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<span>Garibaldi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Garibaldi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_in_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_in_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Role in education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Place_in_British_ideas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Place_in_British_ideas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Place in British ideas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Place_in_British_ideas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Other activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trevelyan's_works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trevelyan's_works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Trevelyan's works</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trevelyan's_works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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</div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">G. M. Trevelyan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جورج تريفيليان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج تريفيليان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Macaulay Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="George Macaulay Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Macaulay Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Macaulay Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಮಕಾಲೆ ಟ್ರಿವೆಲ್ಯನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜಾರ್ಜ್ ಮಕಾಲೆ ಟ್ರಿವೆಲ್ಯನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82._%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB" title="ജി.എം. ട്രെവെല്യൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജി.എം. ട്രെവെല്യൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="جورج تريفيليان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج تريفيليان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%B3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3" title="ジョージ・マコーリー・トレヴェリアン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・マコーリー・トレヴェリアン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Macaulay Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Macaulay Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="G. M. Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Тревельян, Джордж Маколей – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тревельян, Джордж Маколей" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" title="George Macaulay Trevelyan – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Macaulay Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="G. M. Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G._M._Trevelyan" title="G. M. Trevelyan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="G. M. Trevelyan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Джордж Маколей Тревельян – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джордж Маколей Тревельян" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C2%B7M%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E7%BB%B4%E5%BB%89" title="G·M·特里维廉 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="G·M·特里维廉" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British historian and academic (1876–1962)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">G. M. Trevelyan</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:GM_Trevelyan_by_Beresford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GM_Trevelyan_by_Beresford.jpg/220px-GM_Trevelyan_by_Beresford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GM_Trevelyan_by_Beresford.jpg/330px-GM_Trevelyan_by_Beresford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/GM_Trevelyan_by_Beresford.jpg/440px-GM_Trevelyan_by_Beresford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="909" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Trevelyan photographed by <a href="/wiki/George_Charles_Beresford" title="George Charles Beresford">George Charles Beresford</a> in 1926</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">6th <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Durham_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Durham University">Chancellor of Durham University</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1950–1957</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_7th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" title="Charles Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry">The Marquess of Londonderry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roger_Lumley,_11th_Earl_of_Scarbrough" title="Roger Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough">The Earl of Scarbrough</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Master_(college)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (college)">Master</a> of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1940–1951</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Sir J. J. Thomson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_History_(Cambridge)" title="Regius Professor of History (Cambridge)">Regius Professor of History</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1927–1943</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Norman_Clark" class="mw-redirect" title="George Norman Clark">Sir George Clark</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">George Macaulay Trevelyan</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1876-02-16</span>)</span>16 February 1876<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><a href="/wiki/Stratford-upon-Avon" title="Stratford-upon-Avon">Stratford-upon-Avon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">21 July 1962<span style="display:none">(1962-07-21)</span> (aged 86)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Holy Trinity Church, <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Stile" title="Chapel Stile">Chapel Stile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Langdale" title="Great Langdale">Great Langdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Trevelyan" title="Janet Trevelyan">Janet Trevelyan</a>, née Ward</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1904; died 1956)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Historian</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Macaulay Trevelyan</b> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_Merit" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of Merit">OM</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Order of the British Empire">CBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">FRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_British_Academy" title="Fellow of the British Academy">FBA</a></span></span> (16 