sydostasien" title="Sydostasien">Sydostasien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sydasien" title="Sydasien">Sydasien</a> och <a href="/wiki/%C3%96stafrika" title="Östafrika">Östafrika</a>. Många delar av sydöstra Kina specialiserade sig på specifika produkter och satsade på handel istället för självförsörjning. Det skedde en välståndsökning och även kom andra delas av Asien till dels. <a href="/wiki/Suzhou" title="Suzhou">Suzhou</a> var under denna tid Kinas största stad, och kanske även världens största i slutet av <a href="/wiki/1500-talet" title="1500-talet">1500-talet</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Perioden medförde även förbättringar av jordbruk och handelssystem och skattesystemet reformerades så att betalning skedde med <a href="/wiki/Mynt" title="Mynt">silvermynt</a> istället för <a href="/wiki/In_natura" title="In natura">in natura</a>. <a href="/wiki/Myntpr%C3%A4gling" title="Myntprägling">Myntprägling</a> förekom inte i Kina, utan silvret kom från <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> och <a href="/wiki/Sydamerika" title="Sydamerika">Sydamerika</a>. Under denna tid ändrades staden <a href="/wiki/Chang%27an" title="Chang&#39;an">Chang'ans</a> namn till det nuvarande <a href="/wiki/Xi%27an" title="Xi&#39;an">Xi'an</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tillbakagång"><span id="Tillbakag.C3.A5ng"></span>Tillbakagång</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitt: Tillbakagång" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Tillbakagång"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/1500-talet" title="1500-talet">1500-talet</a> försvagades Mingkina av en <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationistisk</a> inrikespolitik, krigiska grannar, japanska sjörövare och <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">européernas</a> <a href="/wiki/Koloni" title="Koloni">kolonisationer</a>. Beroendet av importerat silver blev ett problem när Japan stängde sina hamnar och silverkällorna i Sydamerika började sina. Tillgången på silver minskade vilket ledde till <a href="/wiki/Deflation" title="Deflation">deflation</a> och <a href="/wiki/Hamstring" title="Hamstring">hamstring</a> av mynt och <a href="/wiki/Spannm%C3%A5l" class="mw-redirect" title="Spannmål">spannmål</a> vilket tillsammans med flera <a href="/wiki/Naturkatastrof" title="Naturkatastrof">naturkatastrofer</a> i början av <a href="/wiki/1600-talet" title="1600-talet">1600-talet</a> ledde till hungersnöd. <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanien" title="Spanien">Spanien</a> och <a href="/wiki/Nederl%C3%A4nderna" title="Nederländerna">Nederländerna</a> upprättade kolonier i området som minskade Kinas <a href="/wiki/Ekonomi" title="Ekonomi">ekonomiska</a> inflytande. De senare kejsarna anses svaga och odugliga. Korruptionen ökade och enuckerna fick mer makt. Stora delar av landet föll för lokala uppror samtidigt som armén försvagades. I samband med ett bondeuppror lyckades de norr om Kina bosatta <a href="/wiki/Manchuer" title="Manchuer">manchuerna</a> ta makten efter <a href="/wiki/Slaget_om_Shanhaiguan" title="Slaget om Shanhaiguan">slaget om Shanhaiguan</a> och utropade 1644 <a href="/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin">Qingdynastin</a>. Grenar av den kejserliga familjen Zhu fortsatte dock kampen mot dem ända fram till <a href="/wiki/1662" title="1662">1662</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Wang-yang-ming.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Wang-yang-ming.jpg/190px-Wang-yang-ming.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Wang-yang-ming.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="259" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> (1472–1529), ansedd som den mest inflytelserike <a href="/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius">konfucianske</a> tänkaren efter <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xi</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rättsväsen"><span id="R.C3.A4ttsv.C3.A4sen"></span>Rättsväsen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitt: Rättsväsen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Rättsväsen"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zhu betraktade sin dynasti som en restauration av den konfucianska och <a href="/wiki/Hankines" class="mw-redirect" title="Hankines">hankinesiska</a> civilisationen efter nästan hundra år av <a href="/wiki/Mongoler" title="Mongoler">mongoliskt</a> styre under Yuan. Därför återinförde han konfucianska seder, klädedräkt och lagar från <a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tangdynastin</a>. Han utfärdade också fyra viktiga rättsliga och normativa texter, vilket har befäst Zhus ställning som laggivare. Den första texten var <i>Den upphöjda Mingdynastins släktföreskrifter</i>, som var ett slags grundlag för kejsarhuset. Den andra texten var <i>Mingdynastins befallningar</i>, vilka var allmänna föreskrifter för hur kejsarrikets skulle styras. Den tredje texten var <i>Plakatet med föreskrifter för allmogen</i>, vilken bestod av instruktioner för hur det vanliga folket skulle leva sina liv i enlighet med de konfucianska dygderna. Den sista, och mest omfattade texten var <i>Mingdynastins lagsamling</i>, vilket var dynastins grundläggande brottsbalk och som utgjorde grunden för alla kinesiska lagsamlingar fram till Qingdynastins fall 1911. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filosofi">Filosofi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitt: Filosofi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Filosofi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under Mingdynastin omfattades <a href="/wiki/Songdynastin" title="Songdynastin">Songdynastins</a> ämbetsmannalärde <a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu Xis</a> (1130–1200) och neo-<a href="/wiki/Konfucianism" title="Konfucianism">konfucianismens</a> doktriner av hovet och bildade kineser i stort. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wang_Yangmings_konfucianism">Wang Yangmings konfucianism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitt: Wang Yangmings konfucianism" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Wang Yangmings konfucianism"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Confucius_on_his_way_to_Luoyang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Confucius_on_his_way_to_Luoyang.jpg/250px-Confucius_on_his_way_to_Luoyang.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Confucius_on_his_way_to_Luoyang.jpg/375px-Confucius_on_his_way_to_Luoyang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/Confucius_on_his_way_to_Luoyang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption> Ett teckningstryck från Mingdynastin av Konfucius på väg till Zhoudynastins huvudstad <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Någon total likriktning mot ett enahanda tänkesätt blev aldrig en realitet i samhällets intellektuella skikt. Där fanns somliga Ming som, likt <a href="/wiki/Su_Shi" title="Su Shi">Su Shi</a> (1037–1101) under Song, var rebeller till sin läggning och inte generade sig att kritisera huvudfårans dogmatiska tänkesätt. Den som anförde en ny linje av konfuciansk lära och filosofi var lärobyråkraten <a href="/wiki/Wang_Yangming" title="Wang Yangming">Wang Yangming</a> (1472–1529), vars kritiker menade att hans läror var förorenade av <a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">zen</a>-buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_282-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>När han analyserade Zhu Xis begrepp "kunskapens utvidgning " (det vill säga att nå förståelse genom noggrann och rationell undersökning av saker och händelser), insåg Wang att universella principer var begrepp som allas sinnen kan ta till sig.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_281_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_281-6"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Med avvikelse från schablonen, anförde Wang att vem som helst, oberoende av socioekonomisk status eller bakgrund, skulle kunna bli lika vis som forntidens lärde <a href="/wiki/Konfucius" title="Konfucius">Konfucius</a> och <a href="/wiki/Mencius" title="Mencius">Mencius</a>. Dessa bådas skrifter var inte sanningens källa, utan snarare vägvisare, i vilka man efter noggranna studier kan finna brister.