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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Josephus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Josephus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Josephus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Josephus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Testament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Testament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 New Testament </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Testament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Epistle_of_James" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epistle_of_James"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Epistle of James </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epistle_of_James-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pauline_epistles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pauline_epistles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Pauline epistles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pauline_epistles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acts_of_the_Apostles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acts_of_the_Apostles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Acts of the Apostles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acts_of_the_Apostles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gospels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gospels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Gospels </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gospels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Church_Fathers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Church_Fathers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Church Fathers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Church_Fathers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_Christian_apocrypha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_Christian_apocrypha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Early Christian apocrypha </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_Christian_apocrypha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_to_Jesus,_Mary_and_Joseph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_to_Jesus,_Mary_and_Joseph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Relationship to Jesus, Mary and Joseph </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Relationship_to_Jesus,_Mary_and_Joseph-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Relationship to Jesus, Mary and Joseph subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Relationship_to_Jesus,_Mary_and_Joseph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_identity_as_younger_half-brother,_son_of_Mary_and_Joseph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_identity_as_younger_half-brother,_son_of_Mary_and_Joseph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Possible identity as younger half-brother, son of Mary and Joseph </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_identity_as_younger_half-brother,_son_of_Mary_and_Joseph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_identity_as_older_stepbrother,_son_of_Joseph_by_an_earlier_marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_identity_as_older_stepbrother,_son_of_Joseph_by_an_earlier_marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Possible identity as older stepbrother, son of Joseph by an earlier marriage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_identity_as_older_stepbrother,_son_of_Joseph_by_an_earlier_marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_identity_as_cousin,_son_of_a_sister_of_Mary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_identity_as_cousin,_son_of_a_sister_of_Mary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Possible identity as cousin, son of a sister of Mary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_identity_as_cousin,_son_of_a_sister_of_Mary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_identity_as_younger_half-brother,_son_of_Mary_and_a_second_husband" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_identity_as_younger_half-brother,_son_of_Mary_and_a_second_husband"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Possible identity as younger half-brother, son of Mary and a second husband </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_identity_as_younger_half-brother,_son_of_Mary_and_a_second_husband-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Identification_with_James,_son_of_Alpheus,_and_with_James_the_Less" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Identification_with_James,_son_of_Alpheus,_and_with_James_the_Less"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Identification with James, son of Alpheus, and with James the Less </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Identification_with_James,_son_of_Alpheus,_and_with_James_the_Less-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Identification with James, son of Alpheus, and with James the Less subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Identification_with_James,_son_of_Alpheus,_and_with_James_the_Less-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Possible_identity_with_James,_son_of_Alphaeus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_identity_with_James,_son_of_Alphaeus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Possible identity with James, son of Alphaeus </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_identity_with_James,_son_of_Alphaeus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Possible_identity_with_James_the_Less" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Possible_identity_with_James_the_Less"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Possible identity with James the Less </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Possible_identity_with_James_the_Less-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Other relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feast_day" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feast_day"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Feast day </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feast_day-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_ossuary_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_ossuary_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 The ossuary controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_ossuary_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James, brother of Jesus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 49 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" > 49 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="يعقوب البار – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يعقوب البار" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakez,_eskob_Jeruzalem" title="Jakez, eskob Jeruzalem – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Jakez, eskob Jeruzalem" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaume_el_Just_(sant)" title="Jaume el Just (sant) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Jaume el Just (sant)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Spravedliv%C3%BD" title="Jakub Spravedlivý – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Jakub Spravedlivý" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_den_Retf%C3%A6rdige" title="Jakob den Retfærdige – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Jakob den Retfærdige" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_(Bruder_Jesu)" title="Jakobus (Bruder Jesu) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Jakobus (Bruder Jesu)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jaakobus_(Jeesuse_vend)" title="Jaakobus (Jeesuse vend) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Jaakobus (Jeesuse vend)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%BA%CF%89%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%BF_%CE%91%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BB%CF%86%CF%8C%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ιάκωβος ο Αδελφόθεος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιάκωβος ο Αδελφόθεος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_el_Justo" title="Santiago el Justo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Santiago el Justo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobo_la_Justulo" title="Jakobo la Justulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jakobo la Justulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="یعقوب البار – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یعقوب البار" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1kup_hin_R%C3%A6ttv%C3%ADsi" title="Jákup hin Rættvísi – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Jákup hin Rættvísi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_le_Juste" title="Jacques le Juste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Jacques le Juste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_de_Rjochtfeardige" title="Jakobus de Rjochtfeardige – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Jakobus de Rjochtfeardige" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiago_o_Xusto" title="Santiago o Xusto – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santiago o Xusto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%BC%EA%B3%A0%EB%B3%B4_(%EC%98%88%EC%88%98%EC%9D%98_%ED%98%95%EC%A0%9C)" title="야고보 (예수의 형제) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="야고보 (예수의 형제)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%B8%D5%BD_(70_%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D6%81)" title="Հակոբոս (70 առաքյալներից) – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակոբոս (70 առաքյալներից)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakov_Pravedni" title="Jakov Pravedni – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Jakov Pravedni" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobus,_saudara_Yesus" title="Yakobus, saudara Yesus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yakobus, saudara Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giacomo_il_Giusto" title="Giacomo il Giusto – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Giacomo il Giusto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%91_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A7" title="יעקב הצדיק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יעקב הצדיק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90_%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90" title="იაკობი ძმა უფლისა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იაკობი ძმა უფლისა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Iustus" title="Iacobus Iustus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Iustus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakab,_az_%C3%9Ar_testv%C3%A9re" title="Jakab, az Úr testvére – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jakab, az Úr testvére" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB_%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82" title="Апостол Јаков Праведниот – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Апостол Јаков Праведниот" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jak%C3%B4ba_ilay_Marina" title="Jakôba ilay Marina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Jakôba ilay Marina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="يعقوب البار – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يعقوب البار" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yakobus,_saudara_Yesus" title="Yakobus, saudara Yesus – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yakobus, saudara Yesus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_de_Rechtvaardige" title="Jakobus de Rechtvaardige – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Jakobus de Rechtvaardige" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakobus_%27n_Rechtvoardigen" title="Jakobus 'n Rechtvoardigen – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Jakobus 'n Rechtvoardigen" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A4%E3%82%B3%E3%83%96_(%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A8%E3%82%B9%E3%81%AE%E5%85%84%E5%BC%9F)" title="ヤコブ (イエスの兄弟) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヤコブ (イエスの兄弟)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_den_rettferdige" title="Jakob den rettferdige – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Jakob den rettferdige" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_den_rettferdige" title="Jakob den rettferdige – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Jakob den rettferdige" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Sprawiedliwy" title="Jakub Sprawiedliwy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Jakub Sprawiedliwy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiago,_o_Justo" title="Tiago, o Justo – 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href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_the_Just" title="James the Just – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James the Just" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakob_Gospodov_brat" title="Jakob Gospodov brat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jakob Gospodov brat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_Jakov_Pravedni" title="Sveti Jakov Pravedni – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Sveti Jakov Pravedni" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brother of Jesus according to the New Testament</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"James the Brother of Jesus" and "James the Just" redirect here. For the book, see <a href="/wiki/James_the_Brother_of_Jesus_(book)" title="James the Brother of Jesus (book)">James the Brother of Jesus (book)</a>. For the King of Aragon, see <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_Aragon" title="James II of Aragon">James II of Aragon</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above n" style="font-size:125%;background-color:gold;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="display:inline;font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Saint</a></div> <div style="display:inline;" class="fn">James the Just</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg/220px-Saint_James_the_Just.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Saint_James_the_Just.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="450" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Neo-Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a> of James</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:gold;">Apostle<a href="#cite_note-Britanicca-1">[1]</a> and Martyr, Adelphotheos <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Early bishops of Jerusalem">Bishop of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">Early 1st century</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">62 AD<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> or 69 AD<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Venerated in</th><td class="infobox-data">All <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a> that venerate saints</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Canonization" title="Canonization">Canonized</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pre-<a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Feast</a></th><td class="infobox-data">May 3 (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a>), October 23 (<a href="/wiki/Lutheran_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran Church">Lutheran</a>), (<a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopal Church (USA)">Episcopal Church (USA)</a>), (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>), December 26 (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Saint_symbolism" title="Saint symbolism">Attributes</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Red_martyr" class="mw-redirect" title="Red martyr">Red martyr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulling" title="Fulling">fuller</a>'s club; man holding a book</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Controversy</th><td class="infobox-data">There is disagreement about the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">exact relationship</a> to Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-6">[a]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> James the Just, or a variation of James, brother of the Lord (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Iacobus from <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: יעקב, Ya'aqov and <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248666159">.mw-parser-output .tfd-dated{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .tfd-default{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);clear:both;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tfd-tiny{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .tfd-inline{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1)}.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;position:relative}@media(min-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .tfd-sidebar{clear:right;float:right;width:22em}}</style><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Templates_for_discussion/Log/2024_November_12#Template:Lang-grc-gre" title="Wikipedia:Templates for discussion/Log/2024 November 12">‹See Tfd›</a><a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: Ἰάκωβος, Iákōbos, can also be <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicized</a> as "<a href="/wiki/Jacob_(name)" title="Jacob (name)">Jacob</a>"), was, according to the <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Brother of Jesus">brother of Jesus</a>. He was the first <a href="/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Early bishops of Jerusalem">leader of the Jerusalem Church</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Age">Apostolic Age</a>. Traditionally, it is believed he was <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">martyred</a> either in AD 62 by being <a href="/wiki/Stoned_to_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Stoned to death">stoned to death</a> on the order of High Priest <a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a>, or in AD 69 by being thrown off the pinnacle of the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem#Second_Temple" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a> by scribes and Pharisees and then clubbed to death. James, Joses, Simon, and Judas are mentioned as the brothers of Jesus as well as two or more unnamed sisters. (See Matthew 13:55; Mark 6:3.) <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Orthodox</a> Christians teach that James, along with others named in the New Testament as <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">brothers</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[b]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>, were not the biological children of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a>, but were cousins of Jesus,<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Answers-9">[7]</a> or step-brothers from a previous marriage of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> (as related in the non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a>).<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[c]</a> Others consider James to be the son of Mary and Joseph.<a href="#cite_note-Tasker-15">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hill-16">[13]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sacred_tradition" title="Sacred tradition">Catholic tradition</a> holds that this James is to be identified with <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">James the Less</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-17">[14]</a> It is agreed by most that he should not be confused with James, son of Zebedee also known as <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Britanicca-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epithet">Epithet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Epithet">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> records that <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> related, "This James, whom the people of old called the Just because of his outstanding virtue, was the first, as the record tells us, to be elected to the episcopal throne of the Jerusalem church."<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Other epithets are "James the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just,"<a href="#cite_note-schaff-21">[18]</a> and "James the Righteous". He is sometimes referred to in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christianity</a> as "James Adelphotheos" (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: Ἰάκωβος ὁ Ἀδελφόθεος), meaning "James the Brother of God". The oldest surviving Christian liturgy, the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy_of_St_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgy of St James">Liturgy of St James</a>, uses this epithet.<a href="#cite_note-Schaff-22">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leader_of_the_Jerusalem_Church">Leader of the Jerusalem Church</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Leader of the Jerusalem Church">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Jerusalem_Church">The Jerusalem Church</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Jerusalem Church">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Early centers of Christianity § Jerusalem</a></div> The Jerusalem Church was an early Christian community located in Jerusalem, of which James and Peter were leaders. According to a universal tradition the first bishop was the Apostle James the Less, the "brother of the Lord". His predominant place and residence in the city are implied by <a href="/wiki/Galatians_1:19" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 1:19">Galatians 1:19</a>. Eusebius says he was appointed bishop by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a>, James (the Greater), and John (II, i).<a href="#cite_note-23">[20]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a>, the Jerusalem church escaped to <a href="/wiki/Pella,_Jordan" title="Pella, Jordan">Pella</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70)">siege of Jerusalem</a> by the future <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Titus" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Titus">Emperor Titus</a> in 70 AD and afterwards returned, having a further series of Jewish bishops until the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Bar Kokhba revolt">Bar Kokhba revolt</a> in 130 AD. Following the second destruction of Jerusalem and the rebuilding of the city as <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, subsequent bishops were Greeks.<a href="#cite_note-24">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leader">Leader</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leader">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_the_Just_(Novgorod,_16_c.).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/James_the_Just_%28Novgorod%2C_16_c.%29.jpg/220px-James_the_Just_%28Novgorod%2C_16_c.%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/James_the_Just_%28Novgorod%2C_16_c.%29.jpg/330px-James_the_Just_%28Novgorod%2C_16_c.%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/James_the_Just_%28Novgorod%2C_16_c.%29.jpg/440px-James_the_Just_%28Novgorod%2C_16_c.%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1398" /></a><figcaption>James the Just, 16th-century Russian <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icon</a>.</figcaption></figure> James the Just was "from an early date, with <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, a leader of the <a href="/wiki/Early_Church_of_Jerusalem" title="Early Church of Jerusalem">Church at Jerusalem</a> and from the time when Peter left Jerusalem after <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a>'s attempt to kill him, James appears as the principal authority who presided at the Council of Jerusalem."<a href="#cite_note-25">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a> and the later chapters of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> portray James as an important figure in the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christian">Jewish Christian</a> community of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_in_Christianity" title="Jerusalem in Christianity">Jerusalem</a>. When Paul arrives in Jerusalem to deliver the money he raised for the faithful there, it is to James that he speaks, and it is James who insists that Paul ritually cleanse himself at <a href="/wiki/Herod%27s_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Herod's Temple">Herod's Temple</a> to prove his faith and deny rumors of teaching rebellion against the <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acts_21:18" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts 21:18">Acts 21:18</a>). This was a charge of <a href="/wiki/Antinomianism" title="Antinomianism">antinomianism</a>. In Paul's account of his visit to Jerusalem in <a href="/wiki/Galatians_1:18" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 1:18">Galatians 1:18</a>-19, he states that he stayed with Cephas (better known as Peter) and James, the brother of the Lord, was the only other apostle he met. Paul describes James as being one of the persons to whom the risen Christ showed himself, (<a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15">1 Corinthians 15</a>:3–8). In <a href="/wiki/Galatians_2:9" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 2:9">Galatians 2:9</a>, Paul mentions James with Cephas (Peter) and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John the Apostle</a> as the three <a href="/wiki/Triumvirate" title="Triumvirate">Pillars of the Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a> Paul describes these pillars as the ones who will minister to the "circumcised" (in general <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jews</a> and Jewish <a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a>) in Jerusalem, while Paul and his fellows will minister to the "uncircumcised" (in general <a href="/wiki/Gentiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentiles">Gentiles</a>) (Galatians 2:12),<a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[note 1]</a> after a debate in response to concerns of the Christians of <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>. The Antioch community was concerned over whether Gentile Christians need be <a href="/wiki/Circumcision_controversy_in_early_Christianity" title="Circumcision controversy in early Christianity">circumcised</a> to be saved, and sent Paul and <a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a> to confer with the <a href="/wiki/Early_centers_of_Christianity#Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Early centers of Christianity">Jerusalem church</a>. James played a prominent role in the formulation of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">council's</a> decision. James was the last named figure to speak, after Peter, Paul, and Barnabas; he delivered what he called his "decision" (<a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a>:13-21). The original sense is closer to "opinion".