February 1876 – 21 July 1962) was an English <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> and academic. He was a Fellow of <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, from 1898 to 1903. He then spent more than twenty years as a full-time author. He returned to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a> and was <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_History_(Cambridge)" title="Regius Professor of History (Cambridge)">Regius Professor of History</a> from 1927 to 1943. He served as <a href="/wiki/Master_(college)" class="mw-redirect" title="Master (college)">Master</a> of Trinity College from 1940 to 1951. In retirement, he was <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a>. </p><p>Trevelyan was the third son of <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Otto_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir George Otto Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Otto Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet</a>, and great-nephew of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Babington_Macaulay,_1st_Baron_Macaulay" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Babington Macaulay, 1st Baron Macaulay">Thomas Babington Macaulay</a>. He espoused Macaulay's staunch liberal <a href="/wiki/British_Whig_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="British Whig Party">Whig</a> principles in accessible works of literate narrative unfettered by scholarly neutrality, his style becoming old-fashioned in the course of his long and productive career. The historian <a href="/wiki/E._H._Carr" title="E. H. Carr">E. H. Carr</a> considered Trevelyan to be one of the last historians of the <a href="/wiki/Whig_history" title="Whig history">Whig tradition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many of his writings promoted the <a href="/wiki/Whig_(British_political_faction)" class="mw-redirect" title="Whig (British political faction)">Whig Party</a>, an important British political movement from the 17th to the mid-19th centuries, as well as its successor, the Liberal Party. Whigs and Liberals believed the common people had a more positive effect on history than did royalty and that democratic government would bring about steady social progress.<sup id="cite_ref-hernon_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trevelyan's history is engaged and partisan. Of his <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi">Garibaldi</a> trilogy, "reeking with bias", he remarked in his essay "Bias in History": "Without bias, I should never have written them at all. For I was moved to write them by a poetical sympathy with the passions of the Italian patriots of the period, which I retrospectively shared."<sup id="cite_ref-hernon_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GMtrevelyan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/GMtrevelyan.jpg/300px-GMtrevelyan.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/GMtrevelyan.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="273" /></a><figcaption>Trevelyan in 1910 with his eldest son, Theo, and father, Sir G. O. Trevelyan. Theo died of appendicitis in 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Trevelyan was born into late Victorian Britain in <a href="/wiki/Welcombe_Hotel" title="Welcombe Hotel">Welcombe House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stratford-on-Avon" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratford-on-Avon">Stratford-on-Avon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/English_country_house" title="English country house">large house and estate</a> owned by his maternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Needham_Philips" title="Robert Needham Philips">Robert Needham Philips</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-britannica-1911_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-1911-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a wealthy <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> merchant and the Liberal <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) for <a href="/wiki/Bury_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bury (UK Parliament constituency)">Bury</a>. Today Welcombe is a hotel and spa for tourists visiting <a href="/wiki/Shakespeare" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakespeare">Shakespeare</a>'s birthplace.<sup id="cite_ref-hernon_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On his paternal side, he was the third son of <a href="/wiki/Sir_George_Trevelyan,_2nd_Baronet" title="Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet">Sir George Trevelyan, 2nd Baronet</a>, who had served as Secretary for Scotland, under Liberal Prime Ministers <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Gladstone</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Primrose,_5th_Earl_of_Rosebery" title="Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery">Earl of Rosebery</a>, and the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Charles_Trevelyan,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet">Sir Charles Trevelyan, 1st Baronet</a>, who had served as a civil servant and had faced considerable criticism for his and the British government's handling of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine of Ireland</a>. </p><p>Trevelyan's parents used Welcombe as a winter resort after they inherited it in 1890. They looked upon <a href="/wiki/Wallington_Hall" title="Wallington Hall">Wallington Hall</a>, the Trevelyan <a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">family estate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a>, as their real home. After attending <a href="/wiki/Wixenford_School" title="Wixenford School">Wixenford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow</a>, where he specialised in history, Trevelyan studied at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, where he was a member of the secret society, the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a> and founder of the still existing Lake Hunt, a <a href="/wiki/Paper_Chase_(game)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paper Chase (game)">hare and hounds</a> chase where both hounds and hares are human.<sup id="cite_ref-hernon_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1898, he won a fellowship at Trinity with a dissertation that was published the following year as <i>England in the Age of Wycliffe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-hernon_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One professor at the university, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Acton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Acton">Lord Acton</a>, enchanted the young Trevelyan with his great wisdom and his belief in moral judgement and individual liberty.