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_281_282_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_281_282-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I Wangs ögon, var en bonde som hade många erfarenheter och drog naturliga slutsatser från dessa, visare än en tjänsteman som hade studerat klassikerna ingående men inte hade upplevt den verkliga världen för att se efter vad som var sant.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_281_282_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_281_282-7"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Konservativ_reaktion">Konservativ reaktion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konservativ reaktion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konservativ reaktion"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konservativa konfucianska ämbetsmän oroades över Wangs filosofiska tolkning av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinesisk_Klassiska_texter&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinesisk Klassiska texter [inte skriven än]">konfucianska klassikerna</a>, hans lärjungars tilltagande antal medan han fortfarande var i tjänst och hans övergripande socialt-rebelliska budskap.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_282-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> För att hämma hans politiska inflytande blev han ofta utsänd för att ta tag i militära affärer och uppror långt bort från huvudstaden.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_282-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likväl slog hans idéer rot i huvudfårans kinesiska tankevärld och sporrade nytt intresse för daoism och buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_282-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Därtill började folk att ifrågasätta giltigheten hos den sociala hierarkin och inställningen att den lärde stod ovanför bonden.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_282-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wang Yangmings lärjungar och saltgruvearbetaren Wang Gen föreläste för vanligt folk om att skaffa sig utbildning för att få ett bättre liv, medan hans efterföljare He Xinyin utmande betoningen på familjens upphöjda position i det kinesisk samhället.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_282-5"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hans samtida <a href="/w/index.php?title=Li_Zhi_(Ming)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Li Zhi (Ming) [inte skriven än]">Li Zhi</a> (1527–1602) lärde till och med ut att kvinnor var männens intellektuella likar och borde ges bättre utbildning. Såväl Li som He ändade till slut sina dagar i fängelsehålor, dömda på anklagelser om spridande av "farliga idéer".<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_283_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_283-8"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ändå hade dessa "farliga idéer" om flickors utbildning länge omhuldats av mödrar som stått för sina barns första skolning,<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_158_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_158-9"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> liksom <a href="/wiki/Kurtisan" title="Kurtisan">kurtisanerna</a> som var lika belästa och likaledes tränade i <a href="/wiki/Kalligrafi" title="Kalligrafi">kalligrafi</a>, målning och poesi som sina manliga värdar.<sup id="cite_ref-brook_230_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brook_230-10"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>I opposition mot Wang Yangmings <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberala</a> syn fanns de konservativa ämbetsmännen i <i>censoratet</i> – en kejserlig <a href="/wiki/Institution" title="Institution">institution</a> med rätt och skyldighet att tala klarspråk mot ämbetsbrott och maktmissbruk – och de seniora tjänstemännen i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Donglin-akademin&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Donglin-akademin [inte skriven än]">Donglin-akademin</a>, vilken blev återupprättad 1604.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_213_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_213-11"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Konfessionella_böjelser"><span id="Konfessionella_b.C3.B6jelser"></span>Konfessionella böjelser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitt: Konfessionella böjelser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Konfessionella böjelser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG/190px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG/285px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG/380px-SFEC_BritMus_Asia_021.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Kinesisk glaserad staty i <a href="/wiki/Stengodslera" class="mw-redirect" title="Stengodslera">stengods</a>, föreställande en daoistisk gudomlighet från 1500-talets Mingdynasti</figcaption></figure> <p>Under tusentals år var tron på <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B6rf%C3%A4dersdyrkan" title="Förfädersdyrkan">förfädersdyrkan</a> och ritualer kring förfäderskulten, avgörande särdrag i den kinesiska civilisationen. Kineserna satte sin tro på en uppsättning <a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_mytologi" title="Kinesisk mytologi">gudar</a> i kombination med en god portion <a href="/wiki/Vidskepelse" title="Vidskepelse">vidskepelse</a> till vad som betecknas som <a href="/wiki/Kinesisk_folkreligion" title="Kinesisk folkreligion">Kinesisk folkreligion</a>. Andra religiösa uttryck under Ming inbegriper den forntida inhemska <a href="/wiki/Daoism" title="Daoism">taoistiska</a> ideologin och utländsk Buddhism, även om fristående <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kinesisk_Buddhism&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kinesisk Buddhism [inte skriven än]">Kinesisk Buddhism</a> hade utvecklats mycket tidigare. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Jesuites_en_chine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/250px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg/375px-Jesuites_en_chine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Jesuites_en_chine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Jesuiter i Kina</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Kristendom" title="Kristendom">Kristendom</a> hade slagit rot i Kina sedan <a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tangdynastin</a> (618–907), men under den senare Mingperioden fick <a href="/wiki/Jesuitorden" title="Jesuitorden">jesuiterna</a> från Europa ögonen på Kina med <a href="/wiki/Mission" title="Mission">missionärer</a> som <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Ricci</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Trigault&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Trigault [inte skriven än]">Nicolas Trigault</a>. Andra sekter som <a href="/wiki/Dominikanorden" title="Dominikanorden">Dominikanorden</a> och <a href="/wiki/Franciskanorden" title="Franciskanorden">Franciskanorden</a> tog också tillfället att få in en fot. </p><p>Ricci arbetade med den kinesiske <a href="/wiki/Matematik" title="Matematik">matematikern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomi" title="Astronomi">astronomen</a> och <a href="/wiki/Lantbruksvetenskap" title="Lantbruksvetenskap">agronomen</a> <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a> för att kunna översätta den <a href="/wiki/Grekiska" title="Grekiska">grekiska</a> matematiska avhandlingen <i><a href="/wiki/Euklides_Elementa" class="mw-redirect" title="Euklides Elementa">Euklides Elementa</a></i> till kinesiska för första gången 1607. Kineserna var imponerade av europeiska kunskaper i astronomi, kalendervetenskap, matematik, <a href="/wiki/Hydraulik" title="Hydraulik">hydraulik</a> och <a href="/wiki/Geografi" title="Geografi">geografi</a>. Flertalet europeiska <a href="/wiki/Munk" title="Munk">munkar</a> presenterade sig själva mer som bildad elit än religiösa figurer, i sin ansträngning att tillskansa sig tillit och beundran från kineserna.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_212_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_212-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Många kineser var dock misstänksamma och till och med regelrätt kritiska mot kristendomen, därför att kinesiska övertygelser och sedvänjor inte sammanföll med den kristna tron.<sup id="cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_212_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_212-12"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Höjdpunkten av denna tvist var den <i>Religiösa Incidenten i Nanjing</i> 1616–1622. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teknik_och_vetenskap">Teknik och vetenskap</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitt: Teknik och vetenskap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Teknik och vetenskap"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jämförd med <a href="/wiki/Songdynastin" title="Songdynastin">Songdynastins</a> blomstrande <a href="/wiki/Teknik" title="Teknik">teknik</a> och <a href="/wiki/Vetenskap" title="Vetenskap">vetenskap</a>, såg Mingdynastin kanske färre vetenskapliga framsteg i förhållande till <a href="/wiki/Uppt%C3%A4ckt" title="Upptäckt">upptäcktstakten</a> i <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4stv%C3%A4rlden" title="Västvärlden">Västvärlden</a>. I själva verket sporrades viktiga framsteg inom kinesisk vetenskap under sen Ming genom kontakter med <a href="/wiki/Europa" title="Europa">Europa</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Astronomi">Astronomi</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitt: Astronomi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Astronomi"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ricciportrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ricciportrait.jpg/250px-Ricciportrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ricciportrait.jpg/375px-Ricciportrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ricciportrait.jpg/500px-Ricciportrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="740" data-file-height="974" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Riccis</a> porträtt av Yu Wenhui, latiniserad som Emmanuel Pereira, daterad Riccis dödsår, 1610</figcaption></figure> <p>Mellan åren 1437 och 1446 flyttades <a href="/wiki/Pekings_antika_observatorium" title="Pekings antika observatorium">Pekings antika observatorium</a> och då byggdes även instrumenten på taket: <a href="/wiki/Teodolit" title="Teodolit">teodolit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvadrant_(m%C3%A4tinstrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kvadrant (mätinstrument)">kvadrant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sextant" title="Sextant">sextant</a>, en <a href="/wiki/Armillarsf%C3%A4r#Kinesiska_varianter" title="Armillarsfär">celest glob</a> och ytterligare två typer av <a href="/wiki/Armillarsf%C3%A4r" title="Armillarsfär">armillarsfärer</a>, som de alltmer anlitade jesuiterna hjälpt till att förbättra. Jesuiternas Kina-mission på 1500- och 1600-talet introducerade kinesernas vetenskap och astronomi i Västvärlden. Sedan efter att ha undergått sin egen revolution, kom delar av dessa åter till Kina. År 1626 skrev jesuiten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Adam_Schall_von_Bell&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Adam Schall von Bell [inte skriven än]">Johann Adam Schall von Bell</a> den första kinesiska redogörelsen om <a href="/wiki/Teleskop" title="Teleskop">teleskopet</a>, <i>Yuanjingshuo</i> (<i>Det Fjärrseende Glaset</i>) och 1634 förvärvade den siste Ming <a href="/wiki/Chongzhen-kejsaren" title="Chongzhen-kejsaren">kejsaren Chongzhen</a> ett teleskop som tillhört <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johann_Schreck&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Johann Schreck [inte skriven än]">Johann Schreck</a> (1576–1630).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Den <a href="/wiki/Heliocentrism" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliocentrism">heliocentriska</a> modellen för <a href="/wiki/Solsystemet" title="Solsystemet">solsystemet</a> förkastades av de katolska <a href="/wiki/Mission%C3%A4r" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionär">missionärerna</a> i Kina. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Keplers</a> och <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galileis</a> idéer slog likväl gradvis rot i Kina och tog sin början med den polske jesuiten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Boym&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Boym [inte skriven än]">Michael Boym</a> (1612–1659) år 1627, Adam Schall von Bells avhandling 1640 och slutligen <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Edkins" title="Joseph Edkins">Joseph Edkins</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alex_Wylie&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Alex Wylie [inte skriven än]">Alex Wylie</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Fryer_(sinolog)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="John Fryer (sinolog) [inte skriven än]">John Fryer</a> under 1800-talet.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Katolska jesuitser i Kina kunde prata för <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">kopernikansk</a> teori vid hovet, men ändå samtidigt omhulda det <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaiska_v%C3%A4rldssystemet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaiska världssystemet">ptolemaiska världssystemet</a> i sina skriverier. Det var inte förrän 1865 som katolska missionärer i Kina förespråkade den heliocentriska modellen såsom deras protestantiska gelikar hade gjort.<sup id="cite_ref-wong_31_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wong_31-15"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fastän <a href="/wiki/Shen_Kuo" title="Shen Kuo">Shen Kuo</a> (1031–1095) och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Guo_Shoujing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Guo Shoujing [inte skriven än]">Guo Shoujing</a> (1231–1316) hade lagt grunden till <a href="/wiki/Trigonometri" title="Trigonometri">trigonometrin</a> i Kina, skulle inget annat betydande verk i kinesisk trigonometri bli publicerat igen förrän 1607 efter <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqis</a> och <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Ricci" title="Matteo Ricci">Matteo Riccis</a> ansträngningar.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ironiskt nog, blev en del uppfinningar som hade sitt ursprung i det antika Kina återintroducerade i Kina från Europa under sen Ming, till exempel den mobila <a href="/w/index.php?title=F%C3%A4ltkvarn&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fältkvarn [inte skriven än]">fältkvarnen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kalender">Kalender</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitt: Kalender" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Kalender"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Den <a href="/wiki/Kinesiska_kalendern" title="Kinesiska kalendern">kinesiska kalendern</a> var i behov av en <a href="/wiki/Kalenderreform" title="Kalenderreform">reform</a>, eftersom den endast ungefärligt mätte <a href="/wiki/Sol%C3%A5r" title="Solår">solåret</a> som 365¼ dygn, vilket ger ett fel på 10 min och 14 s per år eller ungefär ett helt dygn på 128 år.<sup id="cite_ref-kuttner_1975_166_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuttner_1975_166-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trots att Ming hade tillämpat Guo Shoujing's <i>Shoushi</i> kalender från 1281, vilken var precis lika korrekt som den <a href="/wiki/Gregorianska_kalendern" title="Gregorianska kalendern">Gregorianska kalendern</a>, så misslyckades <i>Ming Direktoratet för Astronom</i> med att uppdatera den. Detta berodde nog på deras brist på expertis, då deras ämbeten hade blivit ärftliga under Ming, vars statuter förbjöd privat inblandning i den viktiga astronomin.<sup id="cite_ref-engelfriet_78_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engelfriet_78-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Viktig därför att den var grunden för de <a href="/wiki/Astrologi" title="Astrologi">astrologiska</a> förutsägelser, som styrde kejsarens agerande och genom Riccis övertygande skicklighet nu i stället anförtrotts jesuiterna. En ättling i sjätte led till kejsar Hongxi, "Prins" <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhu_Zaiyu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhu Zaiyu [inte skriven än]">Zhu Zaiyu</a> (1536–1611), lade fram ett förslag om att fastlägga kalenden år 1595, men den ultra-konservativa astronomiska <a href="/wiki/Kommission" title="Kommission">kommissionen</a> förkastade det.