<a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a> James supported them all in being against the requirement (Peter had cited his earlier revelation from God regarding Gentiles) and suggested prohibitions about <a href="/wiki/Taboo_food_and_drink#Blood" class="mw-redirect" title="Taboo food and drink">eating blood</a> as well as meat sacrificed to <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a>. This became the ruling of the council, agreed upon by all the apostles and elders and sent to the other churches by letter. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_interpretation">Modern interpretation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern interpretation">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a> relates that "James the Lord's brother was a Christian apostle, according to St. Paul, although not one of the original Twelve Apostles."<a href="#cite_note-Britanicca-1">[1]</a> According to Protestant theologian <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>, James seems to have taken the place of James the son of Zebedee, after his martyrdom, around 44 AD.<a href="#cite_note-Schaff-22">[19]</a> Modern historians of the early Christian churches tend to place James in the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Christians">Jewish Christianity</a>; whereas <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Christianity" title="Pauline Christianity">Paul</a> emphasized <a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Christianity" title="Faith in Christianity">faith</a> over observance of <a href="/wiki/613_Commandments" class="mw-redirect" title="613 Commandments">Mosaic Law</a>, James is thought to have espoused the opposite position.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-31">[note 2]</a> According to Schaff, James was the local head of the oldest church and the leader of the most conservative portion of Jewish Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-Schaff-22">[19]</a> Scholar <a href="/wiki/James_D._G._Dunn" class="mw-redirect" title="James D. G. Dunn">James D. G. Dunn</a> has proposed that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a> was the "bridge-man" between the two other "prominent leading figures", Paul and James the Just.<a href="#cite_note-32">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Apart from a handful of references in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">synoptic Gospels</a>, the main sources for the life of James the Just are the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, the last two of which also quote the early Christian <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">chronicler Hegesippus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-33">[28]</a> There is no mention of James in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> or the early portions of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>. The Synoptics mention his name, but provide no further information. In the extant lists of <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome#Writings" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Pseudo-Hippolytus of Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-34">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorotheus_of_Tyre" title="Dorotheus of Tyre">Dorotheus of Tyre</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dimitry_of_Rostov" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimitry of Rostov">Dimitry of Rostov</a>, he is the first of the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Apostles">Seventy Apostles</a> though some sources, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[30]</a> state that "these lists are unfortunately worthless". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Josephus">Josephus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Josephus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#"James,_the_brother_of_Jesus"_passage" title="Josephus on Jesus">Josephus on Jesus § "James, the brother of Jesus" passage</a></div> According to <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, in his work <a href="/wiki/Antiquities_of_the_Jews" title="Antiquities of the Jews">Antiquities of the Jews</a> (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9, 1</a>), refers to the stoning of "James the brother of Jesus" by order of <a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian-era</a> <a href="/wiki/High_Priest_of_Israel" title="High Priest of Israel">High Priest</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317-36">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141-37">[32]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Ananus, who, as we have told you already, took the high priesthood, was a bold man in his temper, and very insolent; he was also of the sect of the Sadducees, who are very rigid in judging offenders, above all the rest of the Jews, as we have already observed; when, therefore, Ananus was of this disposition, he thought he had now a proper opportunity [to exercise his authority]. Festus was now dead, and Albinus was but upon the road; so he assembled the Sanhedrin of judges, and brought before them the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James, and some others, [or, some of his companions]; and when he had formed an accusation against them as breakers of the law, he delivered them to be stoned.<a href="#cite_note-38">[33]</a></blockquote> The James referred to in this passage is most likely the James to whom the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> has been attributed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000670-39">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale20032–3-40">[35]</a> The translations of Josephus' writing into other languages have at times included passages that are not found in the Greek texts, raising the possibility of interpolation, but this passage on James is found in all manuscripts, including the Greek texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141-37">[32]</a> The context of the passage is the period following the death of <a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Porcius Festus</a>, and the journey to <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lucceius_Albinus" title="Lucceius Albinus">Lucceius Albinus</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)#List_of_Governors_(CE_6–135)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Procurator of Judea</a>, who held that position from 62 CE to 64 CE. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141-37">[32]</a> Because Albinus' journey to Alexandria had to have concluded no later than the summer of 62 CE, the date of James' death can be assigned with some certainty to around that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141-37">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297-41">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317-36">[31]</a> The 2nd century chronicler <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> also left an account of the death of James, and while the details he provides diverge from those of Josephus, the two accounts share similar elements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126-42">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham1999199–203-43">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297-41">[36]</a> Modern scholarship has almost universally acknowledged the authenticity of the reference to "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James" (τὸν ἀδελφὸν Ἰησοῦ τοῦ λεγομένου Χριστοῦ, Ἰάκωβος ὄνομα αὐτῷ) and has rejected its being the result of later <a href="/wiki/Christian_interpolation" title="Christian interpolation">Christian interpolation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-44">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-BauckhamA-45">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57-46">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285-47">[42]</a> Moreover, in comparison with Hegesippus' account of James' death, most scholars consider Josephus' to be the more historically reliable.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126-42">[37]</a> Some scholars have noted Josephus is more sympathetic to James than his brother.<a href="#cite_note-48">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Testament">New Testament</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: New Testament">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/New_Testament" title="New Testament">New Testament</a> mentions several people named James. The <a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a>, from about the <a href="/wiki/Pauline_Epistles#Authenticity_of_the_epistles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pauline Epistles">sixth decade of the 1st century</a>, have two passages mentioning a James. The <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a>, written sometime between 60 and 150 AD,<a href="#cite_note-49">[44]</a> also describes the period before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_AD)#Destruction_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 AD)">destruction of Jerusalem</a> in 70 AD. It has three mentions of a James. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a>, with disputed datings ranging from about 50 to as late as 130 AD, describe the period of Jesus's ministry, around 30-33 AD. It mentions at least two different people named James. The author of the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a> notes that he is a brother of James in that epistle's opening paragraph. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Epistle_of_James">Epistle of James</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Epistle of James">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James#Authorship" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James § Authorship</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_James" title="Epistle of James">Epistle of James</a> has been traditionally attributed to James the Just since 253,<a href="#cite_note-50">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[46]</a> but, according to Dan McCartney, it is now common for scholars to disagree on its authorship.<a href="#cite_note-52">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pauline_epistles">Pauline epistles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Pauline epistles">edit</a>]</div> Paul mentions meeting James "the Lord's brother" (τὸν ἀδελφὸν τοῦ κυρίου) and later calls him one of the pillars (στύλοι) in the <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Epistle to the Galatians</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[48]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:18–2:10&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:18–2:10</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas and remained with him fifteen days. But I saw none of the other apostles except James the Lord's brother. (In what I am writing to you, before God, I do not lie!) Then I went into the regions of Syria and <a href="/wiki/Cilicia" title="Cilicia">Cilicia</a>. ...Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along with me. ...Yet because of false brothers secretly brought in—who slipped in to spy out our freedom that we have in Christ Jesus, so that they might bring us into slavery—to them we did not yield in submission even for a moment, so that the truth of the gospel might be preserved for you. And from those who seemed to be influential (what they were makes no difference to me; God shows no partiality)—those, I say, who seemed influential added nothing to me. On the contrary, when they saw that I had been entrusted with the gospel to the uncircumcised, just as Peter had been entrusted with the gospel to the circumcised (for he who worked through Peter for his apostolic ministry to the circumcised worked also through me for mine to the Gentiles), and when James and Cephas and John, who seemed to be pillars, perceived the grace that was given to me, they gave the right hand of fellowship to Barnabas and me, that we should go to the Gentiles and they to the circumcised. Only, they asked us to remember the poor, the very thing I was eager to do.<a href="#cite_note-54">[49]</a></blockquote> A "James" is mentioned in Paul's <a href="/wiki/First_Epistle_to_the_Corinthians" title="First Epistle to the Corinthians">First Epistle to the Corinthians</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15:7" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15:7">1 Corinthians 15:7</a>, as one to whom Jesus appeared after his resurrection: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">For I delivered unto you first of all that which also I received: that Christ died for our sins according to the scriptures; and that he was buried; and that he hath been raised on the third day according to the scriptures; and that he appeared to Cephas; then to the twelve; then he appeared to above five hundred brethren at once, of whom the greater part remain until now, but some are fallen asleep; then he appeared to James; then to all the apostles; and last of all, as to the [child] untimely born, he appeared to me also.<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a></blockquote> In the preceding verse, the same Greek word "adelphos" (brother) is used, but not in a blood-relation sense: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Then he appeared to more than five hundred brothers at one time, most of whom are still alive, though some have fallen asleep. (<a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15:6" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15:6">1 Corinthians 15:6</a>)</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acts_of_the_Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Acts of the Apostles">edit</a>]</div> There is a James mentioned in Acts, which the Catholic Encyclopedia identifies with James, the brother of Jesus: "but he [Peter], beckoning unto them with the hand to hold their peace, declared unto them how the Lord had brought him out of the prison. And he said, Go show these things unto James, and to the brethren. And he departed, and went into another place. (<a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">Acts 12</a>:17) When Peter, having miraculously escaped from prison, must flee Jerusalem due to <a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Herod Agrippa</a>'s persecution, he asks for James to be informed (Acts 12:17). James is also an authority in the early church at the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Jerusalem" title="Council of Jerusalem">Council of Jerusalem</a> (James is quoting Amos 9:11–12): <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And after they had held their peace, James answered, saying, Men and brethren, hearken unto me: Simeon hath declared how God at the first did visit the Gentiles, to take out of them a people for his name. And to this agree the words of the prophets; as it is written, After this I will return, and will build again the tabernacle of David, which is fallen down; and I will build again the ruins thereof, and I will set it up: That the residue of men might seek after the Lord, and all the Gentiles, upon whom my name is called, saith the Lord, who doeth all these things. Known unto God are all his works from the beginning of the world. Wherefore my sentence is, that we trouble not them, which from among the Gentiles are turned to God: But that we write unto them, that they abstain from pollutions of idols, and from fornication, and from things strangled, and from blood. For Moses of old time hath in every city them that preach him, being read in the synagogues every sabbath day. (<a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a>:13–21)</blockquote> James is presented as a principal author of the <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Decree" class="mw-redirect" title="Apostolic Decree">Apostolic Decree</a> of Acts 15. After this, there is only one more mention of James in Acts, meeting with Paul shortly before Paul's arrest: "And when we were come to Jerusalem, the brethren received us gladly. And the day following Paul went in with us unto James; and all the elders were present." (<a href="/wiki/Acts_21" title="Acts 21">Acts 21</a>:17–18) <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gospels">Gospels</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Gospels">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>, similarly to the Epistle to the Galatians, recognize a core group of three disciples (Peter, John and James) having the same names as those given by Paul. In the list of the disciples found in the Gospels, two disciples whose names are <a href="/wiki/James_son_of_Alpheus" class="mw-redirect" title="James son of Alpheus">James, the son of Alphaeus</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James son of Zebedee">James, son of Zebedee</a> are mentioned in the list of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve apostles">twelve disciples</a>: (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Matthew 10</a>:1–4) <blockquote>And he called to him his twelve disciples and gave them authority over unclean spirits, to cast them out, and to heal every disease and every affliction. The names of the twelve apostles are these: first, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon Peter">Simon, who is called Peter</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a> his brother; <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James the son of Zebedee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> his brother; <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a>; <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew the Evangelist">Matthew</a> the tax collector; <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James the son of Alphaeus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Thaddaeus</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon</a> the Cananaean, and <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a>, who betrayed him.</blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> also mention a James as Jesus's brother: "Is not this the carpenter, the son of Mary, the brother of James, and Joses, and of Judah, and Simon? and are not his sisters here with us? And they were offended at him."<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-17">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_John" title="Gospel of John">Gospel of John</a> never mentions anyone called James, but mentions Jesus's unnamed brothers as being present with Mary when Jesus attended the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_at_Cana" title="Wedding at Cana">wedding at Cana</a> (<a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">John 2</a>:12), and later that his brothers did not believe in him (<a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">John 7</a>:5). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Church_Fathers">Church Fathers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Church Fathers">edit</a>]</div> Fragment X of <a href="/wiki/Papias_of_Hierapolis" title="Papias of Hierapolis">Papias</a> (writing in the second century) refers to "James the bishop and apostle".<a href="#cite_note-papias-56">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> (2nd century), in the fifth book of his Commentaries, mentions that James was made a <a href="/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Early bishops of Jerusalem">bishop of Jerusalem</a> but he does not mention by whom: "After the apostles, James the brother of the Lord surnamed the Just was made head of the Church at Jerusalem."<a href="#cite_note-schaff-21">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> (c.110–c.180), wrote five books (now lost except for some quotations by Eusebius) of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church. In describing James's ascetic lifestyle, Eusebius's Ecclesiastical History (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vii.xxiv.html">Book II, 23)</a> quotes Hegesippus' account of James from the fifth book of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">James, the Lord's brother, succeeds to the government of the Church, in conjunction with the apostles. He has been universally called the Just, from the days of the Lord down to the present time. For many bore the name of James; but this one was holy from his mother's womb. He drank no wine or other intoxicating liquor, nor did he eat flesh; no razor came upon his head; he did not anoint himself with oil, nor make use of the bath. He alone was permitted to enter the holy place: for he did not wear any woollen garment, but fine linen only. He alone, I say, was wont to go into the temple: and he used to be found kneeling on his knees, begging forgiveness for the people-so that the skin of his knees became horny like that of a camel's, by reason of his constantly bending the knee in adoration to God, and begging forgiveness for the people.<a href="#cite_note-Hegesippus-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[53]</a></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (late 2nd century) wrote in the sixth book of his Hypotyposes that James the Just was chosen as a bishop of Jerusalem by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Peter</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James (the Greater)</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"For they say that Peter and James and John after the ascension of our Saviour, as if also preferred by our Lord, strove not after honor, but chose James the Just bishop of Jerusalem."<a href="#cite_note-Jerome,_On_Illustrious_Men,_2-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[note 3]</a></blockquote> Clement, in the seventh book of the same work, relates also the following concerning him: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">"The Lord after his resurrection imparted <a href="/wiki/Gnosis" title="Gnosis">knowledge (gnōsin)</a> to James the Just and to John and Peter, and they imparted it to the rest of the apostles, and the rest of the apostles to the seventy, of whom Barnabas was one."<a href="#cite_note-apostle-64">[58]</a></blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesaria">Eusebius</a> (3rd/4th century) James was named a bishop of Jerusalem by the apostles: "James, the brother of the Lord, to whom the episcopal seat at Jerusalem had been entrusted by the apostles".<a href="#cite_note-65">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> wrote the same: "James... after our Lord's passion... ordained by the apostles bishop of Jerusalem..." and that James "ruled the church of Jerusalem thirty years".<a href="#cite_note-Jerome_Ilustrus-66">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> (4th century), bishop of Salamis, wrote in his work <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">The Panarion</a> (AD 374–375) that "James, the brother of the Lord died in virginity at the age of ninety-six".<a href="#cite_note-epi2-67">[61]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (4th century), James, the Lord's brother, was an apostle, too; Jerome quotes Scriptures as a proof in his work "<a href="/wiki/The_Perpetual_Virginity_of_Blessed_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary">The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary</a>", writing the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Notice, moreover, that the Lord's brother is an apostle, since Paul says «Then after three years I went up to Jerusalem to visit Cephas, and tarried with him fifteen days. But other of the Apostles saw I none, save James the Lord's brother.» (Galatians 1:18-19) And in the same Epistle «And when they perceived the grace that was given unto me, James and Cephas and John, who were reputed to be pillars,» (Galatians 2:9)<a href="#cite_note-NA3007-68">[62]</a>: F.15 </blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Andrew_of_Crete" title="Pseudo-Andrew of Crete">Pseudo-Andrew of Crete</a> (7th century) wrote a biography of James, based entirely on earlier sources, mainly Eusebius.<a href="#cite_note-69">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_Christian_apocrypha">Early Christian apocrypha</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Early Christian apocrypha">edit</a>]</div> Some <a href="/wiki/Apocryphal_gospels" class="mw-redirect" title="Apocryphal gospels">apocryphal gospels</a> testify to the reverence Jewish followers of Jesus had for James. The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a> confirms the account of Paul in 1 Corinthians regarding the risen Jesus's appearance to James.