<sup id="cite_ref-hernon_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hernon-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Garibaldi">Garibaldi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Garibaldi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trevelyan made his own reputation by depicting Italian patriot <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> as a great hero who stood for British ideals of liberty. According to historian <a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">David Cannadine</a>: </p> <blockquote><p>[Trevelyan's] great work was his Garibaldi trilogy (1907–11), which established his reputation as the outstanding literary historian of his generation. It depicted Garibaldi as a <a href="/wiki/Carlylean" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlylean">Carlylean</a> hero—poet, patriot, and man of action—whose inspired leadership created the Italian nation. For Trevelyan, Garibaldi was the champion of freedom, progress, and tolerance, who vanquished the despotism, reaction, and obscurantism of the Austrian empire and the Neapolitan monarchy. The books were also notable for their vivid evocation of landscape (Trevelyan had himself followed the course of Garibaldi's marches), for their innovative use of documentary and oral sources, and for their spirited accounts of battles and military campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-Cannadine2004_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannadine2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Historian Lucy Voakes argues that his Garibaldi project was part of a larger movement among English intellectuals to consolidate, celebrate and sometimes critique liberal culture and politics. She sees Trevelyan's conception of the hero, and his study of the Italian Risorgimento emerging from his promotion of a distinctly "English" patriotism based upon Whig gradualism, parliamentary monarchy and a hierarchical anti-republicanism.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_education">Role in education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Role in education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trevelyan lectured at Cambridge until 1903, at which point he left academic life to become a full-time writer. In 1927, he returned to the university to take up a position as <a href="/wiki/Regius_Professor_of_Modern_History_(Cambridge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Regius Professor of Modern History (Cambridge)">Regius Professor of Modern History</a>, where the single student whose doctorate he agreed to supervise was <a href="/wiki/J._H._Plumb" class="mw-redirect" title="J. H. Plumb">J. H. Plumb</a> (1936). During his professorship, he was also familiar with <a href="/wiki/Guy_Burgess" title="Guy Burgess">Guy Burgess</a> – he gave a positive reference for Burgess when he applied for a post at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> in 1935, describing him as a "first rate man", but also stating that "He has passed through the communist measles that so many of our clever young men go through, and is well out of it".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1940 he was appointed as Master of Trinity College and served in the post until 1951 when he retired. </p><p>Trevelyan declined the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> but served as chancellor of <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> from 1950 to 1958. <a href="/wiki/Trevelyan_College,_Durham" title="Trevelyan College, Durham">Trevelyan College</a> at Durham University is named after him. He won the 1920 <a href="/wiki/James_Tait_Black_Memorial_Prize" title="James Tait Black Memorial Prize">James Tait Black Memorial Prize</a> for the biography <i>Lord Grey of the Reform Bill</i>, was elected a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/British_Academy" title="British Academy">British Academy</a> in 1925, made a fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> in 1950,<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was an honorary doctor of many universities including Cambridge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Place_in_British_ideas">Place in British ideas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Place in British ideas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shocked by the horrors of the Great War he saw as an ambulance driver just behind the front lines, Trevelyan became more appreciative of conservatism as a positive force, and less insistent that progress was inevitable. In <i>History of England</i> (1926), he searched for the deepest meaning of English history. Cannadine says he reported they were "the nation's evolution and identity: parliamentary government, the rule of law, religious toleration, freedom from continental interference or involvement, and a global horizon of maritime supremacy and imperial expansion".<sup id="cite_ref-Cannadine2004_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cannadine2004-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cannadine concluded in <i>G.M. Trevelyan: A Life in History</i> (1992): </p> <blockquote><p>During the first half of the twentieth century Trevelyan was the most famous, the most honored, the most influential and the most widely read historian of his generation. He was a scion of the greatest historical dynasty that (Britain) has ever produced. He knew and corresponded with many of the greatest figures of his time... For fifty years, Trevelyan acted as a public moralist, public teacher and public benefactor, wielding unchallenged cultural authority among the governing and the educated classes of his day.</p></blockquote> <p>Once called "probably the most widely read historian in the world; perhaps in the history of the world",<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trevelyan saw how two world wars shook the belief in progress. Historiography had changed and the belief in progress declined. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Roy Jenkins</a> argued: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Trevelyan's reputation as a historian barely survived his death in 1962. He is now amongst the great unread, widely regarded by the professionals of a later generation as a pontificating old windbag, as short on cutting edge as on reliable facts.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/J._H._Plumb" class="mw-redirect" title="J. H. Plumb">J. H. Plumb</a> argued: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>What is perhaps most frequently forgotten, or ignored, is the skill of his literary craftsmanship. Trevelyan was a born writer and a natural storyteller; and this, among historians, is a rare gift ... If one quality is to be singled out, is should be this, for all historians he is the poet of English history ... His work has one other great and enduring merit: the tradition within which it was written. The Victorian liberals and their Edwardian successors have made one of the greatest contributions to science and to culture ever made by a ruling class. To these by birth and by instinct Trevelyan belonged.