<sup id="cite_ref-kuttner_1975_166_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kuttner_1975_166-18"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-engelfriet_78_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engelfriet_78-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Det kan noteras att detta var densamme Zhu Zaiyu som upptäckte systemet med <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A4mning_(musik)" title="Stämning (musik)">stämning</a>, känt som <a href="/wiki/Liksv%C3%A4vande_temperatur" title="Liksvävande temperatur">liksvävande temperatur</a>, en upptäckt som gjordes samtidigt av <a href="/wiki/Simon_Stevin" title="Simon Stevin">Simon Stevin</a> (1548–1620) i Europa.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Utöver att publicera sina arbeten om musik, kunde han ge ut sina rön om kalendrar 1597.<sup id="cite_ref-engelfriet_78_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engelfriet_78-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ett år tidigare blev förbättringsförslaget till åminnelse av Xing Yunlu avseende kalendern skjutet i sank av Övermästaren för den Astronomiska Byrån, till följd av lagen som fördömer privat sysslande med astronomi. Xing kom senare att vara Xu Guangqi behjälplig med att reformera kalendern 1629 enligt Västlig standard.<sup id="cite_ref-engelfriet_78_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-engelfriet_78-19"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>På de mer legitima jesuiternas inrådan kom en mindre angelägen tidsreform aningslöst att hanteras utan invändningar. Sedan urminnes tider tillämpade man ett sätt att dela in <a href="/wiki/Dygn" title="Dygn">dygnet</a> i 100 delar, <a href="/wiki/Ke" title="Ke">ke</a> (刻), som tyvärr aldrig kom till de <a href="/wiki/Franska_revolutionskalendern#Dygnet" title="Franska revolutionskalendern">franska revolutionärernas</a> kännedom. Detta centidygn förändrades vid övergången till nästa dynasti till en vanlig västerländsk <a href="/wiki/Kvart_(tid)" title="Kvart (tid)">kvart</a>, 1/96 dels dygn för att passa bättre ihop med en parallell <a href="/wiki/Duodecimalsystemet" class="mw-redirect" title="Duodecimalsystemet">duodecimal</a> indelning. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Teknik">Teknik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigera avsnitt: Teknik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Teknik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/250px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/375px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg/500px-Chinese_Fining_and_Blast_Furnace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Puddelprocess" title="Puddelprocess">Puddelprocessen</a> att smälta <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A4rnmalm" title="Järnmalm">järnmalm</a> för att göra <a href="/wiki/Tackj%C3%A4rn" title="Tackjärn">tackjärn</a> av <a href="/wiki/Smidesj%C3%A4rn" title="Smidesjärn">smidesjärn</a>. Högra skissen visar män som sköter en <a href="/wiki/Masugn" title="Masugn">masugn</a>. Från <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Yingxing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Yingxing [inte skriven än]">Tiangong Kaiwu</a></i> encyklopedin 1637.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Ming_porcelain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ming_porcelain.jpg/190px-Ming_porcelain.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ming_porcelain.jpg/285px-Ming_porcelain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Ming_porcelain.jpg/380px-Ming_porcelain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption>Blåvitt mingporslin, (1368–1644)</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuandynastins</a> palats vid <i>Khanbaliq</i> innehöll avancerad utsmyckning, såsom fontäner med dansande klot i strålarna, <a href="/wiki/Tillst%C3%A5ndsmaskin" title="Tillståndsmaskin">självrörliga tigerautomater</a>, drakhövdade föremål som sprutade ångor med parfym och <a href="/wiki/Pendelur" title="Pendelur">mekaniska klockor</a>. När Ming-grundaren Hongwu såg dessa mekaniska anordningar, satte han alltihop i samband med <a href="/wiki/Mongolv%C3%A4ldet" title="Mongolväldet">Mongolväldets</a> <a href="/wiki/Dekadens" title="Dekadens">dekadens</a> och lät förstöra dem.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_133_508_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_133_508-21"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senare skulle europeiska jesuiter som Matteo Ricci och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_Trigault&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas Trigault [inte skriven än]">Nicolas Trigault</a> kort omnämna inhemska kinesiska urverk som var utrustade med drivhjul.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_438_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_438-22"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Såväl Ricci som Trigault var dock snara att framhålla 15-hundratalets europeiska urverk såsom ännu mer avancerade än vanliga tidmätande apparater i Kina, vilka de listade som <a href="/wiki/Vattenur" title="Vattenur">vattenur</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%B6kelseur&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Rökelseur [inte skriven än]">rökelseur</a> och "andra instrument...med hjul som vreds av sand i stället för vatten."<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_509_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_509-23"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kinesiska uppteckningar – nämligen <i>Yuan Shi</i> – beskriver det "femhjuliga sanduret", en mekanism som Zhan Xiyuan (fl. 1360–1380) var först med. Denna ståtade med öshjulet från Su Songs tidigare <a href="/wiki/Astronomiskt_ur" title="Astronomiskt ur">astronomiska ur</a> och en stationär <a href="/wiki/Urtavla" title="Urtavla">urtavla</a> över vilken en visare cirkulerade, i likhet med tidens europeiska modeller.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_511_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_511-24"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detta sand-drivna hjulur modifierades av Zhou Shuxue (1530–1558), som lade till fyra stora växelhjul, ändrade utväxlingen och breddade mynningen till att fånga in mer sandkorn, då han menade att den tidigare modellen alltför ofta täpptes till.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_510_511_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_510_511-25"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kineserna fängslades av europeisk teknik, men det gjorde likaledes besökande européer av kinesik teknik. År 1584 gjorde <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ortelius" title="Abraham Ortelius">Abraham Ortelius</a> (1527–1598) ett stort nummer i sin atlas <i>Theatrum Orbis Terrarum</i> av den sällsamma kinesiska innovationen att montera master och segel på landkärror, ungefär som på en <a href="/wiki/Djonk" title="Djonk">djonk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_276_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_276-26"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Juan_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Mendoza&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Juan González de Mendoza [inte skriven än]">Gonzales de Mendoza</a> nämnde också detta ett år senare, medan <a href="/wiki/Gerardus_Mercator" title="Gerardus Mercator">Gerardus Mercator</a> (1512–1594) framhöll dem i sin atlas, <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> (1608–1674) i ett av sina berömda poem och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andreas_Everardus_van_Braam_Houckgeest&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest [inte skriven än]">Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest</a> (1739–1801) i sina resedagboksanteckningar från Kina.