<a href="#cite_note-Jerome_Ilustrus-66">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (5th century) quotes the non-canonical <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_the_Hebrews" title="Gospel of the Hebrews">Gospel of the Hebrews</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">'Now the Lord, after he had given his grave clothes to the servant of the priest, appeared to James, for James had sworn that he would not eat bread from that hour in which he had drunk the Lord's cup until he should see him risen from the dead.' And a little further on the Lord says, 'bring a table and bread.' And immediately it is added, 'He took bread and blessed and broke and gave it to James the Just and said to him, "My brother, eat your bread, for the Son of Man is risen from the dead."' And so he ruled the church of Jerusalem thirty years, that is, until the seventh year of <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Jerome,_On_Illustrious_Men,_2-59">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[note 4]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Thomas" title="Gospel of Thomas">Gospel of Thomas</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[note 5]</a> confirms the account of Paul in 1 Corinthians regarding the risen Jesus's appearance to James. The Gospel of Thomas relates that the disciples asked Jesus, after his resurrection and before his Ascension, "We are aware that you will depart from us. Who will be our leader?" Jesus said to them, "No matter where you come [from] it is to James the Just that you shall go, for whose sake heaven and earth have come to exist.".<a href="#cite_note-73">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[68]</a> <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a> (Panarion 29.4) describes James as a <a href="/wiki/Nazirite" title="Nazirite">Nazirite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[69]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudepigraphy">pseudepigraphical</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Apocalypse_of_James" title="First Apocalypse of James">First Apocalypse of James</a> associated with James's name mentions that James and Jesus are not biological brothers, with a rather fragmentary account of the departure (possibly meaning martyrdom) of James appended to the bottom of the manuscript.<a href="#cite_note-78">[70]</a> The pseudepigraphical <a href="/wiki/Second_Apocalypse_of_James" title="Second Apocalypse of James">Second Apocalypse of James</a> names James's father Theudas rather than Joseph, who is presented as the biological father of James.<a href="#cite_note-79">[71]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Secret_Book_of_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Secret Book of James">Apocryphon of James</a>, the sole copy of which was found in the Nag Hammadi library and which may have been written in Egypt in the 3rd century,<a href="#cite_note-80">[72]</a> recounts a post-resurrection appearance of the risen Christ to James and Peter that James is said to have recorded in Hebrew.<a href="#cite_note-81">[73]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a> (or "<a href="/wiki/Infancy_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="Infancy gospel">Infancy Gospel</a> of James"), a work of the 2nd century, also presents itself as written by James<a href="#cite_note-82">[74]</a> – so that his authorship would lend authority. In a 4th-century letter <a href="/wiki/Pseudepigrapha" title="Pseudepigrapha">pseudographically</a> ascribed to the 1st century <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Rome" title="Clement of Rome">Clement of Rome</a>,<a href="#cite_note-83">[75]</a> James was called the "bishop of bishops, who rules Jerusalem, the Holy Church of the Hebrews, and all the Churches everywhere".<a href="#cite_note-84">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_to_Jesus,_Mary_and_Joseph">Relationship to Jesus, Mary and Joseph</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Relationship to Jesus, Mary and Joseph">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Jesus%27_brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus' brothers">Jesus's brothers</a> – James as well as <a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_(brother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon (brother of Jesus)">Simon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a> – are named in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 13:55 and <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a> 6:3 and mentioned elsewhere. James's name always appears first in lists, which suggests he was the eldest among them.<a href="#cite_note-Tabor_2006-85">[77]</a> In Jewish Antiquities (20.9.1), <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a> describes James as "the brother of Jesus who is called Christ". Interpretation of the phrase "brother of the Lord" and similar phrases is divided between those who believe that <a href="/wiki/Mary_(mother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary (mother of Jesus)">Mary</a> had additional children after Jesus (e.g., historian <a href="/wiki/Charles_Freeman_(historian)" title="Charles Freeman (historian)">Charles Freeman</a>)<a href="#cite_note-86">[78]</a> and those who hold the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a>, and some <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a>, such as many <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>). The only Catholic <a href="/wiki/Doctrine" title="Doctrine">doctrine</a> which has been defined regarding the "brothers of the Lord" is that they are not biological children of Mary.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic_Answers-9">[7]</a> Near-contemporary sources[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">which?</a>] insist that James was a "perpetual virgin" from the womb, a term which according to <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a> was later converted to his mother, Mary.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenman,_Robert_2002-87">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_identity_as_younger_half-brother,_son_of_Mary_and_Joseph">Possible identity as younger half-brother, son of Mary and Joseph</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Possible identity as younger half-brother, son of Mary and Joseph">edit</a>]</div> Some writers, such as R.V. Tasker<a href="#cite_note-Tasker-15">[12]</a> and D. Hill,<a href="#cite_note-Hill-16">[13]</a> interpret the Matthew 1:25 statement that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> "knew her not until she had brought forth her firstborn son" as meaning that Joseph and Mary did have normal marital relations after Jesus's birth, and that James, <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Simon_(brother_of_Jesus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon (brother of Jesus)">Simon</a>, were the natural sons of Mary and Joseph and, thus, half <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">brothers of Jesus</a>. Others, such as K. Beyer, point out that the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ἕως οὗ ('until') after a negative "often has no implication at all about what happened after the limit of the 'until' was reached".<a href="#cite_note-Brown132-88">[80]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a> also argues that "the immediate context favors a lack of future implication here, for Matthew is concerned only with stressing Mary's virginity before the child's birth".<a href="#cite_note-Brown132-88">[80]</a> In addition, Mary, Joseph, and Jesus's brothers or siblings are often described together, without reference to any other relatives (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_12" title="Matthew 12">Matthew 12</a>:46–49, <a href="/wiki/Mark_3" title="Mark 3">Mark 3</a>:31–34, <a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">Mark 6</a>:3, <a href="/wiki/Luke_8" title="Luke 8">Luke 8</a>:19–21, <a href="/wiki/John_2" title="John 2">John 2</a>:12, <a href="/wiki/Acts_1" title="Acts 1">Acts 1</a>:14), and Jesus's brothers are described without allusion to others (<a href="/wiki/John_7" title="John 7">John 7</a>:2–5, <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_9" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 9">1 Corinthians 9</a>:5. For example, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">Matthew 13</a>:55–56 says, "Isn't this <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">the carpenter's</a> son? Isn't his mother's name Mary, and aren't his brothers James, Joseph, Simon, and <a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a>? Aren't all his sisters with us?" and John 7:5 says, "Even his own brothers did not believe in him." <a href="/wiki/Tertullian" title="Tertullian">Tertullian</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 160 – c. 220), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonosus_of_Nairus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonosus of Nairus (page does not exist)">Bonosus of Nairus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helvidius" title="Helvidius">Helvidius</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 380) were among the theologians who thought that Mary had children other than Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-89">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keating-90">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> asserts in his tract <a href="/wiki/The_Perpetual_Virginity_of_Blessed_Mary" class="mw-redirect" title="The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary">The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary</a>, as an answer to Helvidius, that the term "first-born" was used to refer to any offspring that opened the womb, rather than definitely implying other children.<a href="#cite_note-NA3007-68">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Luke" title="Gospel of Luke">Luke</a>'s reporting of the <a href="/wiki/Finding_in_the_Temple" title="Finding in the Temple">visit of Mary, Joseph, and Jesus to the Temple of Jerusalem</a> when Jesus was 12 years old makes no reference to any of Jesus's half-brothers. The modern scholar <a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a> is of the belief that Luke, as a close follower of Pauline Gentile Christianity, sought to minimize the importance of Jesus's family by whatever means possible, editing James and Jesus's brothers out of the Gospel record.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenman,_Robert_2002-87">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Keating" title="Karl Keating">Karl Keating</a> argues that Mary and Joseph rushed without hesitation straight back to Jerusalem, when they realized Jesus was lost, which they would surely have thought twice about doing if there were other children (Jesus's siblings) to look after.<a href="#cite_note-Keating-90">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_identity_as_older_stepbrother,_son_of_Joseph_by_an_earlier_marriage">Possible identity as older stepbrother, son of Joseph by an earlier marriage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Possible identity as older stepbrother, son of Joseph by an earlier marriage">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_James" title="Gospel of James">Gospel of James</a> (a 2nd-century apocryphal gospel also called the Protoevangelium of James or the Infancy Gospel of James) says that Mary was betrothed to Joseph and that he already had children. In this case, James was one of Joseph's children from his previous marriage and, therefore, Jesus's stepbrother. The bishop of Salamis, <a href="/wiki/Epiphanius_of_Salamis" title="Epiphanius of Salamis">Epiphanius</a>, wrote too in his work <a href="/wiki/Panarion" title="Panarion">The Panarion</a> (AD 374–375) that "...James (brother of Jesus) was Joseph's son by Joseph's first wife, not by Mary..."<a href="#cite_note-epi-91">[83]</a> He adds that <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a> became the father of James and his three brothers (Joses, Simeon, Judah) and two sisters (a Salome and a Mary<a href="#cite_note-92">[84]</a> or a Salome and an Anna)<a href="#cite_note-93">[85]</a> with James being the elder sibling. James and his siblings were not children of Mary but were Joseph's children from a previous marriage. After Joseph's first wife died, many years later when he was eighty, "he took Mary (mother of Jesus)". According to Epiphanius the Scriptures call them "brothers of the Lord" to confound their opponents.<a href="#cite_note-94">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[87]</a> One argument supporting this view is that it would have been against Jewish custom for Jesus to give his mother to the care of John (who is not at all suspected to be a blood relative of Jesus) if Mary had other living sons. This is because the eldest son would take responsibility for his mother after the death of her husband; any other sons of Mary should have taken on this responsibility if they existed, therefore arguing against a direct natural brother relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Keating-90">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[88]</a> Also, Aramaic and Hebrew tended to use <a href="/wiki/Circumlocution" title="Circumlocution">circumlocutions</a> to point out blood relationships; it is asserted that just calling some people "brothers of Jesus" would not have necessarily implied the same mother.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic2-97">[89]</a> Rather, something like "sons of the mother of Jesus" would have been used to indicate a common mother. Scholars and theologians who assert this point out that Jesus was called "the son of Mary" rather than "a son of Mary" in his hometown (Mark 6:3).<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_identity_as_cousin,_son_of_a_sister_of_Mary">Possible identity as cousin, son of a sister of Mary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Possible identity as cousin, son of a sister of Mary">edit</a>]</div> James, along with the others named brothers of Jesus, are said by others to have been Jesus's cousins. This is justified by the fact that cousins were also called brothers and sisters in Jesus's native language, <a href="/wiki/Aramaic" title="Aramaic">Aramaic</a>, which, like <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a>, does not contain a word for cousin.<a href="#cite_note-name=Saward-98">[90]</a> Furthermore, the Greek words adelphos and adelphe were not restricted to the meaning of a literal brother or sister in the Bible, nor were their plurals.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic2-97">[89]</a> Unlike some other New Testament authors, the apostle Paul had a perfect command of Greek, a language which has a specific word for 'cousin' and another for 'brother' calling James "the brother of our Lord" (Galatians 1:19). <a href="/wiki/Eusebius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Eusebius of Caesarea">Eusebius of Caesarea</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 275 – c. 339) reports the tradition that James the Just was the son of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph's</a> brother <a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> and therefore was of the brothers (which he interprets as cousin) of Jesus described in the New Testament. This is echoed by <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 342 – c. 419) in De Viris Illustribus ("On Illustrious Men") – James is said to be the son of another <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary</a>, wife of <a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a> and the sister of <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Mary, the mother of Jesus</a> – in the following manner: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">James, who is called the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just, the son of Joseph by another wife, as some think, but, as appears to me, the son of Mary, sister of the mother of our Lord of whom John makes mention in his book...<a href="#cite_note-Jerome_Ilustrus-66">[60]</a></blockquote> Jerome refers to the scene of the crucifixion in John 19:25,<a href="#cite_note-99">[91]</a> where three women named Mary – Mary, the mother of Jesus, Mary of Clopas, and Mary Magdalene – are said to be witnesses. John also mentions the sister of the mother of Jesus, often identified with Mary of Clopas due to grammar. Mary "of Clopas" is often interpreted as Mary, "wife of Clopas". Mary of Nazareth and Mary of Clopas also need not be literally sisters, in light of the usage of the said words in Greek, Hebrew and Aramaic.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-17">[14]</a> Mary of Clopas is suggested to be the same as "Mary, the mother of James the younger and Joses", "Mary the mother of James and Joseph" and the "other Mary" in Jesus's crucifixion and post-resurrection accounts in the <a href="/wiki/Synoptic_Gospels" title="Synoptic Gospels">Synoptic Gospels</a>. Proponents of this identification argue that the writers of the Synoptics would have called this Mary, simply, "the mother of Jesus" if she was indeed meant to be the mother of Jesus, given the importance of her son's crucifixion and resurrection: they also note that the mother of James and Joses is called "Maria", whereas the mother of Jesus is "Mariam" or "Marias" in Greek. These proponents find it unlikely that Mary would be referred to by her natural children other than Jesus at such a significant time (James happens to be the brother of one Joses, as spelled in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Mark</a>, or Joseph, as in <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Catholic2-97">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[d]</a> Jerome's opinion suggests an identification of James the Just with the Apostle <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a>; Clopas and Alphaeus are thought to be different Greek renderings of the same Aramaic name Khalphai.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic2-97">[89]</a> Despite this, some biblical scholars tend to distinguish them; this is also not Catholic dogma, though a traditional teaching. Since this Clopas is, according to Eusebius, Joseph of Nazareth's brother (see above) and Mary of Clopas is said to be Mary of Nazareth's sister, James could be related to Jesus by blood and law.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-17">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_identity_as_younger_half-brother,_son_of_Mary_and_a_second_husband">Possible identity as younger half-brother, son of Mary and a second husband</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Possible identity as younger half-brother, son of Mary and a second husband">edit</a>]</div> A variant on this is presented by <a href="/wiki/James_Tabor" title="James Tabor">James Tabor</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Tabor_2006-85">[77]</a> who argues that after the early and childless death of Joseph, Mary married <a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a>, whom he accepts as a younger brother of Joseph, according to the <a href="/wiki/Levirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Levirate">Levirate</a> law. According to this view, Clopas fathered James and the later siblings, but not Jesus. <a href="/wiki/John_Dominic_Crossan" title="John Dominic Crossan">John Dominic Crossan</a> suggested that James was probably Jesus's older brother.<a href="#cite_note-101">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Identification_with_James,_son_of_Alpheus,_and_with_James_the_Less">Identification with James, son of Alpheus, and with James the Less</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Identification with James, son of Alpheus, and with James the Less">edit</a>]</div> A Mary is also mentioned as the mother of <a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">James, the Younger</a> and of Joseph in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Some women were watching from a distance. Among them were <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, Mary the mother of James the Younger and of Joseph, and <a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a>. (<a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">Mark 15</a>:40)</blockquote> On the other hand, another Mary is mentioned as the mother of a James and of a Joseph in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Gospel of Matthew</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Sabbath" title="Biblical Sabbath">Sabbath</a> was over, Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James, and Salome bought spices so that they might go to anoint Jesus's body. (<a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16</a>:1)</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Among them were Mary Magdalene, Mary the mother of James and Joseph, and the mother of Zebedee's sons. (<a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">Matthew 27</a>:56)</blockquote> Catholic interpretation generally holds that <a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">James, the Younger</a> is the same James mentioned in Mark 16:1 and Matthew 27:56 and it is to be identified with James, the son of Alphaeus and James, the brother of Jesus.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-17">[14]</a> According to the Catholic Encyclopedia, he is not identified with <a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James the Great</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-17">[14]</a> although this is disputed by some.<a href="#cite_note-Eisenman,_Robert_2002-87">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_identity_with_James,_son_of_Alphaeus">Possible identity with James, son of Alphaeus</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Possible identity with James, son of Alphaeus">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Relationship_to_Jesus">§ Relationship to Jesus</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> believed that the brothers of the Lord were Jesus's cousins, thus amplifying the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity" class="mw-redirect" title="Perpetual virginity">perpetual virginity</a>. Jerome concluded that James "the brother of the Lord", (<a href="/wiki/Galatians_1:19" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatians 1:19">Galatians 1:19</a>) is therefore <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelve Apostles">Twelve Apostles</a> of Jesus, and the son of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Cleophas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Cleophas">Mary Cleophas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NewAdvent-17">[14]</a> In two small but potentially important works of <a href="/wiki/Hippolytus_of_Rome" title="Hippolytus of Rome">Hippolytus</a>, On the Twelve Apostles of Christ and On the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Apostles">Seventy Apostles</a> of Christ, he relates the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">And James the son of Alphaeus, when preaching in Jerusalem was stoned to death by the Jews, and was buried there beside the temple.<a href="#cite_note-102">[93]</a></blockquote> These two works of Hippolytus are often neglected because the manuscripts were lost during most of the church age and then found in Greece in the 19th century. As most scholars consider them spurious, they are often ascribed to <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Hippolytus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Hippolytus">Pseudo-Hippolytus</a>. The two are included in an appendix to the works of Hippolytus in the voluminous collection of Early Church Fathers.<a href="#cite_note-103">[94]</a> Thus James, the brother of the Lord would be the son of Alphaeus, who is the husband of Mary the wife of Cleophas or Mary the wife of Alphaeus. The identification of James as the son of Alpheus was perpetuated into the 13th century in the <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Legend" class="mw-redirect" title="The Golden Legend">The Golden Legend</a> by <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Possible_identity_with_James_the_Less">Possible identity with James the Less</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Possible identity with James the Less">edit</a>]</div> Jerome also claimed that James "the brother of the Lord" is the same as <a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">James the Less</a>. To explain this, Jerome first tells that James the Less must be identified with James, the son of Alphaeus, and reports in his work The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary the following: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Do you intend the comparatively unknown James the Less, who is called in Scripture the son of Mary, not however of Mary the mother of our Lord, to be an apostle, or not? If he is an apostle, he must be the son of Alphæus and a believer in Jesus.</blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The only conclusion is that the Mary, who is described as the mother of James the Less was the wife of Alphæus and sister of Mary the Lord's mother, the one who is called by John the Evangelist "Mary of Clopas".<a href="#cite_note-NA3007-68">[62]</a>: F.15 </blockquote> After saying that James the Less is the same as James, the son of Mary of Cleophas, wife of Alphaeus and sister of Mary the Lord's mother, Jerome describes in his work <a href="/wiki/De_Viris_Illustribus_(Jerome)" title="De Viris Illustribus (Jerome)">De Viris Illustribus</a> that James "the brother of the Lord" is the same as James, the son of Alpaheus and Mary of Cleophas: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">James, who is called the brother of the Lord, surnamed the Just, the son of Joseph by another wife, as some think, but, as appears to me, the son of Mary sister of the mother our Lord <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Cleophas" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary of Cleophas">Mary of Cleophas</a> of whom John makes mention in his book (John 19:25).<a href="#cite_note-Jerome_Ilustrus-66">[60]</a></blockquote> Thus, Jerome concludes that James, the son of Alphaeus, James the Less, and James, brother of the Lord, are one and the same person. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_relationships">Other relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other relationships">edit</a>]</div> Also, Jesus and James could be related in some other way, not strictly "cousins", following the non-literal application of the term adelphos and the Aramaic term for 'brother'.<a href="#cite_note-Catholic2-97">[89]</a> According to the apocryphal <a href="/wiki/First_Apocalypse_of_James" title="First Apocalypse of James">First Apocalypse of James</a>, James is not the earthly brother of Jesus, but a spiritual brother<a href="#cite_note-106">[97]</a> who according to the Gnostics "received secret knowledge from Jesus prior to the <a href="/wiki/Passion_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passion (Christianity)">Passion</a>".<a href="#cite_note-107">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> relates that "James was thrown from the pinnacle of the Temple, and was beaten to death with a club".<a href="#cite_note-www.newadvent.org-108">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> cites that "the Scribes and Pharisees placed James upon the pinnacle of the temple, and threw down the just man, and they began to stone him, for he was not killed by the fall. And one of them, who was a fuller, took the club with which he beat out clothes and struck the just man on the head".<a href="#cite_note-www.newadvent.org-108">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_the_Just_(Menologion_of_Basil_II).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_the_Just_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/220px-James_the_Just_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_the_Just_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/330px-James_the_Just_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/James_the_Just_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg/440px-James_the_Just_%28Menologion_of_Basil_II%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1076" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Martyrdom of James the Just in <a href="/wiki/Menologion_of_Basil_II" title="Menologion of Basil II">Menologion of Basil II</a>, a manuscript dating from late 10th or early 11th century.</figcaption></figure> According to a <a href="/wiki/Josephus_on_Jesus#Reference_to_Jesus_as_brother_of_James_(20.9.1)" title="Josephus on Jesus">passage</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>' <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Antiquities" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Antiquities">Antiquities of the Jews</a> (20.9.1), "the brother of Jesus, who was called Christ, whose name was James" met his death after the death of the procurator <a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Porcius Festus</a> but before <a href="/wiki/Lucceius_Albinus" title="Lucceius Albinus">Lucceius Albinus</a> had assumed office – which has been dated to 62.<a href="#cite_note-109">[100]</a> The <a href="/wiki/List_of_High_Priests_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="List of High Priests of Israel">High Priest</a> Hanan ben Hanan (<a href="/wiki/Ananus_ben_Ananus" title="Ananus ben Ananus">Ananus ben Ananus</a>) took advantage of this lack of imperial oversight to assemble a <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> (literally a synhedrion kriton in Greek, a "Sanhedrin of judges"), which condemned James "on the charge of breaking the law," then had him executed by <a href="/wiki/Stoning" title="Stoning">stoning</a> (Antiquities 20.9.1). Josephus reports that Hanan's act was widely viewed as little more than judicial murder and offended a number of "those who were considered the most fair-minded people in the city, and strict in their observance of the Law", who went so far as to arrange a meeting with Albinus as he entered the province in order to petition him successfully about the matter. In response, King <a href="/wiki/Agrippa_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a> replaced Ananus with <a href="/wiki/Jesus_son_of_Damneus" title="Jesus son of Damneus">Jesus son of Damneus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Origen" title="Origen">Origen</a> related an account of the death of James which gave it as a cause of the Roman siege of Jerusalem, something not found in the existing manuscripts of Josephus.<a href="#cite_note-111">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> wrote that "the more sensible even of the Jews were of the opinion that this (James' death) was the cause of the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(AD_70)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Jerusalem (AD 70)">siege of Jerusalem</a>, which happened to them immediately after his martyrdom for no other reason than their daring act against him. Josephus, at least, has not hesitated to testify this in his writings, where he says, "These things happened to the Jews to avenge James the Just, who was a brother of Jesus, that is called the Christ. For the Jews slew him, although he was a most just man.""<a href="#cite_note-www.newadvent.org-108">[99]</a> Eusebius, while quoting Josephus' account, also records otherwise lost passages from <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> (see links below) and <a href="/wiki/Clement_of_Alexandria" title="Clement of Alexandria">Clement of Alexandria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Church_History_(Eusebius)" class="mw-redirect" title="Church History (Eusebius)">Historia Ecclesiae</a>, 2.23). Hegesippus' account varies somewhat from what Josephus reports and may be an attempt to reconcile the various accounts by combining them. According to Hegesippus, the scribes and <a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a> came to James for help in putting down Christian beliefs. The record says: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">They came, therefore, in a body to James, and said: "We entreat thee, restrain the people: for they have gone astray in their opinions about Jesus, as if he were the Christ. We entreat thee to persuade all who have come hither for the day of the passover, concerning Jesus. For we all listen to thy persuasion; since we, as well as all the people, bear thee testimony that thou art just, and showest partiality to none. Do thou, therefore, persuade the people not to entertain erroneous opinions concerning Jesus: for all the people, and we also, listen to thy persuasion. Take thy stand, then, upon the summit of the temple, that from that elevated spot thou mayest be clearly seen, and thy words may be plainly audible to all the people. For, in order to attend the passover, all the tribes have congregated hither, and some of the Gentiles also."<a href="#cite_note-Hegesippus-57">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[105]</a> To the scribes' and Pharisees' dismay, James boldly testified that "Christ himself sitteth in heaven, at the right hand of the Great Power, and shall come on the clouds of heaven". The scribes and pharisees then said to themselves, "We have not done well in procuring this testimony to Jesus. But let us go up and throw him down, that they may be afraid, and not believe him."</blockquote> Accordingly, the scribes and Pharisees <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">... threw down the just man... [and] began to stone him: for he was not killed by the fall; but he turned, and kneeled down, and said: "I beseech thee, Lord God our Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do." And, while they were there, stoning him to death, one of the priests, the sons of <a href="/wiki/Rechab" title="Rechab">Rechab</a>, the son of Rechabim, to whom testimony is borne by Jeremiah the prophet, began to cry aloud, saying: "Cease, what do ye? The just man is praying for us." But one among them, one of the fullers, took the staff with which he was accustomed to wring out the garments he dyed, and hurled it at the head of the just man. And so he suffered martyrdom; and they buried him on the spot, and the pillar erected to his memory still remains, close by the temple. This man was a true witness to both Jews and Greeks that Jesus is the Christ. And shortly after Vespasian besieged Judaea, taking them captive.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Fragments from the Acts of the Church; Concerning the Martyrdom of James, the Brother of the Lord, from Book 5.<a href="#cite_note-Hegesippus-57">[52]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a>'s siege and capture of Jerusalem delayed the selection of <a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem" title="Simeon of Jerusalem">Simeon of Jerusalem</a> to succeed James. According to Philip Schaff in 1904, this account by "Hegesippus has been cited over and over again by historians as assigning the date of the martyrdom to 69," though he challenged the assumption that Hegesippus gives anything to denote such a date.<a href="#cite_note-115">[106]</a> Josephus does not mention in his writings how James was buried.<a href="#cite_note-116">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Feast_day">Feast day</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Feast day">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-One_source plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-one_source" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section relies largely or entirely on a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Articles_with_a_single_source" title="Wikipedia:Articles with a single source">single source</a>. Relevant discussion may be found on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:James,_brother_of_Jesus##" title="Talk:James, brother of Jesus">talk page</a>. Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">introducing citations to additional sources</a>. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22James%2C+brother+of+Jesus%22">"James, brother of Jesus"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22James%2C+brother+of+Jesus%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22James%2C+brother+of+Jesus%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22James%2C+brother+of+Jesus%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22James%2C+brother+of+Jesus%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22James%2C+brother+of+Jesus%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (June 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table>In the Catholic Church, the feast day of <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip the Apostle</a>, along with that of <a href="/wiki/James_the_Lesser" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Lesser">James the Lesser</a> (Catholics identify him with James the Just as the same person), was traditionally observed on 1 May, the anniversary of the church dedicated to them in Rome (now called the Church of the Twelve Apostles). Then this combined feast transferred to May 3 in the current ordinary calendar. In the Eastern Orthodox Church, James is commemorated as "Apostle James the Just, brother of Our Lord", and as such, multiple days are assigned to his feasts. His first feast day in the church calendar year is on October 23.<a href="#cite_note-117">[108]</a> His next feast day is on the first Sunday after the feast of the <a href="/wiki/Nativity_of_Jesus" title="Nativity of Jesus">Nativity</a>, where he is commemorated with <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">King David</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph the Betrothed</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[109]</a> His final feast day is on January 4 among the <a href="/wiki/Seventy_Apostles" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventy Apostles">Seventy Apostles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[110]</a> He is also commemorated on 26 December (Synaxis of the Mother of God). On 1 December occurs commemoration of his, <a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zacharias</a> relics translation in 351, and 25 May is commemoration of their relics discover also in 351.<a href="#cite_note-120">[111]</a> Recent versions of the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Episcopal_Church_in_the_United_States_of_America)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of saints (Episcopal Church in the United States of America)">Episcopal Church of the United States of America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_Saints_(Lutheran)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar of Saints (Lutheran)">Lutheran Church</a> have added commemoration on the traditional Eastern Orthodox date of October 23. James is <a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints_(Church_of_England)" title="Calendar of saints (Church of England)">remembered</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Festival_(Anglicanism)" title="Festival (Anglicanism)">Festival</a> on <a href="/wiki/May_1" title="May 1">1 May</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_ossuary_controversy">The ossuary controversy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: The ossuary controversy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/James_Ossuary" title="James Ossuary">James Ossuary</a></div> In the November 2002 issue of <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Lemaire" title="André Lemaire">André Lemaire</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> University in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> published the report that an <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuary</a> bearing the inscription "Ya'aqov bar Yosef achui d'Yeshua" ("James son of Joseph brother of Jesus") had been identified belonging to a collector, <a href="/wiki/Oded_Golan" title="Oded Golan">Oded Golan</a>. The ossuary was exhibited at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Ontario_Museum" title="Royal Ontario Museum">Royal Ontario Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, Ontario, Canada, late that year; but on June 18, 2003, the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Antiquities_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli Antiquities Authority">Israeli Antiquities Authority</a> published a report concluding, based on an analysis of the patina, that the inscription is a modern forgery. Specifically, it appeared that the inscription had been added recently and made to look old by addition of a chalk solution. Following this, the Ossuary was removed by the Royal Ontario Museum.<a href="#cite_note-122">[113]</a> On December 29, 2004, Golan was indicted in an Israeli court along with three other men – Robert Deutsch, an inscriptions expert who teaches at Haifa University; collector Shlomo Cohen; and antiquities dealer Faiz al-Amaleh. They were accused of being part of a forgery ring that had been operating for more than 20 years. Golan denied the charges against him. According to the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>, "when the police took Oded Golan into custody and searched his apartment they discovered a workshop with a range of tools, materials, and half finished 'antiquities'. This was evidence for a fraud of a scale far greater than they had suspected."<a href="#cite_note-123">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[115]</a> On March 14, 2012, Golan was declared not guilty of all charges of forgery, although with the judge saying this acquittal "does not mean that the inscription on the ossuary is authentic or that it was written 2,000 years ago" and "it was not proven in any way that the words 'the brother of Jesus' necessarily refer to the 'Jesus' who appears in Christian writings" and that there is "nothing in these findings which necessarily proves that the items were authentic".<a href="#cite_note-125">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[117]</a> The Israeli Antiquities Authority and several scholars still maintain that the <a href="/wiki/James_Ossuary" title="James Ossuary">James Ossuary</a> is a modern forgery, and the artefact is not usually quoted by scholars of the <a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">historical Jesus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-127">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_christianity.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/21px-P_christianity.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/32px-P_christianity.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/P_christianity.svg/42px-P_christianity.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Christianity" title="Portal:Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/21px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/32px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Gloriole_blur.svg/42px-Gloriole_blur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Saints" title="Portal:Saints">Saints</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy_of_Saint_James" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Liturgy of Saint James">Divine Liturgy of Saint James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_biblical_figures_identified_in_extra-biblical_sources" title="List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources">List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources</a></li> <li>Related <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a> parts: <a href="/wiki/Matthew_13" title="Matthew 13">Matthew 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_27" title="Matthew 27">Matthew 27</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_6" title="Mark 6">Mark 6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_15" title="Mark 15">Mark 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_16" title="Mark 16">Mark 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_12" title="Acts 12">Acts 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_15" title="Acts 15">Acts 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acts_21" title="Acts 21">Acts 21</a>, <a href="/wiki/1_Corinthians_15" class="mw-redirect" title="1 Corinthians 15">1 Corinthians 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatians_1" title="Galatians 1">Galatians 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galatians_2" title="Galatians 2">Galatians 2</a>; <a href="/wiki/James_1" class="mw-redirect" title="James 1">James 1</a>; <a href="/wiki/Epistle_of_Jude" title="Epistle of Jude">Epistle of Jude</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> In Koine Greek, ἀδελφός (adelphos, 'brother') as found in both the Septuagint<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> and NT writings, can mean a full, half, step brother or adopted brother, a kinsman (cousin, etc.), as well as a fellow—a kinsman in trade or belief but not of any blood relationship. <a href="/wiki/High_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="High Church">High Church</a> Christians (Catholics, Orthodox, and some Anglican and Lutheran Protestant denominations) and some Reformed churches who maintain early Church teachings generally hold him as either a step-brother or a cousin, whereas most <a href="/wiki/Low_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Low Church">Low Church</a> Protestant denominations maintain James is a younger brother from Mary and Joseph as a proof against Mary's <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">ever-virgin</a> status. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: ἀδελφοί, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Ancient_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanization of Ancient Greek">romanized</a>: adelphoi, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'brothers'.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Since Catholics and Eastern Orthodox, as well as some <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, believe in the <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">perpetual virginity of Mary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LongeneckerGustafson2003-11">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> This position is articulated in footnotes of the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Community_Bible" title="Christian Community Bible">Christian Community Bible</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Claretian_Missionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Claretian Missionaries">Claretian Communications</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> These terms (circumcised/uncircumcised) are generally interpreted to mean <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a>, who were predominant. This is an oversimplification, as 1st-century <a href="/wiki/Judaea_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaea Province">Judaea Province</a> also had some Jews who no longer circumcised and some Greeks and others such as Egyptians, Ethiopians, and Arabs who did. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> One corpus commonly cited as proof of this are the Recognitions and Homilies of Clement (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Clementine_literature" title="Clementine literature">Clementine literature</a>), versions of a novel that has been dated to as early as the 2nd century, where James appears as a saintly figure who is assaulted by an unnamed enemy some modern critics think may be Paul. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> See the Early Church Fathers<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> and Jerome.<a href="#cite_note-Jerome-62">[57]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> See Jerome<a href="#cite_note-Jerome-62">[57]</a> and the Early Church Fathers.<a href="#cite_note-70">[64]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> One of the works included in the <a href="/wiki/Nag_Hammadi_library" title="Nag Hammadi library">Nag Hammadi library</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Britanicca-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Britanicca_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britanicca_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Britanicca_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299860/Saint-James">"Saint-James. Apostle, the Lord's brother"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 15 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint-James.+Apostle%2C+the+Lord%27s+brother&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2024-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F299860%2FSaint-James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEddyBoyd2007" class="citation book cs1">Eddy, Paul R.; Boyd, Gregory A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WgROZMp4zDMC">The Jesus Legend: A Case for the Historical Reliability of the Synoptic Jesus Tradition</a>. Baker Academic. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801031144" title="Special:BookSources/9780801031144"><bdi>9780801031144</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Legend%3A+A+Case+for+the+Historical+Reliability+of+the+Synoptic+Jesus+Tradition&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780801031144&rft.aulast=Eddy&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft.au=Boyd%2C+Gregory+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWgROZMp4zDMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> According to Josephus </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> According to Hegesippus, Clement of Alexandria, and Eusebius of Caesarea </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.septuagint.bible/">Septuagint</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Greek New Testament, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/bib/gnt/mat013.htm">Matthew 13:55</a>: "οὐχ οὖτός ἐστιν ὁ τοῦ τέκτονος υἱός; οὐχ ἡ μήτηρ αὐτοῦ λέγεται μαριὰμ καὶ οἱ ἀδελφοὶ αὐτοῦ ἰάκωβος καὶ ἰωσὴφ καὶ σίμων καὶ ἰούδας;" </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic_Answers-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Answers_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic_Answers_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkin" class="citation cs2">Akin, Jimmy, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140210232629/http://www.catholic.com/documents/ossuary-of-james-i-burial-box-of-st-james-found">"I: Burial Box of St. James Found?"</a>, Ossuary of James, Catholic Answers, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholic.com/documents/ossuary-of-james-i-burial-box-of-st-james-found">the original</a> on 2014-02-10</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I%3A+Burial+Box+of+St.+James+Found%3F&rft.btitle=Ossuary+of+James&rft.pub=Catholic+Answers&rft.aulast=Akin&rft.aufirst=Jimmy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholic.com%2Fdocuments%2Fossuary-of-james-i-burial-box-of-st-james-found&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Origen of Alexandria. "The Brethren of Jesus". Origen's Commentary on Matthew 10.17 in Ante-Nicene Fathers Volume IX. Retrieved 2008-09-18. "But some say, basing it on a tradition in the Gospel according to Peter, as it is entitled, or 'The Book of James', that the brethren of Jesus were sons of Joseph by a former wife, whom he married before Mary. Now those who say so wish to preserve the honour of Mary in virginity to the end…" </li> <li id="cite_note-LongeneckerGustafson2003-11"><a href="#cite_ref-LongeneckerGustafson2003_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongeneckerGustafson2003" class="citation book cs1">Longenecker, Dwight; Gustafson, David (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sqJ9hi4epJYC&pg=PA64">Mary: A Catholic Evangelical Debate</a>. Gracewing Publishing. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780852445822" title="Special:BookSources/9780852445822"><bdi>9780852445822</bdi></a>. Retrieved 8 July 2014. <q>The perpetual virginity of Mary is a beautiful and fitting belief upheld by the Oriental and Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholics, as well as many Anglicans and Lutherans. Furthermore, it was defended not only by the ancient church fathers, but by Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, and the classic Anglican theologians. John Wesley also believed in the perpetual virginity of Mary, writing, "I believe he [Jesus Christ] was born of the blessed Virgin, who, as well after she brought him forth, continued a pure and unspotted virgin."