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_activities">Other activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Other activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During World War I, Trevelyan commanded a <a href="/wiki/British_Red_Cross" title="British Red Cross">British Red Cross</a> ambulance unit on the Italian front;<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his defective eyesight meant he was unfit for military service. On 24 December 1915, he was personally decorated by king <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel III of Italy">Victor Emmanuel III of Italy</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Silver_Medal_of_Military_Valor" title="Silver Medal of Military Valor">Silver Medal of Military Valor</a> for having bravely cleared out a military hospital made the target of Austro-Hungarian fire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919, he delivered the British Academy's Italian Lecture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trevelyan was the first president of the <a href="/wiki/Youth_Hostels_Association_(England_%26_Wales)" title="Youth Hostels Association (England & Wales)">Youth Hostels Association</a> and the YHA headquarters are called Trevelyan House in his honour. He worked throughout his career on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>, in preserving not merely historic houses, but historic landscapes. He was an International Honorary Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> (1931)<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and an International Member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trevelyan was also a member of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Apostles" title="Cambridge Apostles">Cambridge Apostles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trevelyan's_works"><span id="Trevelyan.27s_works"></span>Trevelyan's works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Trevelyan's works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Trevelyan was a prolific author: </p> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/englandinagewyc01trevgoog"><i>England in the Age of Wycliffe, 1368–1520</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+in+the+Age+of+Wycliffe%2C+1368%E2%80%931520&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fenglandinagewyc01trevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span> His first book, based on his fellowship dissertation. The title of this work is somewhat misleading since it concentrates on the political, social and religious conditions of England during the later years of <a href="/wiki/John_Wycliffe" title="John Wycliffe">Wycliffe</a>'s life only. Six of the nine chapters are devoted to the years 1377–1385, while the last two treat the history of the <a href="/wiki/Lollards" class="mw-redirect" title="Lollards">Lollards</a> from 1382 until the Reformation. The work is critical of Roman Catholicism in favour of Wycliffe.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUErAyNExM0C"><i>England Under the Stuarts</i></a>. Psychology Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27785-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-27785-3"><bdi>978-0-415-27785-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+Under+the+Stuarts&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-415-27785-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUErAyNExM0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span> Covers 1603 to 1714.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Poetry and Philosophy of George Meredith</i>. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetry+and+Philosophy+of+George+Meredith&rft.date=1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/garibaldisdefenc00trev#page/n7/mode/2up"><i>Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic</i></a>. 1907.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi%27s+Defence+of+the+Roman+Republic&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgaribaldisdefenc00trev%23page%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span> This volume marks the entry of a new foreign historian in the field of Italian <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, a period much neglected, or, unworthily treated, outside of Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.173220"><i>Garibaldi and the Thousand</i></a>. Longmans, Green, and Company. 1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+and+the+Thousand&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Company&rft.date=1909&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.173220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garibaldiandmak01trevgoog"><i>Garibaldi and the Making of Italy</i></a>. Longmans, Green and Company. 1911. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-473-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-473-4"><bdi>978-1-84212-473-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garibaldi+and+the+Making+of+Italy&rft.pub=Longmans%2C+Green+and+Company&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-473-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaribaldiandmak01trevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Life of John Bright</i>. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+John+Bright&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTrevelyan1949" class="citation book cs1">Trevelyan, G. M. (1949). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uRYXUZ4PqXIC"><i>Clio, A Muse and Other Essays</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clio%2C+A+Muse+and+Other+Essays&rft.date=1949&rft.aulast=Trevelyan&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuRYXUZ4PqXIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MdHFXwAACAAJ"><i>Scenes From Italy's War</i></a>. T. C. and E. C. Jack. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scenes+From+Italy%27s+War&rft.pub=T.+C.+and+E.+C.+Jack&rft.date=1919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMdHFXwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Recreations of an Historian</i>. 1919.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Recreations+of+an+Historian&rft.date=1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Lord Grey of the Reform Bill</i>. 1920.