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mingdynastin är också känd för sitt vackra <a href="/wiki/Porslin" title="Porslin">porslin</a>, speciellt det för perioden karaktäristiska blåvita porslinet. Encyklopedisten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Song_Yingxing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Song Yingxing [inte skriven än]">Song Yingxing</a> (1587–1666) dokumenterade en bred uppsättning olika tekniker, metallurgiska och industriella processer i sin <i>Tiangong Kaiwu</i> encyklopedi från 1637. Denna innefattade mekaniskt och hydrauliskt drivna anordningar för jordbruk och bevattning,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sjöfartsteknik såsom fartygstyper och <a href="/wiki/Snorkel" title="Snorkel">snorkelutrustning</a> för <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rlfiske" title="Pärlfiske">pärldykare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vidare avhandlas de årliga procedurerna av tillverkning av <a href="/wiki/Siden" title="Siden">siden</a> och vävning med <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4vstol" title="Vävstol">vävstol</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> metallurgiska processer som <a href="/wiki/Degel" title="Degel">degelteknik</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sl%C3%A4ckning&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Släckning [inte skriven än]">släckning</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> tillverkningsprocesser som att rosta järn<a href="/wiki/Pyrit" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyrit">pyrit</a> för konvertering av <a href="/wiki/Sulfid" title="Sulfid">sulfiden</a> via oxid till <a href="/wiki/Svavel" title="Svavel">svavel</a> använt i krutblandningar – illustrerande hur <a href="/wiki/Malm" title="Malm">malm</a> lades i en hög med kol<a href="/w/index.php?title=Brikett&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Brikett [inte skriven än]">briketter</a> i en jordugn med ett destillations-huvud som skickade över svavel som ånga, vilken övergick i fast form för att <a href="/wiki/Kristallisation" title="Kristallisation">kristallisera</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – och bruket av krutvapen såsom en marin <a href="/wiki/Mina" title="Mina">mina</a> som tändes med en slitlina och <a href="/wiki/Hjull%C3%A5s" title="Hjullås">flintstålshjul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Med fokus på <a href="/wiki/Jordbruk" title="Jordbruk">jordbruk</a> i sin <i>Nongzheng Quanshu</i>, visade agronomen <a href="/wiki/Xu_Guangqi" title="Xu Guangqi">Xu Guangqi</a> (1562–1633) intresse för bevattning, gödningsämnen, lindring av svält, ekonomiska och textila grödor samt <a href="/wiki/Empiri" title="Empiri">empiriska</a> iakttagelser av <a href="/wiki/Grund%C3%A4mne" title="Grundämne">grundämnena</a>, vilket gav tidiga insikter i <a href="/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi">kemi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Chinese_Cannon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/190px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/285px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Chinese_Cannon.JPG/380px-Chinese_Cannon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="930" /></a><figcaption> En <a href="/wiki/Kanon" title="Kanon">kanon</a> ur <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiao_Yu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiao Yu [inte skriven än]">Jiao Yu</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji [inte skriven än]">Liu Jis</a> <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huolongjing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Huolongjing [inte skriven än]">Huolongjing</a></i>, 1370-tal</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vapenteknik">Vapenteknik</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigera avsnitt: Vapenteknik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Vapenteknik"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Det var många landvinningar och ny design kring <a href="/wiki/Krut" title="Krut">krutvapen</a> under dynastins början. Från dess mitt till sen Ming började dock kineserna allt oftare använda <a href="/wiki/Artilleri" title="Artilleri">artilleri</a> och <a href="/wiki/Skjutvapen" title="Skjutvapen">skjutvapen</a> av europeiskt snitt.<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_372_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_372-37"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Skriften <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Huolongjing&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Huolongjing [inte skriven än]">Huolongjing</a></i>, sammanställd av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jiao_Yu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jiao Yu [inte skriven än]">Jiao Yu</a> och <a href="/w/index.php?title=Liu_Ji&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Liu Ji [inte skriven än]">Liu Ji</a> någon gång före den senares död 1375 (med förord tillagt av Jiao år 1412),<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_24_25_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_24_25-38"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> behandlade många typer av de modernaste krutvapnen för sin tid. Detta inbegriper ihåliga, krutfyllda <a href="/wiki/Explosiv" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosiv">explosiva</a> <a href="/wiki/Kanonkula" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanonkula">kanonkulor</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_264_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_264-39"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Landmina" class="mw-redirect" title="Landmina">landminor</a> som hade en invecklad avskjutningsmekanism av fallande vikter, stift och ett hjullås av stål för att antända bunten av <a href="/wiki/Stubintr%C3%A5d" title="Stubintråd">stubintrådar</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_203_205_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_203_205-40"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> marina minor,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> fenförsedda bevingade <a href="/wiki/Raket" title="Raket">raketer</a> för <a href="/wiki/Aerodynamik" title="Aerodynamik">aerodynamisk</a> styrning,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Flerstegsraket" title="Flerstegsraket">flerstegsraketer</a> drivna av <a href="/w/index.php?title=Booster-raket&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Booster-raket [inte skriven än]">booster-raketer</a>, innan en svärm av mindre raketer tänds och skjuter iväg från stjärten på <a href="/wiki/Missil" class="mw-redirect" title="Missil">missilen</a> (formad som ett drakhuvud),<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> och <a href="/wiki/Handkanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Handkanon">handkanoner</a> som hade upp till tio <a href="/wiki/Pipa_(vapendel)" title="Pipa (vapendel)">pipor</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Läkekonst"><span id="L.C3.A4kekonst"></span>Läkekonst</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Redigera avsnitt: Läkekonst" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Läkekonst"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Li_Shizhen" title="Li Shizhen">Li Shizhen</a> (1518–1593), en av de mest ansedda <a href="/wiki/Farmakologi" title="Farmakologi">farmakologerna</a> och läkarna inom <a href="/wiki/Traditionell_kinesisk_medicin" title="Traditionell kinesisk medicin">traditionell kinesisk medicin</a>, var verksam under den sena Mingperioden. År 1587 färdigställde han det första utkastet till sin <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bencao_Gangmu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Bencao Gangmu [inte skriven än]">Bencao Gangmu</a></i>, ett <a href="/wiki/Kompendium" title="Kompendium">kompendium</a> som gav detaljer om hur över 1800 <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A4kemedel" title="Läkemedel">mediciner</a> skulle användas. Även om den påstås ha uppfunnits av en <a href="/wiki/Daoism_(filosofi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daoism (filosofi)">daoistisk</a> <a href="/wiki/Eremit" title="Eremit">eremit</a> från berget <a href="/wiki/Emeishan" title="Emeishan">Emeishan</a> strax före <a href="/wiki/Tiohundratalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiohundratalet">tiohundratalet</a>, så var metoden med <a href="/wiki/Smittkoppsympning" class="mw-redirect" title="Smittkoppsympning">ympning</a> av <a href="/wiki/Smitt%C3%A4mne" class="mw-redirect" title="Smittämne">smittämnet</a> på <a href="/wiki/Smittkoppor" title="Smittkoppor">smittkoppspatienter</a> i allmänt bruk i Kina vid tiden för <a href="/wiki/Longqing-kejsaren" title="Longqing-kejsaren">Longqing-kejsarens</a> regering (ca 1567–1572), långt innan den kom i bruk någon annanstans.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vad gäller <a href="/wiki/Tand-_och_munhygien" title="Tand- och munhygien">tand- och munhygien</a> använde man redan i det <a href="/wiki/Forntida_Egypten" title="Forntida Egypten">forntida Egypten</a> en primitiv <a href="/wiki/Tandborste" title="Tandborste">tandborste</a>, tillverkad av en <a href="/wiki/Kvist" title="Kvist">kvist</a> som var fransig i ena änden. Kineserna var dock först med att uppfinna den moderna borstiga tandborsten, då med styvt svinborst.