</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mary%3A+A+Catholic+Evangelical+Debate&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Gracewing+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780852445822&rft.aulast=Longenecker&rft.aufirst=Dwight&rft.au=Gustafson%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsqJ9hi4epJYC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=j9db9kGwG3MC&dq=perpetual+virginity+Anglican&pg=PA283">Richard R. Lorsch, All the People in the Bible (Eerdmans 2008, p. 283</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80282454-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80282454-7">978-0-80282454-7</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Jackson, Gregory Lee, Catholic, Lutheran, Protestant: a doctrinal comparison. 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-615-16635-3">978-0-615-16635-3</a> page 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tasker-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tasker_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tasker_15-1">b</a> Tasker, R.V., The Gospel according to Saint Matthew (InterVarsity Press 1961), p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hill-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hill_16-1">b</a> Hill D., The Gospel of Matthew, p80 (1972) Marshall, Morgan and Scott:London </li> <li id="cite_note-NewAdvent-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_17-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_17-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_17-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NewAdvent_17-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCamerlynck,_Achille1910" class="citation cs2">Camerlynck, Achille (1910), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08280a.htm">"St. James the Less"</a>, The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 8, New York: Robert Appleton Company (retrieved from New Advent)</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+James+the+Less&rft.btitle=The+Catholic+Encyclopedia.+Vol.+8&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company+%28retrieved+from+New+Advent%29&rft.date=1910&rft.au=Camerlynck%2C+Achille&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08280a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> The brother of Jesus: James the Just and his mission p.33 Bruce Chilton, Jacob Neusner – 2001 p. 34: "It is unlikely that he restricts his reference to him because he is soon to quote from Hegesippus' account ... Another tradition transmitted by Clement made James the Just, Cephas, and John the recipients of secret knowledge." </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> Haase, Wolfgang. Aufstieg und Niedergang der römischen Welt: (ANRW) : Geschichte 21 -26 p801, 1992, "In the latter, which according to Eusebius, Hegesippus knew (HE IV.22.8), no explanation is given for the title; it merely says that the risen Jesus gave bread to "James the Just and said to him, My brother ..." </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Painter, John. Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition p. 115, 2005 "Eusebius' language in the earlier summary (2.1.2) suggests that Clement was not the first to do so because the people of old had named James "the Just." He later quotes Hegesippus' account of the martyrdom of James..." </li> <li id="cite_note-schaff-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schaff_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-schaff_21-1">b</a> Schaff: "Hegesippus, who lived near the apostolic age, in the fifth book of his Commentaries, writing of James, says 'After the apostles, James the brother of the Lord surnamed the Just was made head of the Church at Jerusalem.'" </li> <li id="cite_note-Schaff-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schaff_22-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Schaff" title="Philip Schaff">Philip Schaff</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/s/schaff/history/1_ch04.htm">History of the Christian Church, chapter 4</a>, § 27. James the Brother of the Lord: "And in the Liturgy of St. James, the brother of Jesus is raised to the dignity of "the brother of the very God". </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08355a.htm">Fortescue, Adrian. "Jerusalem (A.D. 71-1099)." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> Vol. 8. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 24 September 2021 <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> "Jerusalem in Early Christian Thought" p75 Explorations in a Christian theology of pilgrimage ed Craig G. Bartholomew, Fred Hughes </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCross2005" class="citation book cs1">Cross, F.L., ed. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fUqcAQAAQBAJ&q=james+the+just+oxford+dictionary+christian&pg=PA862">The Oxford dictionary of the Christian Church</a> (3rd rev. ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 862. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192802903" title="Special:BookSources/9780192802903"><bdi>9780192802903</bdi></a>. Retrieved 14 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+dictionary+of+the+Christian+Church&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=862&rft.edition=3rd+rev.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780192802903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUqcAQAAQBAJ%26q%3Djames%2Bthe%2Bjust%2Boxford%2Bdictionary%2Bchristian%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/gal/2:9#56002009-1">"Footnote on 2:9"</a>, Galatians 2 from <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a>, USCCB</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Footnote+on+2%3A9&rft.btitle=Galatians+2+from+New+American+Bible&rft.pub=USCCB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fgal%2F2%3A9%2356002009-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%202:12&version=nrsv">Galatians 2:12</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/bible/gal/2:9#56002012-1">"Footnote on 2:12"</a>, Galatians 2 from <a href="/wiki/New_American_Bible" title="New American Bible">New American Bible</a>, USCCB</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Footnote+on+2%3A12&rft.btitle=Galatians+2+from+New+American+Bible&rft.pub=USCCB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fbible%2Fgal%2F2%3A9%2356002012-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, Vol. 3 (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1993); See also <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G2919">Strong's G2919</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071219074900/http://cf.blueletterbible.org/lang/lexicon/lexicon.cfm?Strongs=G2919">Archived</a> 2007-12-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The Canon Debate, McDonald & Sanders editors, 2002, chapter 32, page 577, by James D. G. Dunn: "For Peter was probably in fact and effect the bridge-man (pontifex maximus!) who did more than any other to hold together the diversity of first-century Christianity. James the brother of Jesus, and Paul, the two other most prominent leading figures in first-century Christianity, were too much identified with their respective "brands" of Christianity, at least in the eyes of Christians at the opposite ends of this particular spectrum. But Peter, as shown particularly by the Antioch episode in <a href="/wiki/Galatians_2" title="Galatians 2">Galatians 2</a>, had both a care to hold firm to his Jewish heritage, which Paul lacked, and an openness to the demands of developing Christianity, which James lacked [...] Others could link the developing new religion more firmly to its founding events and to Jesus himself. But none of them, including the rest of the twelve, seem to have played any role of continuing significance for the whole sweep of Christianity—though James the brother of John might have proved an exception had he been spared." [Italics original] </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Neutestamentarische Apokryphen. In deutscher Übersetzung: 2 Bde., Mohr Siebeck; 1999, Vol. 1, p. 363 </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/anf05.iii.v.iii.html">"Ante-Nicene Fathers: The Same Hippolytus on the Seventy Apostles"</a>. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. Retrieved 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ante-Nicene+Fathers%3A+The+Same+Hippolytus+on+the+Seventy+Apostles&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fanf05.iii.v.iii.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Disciple">"Disciple" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Disciple&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarding2003317_36-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHarding2003">Harding 2003</a>, p. 317. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_37-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_37-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_37-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2005134–141_37-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFPainter2005">Painter 2005</a>, pp. 134–141. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Flavius Josephus: Antiquities of the Jews, <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9, 1</a>, based on the translation of <a href="/wiki/Louis_Feldman" title="Louis Feldman">Louis H. Feldman</a>, The Loeb Classical Library. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000670-39"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFreedmanMyersBeck2000670_39-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000">Freedman, Myers & Beck 2000</a>, p. 670. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENeale20032–3-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENeale20032–3_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNeale2003">Neale 2003</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMitchellYoung2006297_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMitchellYoung2006">Mitchell & Young 2006</a>, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPainter2004126_42-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPainter2004">Painter 2004</a>, p. 126. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBauckham1999199–203-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBauckham1999199–203_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBauckham1999">Bauckham 1999</a>, pp. 199–203. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083-44"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVan_Voorst200083_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVan_Voorst2000">Van Voorst 2000</a>, p. 83. </li> <li id="cite_note-BauckhamA-45"><a href="#cite_ref-BauckhamA_45-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a> states that although a few scholars have questioned this passage, "the vast majority have considered it to be authentic" (<a href="#CITEREFBauckham1999">Bauckham 1999</a>, pp. 199–203). </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFeldmanHata198754–57_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFeldmanHata1987">Feldman & Hata 1987</a>, pp. 54–57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFlavius_JosephusMaier1995284–285_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFlavius_JosephusMaier1995">Flavius Josephus & Maier 1995</a>, pp. 284–285. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Bermejo-Rubio, Fernando. "Was the Hypothetical 'Vorlage' of the 'Testimonium Flavianum' a 'Neutral' Text? Challenging the Common Wisdom on 'Antiquitates Judaicae' 18.63-64." Journal for the Study of Judaism in the Persian, Hellenistic, and Roman Period, vol. 45, no. 3, Brill, 2014, pp. 326–65, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/24667592.Retrieved">http://www.jstor.org/stable/24667592.Retrieved</a> 9 January 2022. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyson2011" class="citation web cs1">Tyson, Joseph B. (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibleinterp.com/opeds/actapo358006.shtml">"When and Why Was the Acts of the Apostles Written?"</a>. The Bible and Interpretation. Retrieved August 8, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Bible+and+Interpretation&rft.atitle=When+and+Why+Was+the+Acts+of+the+Apostles+Written%3F&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Tyson&rft.aufirst=Joseph+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bibleinterp.com%2Fopeds%2Factapo358006.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Peter H. Davids, The Epistle of James: A Commentary on the Greek Text (Eerdmans, 1982). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2388-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-2388-5">978-0-8028-2388-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Craig A. Evans, The Bible Knowledge Commentary: John's Gospel, Hebrews-Revelation, page 260 (Cook Communication Ministries, 2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7814-4228-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7814-4228-1">0-7814-4228-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCartney2009" class="citation book cs1">McCartney, Dan G. (2009-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=raBzBQAAQBAJ">James</a>. Baker Exegetical Commentary on the New Testament. <a href="/wiki/Baker_Academic" class="mw-redirect" title="Baker Academic">Baker Academic</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2676-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8010-2676-8"><bdi>978-0-8010-2676-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James&rft.series=Baker+Exegetical+Commentary+on+the+New+Testament&rft.pub=Baker+Academic&rft.date=2009-11-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8010-2676-8&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.aufirst=Dan+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DraBzBQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2015" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, V. George (2015). James and Paul: The Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages. Fortres Press. pp. 3–31. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8213-3"><bdi>978-1-4514-8213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+and+Paul%3A+The+Politics+of+Identity+at+the+Turn+of+the+Ages&rft.pages=3-31&rft.pub=Fortres+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-8213-3&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=V.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Galatians%201:18–2:10&version=nrsv">Galatians 1:18–2:10</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(American_Standard)/1_Corinthians#15:3" class="extiw" title="s:Bible (American Standard)/1 Corinthians">1 Corinthians 15:3-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-papias-56"><a href="#cite_ref-papias_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Hierapolis" class="citation book cs1">of Hierapolis, Papias. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/papias.html">Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord. Fragment X</a>. earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exposition+of+the+Sayings+of+the+Lord.+Fragment+X&rft.pub=earlychristianwritings.com&rft.aulast=of+Hierapolis&rft.aufirst=Papias&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fpapias.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hegesippus-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hegesippus_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegesippus_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hegesippus_57-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHegesippus2024" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/hegesippus.html">"Fragments from His Five Books of Commentaries on the Acts of the Church: Concerning the Martyrdom of James, the Brother of the Lord"</a>. Early Christian Writings. Translated by Alexander Roberts. Peter Kirby. Retrieved 2 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Early+Christian+Writings&rft.atitle=Fragments+from+His+Five+Books+of+Commentaries+on+the+Acts+of+the+Church%3A+Concerning+the+Martyrdom+of+James%2C+the+Brother+of+the+Lord&rft.date=2024&rft.au=Hegesippus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fhegesippus.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurton2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tobias_Churton" title="Tobias Churton">Churton, Tobias Churton</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z2E8CgAAQBAJ&q=%22He+drank+no+wine+or+other+intoxicating+liquor%2C+nor+did+he+eat+flesh%3B+no+razor+came+upon+his+head%3B+he+did+not+anoint+himself+with+oil%2C+nor+make+use+of+the+bath.%22&pg=PT192">The Missing Family of Jesus: An Inconvenient Truth - How the Church Erased Jesus's Brothers and Sisters from History</a>. <a href="/wiki/Watkins_Books" title="Watkins Books">Watkins Media Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780282572" title="Special:BookSources/9781780282572"><bdi>9781780282572</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Missing+Family+of+Jesus%3A+An+Inconvenient+Truth+-+How+the+Church+Erased+Jesus%27s+Brothers+and+Sisters+from+History&rft.pub=Watkins+Media+Limited&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781780282572&rft.aulast=Churton&rft.aufirst=Tobias+Churton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz2E8CgAAQBAJ%26q%3D%2522He%2Bdrank%2Bno%2Bwine%2Bor%2Bother%2Bintoxicating%2Bliquor%252C%2Bnor%2Bdid%2Bhe%2Beat%2Bflesh%253B%2Bno%2Brazor%2Bcame%2Bupon%2Bhis%2Bhead%253B%2Bhe%2Bdid%2Bnot%2Banoint%2Bhimself%2Bwith%2Boil%252C%2Bnor%2Bmake%2Buse%2Bof%2Bthe%2Bbath.%2522%26pg%3DPT192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome,_On_Illustrious_Men,_2-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome,_On_Illustrious_Men,_2_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome,_On_Illustrious_Men,_2_59-1">b</a> Jerome, On Illustrious Men, 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">"Eusebius Church History Book 2:1 quoting Clement of Alexandria's Sixth Hypotyposes"</a>. 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Retrieved 2011-07-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eusebius+Church+History+Book+2%3A1+quoting+Clement+of+Alexandria%27s+Sixth+Hypotyposes&rft.pub=Newadvent.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm">Early Church Fathers</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jerome-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jerome_62-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uqzY1zBtKg0C&dq=%22II+james+the+brother+of+the+Lord%22&pg=PA7">Jerome</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-apostle-64"><a href="#cite_ref-apostle_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Caesarea" class="citation book cs1">of Caesarea, Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">Church History Book II Chapter 1:3-4</a>. www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 9 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+II+Chapter+1%3A3-4&rft.pub=www.newadvent.org&rft.aulast=of+Caesarea&rft.aufirst=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Caesarea" class="citation book cs1">of Caesarea, Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">Church History Book II Chapter 23:1</a>. www.newadvent.org. 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Retrieved 4 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Viris+Illustribus+%28On+Illustrious+Men%29+Chapter+2&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.aulast=saint&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F2708.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epi2-67"><a href="#cite_ref-epi2_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Williams, translated by Frank (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtzRNP0Z70C&q=james">The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III (Sects 47-80, De Fide) in Sect 78. Against Antidicomarians</a> (Second, revised ed.). Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. pp. 626–627. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004228412" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004228412"><bdi>978-9004228412</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 3 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Perpetual+Virginity+of+Blessed+Mary&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.aulast=saint&rft.aufirst=Jerome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F3007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> S. G. Hall, "Review of Un Éloge de Jacques, le frère du Seigneur, par un pseudo-André de Crète," The Journal of Theological Studies, n. ser., Vol. 31, No. 1 (1980), pp. 226–228. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23959210">23959210</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm">Early Church Fathers</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenazareneway.com/james_the_brother_of_jesus.htm">"James the Brother of Jesus"</a>. Retrieved 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=James+the+Brother+of+Jesus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thenazareneway.com%2Fjames_the_brother_of_jesus.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> The Gospel of Thomas, login 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TDW0PeFSvGEC&dq=%22The+disciples+said+to+Jesus:+We+know+that+you+will+depart+from+us%3B+who+is+it+who+will+be+great+over+us%3F+Jesus+said+to+them:+Wherever+you+have+come%22&pg=PA119">New Testament Apocrypha: Gospels and related writings</a>, by Wilhelm Schneemelcher, Robert McLachlan, p. 119 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gnosis.org/naghamm/gthlamb.html">"Gospel of Thomas (Lambdin Translation) -- The Nag Hammadi Library"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gospel+of+Thomas+%28Lambdin+Translation%29+--+The+Nag+Hammadi+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2Fgthlamb.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Salamis" class="citation book cs1">of Salamis, Epiphanius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150926235556/http://nazarenespace.com/page/panarion-29-the-nazarenes">Panarion 29</a>. nazarenespace.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nazarenespace.com/page/panarion-29-the-nazarenes">the original</a> on 26 September 2015. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panarion+29&rft.pub=nazarenespace.com&rft.aulast=of+Salamis&rft.aufirst=Epiphanius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnazarenespace.com%2Fpage%2Fpanarion-29-the-nazarenes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gnosis.org/naghamm/1ja.html">The (First) Apocalypse of James -- The Nag Hammadi Library</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%28First%29+Apocalypse+of+James+--+The+Nag+Hammadi+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnosis.org%2Fnaghamm%2F1ja.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFW._Hedrick" class="citation book cs1">W. Hedrick, Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/apocalypsejames.html">The (Second) Apocalypse of James</a>. www.earlychristianwritings.com. Retrieved 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%28Second%29+Apocalypse+of+James&rft.pub=www.earlychristianwritings.com&rft.aulast=W.+Hedrick&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fapocalypsejames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> Robinson, James M., ed. (1978) The Nag Hammadi Library Harper & Row. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-066933-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-066933-0">0-06-066933-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/secretjames.html">The Secret Book of James</a>. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Book+of+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.earlychristianwritings.com%2Ftext%2Fsecretjames.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarriger" class="citation web cs1">Barriger, Lawrence. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200227155149/https://www.acrod.org/readingroom/scripture/protoevangelium">"American Carpatho-Russian Orthodox Diocese of North America - The Protoevangelium of St. James"</a>. www.ACROD.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acrod.org/readingroom/scripture/protoevangelium">the original</a> on 27 February 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ACROD.org&rft.atitle=American+Carpatho-Russian+Orthodox+Diocese+of+North+America+-+The+Protoevangelium+of+St.+James&rft.aulast=Barriger&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acrod.org%2Freadingroom%2Fscripture%2Fprotoevangelium&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Riddle, M.B., "Introductory Notice To Pseudo-Clementine Literature", The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The twelve patriarchs, Excerpts and epistles, The Clementina, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac documents, Ernest Cushing Richardson and Bernhard Pick, eds., C. Scribner's Sons, 1886, pp. 69-71 </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Ernest Cushing Richardson and Bernhard Pick, eds. (1886), "The Ante-Nicene Fathers: The twelve patriarchs, Excerpts and epistles, The Clementina, Apocrypha, Decretals, Memoirs of Edessa and Syriac documents, Remains of the first ages", C. Scribner's Sons, pp. 218-222 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tabor_2006-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tabor_2006_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tabor_2006_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabor2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Tabor" title="James Tabor">Tabor, James D</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jesusdynastyhidd00tabo">The Jesus Dynasty: A New Historical Investigation of Jesus, His Royal Family, and the Birth of Christianity</a>. Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-8723-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-8723-1"><bdi>0-7432-8723-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jesus+Dynasty%3A+A+New+Historical+Investigation+of+Jesus%2C+His+Royal+Family%2C+and+the+Birth+of+Christianity&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-7432-8723-1&rft.aulast=Tabor&rft.aufirst=James+D&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjesusdynastyhidd00tabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2009" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Charles (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/317361785">A new history of early Christianity</a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12581-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-12581-8"><bdi>978-0-300-12581-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/317361785">317361785</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+new+history+of+early+Christianity&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F317361785&rft.isbn=978-0-300-12581-8&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F317361785&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eisenman,_Robert_2002-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenman,_Robert_2002_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenman,_Robert_2002_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eisenman,_Robert_2002_87-2">c</a> Eisenman, Robert (2002), James, the Brother of Jesus" (Watkins) </li> <li id="cite_note-Brown132-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brown132_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brown132_88-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dd1XAAAAYAAJ&q=implication">Raymond E. Brown, The Birth of the Messiah (Doubleday 1999, p. 132</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49447-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-49447-2">978-0-385-49447-2</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-James-the-Lords-brother">The Encyclopaedia Britannica: Saint James | apostle, the Lord's brother</a>. Retrieved 24 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+Britannica%3A+Saint+James+%7C+apostle%2C+the+Lord%27s+brother&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-James-the-Lords-brother&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_90-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarl_Keating1988" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Keating" title="Karl Keating">Karl Keating</a> (1988), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qn37ImknvSAC">Catholicism and Fundamentalism: The Attack on "Romanism" by "Bible Christians"</a>, Ignatius Press, pp. 284–287, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780898701777" title="Special:BookSources/9780898701777"><bdi>9780898701777</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catholicism+and+Fundamentalism%3A+The+Attack+on+%22Romanism%22+by+%22Bible+Christians%22&rft.pages=284-287&rft.pub=Ignatius+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780898701777&rft.au=Karl+Keating&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dqn37ImknvSAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epi-91"><a href="#cite_ref-epi_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Epiphanius_(Bishop_of_Constantia_in_Cyprus)" class="citation book cs1">Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in Cyprus). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150906041916/http://www.masseiana.org/panarion_bk1.htm">The Panarion Book I (Sects 1-46) Part 29:3:9 and 29:4:1</a>. masseiana.org. Archived from the original on 6 September 2015. Retrieved 11 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panarion+Book+I+%28Sects+1-46%29+Part+29%3A3%3A9+and+29%3A4%3A1&rft.pub=masseiana.org&rft.au=Saint+Epiphanius+%28Bishop+of+Constantia+in+Cyprus%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.masseiana.org%2Fpanarion_bk1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaint_Epiphanius_(Bishop_of_Constantia_in_Cyprus)Frank_Williams_(specialist_in_early_Christian_texts)Holl2013" class="citation book cs1">Saint Epiphanius (Bishop of Constantia in Cyprus); Frank Williams (specialist in early Christian texts); Holl, Karl (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtzRNP0Z70C&q=salome">The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis: De fide. Books II and III</a>. Leiden [u.a.]: BRILL. p. 622. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004228412" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004228412"><bdi>978-9004228412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panarion+of+Epiphanius+of+Salamis%3A+De+fide.+Books+II+and+III&rft.place=Leiden+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=622&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9004228412&rft.au=Saint+Epiphanius+%28Bishop+of+Constantia+in+Cyprus%29&rft.au=Frank+Williams+%28specialist+in+early+Christian+texts%29&rft.au=Holl%2C+Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKtzRNP0Z70C%26q%3Dsalome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSt._Epiphanius_of_Cyprus2014" class="citation book cs1">St. Epiphanius of Cyprus (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gxHWAwAAQBAJ&q=anna">Ancoratus 60:1</a>. Translated by Young Richard Kim. Washington, D.C.: Catholic University of America Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2591-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8132-2591-3"><bdi>978-0-8132-2591-3</bdi></a>. Retrieved 22 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancoratus+60%3A1&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Catholic+University+of+America+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-8132-2591-3&rft.au=St.+Epiphanius+of+Cyprus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgxHWAwAAQBAJ%26q%3Danna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1994" class="citation book cs1">Williams, translated by Frank (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DAP-uJTfc84C&q=salome">The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis : Books II and III (Sects 47-80, De Fide) in Sect 78:9:6</a>. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 607. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004098985" title="Special:BookSources/9789004098985"><bdi>9789004098985</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panarion+of+Epiphanius+of+Salamis+%3A+Books+II+and+III+%28Sects+47-80%2C+De+Fide%29+in+Sect+78%3A9%3A6&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pages=607&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9789004098985&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=translated+by+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDAP-uJTfc84C%26q%3Dsalome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2013" class="citation book cs1">Williams, translated by Frank (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKtzRNP0Z70C&q=eighty">The Panarion of Epiphanius of Salamis</a> (Second, revised ed.). Leiden [u.a.]: Brill. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004228412" title="Special:BookSources/9789004228412"><bdi>9789004228412</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Panarion+of+Epiphanius+of+Salamis&rft.place=Leiden+%5Bu.a.%5D&rft.pages=36&rft.edition=Second%2C+revised&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9789004228412&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=translated+by+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKtzRNP0Z70C%26q%3Deighty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Constantine Zalalas: Holy Theotokos: Apologetic Study </li> <li id="cite_note-Catholic2-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic2_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic2_97-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic2_97-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic2_97-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Catholic2_97-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02767a.htm">Bechtel, Florentine. "The Brethren of the Lord." The Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 2. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1907. 28 Dec. 2014</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-name=Saward-98"><a href="#cite_ref-name=Saward_98-0">^</a> "Classical Greek has a word for cousin, amepsios, but Aramaic and Hebrew do not, and it is the Semitic way of speaking and thinking about kinship that is reflected in the Greek of the New Testament" in, John Saward, Cradle of Redeeming Love: the Theology of the Christmas Mystery, page 18 (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2002). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89870-886-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-89870-886-9">0-89870-886-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=John%2019:25&version=nrsv">John 19:25</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrossan1995" class="citation book cs1">Crossan, John Dominic (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R76BnTswxEsC&q=brother&pg=PA23">A Revolutionary Biography</a>. HarperCollins. pp. 23–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0060616628" title="Special:BookSources/0060616628"><bdi>0060616628</bdi></a>. Retrieved July 18, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Revolutionary+Biography&rft.pages=23-24&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0060616628&rft.aulast=Crossan&rft.aufirst=John+Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR76BnTswxEsC%26q%3Dbrother%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Rome" class="citation book cs1">of Rome, Pseudo-Hippolytus. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0524.htm">"On the Twelve Apostles" and "On the Seventy Disciples"</a>. newadvent.org. Retrieved 10 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22On+the+Twelve+Apostles%22+and+%22On+the+Seventy+Disciples%22&rft.pub=newadvent.org&rft.aulast=of+Rome&rft.aufirst=Pseudo-Hippolytus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F0524.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Ante-Nicean Fathers, ed. Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson and A. Cleaveland Coxe, vol. 5 (Peabody MA: Hendrickson Publishers, 1999), 254–6 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStracke" class="citation book cs1">Stracke, Richard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christianiconography.info/goldenLegend/jamesLess.htm">Golden Legend: Life of Saint James the Less</a>. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Golden+Legend%3A+Life+of+Saint+James+the+Less&rft.aulast=Stracke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christianiconography.info%2FgoldenLegend%2FjamesLess.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Voragine1260" class="citation web cs1">de Voragine, Iacobus (1260). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/ixt/ENG1293/_P3F.HTM">"The Golden Legend (Aurea Legenda), Volume Three, Of S. James the Less"</a>. IntraText Digital Library. William Caxton 1483. Retrieved October 29, 2018. <q>James the apostle is said the Less, how well that he was elder of age than was S. James the More, because like as is in religion he that entered first is called aine and great, and he that cometh after shall be called less, though he be the older, and in this wise was this S. James called the less. He was called also the brother of our Lord, because he resembled much well our Lord in body, in visage, and of manner. He was called James the Just for his right great holiness, for S. Jerome recordeth that he was so holy that the people strove how they might touch the hem of his robe or mantle. He was also called James the son of Alpheus.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IntraText+Digital+Library&rft.atitle=The+Golden+Legend+%28Aurea+Legenda%29%2C+Volume+Three%2C+Of+S.+James+the+Less&rft.date=1260&rft.aulast=de+Voragine&rft.aufirst=Iacobus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2Fixt%2FENG1293%2F_P3F.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> "The First Apocalypse of James's' also denies that James is blood relative of Jesus" in, Watson E. Mills (general editor), Mercer Dictionary of the Bible, page 429 (Mercer University Press, 1991). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-86554-373-9">0-86554-373-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Ryan Byrne, Bernadette McNary-Zak, Resurrecting the Brother of Jesus: The James Ossuary Controversy and the Quest for Religious Relics, page 101 (University of North Carolina Press, 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3298-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3298-1">978-0-8078-3298-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-www.newadvent.org-108">^ <a href="#cite_ref-www.newadvent.org_108-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.newadvent.org_108-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-www.newadvent.org_108-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFof_Caesarea" class="citation book cs1">of Caesarea, Eusebius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/250102.htm">Church History Book II Chapter 23. The Martyrdom of James, who was called the Brother of the Lord</a>. www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 9 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Church+History+Book+II+Chapter+23.+The+Martyrdom+of+James%2C+who+was+called+the+Brother+of+the+Lord.&rft.pub=www.newadvent.org&rft.aulast=of+Caesarea&rft.aufirst=Eusebius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Ffathers%2F250102.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaff" class="citation book cs1">Schaff, Philip. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc1.i.III_1.23.html">History of the Christian Church, Volume I: Apostolic Christianity. A.D. 1-100. - Christian Classics Ethereal Library</a>. Retrieved 10 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Christian+Church%2C+Volume+I%3A+Apostolic+Christianity.+A.D.+1-100.+-+Christian+Classics+Ethereal+Library&rft.aulast=Schaff&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ccel.org%2Fccel%2Fschaff%2Fhcc1.i.III_1.23.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShillington2015" class="citation book cs1">Shillington, V. George (2015). James and Paul: The Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages. Fortress Press. pp. 145–150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8213-3"><bdi>978-1-4514-8213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+and+Paul%3A+The+Politics+of+Identity+at+the+Turn+of+the+Ages.&rft.pages=145-150&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-8213-3&rft.aulast=Shillington&rft.aufirst=V.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> "Origen twice asserts that Josephus said that the destruction of Jerusalem occurred because of what was done to James. The argument was that the destruction was a consequence of divine retribution because of what was done to James" in, John Painter, Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition, page 205 (Fortress Press, 1997). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08697-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08697-6">0-567-08697-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> "Origen appreciates Josephus by noting that he has 'researched on the cause of the fall of Jerusalem and the destruction of the temple' and concludes that Josephus is 'not far from the truth' in concluding that the reason for the calamity was the assassination of James the Just by the Jews", in "Origen and Josephus" by Wataru Mizugaki, in Louis H. Feldman, Gohei Hata (editors), Josephus, Judaism and Christianity, page 329 (Wayne State University Press, 1987). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8143-1831-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-8143-1831-2">0-8143-1831-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/theworksoflactan00lactuoft#page/142/search/Hegesippus">Ante-Nicene Christian Library, Vol XXII, P142</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/npnf201.iii.vii.xxiv.html">Eusebius of Caesarea, Ecclesiastical History, Vol II, Chapter XXIII</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Schaff, Philip (1904) Henry Wace "A Select library of Nicene and post-Nicene fathers of the Christian church" BiblioBazaar <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-110-37346-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-110-37346-5">1-110-37346-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSee_also_Shillington2015" class="citation book cs1">See also Shillington, V. George (2015). James and Paul: the Politics of Identity at the Turn of the Ages. Minneapolis: Fortress Press. pp. 45–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8213-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4514-8213-3"><bdi>978-1-4514-8213-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+and+Paul%3A+the+Politics+of+Identity+at+the+Turn+of+the+Ages&rft.place=Minneapolis&rft.pages=45-50&rft.pub=Fortress+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4514-8213-3&rft.aulast=See+also+Shillington&rft.aufirst=V.+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/23/103039-apostle-james-the-brother-of-the-lord">"Apostle James, the Brother of the Lord"</a>. www.oca.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123193735/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/10/23/103039-apostle-james-the-brother-of-the-lord">Archived</a> from the original on November 23, 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Apostle+James%2C+the+Brother+of+the+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F10%2F23%2F103039-apostle-james-the-brother-of-the-lord&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/12/26/86-commemoration-of-the-holy-righteous-david-the-king-joseph-the-be">"Commemoration of the Holy Righteous David the King, Joseph the Betrothed, and James the Brother of the Lord"</a>. www.oca.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230429175852/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/12/26/86-commemoration-of-the-holy-righteous-david-the-king-joseph-the-be">Archived</a> from the original on April 29, 2023. Retrieved 2023-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Commemoration+of+the+Holy+Righteous+David+the+King%2C+Joseph+the+Betrothed%2C+and+James+the+Brother+of+the+Lord&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F12%2F26%2F86-commemoration-of-the-holy-righteous-david-the-king-joseph-the-be&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles">"Synaxis of the Seventy Apostles"</a>. www.oca.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221002171749/https://www.oca.org/saints/lives/2022/01/04/100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles">Archived</a> from the original on October 2, 2022. Retrieved 2023-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.oca.org&rft.atitle=Synaxis+of+the+Seventy+Apostles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oca.org%2Fsaints%2Flives%2F2022%2F01%2F04%2F100017-synaxis-of-the-seventy-apostles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://drevo-info.ru/articles/11565.html">"ИАКОВ, БРАТ ГОСПОДЕНЬ - Древо"</a>. drevo-info.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 2023-10-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=drevo-info.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%90%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%2C+%D0%91%D0%A0%D0%90%D0%A2+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9F%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%AC+-+%D0%94%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdrevo-info.ru%2Farticles%2F11565.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.churchofengland.org/prayer-and-worship/worship-texts-and-resources/common-worship/churchs-year/calendar">"The Calendar"</a>. The Church of England. Retrieved 2021-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Church+of+England&rft.atitle=The+Calendar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.churchofengland.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fworship-texts-and-resources%2Fcommon-worship%2Fchurchs-year%2Fcalendar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140408225037/http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?module_id=&sec_id=17&subj_id=175&id=266">"Israel Antiquities Authority - Articles"</a>. 2014-04-08. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/article_Item_eng.asp?module_id=&sec_id=17&subj_id=175&id=266">the original</a> on 2014-04-08. Retrieved 2021-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Antiquities+Authority+-+Articles&rft.date=2014-04-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2Farticle_Item_eng.asp%3Fmodule_id%3D%26sec_id%3D17%26subj_id%3D175%26id%3D266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMyllykoski2007" class="citation journal cs1">Myllykoski, Matti (2007). "James the Just in History and Tradition: Perspectives of Past and Present Scholarship (Part II)". Currents in Biblical Research. 6: 11–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1476993X07080242">10.1177/1476993X07080242</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220655814">220655814</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Currents+in+Biblical+Research&rft.atitle=James+the+Just+in+History+and+Tradition%3A+Perspectives+of+Past+and+Present+Scholarship+%28Part+II%29&rft.volume=6&rft.pages=11-98&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1476993X07080242&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220655814%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Myllykoski&rft.aufirst=Matti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/sn/tvradio/programmes/horizon/solomon_prog_summary.shtml">"BBC - Science & Nature - Horizon"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BBC+-+Science+%26+Nature+-+Horizon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fsn%2Ftvradio%2Fprogrammes%2Fhorizon%2Fsolomon_prog_summary.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/breaking-news-golan-and-deutsch-acquitted-of-all-forgery-charges/">"Golan and Deutsch Acquitted of All Forgery Charges"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Society. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Society&rft.atitle=Golan+and+Deutsch+Acquitted+of+All+Forgery+Charges&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblicalarchaeology.org%2Fdaily%2Fbreaking-news-golan-and-deutsch-acquitted-of-all-forgery-charges%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedman2012" class="citation news cs1">Friedman, Matti (14 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/oded-golan-is-not-guilty-of-forgery-so-is-the-james-ossuary-for-real/">"Oded Golan is not guilty of forgery. So is the 'James ossuary' for real?"</a>. The Times of Israel. Retrieved 1 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=Oded+Golan+is+not+guilty+of+forgery.+So+is+the+%27James+ossuary%27+for+real%3F&rft.date=2012-03-14&rft.aulast=Friedman&rft.aufirst=Matti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Foded-golan-is-not-guilty-of-forgery-so-is-the-james-ossuary-for-real%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antiquities.org.il/Article_eng.aspx?sec_id=25&subj_id=240&id=1921&hist=1">"The Response of the Israel Antiquities Authority to the Verdict by the Jerusalem District Court in the Matter of the Forgeries Trial Jerusalem District Court in the Matter of the Forgeries Trial"</a>. www.antiquities.org.il. Retrieved 2021-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.antiquities.org.il&rft.atitle=The+Response+of+the+Israel+Antiquities+Authority+to+the+Verdict+by+the+Jerusalem+District+Court+in+the+Matter+of+the+Forgeries+Trial+Jerusalem+District+Court+in+the+Matter+of+the+Forgeries+Trial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antiquities.org.il%2FArticle_eng.aspx%3Fsec_id%3D25%26subj_id%3D240%26id%3D1921%26hist%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rollstonepigraphy.com/?p=699">"THE JAMES OSSUARY (YA'AKOV OSSUARY): BULLET POINT SYNOPSIS ABOUT A PROBABLE MODERN FORGERY - Bible Epigraphy - - Rollston Epigraphy"</a>. Retrieved 2021-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+JAMES+OSSUARY+%28YA%27AKOV+OSSUARY%29%3A+BULLET+POINT+SYNOPSIS+ABOUT+A+PROBABLE+MODERN+FORGERY+-+Bible+Epigraphy+-+-+Rollston+Epigraphy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollstonepigraphy.com%2F%3Fp%3D699&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Richard Bauckham</a>. James: Wisdom of James, disciple of Jesus the sage. London: Routledge, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-10369-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-10369-X">0-415-10369-X</a> (-3); Jude and the Relatives of Jesus in the Early Church. London: T & T Clark, 1990, 2004. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-08297-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-08297-0">0-567-08297-0</a> (paperback).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBauckham1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bauckham" title="Richard Bauckham">Bauckham, Richard</a> (1999). "For What Offense was James put to Death?". In Chilton, Bruce; <a href="/wiki/Craig_A._Evans" title="Craig A. Evans">Evans, Craig A.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5SHbjAKaBy0C">James the Just and Christian origins</a>. BRILL. pp. 199–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11550-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-11550-7"><bdi>978-90-04-11550-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=For+What+Offense+was+James+put+to+Death%3F&rft.btitle=James+the+Just+and+Christian+origins&rft.pages=199-232&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-90-04-11550-7&rft.aulast=Bauckham&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5SHbjAKaBy0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Brown" title="Raymond E. Brown">Raymond E. Brown</a>. An Introduction to the New Testament. New York: Doubleday, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-24767-2">0-385-24767-2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jamesbrotherofje00robe">James the Brother of Jesus: The Key to Unlocking the Secrets of Early Christianity and the Dead Sea Scrolls</a>, Viking Penguin, 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldmanHata1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Feldman" title="Louis Feldman">Feldman, Louis H.</a>; Hata, Gōhei, eds. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f3KwlJSQr4cC">Josephus, Judaism and Christianity</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08554-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08554-1"><bdi>978-90-04-08554-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+Judaism+and+Christianity&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08554-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df3KwlJSQr4cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlavius_JosephusMaier1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>; Maier, Paul L. (December 1995). Josephus, the essential works: a condensation of Jewish antiquities and The Jewish war. Kregel Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8254-3260-6"><bdi>978-0-8254-3260-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Josephus%2C+the+essential+works%3A+a+condensation+of+Jewish+antiquities+and+The+Jewish+war&rft.pub=Kregel+Academic&rft.date=1995-12&rft.isbn=978-0-8254-3260-6&rft.au=Flavius+Josephus&rft.au=Maier%2C+Paul+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreedmanMyersBeck2000" class="citation book cs1">Freedman, David Noel; Myers, Allen C.; Beck, Astrid B., eds. (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5356-503-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-5356-503-5"><bdi>90-5356-503-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eerdmans+Dictionary+of+the+Bible&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=90-5356-503-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarding2003" class="citation book cs1">Harding, Mark (2003). Early Christian Life and Thought in Social Context. Sheffield Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8264-5604-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8264-5604-9"><bdi>0-8264-5604-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Life+and+Thought+in+Social+Context&rft.pub=Sheffield+Academic+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-8264-5604-9&rft.aulast=Harding&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellYoung2006" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Margaret M.; Young, Frances M. (2006). The Cambridge History of Christianity, Volume 1: Origins to Constantine. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-81239-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-81239-9"><bdi>0-521-81239-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Christianity%2C+Volume+1%3A+Origins+to+Constantine&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-81239-9&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Margaret+M.&rft.au=Young%2C+Frances+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeale2003" class="citation book cs1">Neale, John Mason (2003). A History of the Holy Eastern Church. Gorgias Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59333-045-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-59333-045-6"><bdi>1-59333-045-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Holy+Eastern+Church&rft.pub=Gorgias+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-59333-045-6&rft.aulast=Neale&rft.aufirst=John+Mason&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Painter_(theologian)" title="John Painter (theologian)">Painter, John</a> (2004). "Who was James?". In Chilton, Bruce; Neusner, Jacob (eds.). The brother of Jesus: James the Just and his mission. Liturgical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8146-5152-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8146-5152-6"><bdi>0-8146-5152-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Who+was+James%3F&rft.btitle=The+brother+of+Jesus%3A+James+the+Just+and+his+mission&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8146-5152-6&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPainter2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Painter_(theologian)" title="John Painter (theologian)">Painter, John</a> (2005). Just James: The Brother of Jesus in History and Tradition. Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-567-04191-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-567-04191-3"><bdi>0-567-04191-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Just+James%3A+The+Brother+of+Jesus+in+History+and+Tradition&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-567-04191-3&rft.aulast=Painter&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Hershel Shanks</a> and Ben Witherington, The Brother of Jesus. New York: HarperSanFrancisco, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-055660-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-055660-9">0-06-055660-9</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVan_Voorst2000" class="citation book cs1">Van Voorst, Robert E. (2000). Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8028-4368-9"><bdi>0-8028-4368-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jesus+Outside+the+New+Testament%3A+An+Introduction+to+the+Ancient+Evidence&rft.pub=Wm.+B.+Eerdmans+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8028-4368-9&rft.aulast=Van+Voorst&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Francis Watson. Paul, Judaism and the Gentiles. Cultural background.</li> <li>Jonathan Bourgel, "James the Just, One Among Many Oblias", NTS 59 (2013), 222–46, (French).</li> <li>Biblical Archaeology Review Articles in various issues in 2004 and 2005 concerning the ossuary.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:James_the_Just" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:James the Just">James the Just</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://youtube.com/watch?v=7ftrUdKFKZg">The Real Jesus Christ</a>, documentary about Jesus from the perspective of James and the Jerusalem Church, Channel 4</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/hegesippus.html">"The martyrdom of James, the brother of the Lord"</a> Quotes from lost writings of <a href="/wiki/Hegesippus_(chronicler)" title="Hegesippus (chronicler)">Hegesippus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephus" title="Josephus">Josephus</a>, Antiquities of the Jews (<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Antiquities_of_the_Jews/Book_XX#Chapter_9" class="extiw" title="wikisource:The Antiquities of the Jews/Book XX">Book 20, Chapter 9</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/2708.htm">Jerome, De Viris Illustribus</a> Chapter 2.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8507-james">"James"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F8507-james&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theodora.com/encyclopedia/j/james_bible.html">James</a> in the 1911 <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DYsPAQAAIAAJ&q=%22James+%28Lat.+Jacobus%2C+Gk.%22&pg=PA544">New International Encyclopedia: James</a>. Vol. 12. <a href="/wiki/Dodd,_Mead_and_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodd, Mead and Company">Dodd, Mead and Company</a>. 1915. pp. 544–545.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia%3A+James&rft.pages=544-545&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+and+Company&rft.date=1915&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDYsPAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522James%2B%2528Lat.%2BJacobus%252C%2BGk.%2522%26pg%3DPA544&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames%2C+brother+of+Jesus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_Testament_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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href="/wiki/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_Testament_people" title="Template talk:New Testament people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_Testament_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New Testament people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_Testament_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:New_Testament_people" title="Category:New Testament people">New Testament people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">In Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jesus" title="Historical Jesus">Historical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Jesus_in_the_New_Testament" class="mw-redirect" title="Life of Jesus in the New Testament">Life of Jesus in the New Testament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphaeus" title="Alphaeus">Alphaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_the_Prophetess" title="Anna the Prophetess">Anna the Prophetess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annas" title="Annas">Annas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barabbas" title="Barabbas">Barabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healing_the_blind_near_Jericho" title="Healing the blind near Jericho">Bartimaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_man_of_Bethsaida" title="Blind man of Bethsaida">Blind man (Bethsaida)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caiaphas" title="Caiaphas">Caiaphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celidonius" title="Celidonius">Celidonius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopas" title="Cleopas">Cleopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clopas" title="Clopas">Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil_in_Christianity" title="Devil in Christianity">Devil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penitent_thief" title="Penitent thief">Penitent thief ("Dismas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_(biblical_figure)" title="Elizabeth (biblical figure)">Elizabeth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel" title="Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impenitent_thief" title="Impenitent thief">Impenitent thief ("Gestas")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_Jairus%27_daughter" title="Raising of Jairus' daughter">Jairus' daughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna,_wife_of_Chuza" title="Joanna, wife of Chuza">Joanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Jude, brother of Jesus">Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarus_of_Bethany" title="Lazarus of Bethany">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_(demons)" title="Legion (demons)">Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysanias" title="Lysanias">Lysanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malchus" title="Malchus">Malchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha" title="Martha">Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary, mother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_James" title="Mary, mother of James">Mary, mother of James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Bethany" title="Mary of Bethany">Mary, sister of Martha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Clopas" title="Mary of Clopas">Mary of Clopas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naked_fugitive" title="Naked fugitive">Naked fugitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raising_of_the_son_of_the_widow_of_Nain" title="Raising of the son of the widow of Nain">Son of Nain's widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus" title="Nicodemus">Nicodemus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_ben_Gurion" title="Nicodemus ben Gurion">Nicodemus ben Gurion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome_(disciple)" title="Salome (disciple)">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_woman_at_the_well" title="Samaritan woman at the well">Samaritan woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_(Gospel_of_Luke)" title="Simeon (Gospel of Luke)">Simeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Simon, brother of Jesus">Simon, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_of_Cyrene" title="Simon of Cyrene">Simon of Cyrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Leper" title="Simon the Leper">Simon the Leper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Pharisee" title="Simon the Pharisee">Simon the Pharisee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susanna_(disciple)" title="Susanna (disciple)">Susanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism_of_the_Syrophoenician_woman%27s_daughter" title="Exorcism of the Syrophoenician woman's daughter">Syrophoenician woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_(biblical)" title="Theophilus (biblical)">Theophilus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus" title="Zacchaeus">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zebedee" title="Zebedee">Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zechariah_(New_Testament_figure)" title="Zechariah (New Testament figure)">Zechariah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Multiple</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_James" title="New Testament people named James">People named James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_John" title="New Testament people named John">People named John</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Joseph" title="New Testament people named Joseph">People named Joseph</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Joses" title="Joses">Joses</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Judas_or_Jude" title="New Testament people named Judas or Jude">People named Judas or Jude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Mary" title="New Testament people named Mary">People named Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Testament_people_named_Simon" title="New Testament people named Simon">People named Simon or Simeon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel#Christian_beliefs" title="Angel">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Brothers of Jesus">Jesus's brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_demonology" title="Christian demonology">Demons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_disciples_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Female disciples of Jesus">Female disciples of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God-fearer" title="God-fearer">God-fearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodians" title="Herodians">Herodians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">Magi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrrhbearers" title="Myrrhbearers">Myrrhbearers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_biblical_nameless#New_Testament" title="List of names for the biblical nameless">Nameless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharisees" title="Pharisees">Pharisees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proselyte" title="Proselyte">Proselytes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofer" title="Sofer">Scribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adoration_of_the_Shepherds" title="Adoration of the Shepherds">Shepherds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_at_the_crucifixion" title="Women at the crucifixion">Women at the crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zealots_(Judea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zealots (Judea)">Zealots</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Disciple whom Jesus loved</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Judas Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeneas_(biblical_figure)" title="Aeneas (biblical figure)">Aeneas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agabus" title="Agabus">Agabus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_of_Damascus" title="Ananias of Damascus">Ananias (Damascus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Ananias (Judaea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_son_of_Nedebeus" title="Ananias son of Nedebeus">Ananias son of Nedebeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollos" title="Apollos">Apollos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Aquila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristarchus_of_Thessalonica" title="Aristarchus of Thessalonica">Aristarchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blastus" title="Blastus">Blastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damaris_(biblical_figure)" title="Damaris (biblical figure)">Damaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_(biblical_figure)" title="Demetrius (biblical figure)">Demetrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysius_the_Areopagite" title="Dionysius the Areopagite">Dionysius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorcas" title="Dorcas">Dorcas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymas" title="Elymas">Elymas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_(prophet)" title="Egyptian (prophet)">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_eunuch" title="Ethiopian eunuch">Ethiopian eunuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutychus" title="Eutychus">Eutychus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamaliel" title="Gamaliel">Gamaliel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jason_of_Thessalonica" title="Jason of Thessalonica">Jason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Barsabbas" title="Joseph Barsabbas">Joseph Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Barsabbas" title="Judas Barsabbas">Judas Barsabbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_of_Galilee" title="Judas of Galilee">Judas of Galilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_of_Cyrene" title="Lucius of Cyrene">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">Luke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_of_Thyatira" title="Lydia of Thyatira">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manahen" title="Manahen">Manaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mark" title="John Mark">(John) Mark</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_Evangelist" title="Mark the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_the_cousin_of_Barnabas" title="Mark the cousin of Barnabas">cousin of Barnabas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_John_Mark" title="Mary, mother of John Mark">Mary, mother of (John) Mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnason" title="Mnason">Mnason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicanor_the_Deacon" title="Nicanor the Deacon">Nicanor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolaism#Nicolas" title="Nicolaism">Nicholas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenas" title="Parmenas">Parmenas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Evangelist" title="Philip the Evangelist">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscilla_and_Aquila" title="Priscilla and Aquila">Priscilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochorus_(deacon)" title="Prochorus (deacon)">Prochorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Publius" title="Saint Publius">Publius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhoda_(biblical_figure)" title="Rhoda (biblical figure)">Rhoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananias_and_Sapphira" title="Ananias and Sapphira">Sapphira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sceva" title="Sceva">Sceva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Deacons" title="Seven Deacons">Seven Deacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silas" title="Silas">Silas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silvanus_of_the_Seventy" title="Silvanus of the Seventy">Silvanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_Niger" title="Simeon Niger">Simeon Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Magus" title="Simon Magus">Simon Magus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopater" title="Sopater">Sopater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes" title="Sosthenes">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">Stephen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theudas" title="Theudas">Theudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Titus" title="Saint Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trophimus" title="Trophimus">Trophimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tychicus" title="Tychicus">Tychicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zenas_the_Lawyer" title="Zenas the Lawyer">Zenas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Romans and <a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herod's family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Gospels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Antipas" title="Herod Antipas">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Archelaus" title="Herod Archelaus">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_the_Great" title="Herod the Great">Herod the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodias" title="Herodias">Herodias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longinus" title="Longinus">Longinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Tetrarch" title="Philip the Tetrarch">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate" title="Pontius Pilate">Pilate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontius_Pilate%27s_wife" title="Pontius Pilate's wife">Pilate's wife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quirinius" title="Quirinius">Quirinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salome" title="Salome">Salome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.75em;font-weight:normal">Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa" title="Herod Agrippa">Agrippa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herod_Agrippa_II" title="Herod Agrippa II">Agrippa II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Berenice (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornelius_the_Centurion" title="Cornelius the Centurion">Cornelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drusilla_(daughter_of_Herod_Agrippa)" title="Drusilla (daughter of Herod Agrippa)">Drusilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonius_Felix" title="Antonius Felix">Felix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porcius_Festus" title="Porcius Festus">Festus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Gallio_Annaeanus" title="Lucius Junius Gallio Annaeanus">Gallio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Lysias" title="Claudius Lysias">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergius_Paulus" title="Sergius Paulus">Paullus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Epistle" title="Epistle">Epistles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaicus_of_Corinth" title="Achaicus of Corinth">Achaicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Ephesian)" title="Alexander (Ephesian)">Alexander of Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Coppersmith" title="Alexander the Coppersmith">Alexander the Coppersmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronicus_of_Pannonia" title="Andronicus of Pannonia">Andronicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archippus" title="Archippus">Archippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretas_IV_Philopatris" title="Aretas IV Philopatris">Aretas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_(saint)" title="Artemas (saint)">Artemas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carpus_of_Beroea" title="Carpus of Beroea">Carpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Claudia" title="Saint Claudia">Claudia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crescens" title="Crescens">Crescens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demas" title="Demas">Demas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diotrephes" title="Diotrephes">Diotrephes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphras" title="Epaphras">Epaphras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epaphroditus" title="Epaphroditus">Epaphroditus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erastus_of_Corinth" title="Erastus of Corinth">Erastus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_(biblical_figure)" title="Eunice (biblical figure)">Eunice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euodia_and_Syntyche" title="Euodia and Syntyche">Euodia and Syntyche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodion_of_Patras" title="Herodion of Patras">Herodion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymenaeus_(biblical_figure)" title="Hymenaeus (biblical figure)">Hymenaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_Justus" title="Jesus Justus">Jesus Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junia_(New_Testament_person)" title="Junia (New Testament person)">Junia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Linus" title="Pope Linus">Linus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_(biblical_figure)" title="Lois (biblical figure)">Lois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Rome" title="Mary of Rome">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_(archangel)" title="Michael (archangel)">Michael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphas" title="Nymphas">Nymphas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympas" title="Olympas">Olympas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesimus" title="Onesimus">Onesimus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onesiphorus" title="Onesiphorus">Onesiphorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pudens" title="Saint Pudens">Pudens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philemon_(biblical_figure)" title="Philemon (biblical figure)">Philemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philetus_(biblical_figure)" title="Philetus (biblical figure)">Philetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(biblical_figure)" title="Phoebe (biblical figure)">Phoebe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartus" title="Quartus">Quartus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosipater" title="Sosipater">Sosipater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tertius_of_Iconium" title="Tertius of Iconium">Tertius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryphena_and_Tryphosa" title="Tryphena and Tryphosa">Tryphena and Tryphosa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Revelation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antipas_of_Pergamum" title="Antipas