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lord+Grey+of+the+Reform+Bill&rft.date=1920&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/britishhistoryi00trevgoog"><i>British History in the Nineteenth Century, 1782–1901</i></a>. London, New York, Longmans, Green, and Co. 1922.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+History+in+the+Nineteenth+Century%2C+1782%E2%80%931901&rft.pub=London%2C+New+York%2C+Longmans%2C+Green%2C+and+Co.&rft.date=1922&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbritishhistoryi00trevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54148"><i>Manin and the Venetian Revolution of 1848</i></a>. 1923.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manin+and+the+Venetian+Revolution+of+1848&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.54148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyengland01trevgoog"><i>History of England</i></a>. Garden City, N.Y., Doubleday. 1953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+England&rft.pub=Garden+City%2C+N.Y.%2C+Doubleday&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryengland01trevgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Select Documents for Queen Anne's Reign, Down to the Union with Scotland 1702-7</i>. 1929.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Select+Documents+for+Queen+Anne%27s+Reign%2C+Down+to+the+Union+with+Scotland+1702-7&rft.date=1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zh78oAEACAAJ"><i>England Under Queen Anne</i></a>. Longmans. 1930.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=England+Under+Queen+Anne&rft.pub=Longmans&rft.date=1930&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dzh78oAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span> His magnum opus in 3 volumes: "Blenheim" (1930), "Ramillies and the Union with Scotland" (1932), "Peace and the Protestant Succession" (1934).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Sir George Otto Trevelyan: A Memoir</i>. 1932.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+George+Otto+Trevelyan%3A+A+Memoir&rft.date=1932&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Grey of Fallodon</i>. 1937.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grey+of+Fallodon&rft.date=1937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20240601"><i>The English Revolution, 1688–1689</i></a>. T. Butterworth Limited. 1938. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-7-240-01048-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-7-240-01048-8"><bdi>978-7-240-01048-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+Revolution%2C+1688%E2%80%931689&rft.pub=T.+Butterworth+Limited&rft.date=1938&rft.isbn=978-7-240-01048-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20240601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span> Portrays <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> as a tyrant whose excesses led directly to the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/shortenedhistory00geor"><i>A Shortened History of England</i></a></span>. Penguin Books. 1987.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shortened+History+of+England&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1987&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshortenedhistory00geor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.54826"><i>English Social History</i></a>. 1944. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48488-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-582-48488-7"><bdi>978-0-582-48488-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=English+Social+History&rft.date=1944&rft.isbn=978-0-582-48488-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.54826&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span> Published during the darkest days of World War Two, it painted a nostalgic picture of England's glorious past as the beacon of liberty and progress, stirring patriotic feelings and becoming his best selling book, also his last major history book.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Trinity College: An Historical Sketch</i>. 1943. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903258-01-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-903258-01-3"><bdi>0-903258-01-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trinity+College%3A+An+Historical+Sketch&rft.date=1943&rft.isbn=0-903258-01-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>History and the Reader</i>. 1945.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+the+Reader&rft.date=1945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>An Autobiography and Other Essays</i>. 1949. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8369-2205-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8369-2205-0"><bdi>0-8369-2205-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography+and+Other+Essays&rft.date=1949&rft.isbn=0-8369-2205-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Carlyle: An Anthology</i>. 1953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carlyle%3A+An+Anthology&rft.date=1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>A Layman's Love of Letters</i>. 1954.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Layman%27s+Love+of+Letters&rft.date=1954&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Historiography of the United Kingdom">Historiography of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Liberalism in the United Kingdom">Liberalism in the United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdrian1963" class="citation journal cs1">Adrian, L. (1963). "George Macaulay Trevelyan 1876-1962". <i><a href="/wiki/Biographical_Memoirs_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society">Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society</a></i>. <b>9</b>: <span class="nowrap">315–</span>321. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frsbm.1963.0017">10.1098/rsbm.1963.0017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biographical+Memoirs+of+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.atitle=George+Macaulay+Trevelyan+1876-1962&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E321&rft.date=1963&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frsbm.1963.0017&rft.aulast=Adrian&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarr2001" class="citation book cs1">Carr, E. H. (2001). "The Historian and His Facts". <i>What Is History?</i>. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0333977017" title="Special:BookSources/0333977017"><bdi>0333977017</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Historian+and+His+Facts&rft.btitle=What+Is+History%3F&rft.pages=17&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0333977017&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=E.