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-reference-link-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Se_även"><span id="Se_.C3.A4ven"></span>Se även</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=17" title="Redigera avsnitt: Se även" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=17" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Se även"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinesiska_flottans_oceang%C3%A5ende_expeditioner_under_1400-talet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kinesiska flottans oceangående expeditioner under 1400-talet">Kinesiska flottans oceangående expeditioner under 1400-talet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lista_%C3%B6ver_Mingdynastins_kejsare" title="Lista över Mingdynastins kejsare">Lista över Mingdynastins kejsare</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referenser">Referenser</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=18" title="Redigera avsnitt: Referenser" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=18" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Referenser"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noter">Noter</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=19" title="Redigera avsnitt: Noter" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=19" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Noter"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="journal" id="CITEREFTurchinAdamsHall">Turchin, Peter; Adams, Jonathan M.; Hall, Thomas D&#32;(December 2006).&#32;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011511/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf">”East-West Orientation of Historical Empires”</a>.&#32;<i>Journal of world-systems research</i>&#32;12&#32;(2): sid.&#160;219–229. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/1076–156x">1076–156x</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf">originalet</a>&#32;den 22 februari 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011511/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf">https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011511/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 11 april 2013</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.atitle=East-West+Orientation+of+Historical+Empires&amp;rft.jtitle=Journal+of+world-systems+research&amp;rft.aulast=Turchin&amp;rft.aufirst=Peter&amp;rft.au=Turchin%2C+Peter&amp;rft.au=Adams%2C+Jonathan+M.&amp;rft.au=Hall%2C+Thomas+D&amp;rft.date=December+2006&amp;rft.volume=12&amp;rft.issue=2&amp;rft.pages=sid.%26nbsp%3B219%E2%80%93229&amp;rft.issn=1076%E2%80%93156x&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070222011511%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fjwsr.ucr.edu%2Farchive%2Fvol12%2Fnumber2%2Fpdf%2Fjwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mingdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070222011511/http://jwsr.ucr.edu/archive/vol12/number2/pdf/jwsr-v12n2-tah.pdf">Arkiverad</a> 22 februari 2007 hämtat från the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive#Wayback_Machine" title="Internet Archive">Wayback Machine</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001212117/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/ming.html">”The European Voyages of Exploration &amp; The Ming Dynasty's Maritime History”</a>. The <a href="/wiki/University_of_Calgary" title="University of Calgary">University of Calgary</a>. Arkiverad från <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/ming.html">originalet</a>&#32;den 1 oktober 2013<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131001212117/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/ming.html">https://web.archive.org/web/20131001212117/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/eurvoya/ming.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 27 juni 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=The+European+Voyages+of+Exploration+%26+The+Ming+Dynasty%27s+Maritime+History&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.pub=The+%5B%5BUniversity+of+Calgary%5D%5D&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20131001212117%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucalgary.ca%2Fapplied_history%2Ftutor%2Feurvoya%2Fming.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mingdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Bamber &amp; Christina Gascoigne, <i>Kina. – Kejsare, dynastier och konstskatter</i>, Albert Bonniers Förlag AB 1974, s. 194. Engelska originalets titel: "<i>Treasures and dynasties of China</i>". Översättning av Margareta Eklöf under fackgranskning av intendent Bo Gyllensvärd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Hans Hägerdal: Kinas historia, s. 161</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_282-5">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-3"><small>d</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-4"><small>e</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_282_5-5"><small>f</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (2006), 282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_281-6"><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_281_6-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (2006), 281.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_281_282-7">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_281_282_7-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_281_282_7-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (2006), 281–282.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_east_asia_283-8"><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_east_asia_283_8-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (2006), 283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_158-9"><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_158_9-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (1999), 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brook_230-10"><a href="#cite_ref-brook_230_10-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Brook, 230.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_213-11"><a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_213_11-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (1999), 213.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ebrey_cambridge_212-12">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_212_12-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ebrey_cambridge_212_12-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Ebrey (1999), 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 3, 444–445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 3, 444–447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wong_31-15"><a href="#cite_ref-wong_31_15-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Wong, 31 (fotnot 1).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 3, 110.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 255–257.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuttner_1975_166-18">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-kuttner_1975_166_18-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuttner_1975_166_18-1"><small>b</small></a>] <span class="reference-text">Kuttner (1975), 166.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-engelfriet_78-19">^ [<a href="#cite_ref-engelfriet_78_19-0"><small>a</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-engelfriet_78_19-1"><small>b</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-engelfriet_78_19-2"><small>c</small></a> <a href="#cite_ref-engelfriet_78_19-3"><small>d</small></a>] <span class="reference-text"> Engelfriet (1998), 78.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Kuttner (1975), 166–167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_133_508-21"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_133_508_21-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 133 &amp; 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_438-22"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_438_22-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_509-23"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_509_23-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 509.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_511-24"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_511_24-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_510_511-25"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_510_511_25-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 510–511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_4_part_2_276-26"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_4_part_2_276_26-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 2, 274–276.