of Pergamum">Antipas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Horsemen_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse">Four Horsemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaddon" title="Abaddon">Apollyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_witnesses" title="Two witnesses">Two witnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_of_the_Apocalypse" title="Woman of the Apocalypse">Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beast_(Revelation)" title="The Beast (Revelation)">Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Angels%27_Messages" title="Three Angels' Messages">Three Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whore_of_Babylon" title="Whore of Babylon">Whore of Babylon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Apostles" title="Template:Apostles"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Apostles" title="Template talk:Apostles"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Apostles"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Twelve_Apostles_of_Jesus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a> of <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Apostles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">Andrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bartholomew_the_Apostle" title="Bartholomew the Apostle">Bartholomew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_(follower_of_Jesus)" title="Nathanael (follower of Jesus)">Nathanael</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Alphaeus" title="James, son of Alphaeus">James, son of Alphaeus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Less" title="James the Less">the Less</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">James, son of Zebedee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Apostle" title="John the Apostle">John</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_whom_Jesus_loved" title="Disciple whom Jesus loved">Beloved</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Evangelist" title="John the Evangelist">Evangelist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_of_Patmos" title="John of Patmos">Patmos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas Iscariot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jude_the_Apostle" title="Jude the Apostle">Jude Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Apostle" title="Matthew the Apostle">Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Simon Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">Simon the Zealot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Later</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seventy_disciples" title="Seventy disciples">Seventy disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_the_Apostle" title="Matthias the Apostle">Matthias</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conversion_of_Paul_the_Apostle" title="Conversion of Paul the Apostle">conversion</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabas" title="Barnabas">Barnabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commissioning_of_the_Twelve_Apostles" title="Commissioning of the Twelve Apostles">Commissioning of the Twelve</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_the_disciples" title="Calling of the disciples">calling of the disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calling_of_Matthew" title="Calling of Matthew">calling of Matthew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_10" title="Matthew 10">Mission Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coming_Persecutions" title="Coming Persecutions">coming persecutions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Kinship" title="Holy Kinship">Holy Kinship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Discourse" title="Farewell Discourse">Farewell Discourse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_1st_century" title="Christianity in the 1st century">Apostolic Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_see" title="Apostolic see">Apostolic see</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts of the Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pentecost" title="Pentecost">Pentecost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_in_Christianity" title="Holy Spirit in Christianity">Holy Spirit</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dispersion_of_the_Apostles" title="Dispersion of the Apostles">Dispersion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_epistles" title="Pauline epistles">Pauline epistles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament#Relics_and_burial_sites" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Relics and burial sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Apostolic succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles%27_Creed" title="Apostles' Creed">Apostles' Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bishops_and_Patriarchs_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background:gold; color:black;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Patriarchs_of_Jerusalem" title="Template:Patriarchs of Jerusalem"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:black">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Patriarchs_of_Jerusalem" title="Template talk:Patriarchs of Jerusalem"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:black">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs_of_Jerusalem" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Patriarchs of Jerusalem"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:black">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bishops_and_Patriarchs_of_the_Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="adr" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Early bishops of Jerusalem">Bishops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Patriarch_of_Jerusalem" title="Greek Orthodox Patriarch of Jerusalem">Patriarchs</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem">Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:gold; color:black; text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/Early_bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Early bishops of Jerusalem">Bishops of Jerusalem (until 451)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James, brother of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_of_Jerusalem" title="Simeon of Jerusalem">Simeon of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_of_Jerusalem" title="Justus of Jerusalem">Justus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacchaeus_of_Jerusalem" title="Zacchaeus of Jerusalem">Zacchaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobias_of_Jerusalem" title="Tobias of Jerusalem">Tobias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_of_Jerusalem" title="Benjamin of Jerusalem">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_(bishop_of_Jerusalem)" title="John I (bishop of Jerusalem)">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_of_Jerusalem" title="Matthias of Jerusalem">Matthias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_of_Jerusalem" title="Philip of Jerusalem">Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senecas_of_Jerusalem" title="Senecas of Jerusalem">Senecas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justus_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Justus II of Jerusalem">Justus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levis_of_Jerusalem" title="Levis of Jerusalem">Levis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephram_of_Jerusalem" title="Ephram of Jerusalem">Ephram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Joseph I of Jerusalem">Joseph I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah_Kyriakos" title="Judah Kyriakos">Judas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_of_Jerusalem" title="Marcus of Jerusalem">Marcus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cassianus_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cassianus of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Cassianus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Poplius_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poplius of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Poplius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maximus_I_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maximus I of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Maximus I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Julian I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Gaius I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Symmachus_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Symmachus of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Symmachus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gaius_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gaius II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Gaius II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Julian II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capion_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capion of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Capion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Maximus II of Jerusalem">Maximus II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antoninus_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antoninus of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Antoninus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valens_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valens of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolichianus_of_Jerusalem" title="Dolichianus of Jerusalem">Dolichianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narcissus_of_Jerusalem" title="Narcissus of Jerusalem">Narcissus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dius_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Dius of Jerusalem">Dius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanion_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanion of Jerusalem">Germanion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordius_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordius of Jerusalem">Gordius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Jerusalem" title="Alexander of Jerusalem">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mazabanis_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mazabanis of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Mazabanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imeneus_of_Jerusalem" title="Imeneus of Jerusalem">Imeneus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zamudas_of_Jerusalem" title="Zamudas of Jerusalem">Zamudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ermon_of_Jerusalem" title="Ermon of Jerusalem">Ermon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius of Jerusalem">Macarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximus_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Maximus III of Jerusalem">Maximus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril of Jerusalem">Cyril I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II,_Bishop_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="John II, Bishop of Jerusalem">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praulius_of_Jerusalem" title="Praulius of Jerusalem">Praulius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal_of_Jerusalem" title="Juvenal of Jerusalem">Juvenal</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Taphos_sign.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taphos_sign.svg/30px-Taphos_sign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taphos_sign.svg/45px-Taphos_sign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Taphos_sign.svg/60px-Taphos_sign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="195" data-file-height="194" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:gold; color:black; text-align: center">Patriarchs of Jerusalem (from 451)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juvenal_of_Jerusalem" title="Juvenal of Jerusalem">Juvenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_of_Jerusalem" title="Anastasius of Jerusalem">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyrius_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrius of Jerusalem">Martyrius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sallustius_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sallustius of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Sallustius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Elias I of Jerusalem">Elias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_(bishop_of_Jerusalem)" title="John III (bishop of Jerusalem)">John III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_of_Jerusalem" title="Peter of Jerusalem">Peter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macarius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Macarius II of Jerusalem">Macarius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eustochius_of_Jerusalem" title="Eustochius of Jerusalem">Eustochius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_IV_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John IV of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">John IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_of_Jerusalem" title="Amos of Jerusalem">Amos</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isaac_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isaac of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zacharias_of_Jerusalem" title="Zacharias of Jerusalem">Zacharias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modestus_of_Jerusalem" title="Modestus of Jerusalem">Modestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_of_Jerusalem" title="Sophronius of Jerusalem">Sophronius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Anastasius II of Jerusalem">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_of_Jerusalem" title="John V of Jerusalem">John V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_of_Jerusalem" title="Theodore of Jerusalem">Theodore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Elias II of Jerusalem">Elias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_of_Jerusalem" title="George of Jerusalem">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Thomas I of Jerusalem">Thomas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_of_Jerusalem" title="Basil of Jerusalem">Basileus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_VI_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John VI of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">John VI</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergius_I_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergius I of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Sergius I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solomon_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solomon of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_of_Jerusalem_(died_879)" title="Theodosius of Jerusalem (died 879)">Theodosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elias_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Elias III of Jerusalem">Elias III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sergius_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sergius II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Sergius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Leontius I of Jerusalem">Leontius I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_I_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athanasius I of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Athanasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christodulus_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Christodulus I of Jerusalem">Christodulus I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Agathon_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Agathon of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Agathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_of_Jerusalem" title="John VII of Jerusalem">John VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christodulus_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Christodulus II of Jerusalem">Christodulus II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Thomas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Joseph II of Jerusalem">Joseph II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes_of_Jerusalem" title="Orestes of Jerusalem">Orestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilus_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Theophilus I of Jerusalem">Theophilus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicephorus_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Nicephorus I of Jerusalem">Nicephorus I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joannichius_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joannichius of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Joannichius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophronius_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophronius II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Sophronius II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthemius_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euthemius of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Euthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Simeon II of Jerusalem">Simeon II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Savvas_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Savvas of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Savvas</a>§</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_VIII_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John VIII of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">John VIII</a>§</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicolas_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicolas of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Nicolas</a>§</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_IX_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John IX of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">John IX</a>§</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicephorus_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicephorus II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Nicephorus II</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Leontius II of Jerusalem">Leontius II</a>§</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositheus_of_Constantinople" title="Dositheus of Constantinople">Dositheos I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marcus_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marcus II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Marcus II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euthemius_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euthemius II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Euthemius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Athanasius II of Jerusalem">Athanasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sophronius_III_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sophronius III of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Sophronius III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_I_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory I of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thaddaeus_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thaddaeus of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Thaddaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Athanasius_III_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Athanasius III of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Athanasius III</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gregory_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gregory II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Gregory II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazarus_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lazarus of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorotheus_I_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorotheus I of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Dorotheus I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophilus_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophilus II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Theophilus II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophanes_I_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophanes I of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Theophanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joachim_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joachim of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Joachim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theophanes_II_of_Jerusalem&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Theophanes II of Jerusalem (page does not exist)">Theophanes II</a></li> <li>Athanasius IV</li> <li>Jacob II</li> <li>Abraham I</li> <li>Gregory III</li> <li>Marcus III</li> <li>Dorotheus II</li> <li>Germanus</li> <li>Sophronius IV</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophanes_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Theophanes III of Jerusalem">Theophanes III</a></li> <li>Paiseus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nectarius_of_Jerusalem" title="Nectarius of Jerusalem">Nectarius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dositheus_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Dositheus II of Jerusalem">Dositheos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrysanthus_of_Jerusalem" title="Chrysanthus of Jerusalem">Chrysanthus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meletius_of_Jerusalem" title="Meletius of Jerusalem">Meletius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenius_of_Jerusalem" title="Parthenius of Jerusalem">Parthenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephram_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Ephram II of Jerusalem">Ephram II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophronius_II_of_Constantinople" title="Sophronius II of Constantinople">Sophronius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Abraham II of Jerusalem">Abraham II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Procopius I of Jerusalem">Procopius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Anthemus_of_Jerusalem" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Anthemus of Jerusalem">Anthemus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarpus_of_Jerusalem" title="Polycarpus of Jerusalem">Polycarpus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_V_of_Jerusalem" title="Athanasius V of Jerusalem">Athanasius V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyril_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Cyril II of Jerusalem">Cyril II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_II_of_Jerusalem" title="Procopius II of Jerusalem">Procopius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hierotheus_of_Jerusalem" title="Hierotheus of Jerusalem">Hierotheus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicodemus_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Nicodemus I of Jerusalem">Nicodemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerasimus_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Gerasimus I of Jerusalem">Gerasimus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damian_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Damian I of Jerusalem">Damian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timotheus_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Timotheus I of Jerusalem">Timotheus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_I_of_Jerusalem" title="Benedict I of Jerusalem">Benedict I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Diodoros_of_Jerusalem" title="Patriarch Diodoros of Jerusalem">Diodoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Irenaios" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch Irenaios">Irenaios I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_Theophilos_III_of_Jerusalem" title="Patriarch Theophilos III of Jerusalem">Theophilus III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background:gold; color:black;"><div>§: in exile at <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Latin rule over Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26925#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26925#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26925#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000082449936">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60516589">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/106483312">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/190087/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkxHDqKRgfHrx8GJxg9Xd">WorldCat</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjJqT6Tj4dJgy8PKQxPXv3">2</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118711601">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85138635">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an49867096">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073370770">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=197481">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263235305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1499373">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118711601">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&oldid=1258051627">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=James,_brother_of_Jesus&oldid=1258051627</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:James,_brother_of_Jesus" title="Category:James, brother of Jesus">James, brother of Jesus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:60s_deaths" title="Category:60s deaths">60s deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1st-century_bishops_of_Jerusalem" title="Category:1st-century bishops of Jerusalem">1st-century bishops of 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