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hernon-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hernon_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hernon_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hernon_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hernon_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hernon_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hernon_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHernonJoseph1976" class="citation journal cs1">Hernon, Jr.; Joseph, M. (1976). "The Last Whig Historian and Consensus History: George Macaulay Trevelyan, 1876–1962". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>81</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1863741">10.2307/1863741</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1863741">1863741</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Last+Whig+Historian+and+Consensus+History%3A+George+Macaulay+Trevelyan%2C+1876%E2%80%931962&rft.volume=81&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E97&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1863741&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1863741%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hernon&rft.aufirst=Jr.&rft.au=Joseph%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://morpeth.journallive.co.uk/2009/04/journey-into-wallington-histor.html">Journey into Wallington historian's own history</a>. Journal Live. 17 April 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-1911-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-britannica-1911_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Trevelyan, Sir George Otto"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Trevelyan,_Sir_George_Otto">"Trevelyan, Sir George Otto" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 27 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 255; see final three lines. <q>The third son, George Macaulay Trevelyan (b. 1876), became well known as a brilliant historical writer, notably with two books on Garibaldi (1907 and 1909)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Trevelyan%2C+Sir+George+Otto&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=255%3B+see+final+three+lines&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFACADTRVN893GM" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=TRVN893GM&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">"Trevelyan, George Macaulay (TRVN893GM)"</a>. <i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Archive+%E2%80%93+Guy+Burgess+at+the+BBC+%E2%80%93+Memo+quoting+a+recommendation+for+Burgess&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Farchive%2Fburgess%2F7701.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTombs,_Robert2015" class="citation book cs1">Tombs, Robert (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kJzGBgAAQBAJ&pg=PT409"><i>The English and Their History</i></a>. Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101874776" title="Special:BookSources/9781101874776"><bdi>9781101874776</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+English+and+Their+History&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781101874776&rft.au=Tombs%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkJzGBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJenkins,_Roy2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Roy_Jenkins" title="Roy Jenkins">Jenkins, Roy</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VsICNA8gGdIC&pg=PT254"><i>Portraits and Miniatures</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 254. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781448202881" title="Special:BookSources/9781448202881"><bdi>9781448202881</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portraits+and+Miniatures&rft.pages=254&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781448202881&rft.au=Jenkins%2C+Roy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVsICNA8gGdIC%26pg%3DPT254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plumb, J. H. (1983) "G.M. Trevelyan". In: <i>British Writers. Vol VI</i>. Scribner's.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPowell,_Anne2009" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Anne (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eg0MAQAAMAAJ"><i>Women in the War Zone: Hospital Service in the First World War</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.amphilsoc.org&rft.atitle=APS+Member+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.amphilsoc.org%2Fmemhist%2Fsearch%3Fcreator%3DGeorge%2BM.%2BTrevelyan%26title%3D%26subject%3D%26subdiv%3D%26mem%3D%26year%3D%26year-max%3D%26dead%3D%26keyword%3D%26smode%3Dadvanced&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRyan1999" class="citation web cs1">Ryan, Alan (28 October 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v21/n21/alan-ryan/the-voice-from-the-hearth-rug">"The Voice from the Hearth-Rug"</a>. <i>London Review of Books</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=The+Voice+from+the+Hearth-Rug&rft.date=1999-10-28&rft.aulast=Ryan&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lrb.co.uk%2Fthe-paper%2Fv21%2Fn21%2Falan-ryan%2Fthe-voice-from-the-hearth-rug&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKriehn,_George1899" class="citation journal cs1">Kriehn, George (1899). "England in the Age of Wycliffe". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>5</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">120–</span>122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2Fahr%2F5.1.120">10.1086/ahr/5.1.120</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=England+in+the+Age+of+Wycliffe&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E120-%3C%2Fspan%3E122&rft.date=1899&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2Fahr%2F5.1.120&rft.au=Kriehn%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, David L. (2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ac.uk/reviews/review/364">Review of <i>England under the Stuarts</i></a>. history.ac.uk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGreyTrevelyan2008" class="citation journal cs1">Grey, Nelson H.; Trevelyan, George Macaulay (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/garibaldisdefe00trev">"Garibaldi's Defence of the Roman Republic (1907)"</a>. <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>14</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">134–</span>136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1834542">10.2307/1834542</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft04x5vt29">2027/coo1.ark:/13960/t04x5vt29</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1834542">1834542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Garibaldi%27s+Defence+of+the+Roman+Republic+%281907%29&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E134-%3C%2Fspan%3E136&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fcoo1.