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Song, 7–30, 84–103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11-29"><a href="#cite_ref-11_29-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Song, 171–172, 189, 196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 668</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 4, Part 3, 634, 649–650, 668–669.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Song, 36–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Song, 237, 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 126.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 205, 339 F.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 6, Part 2, 65–66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_372-37"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_372_37-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 372.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_24_25-38"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_24_25_38-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needam, Volume 5, Part 7, 24–25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_264-39"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_264_39-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-needham_volume_5_part_7_203_205-40"><a href="#cite_ref-needham_volume_5_part_7_203_205_40-0">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 203–205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 498–502.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 508.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 229.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <span class="reference-text">Temple (1986), 137.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal" class="web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html">”<i>Vem uppfann tandborsten och när skedde det?</i>”</a>. The Library of Congress. 4 april 2007<span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html">http://www.loc.gov/rr/scitech/mysteries/tooth.html</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">.&#32;Läst 12 december 2008</span>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.btitle=%27%27Vem+uppfann+tandborsten+och+n%C3%A4r+skedde+det%3F%27%27&amp;rft.atitle=&amp;rft.date=4+april+2007&amp;rft.pub=The+Library+of+Congress&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.loc.gov%2Frr%2Fscitech%2Fmysteries%2Ftooth.html&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mingdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Källor"><span id="K.C3.A4llor"></span>Källor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=20" title="Redigera avsnitt: Källor" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>redigera</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mingdynastin&amp;action=edit&amp;section=20" title="Redigera avsnitts källkod: Källor"><span>redigera wikitext</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small"> <ul><li>Brook, Timothy. (1998). <i>The Confusions of Pleasure: Commerce and Culture in Ming China</i>. Berkeley: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-520-22154-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-520-22154-0">ISBN 0-520-22154-0</a></li> <li>Ebrey, Patricia Buckley, Anne Walthall, James B. Palais. (2006). <i>East Asia: A Cultural, Social, and Political History</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-618-13384-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-618-13384-4">ISBN 0-618-13384-4</a>.</li> <li>Engelfriet, Peter M. (1998). <i>Euclid in China: The Genesis of the First Translation of Euclid's Elements in 1607 &amp; Its Reception Up to 1723</i>. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/90-04-10944-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/90-04-10944-7">ISBN 90-04-10944-7</a>.</li> <li><cite style="font-style:normal" class="book" id="CITEREFFarmer1995">Farmer, Edward L.&#32;(1995)&#32;(på engelska).&#32;<i><span>Zhu Yuanzhang and early Ming legislation: the reordering of Chinese society following the era of Mongol rule</span></i>. Sinica Leidensia, 99-0101542-1&#160;; 34. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/Libris_(bibliotekskatalog)" title="Libris (bibliotekskatalog)">Libris</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libris.kb.se/bib/7215291">7215291</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/90-04-10391-0" title="Special:Bokkällor/90-04-10391-0">ISBN 90-04-10391-0</a></cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Zhu+Yuanzhang+and+early+Ming+legislation%3A+the+reordering+of+Chinese+society+following+the+era+of+Mongol+rule&amp;rft.aulast=Farmer&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+L.&amp;rft.au=Farmer%2C+Edward+L.&amp;rft.date=1995&amp;rft.series=Sinica+Leidensia%2C+99-0101542-1+%3B+34&amp;rft.place=Leiden&amp;rft.pub=Brill&amp;rft.isbn=90-04-10391-0&amp;rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Mingdynastin"><span style="display: none;">&#160;</span></span></li> <li>Kuttner, Fritz A. "Prince Chu Tsai-Yü's Life and Work: A Re-Evaluation of His Contribution to Equal Temperament Theory," <i>Ethnomusicology</i>, Vol. 19, No. 2 (May, 1975): 163-206.</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 3, Civil Engineering and Nautics</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 5, Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Part 7, Military Technology; the Gunpowder Epic</i>. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.</li> <li>Needham, Joseph (1986). <i>Science and Civilization in China: Volume 6, Biology and Biological Technology, Part 2: Agriculture</i>. Taipei: Caves Books, Ltd.</li> <li>Norbu, Dawa. (2001). <i>China's Tibet Policy</i>. Richmond: Curzon. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-7007-0474-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-7007-0474-4">ISBN 0-7007-0474-4</a>.</li> <li>Nowell, Charles E. "The Discovery of the Pacific: A Suggested Change of Approach," <i>The Pacific Historical Review</i> (Volume XVI, Number 1; February, 1947): 1–10.</li> <li>Perdue, Peter C. (2000). "Culture, History, and Imperial Chinese Strategy: Legacies of the Qing Conquests," i <i>Warfare in Chinese History</i>, 252–287, redigerad av Hans van de Ven. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/90-04-11774-1" title="Special:Bokkällor/90-04-11774-1">ISBN 90-04-11774-1</a>.</li> <li>Pfoundes, C. "Notes on the History of Eastern Adventure, Exploration, and Discovery, and Foreign Intercourse with Japan," <i>Transactions of the Royal Historical Society</i> (Volume X; 1882): 82–92.</li> <li>Robinson, David M. "Banditry and the Subversion of State Authority in China: The Capital Region during the Middle Ming Period (1450-1525)," <i>Journal of Social History</i> (Spring 2000): 527–563.</li> <li>Robinson, David M. "Politics, Force and Ethnicity in Ming China: Mongols and the Abortive Coup of 1461," <i>Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies</i> (Volume 59, Number 1, June 1999): 79–123.</li> <li>Schafer, Edward H. "The Development of Bathing Customs in Ancient and Medieval China and the History of the Floriate Clear Palace," <i>Journal of the American Oriental Society</i> (Volume 76, Number 2, 1956): 57–82.</li> <li>Song, Yingxing, translated with preface by E-Tu Zen Sun and Shiou-Chuan Sun (1966). <i>T'ien-Kung K'ai-Wu: Chinese Technology in the Seventeenth Century</i>. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.</li> <li>Spence, Jonathan D. (1999). <i>The Search For Modern China; Second Edition</i>. New York: W. W. Norton &amp; Company. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-393-97351-4" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-393-97351-4">ISBN 0-393-97351-4</a> (Paperback).</li> <li>Sperling, Elliot. (2003). "The 5th Karma-pa and some aspects of the relationship between Tibet and the Early Ming," in <i>The History of Tibet: Volume 2, The Medieval Period: c. AD 850–1895, the Development of Buddhist Paramountcy</i>, 473–482, ed. Alex McKay. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-415-30842-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-415-30842-9">ISBN 0-415-30842-9</a>.</li> <li>Temple, Robert. (1986). <i>The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention</i>. Med förord av Joseph Needham. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-671-62028-2" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-671-62028-2">ISBN 0-671-62028-2</a>.