CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91798767faa081aa',cH: 'xkoH45PWVWqrheiqw9WlVTUX.qKKWLXq0yeF8SlUD.8-1740505734-1.2.1.1-LRHy3poilh0oEVcN3T5N0.jv2KOk6O4jIwO1ZiCXuU_PTKS6FbXEXtyQbbprVcrs',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=technological%20value&__cf_chl_tk=ee6EMTFqrJuwY18WfGqEzEgvL2vJX.PsGzG_CIqVCC0-1740505734-1.0.1.1-_9bz47KfDun8uIJla_R0_zvDi9C98iZsPudoRvSci6M",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1740505734',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=technological%20value&__cf_chl_f_tk=ee6EMTFqrJuwY18WfGqEzEgvL2vJX.PsGzG_CIqVCC0-1740505734-1.0.1.1-_9bz47KfDun8uIJla_R0_zvDi9C98iZsPudoRvSci6M",md: "fIqdRQwqLOu3XG_cbZn9YABBoXTlb_s7gZuZttXn6AA-1740505734-1.2.1.1-3qf4kKroDYmP1vYg6v6c_KSPktWIElEIRXTLQW2FxUOBmxHXsRretch.gAgABF_L2ZvyyzC.1h3Plh44cg24M4huBfvJDGm1jXK1g4XPGjDyR8GPycOzxZEGyW6t_FPflQrJfjW_QzOOE9lp0XhryaLs49lMvA_EEK9tNtAUDBjQDrlrT1DGa6WCZ1YdWEq3Eic_JTy.fGUSfwIJWpbt83K6uFhGL2ZDhNoDXsfQeKVu05iKnVn9l7K9wbI7HNdNjKXNyFjS0o9NDUrhU45av_cJDXCy8VW2KiCHQhHXozXE4RWxegs6bgpe5J2iatRvPHnlz6Y9yx9WrxEcCjqkJlHqatKQpps3ZyO.N5TGhVUO6mzblUy1ODDX0O9xdANPrJW8G6G2n0RtXR2LvuNbKMKuF1YRRN4kwtuV1rFnF146t5sTIs6SeKEVJByOVMj2IfHt.B1QFP0cbDQzRdB85QUxAg848om8YazJKxkh6aek.0K8TWlPQ_L6PhHGkqiPJcBFTQCMPsYTOYZfkn.gSVWH8JBUOj1LKMiEJIT5hn9Yt2El7LLlizYD7t.3v3.yys7K5kIivuQc7PQ4Jfm7689tyIN9CxDz5LYtYTAmnspQMdx8tsrEIyZerRgvGsSqssaQdf1mJUWvRUusXwr6aCSbXEMGqETTUP9u6Iwb1tTSXEk82sCIXtVRjlLKP6YsPZ7x_xrKpj15Wc5xAFeBxCkGGVNaLj2P51gPh4szTuTLrNTk0Iq2YT427ViWZ54rjDA.NepXj0iNRy18d87AgBF4vXDLKltJi02YOgYPBkxcbqHJp4giXip8PT919TsWbkfwR9u6kOlc7AmpFQxuYMEADKHqTpvRbuQOIe5ZbcOdiKZZqHp0DPJmtWmsMOTlyudoflyvfSsVznZJnNEaZOe14CQSKujbvl9AtEZaUs1tg.4e_rGTTxNgwyace3Xf1ZcmOjIHmOwznKOqoUuAEL4N._1lZuN0tyzQgS0iHruGe5cAduV4EseCg8mNtT5ds2icCNQT.xeXD_oynsLx9Kajmg2sWh2OSTbU2RGu44XA6ngAtsut1KhoR0zCfljHQz2f6qPQfHckrIUkGOkLItxRcF8rODZw2fhtLZ._0lJtMszMKtRyVkD2j6Ynuwh9qebDThv85f5mcM.wudFu4.qs_pk1XSzQBDwv_2LvBWdoTihcIIXMhOXamy_pbUH067hs5K.AIUUsqHxzqbZN1MvHaNqsjUNzBGFHIiF_vi2KY7c2o0tL7Bg3.1SUXZXYB.KNS.yKa56QwEkK4vcfWokx6MbNfh192DSvJ6ay3MNFmNlqJnsMLLfpc_NIZ4CguWH3AmPU004zvZY8iA0oPH7F9aYWBSe9y5zMzxupAHbX6nX_geFb9pDoNx5781eAR1GzpWBfm5kbOcMTfeCgJoxdDx5uFMETRvge1XTcQrG5u5jIkDxUrNx4GPE.qVKNN1_XYQOxTymQ5dv15WOJATVQPvAD98sff0RN8nCf6GTvEtIxb9lmamd7dlPMceAB5qoV02ZtZ25A8tWCjVrgh5yEVd.WmKM45hiT7HFk5Cv.WouPVNFpK7LDujYQxZuIxZou3CA_GK.QwhUcrkHjksQvQzUQ1PZe3eo6fJEvRhK.JB.OnVylOd0LqSMAD26ECUohutVZ.MQW.sBDnWGOSGrzdUfxdzv1lNyu_K_MsGLtCtoxdFmgeln.E8blvK84JmpitbHuGn6.DjMdgMVTXAjDfHtbCejWP3RwIeqRPsdUehHoqXtwTdIQ3BNXeNxN8niTAwxR3NzZfDB0WqqbLWWLlmbvde7iLx7PETLqesjB4TSlZaRc1cWkWGqkH_gDfN_eJDEs36cqtozNuEqNfpZgSC7GVhnEcn7COu9D66NUKNbWWFJsynYK8hBOu9ueX4FQV24h57LuGbiglrUebbT0uCVNo7l1B88kKKeY5gtLu8wp6l1osZX1An9kc1lL",mdrd: "Ingn_Sd3HUX2o0iQFFUqFyRUJoQIfSWjQ3g1mXrY9gE-1740505734-1.2.1.1-SXOml4.wQ.qIPRN5NSjs.NerO.LB9SaY6WMJ2._2TG9nQo0OXRFrSW_JrMA2BW6cVLnUhTBuK7.uwsaRhicSpFGhiyvubrmtwwfR1VV_ZXEVcqVwOopkdf1IXq_HzB5pLWAcX1904Ozs7lSGH0BDLhdgsNAk07.rhX1HsrTlPochRlS1LZ1FxliCPRA8DttoSbsVdYcJMh0nQCAWXD4sOBzQnHy7CbTbTRTYVsBBKEpE0WP6hDzYWnizwD.T2LG1U26eqUrI2Fkp4yJ6S_QLUVU.LsprpBZGMAdZWwZwGd1qDoKfm9P0mDbhPKojFPbX5hI25nLZhx40BHeKOltjDcM5L_gqqS9ZOhtNi2Ouqj84y92ErjJhaERqFI3N8Qmi5HSc2OWwAK7O_2Md51QP8R6QLTu7NKCfeGZTtGnvk1G3B.e4V0J0isTnigb7ku2UKwfxqaHdziAWlAfLWt6xHvQK.TSOmHaAXwXekm.9BFQ4hPYJ8a24L.PnKUy5pDLRoiALy132dMhG98S0Wb.f4p8ZbLDcRucTlo5PetaPvZsSsm1J0u4LaAyV.c_LYjpf37kEFGi6Pi9D2zN17ClUQ0Pm4caO8YEHmZqYe4KZ2CM_HxyPrfmJwh7vDPxozRfnEc7VUSVnO_2_VafFIayaWRsyNgYtlvCPCIWdw9gzMB_l4HQqGL47BoqQtgCl3F8Eqoao1qhQV3LIWkIng2sq3bk0eAhPI3woJsufs_6kcxsyFEOthAmaJPKXGXmtvhGc_WdRberGtmaGxQJmkjxiGSlEeIMf0gToO9ER7EhJzzwVihPK.z2rHaFuiIB96eHxXKqVrqJ012Za4V6eu0l9xEGmsT6hpv4hC71nz2cH6XzYBGYi1zd1PR.BH9vQD6uLp0aEOINIeHUxBe551jdmHG1xDwjge0nXmiZqaLKPsWPOXGq4js7EXrs3FbzsjQwH1Bm3W43qJ8jiW_IwGt9XUh2u6CV2i.PcLAGkrgsc0.NO3WmvOYECbwXu9638Af_Sekpqf0pwIHVNzu5lT4Y9B.P5pDlwr1E.6qQ1V1TPG.P3sAwQ_yoSvu_96JU.WjwIaFuBLf5voKETxBb_SRXNrEohlwUMG6lvCLj8Up2FH5.1QvivnbXLDIiSvlHza9zoeDi4CHw1tuTHfjumjPaStjMBf2TNQzFxzN.DgNiH7hwvufWTjhi1Mn3KnaMbSEJLh2zsWRaNNkfvfAZxVK6TY4R9HReZ2Xde9bG_.tQaKDAQ0qI4IXkO4TVg8lHTFERPAZd3FlwnJAax5pvYxf68N_cmm7WFq6m4cuDV1XiPGfKlfTFTgcTRmvL7P0e.KxxfYG5wnG2hv_PyGIHmScjeJIVYYm0tt5cTKhOmLzLveT._86j8fpHDQ7QxsTEFDXXt03Y62P_6TUm_NsDb1IWDevLkZta4e34RKCTt.NEsqNnahZAtwhenfESGy6lnGnR9TclNcHqT5UR5QqVXXANRgPvIzzglgKoLDeRQchSxI_bKBaV5OOa_aHFxsq37wOjwl0dA6o.ydvmLxSgWgzgEET34z10mB.uijXAfYPl54Ih89jo5aXrWY1VQHpBlaGf.8ACwuFpvh.0jkRXtOsjXKewZH6FVs4.6lqCO28_VbBNfETlcQMevaXU9cU_q77_OJ0HMcS_uVhovnFNwbBcZcX1tk9aXHQ1uaa1RZRYgKnM9gwJ8ryjdjtinVN5ATK15jonoSzl6hIM1aKKx88uxn2DciGcpXK5jEMLCIK8yf5Hv45ScYAYgq8abn1ifovuo3K.Y61C_O4DT39NeG7XBzMRAB5QHCyjVcYTF8dFvreNJdC57UCp9Adav6RZCcBe8nWMwcJANAsyJ_IOpAU4PkrGwizoMUx13m6Rg35swZvyglR6lEOsDbXUaOFAo165rP6LuuRmukjJaWyIze9kIzrmxrjraTTNALc2BeKscPvG0KhOhP1nIfsmf2tHzyEL4"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91798767faa081aa';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=technological%20value&__cf_chl_rt_tk=ee6EMTFqrJuwY18WfGqEzEgvL2vJX.PsGzG_CIqVCC0-1740505734-1.0.1.1-_9bz47KfDun8uIJla_R0_zvDi9C98iZsPudoRvSci6M" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>