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft04x5vt29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1834542%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1834542&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Nelson+H.&rft.au=Trevelyan%2C+George+Macaulay&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaribaldisdefe00trev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$c108351;view=1up;seq=437">"Review of <i>John Bright</i> by George Macaulay Trevelyan"</a>. <i>The Athenaeum</i> (4467): <span class="nowrap">609–</span>610. 7 June 1893.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athenaeum&rft.atitle=Review+of+John+Bright+by+George+Macaulay+Trevelyan&rft.issue=4467&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E609-%3C%2Fspan%3E610&rft.date=1893-06-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.%24c108351%3Bview%3D1up%3Bseq%3D437&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AG.+M.+Trevelyan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Adams, Edward. <i>Liberal Epic: The Victorian Practice of History from Gibbon to Churchill</i> (University of Virginia Press, 2011).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Cannadine" title="David Cannadine">Cannadine, David</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gmtrevelyanlifei0000cann">"G. M. Trevelyan: A Life in History"</a>, 1998.</li> <li>Cannadine, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/9416806/GM-Trevelyan-a-historian-in-tune-with-his-time-and-ours.html">"GM Trevelyan: a historian in tune with his time, and ours"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Telegraph">Daily Telegraph</a></i>, 21 July 2012</li> <li>Hernon, Joseph M. "The Last Whig Historian and Consensus History: George Macaulay Trevelyan, 1876–1962". <i>American Historical Review</i> 81.1 (1976): 66–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1863741">online</a></li> <li>Raina, Peter. <i>George Macaulay Trevelyan. A Portrait in Letters</i>. Pentland Books, 2001.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._L._Rowse" title="A. L. Rowse">Rowse, A. L.</a> <i>Historians I Have Known</i>. London: Duckworth, 1995, 1–11.</li> <li>Voakes, Lucy Turner. "The Risorgimento and English literary history, 1867–1911: the liberal heroism of Trevelyan's Garibaldi." <i>Modern Italy</i> 15.4 (2010): 433–450. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.academia.edu/download/51730016/The_Risorgimento_and_English_literary_history_1867_1911_the_liberal_heroism_of_Trevelyan_s_Garibaldi.pdf">online</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged January 2025">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></li> <li>Winkler, Henry R. "George Macaulay Trevelyan" in E. William Helperin, ed., <i>Some 20th-Century Historians</i> (1961), pp. 31–56.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=G._M._Trevelyan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Macaulay_Trevelyan" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Macaulay Trevelyan">George Macaulay Trevelyan</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/G._M._Trevelyan" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/G. M. Trevelyan">G. M. Trevelyan</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%20M.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G.%20M.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G.%20M%2E%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G%2E%20M%2E%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22G.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G.%20M.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G.%20M%2E%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20M%2E%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G%2E%20M.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%20M.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G%2E%20M%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G%2E%20M.%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22G.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G.%20M.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G.%20M%2E%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G%2E%20M%2E%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20title%3A%22G.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G.%20M.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G.%20M%2E%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G%2E%20M%2E%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%20M.%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%20M%2E%22%20OR%20description%3A%22G.%20Trevelyan%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Trevelyan%2C%20G.%22%29%20OR%20%28%221876-1962%22%20AND%20Trevelyan%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about G. M. Trevelyan</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fadedpage.com/csearch.php?author=Trevelyan%2C%20G.%20M.%20%28George%20Macaulay%29">Works by G. M. Trevelyan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Distributed_Proofreaders_Canada" title="Distributed Proofreaders Canada">Faded Page</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/15553672">G. M. Trevelyan</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jmu.edu/history/mhr/McNaylor/Paper.pdf">Mitchell McNaylor, "G.M. Trevelyan"</a></li> <li>The Master of Trinity at <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, Internet website <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.trin.cam.ac.uk/index.php?pageid=172">[1]</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10916">Works by G. M. Trevelyan</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DAA520;">Academic offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/J.J._Thomson" class="mw-redirect" title="J.J. Thomson">Sir Joseph Thomson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="List of masters of Trinity College, Cambridge">Master of Trinity College, Cambridge</a> </b><br />1940–1951 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Douglas_Adrian,_1st_Baron_Adrian" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar Douglas Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Stewart_Henry_Vane-Tempest-Stewart,_7th_Marquess_of_Londonderry" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Stewart Henry Vane-Tempest-Stewart, 7th Marquess of Londonderry">The Marquess of Londonderry</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Durham" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Durham">Chancellor of the University of Durham</a> </b><br />1950–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Lumley,_11th_Earl_of_Scarbrough" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawrence Lumley, 11th Earl of Scarbrough">The Earl of Scarbrough</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Template:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Template