</li> <li>Wakeman, Frederick, Jr. "Rebellion and Revolution: The Study of Popular Movements in Chinese History," <i>The Journal of Asian Studies</i> (1977): 201–237.</li> <li>Wang, Jiawei and Nyima Gyaincain. (1997). <i>The Historical Status of China's Tibet</i>. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/7-80113-304-8" title="Special:Bokkällor/7-80113-304-8">ISBN 7-80113-304-8</a>.</li> <li>Weidner, Marsha. (2001). "Imperial Engagements with Buddhist Art and Architecture: Ming Variations of an Old Theme," in <i>Cultural Intersections in Later Chinese Buddhism</i>, 117–144, edited by Marsha Weidner. Manoa: University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-8248-2308-7" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-8248-2308-7">ISBN 0-8248-2308-7</a>.</li> <li>White, William Charles. (1966). <i>The Chinese Jews</i> (Vol. 1-3). New York: Paragon Book Reprint Corporation.</li> <li>Wong, H.C. "China's Opposition to Western Science during Late Ming and Early Ch'ing," <i>Isis</i> (Volume 54, Number 1, 1963): 29–49.</li> <li>Wylie, Turrell V. (2003). "Lama Tribute in the Ming Dynasty" in <i>The History of Tibet: Volume 2, The Medieval Period: c. AD 850–1895, the Development of Buddhist Paramountcy</i>, red. Alex McKay. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/Special:Bokk%C3%A4llor/0-415-30842-9" title="Special:Bokkällor/0-415-30842-9">ISBN 0-415-30842-9</a>.</li> <li>Yuan, Zheng. "Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment," <i>History of Education Quarterly</i> (Volume 34, Number 2; Summer 1994): 193–213. </li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r56287950">.mw-parser-output table.navbox{border:#aaa 1px solid;width:100%;margin:auto;margin-top:1em;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output link+table.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output table.navbox th{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title button,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title .mw-collapsible-text,.mw-parser-output .navbox-thlinkcolor .navbox-title a{color:inherit}.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks a,.mw-parser-output .nowraplinks .selflink{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;font-weight:bold;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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title="Zhengde-kejsaren">Zhengde</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Jiajing-kejsaren" title="Jiajing-kejsaren">Jiajing</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Longqing-kejsaren" title="Longqing-kejsaren">Longqing</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Wanli-kejsaren" title="Wanli-kejsaren">Wanli</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Taichang-kejsaren" title="Taichang-kejsaren">Taichang</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Tianqi-kejsaren" title="Tianqi-kejsaren">Tianqi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Chongzhen-kejsaren" title="Chongzhen-kejsaren">Chongzhen</a></div></td><td style="width:0%;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px;" rowspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fil:Noel_2005_P%C3%A9kin_tombeaux_Ming_voie_des_%C3%A2mes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Noel_2005_P%C3%A9kin_tombeaux_Ming_voie_des_%C3%A2mes.jpg/80px-Noel_2005_P%C3%A9kin_tombeaux_Ming_voie_des_%C3%A2mes.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Noel_2005_P%C3%A9kin_tombeaux_Ming_voie_des_%C3%A2mes.jpg/120px-Noel_2005_P%C3%A9kin_tombeaux_Ming_voie_des_%C3%A2mes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Noel_2005_P%C3%A9kin_tombeaux_Ming_voie_des_%C3%A2mes.jpg/160px-Noel_2005_P%C3%A9kin_tombeaux_Ming_voie_des_%C3%A2mes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></td></tr><tr style="height:2px"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-group" style=";;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6dra_Mingdynastin" title="Södra Mingdynastin">Södra Mingdynastins</a> kejsare</td><td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Hongguang-kejsaren" title="Hongguang-kejsaren">Hongguang</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Longwu-kejsaren" title="Longwu-kejsaren">Longwu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Shaowu-kejsaren" title="Shaowu-kejsaren">Shaowu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Prinsen_av_Lu" title="Prinsen av Lu">Prinsen av Lu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Yongli-kejsaren" title="Yongli-kejsaren">Yongli</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Dingwu-kejsaren" title="Dingwu-kejsaren">Dingwu</a><span style="font-weight:bold;">&#160;· </span><a href="/wiki/Dongwu-kejsaren" title="Dongwu-kejsaren">Dongwu</a></div></td></tr><tr style="height:2px;"><td></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style=";" colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Xiadynastin" title="Xiadynastin">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Shangdynastin" title="Shangdynastin">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Zhoudynastin" title="Zhoudynastin">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/De_stridande_staterna" title="De stridande staterna">Stridande&#160;staterna</a>→ <a href="/wiki/Qindynastin" title="Qindynastin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Handynastin" title="Handynastin">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/De_tre_kungad%C3%B6mena" title="De tre kungadömena">Tre&#160;kungadömen</a> → <a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(265%E2%80%93420)" title="Jindynastin (265–420)">Jin</a> / <a href="/wiki/De_sexton_kungad%C3%B6mena" title="De sexton kungadömena">16&#160;kungadömen</a> → <a href="/wiki/De_sydliga_och_nordliga_dynastierna" title="De sydliga och nordliga dynastierna">S./N.&#160;dynastierna</a> → <a href="/wiki/Suidynastin" title="Suidynastin">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Tangdynastin" title="Tangdynastin">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/De_fem_dynastierna_och_De_tio_rikena" title="De fem dynastierna och De tio rikena">5&#160;dynastier&#160;&amp;&#160;10&#160;riken</a> - <a href="/wiki/Liaodynastin" title="Liaodynastin">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Songdynastin" title="Songdynastin">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Xixia" title="Xixia">Västra&#160;Xia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jindynastin_(1115%E2%80%931234)" title="Jindynastin (1115–1234)">Jin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Yuandynastin" title="Yuandynastin">Yuan</a> → <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ming</a> → <a href="/wiki/Qingdynastin" title="Qingdynastin">Qing</a> → <a href="/wiki/Republiken_Kina_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republiken Kina (1912–1949)">Republiken</a> → <a href="/wiki/Kina" title="Kina">Folkrepubliken</a> / <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r56287950"><table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist auktoritetsdata navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Auktoritetsdata" title="Auktoritetsdata">Auktoritetsdata</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> • <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85024163">sh85024163</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4101004-8">4101004-8</a></span> • <a href="/wiki/Alvin_(digital_kulturarvsplattform)" title="Alvin (digital kulturarvsplattform)">Alvin</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alvin-portal.org/alvin/view.jsf?pid=alvin-person:34763">alvin-person:34763</a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐7fc47fc68d‐2qd4d Cached time: 20241128171918 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.376 seconds Real time usage: 0.639 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5227/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 54465/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 21895/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 16/100 Expensive parser function count: 0/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 32752/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.057/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 1656039/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 338.893 1 -total 19.84% 67.220 4 Mall:Citation/core 19.31% 65.431 1 Mall:Auktoritetsdata 13.26% 44.938 1 Mall:Mingdynastins_kejsare 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