talk:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge87" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_masters_of_Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="List of masters of Trinity College, Cambridge">Masters of Trinity College, Cambridge</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Redman_(Trinity_College)" title="John Redman (Trinity College)">John Redman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Bill" title="William Bill">William Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Christopherson" title="John Christopherson">John Christopherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Beaumont_(Master_of_Trinity_College)" title="Robert Beaumont (Master of Trinity College)">Robert Beaumont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Whitgift" title="John Whitgift">John Whitgift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Still" title="John Still">John Still</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Nevile" title="Thomas Nevile">Thomas Nevile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Richardson_(translator)" title="John Richardson (translator)">John Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mawe" title="Leonard Mawe">Leonard Mawe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Brooke" title="Samuel Brooke">Samuel Brooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Comber_(dean_of_Carlisle)" title="Thomas Comber (dean of Carlisle)">Thomas Comber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hill_(Cambridge)" title="Thomas Hill (Cambridge)">Thomas Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Arrowsmith_(scholar)" title="John Arrowsmith (scholar)">John Arrowsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkins" title="John Wilkins">John Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ferne" title="Henry Ferne">Henry Ferne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Pearson_(bishop)" title="John Pearson (bishop)">John Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Barrow" title="Isaac Barrow">Isaac Barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_North_(Trinity)" title="John North (Trinity)">John North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu_(Trinity)" title="John Montagu (Trinity)">John Montagu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bentley" title="Richard Bentley">Richard Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Smith_(mathematician)" title="Robert Smith (mathematician)">Robert Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hinchliffe" title="John Hinchliffe">John Hinchliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Postlethwaite" title="Thomas Postlethwaite">Thomas Postlethwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lort_Mansel" title="William Lort Mansel">William Lort Mansel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Wordsworth_(divine)" title="Christopher Wordsworth (divine)">Christopher Wordsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Whewell" title="William Whewell">William Whewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hepworth_Thompson" title="William Hepworth Thompson">William Hepworth Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Montagu_Butler" title="Henry Montagu Butler">Henry Montagu Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">G. M. Trevelyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Adrian" title="Edgar Adrian">Edgar Adrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rab_Butler" title="Rab Butler">Rab Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Alan Hodgkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Huxley" title="Andrew Huxley">Andrew Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Atiyah" title="Michael Atiyah">Michael Atiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Rees" title="Martin Rees">Martin Rees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Winter" title="Gregory Winter">Gregory Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Davies_(doctor)" title="Sally Davies (doctor)">Sally Davies</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trinity_College_(Cambridge)_shield.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img 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aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373357#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3663" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373357#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata3663" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1373357#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000012099918X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24609782">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/3528/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJdMcFDD3pG6cBb3vtwBfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118802690">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50011776">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119463646">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119463646">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00459076">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Trevelyan, George Macaulay"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV055569">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35555484">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2002160611&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1140802">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/32796">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068321384">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000022477&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000281254&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=156141">Greece</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=103908">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/86lpvlbs54dnxz3">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810565060505606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/74919">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007268909405171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058517835406706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/13948252">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00325093?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/994530">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/library/browse/personDetails.xhtml?personId=43601">Archaeology Data Service</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118802690.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118802690">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027417964">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w68s5239">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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