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href="#Arousal_and_cognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Arousal and cognition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arousal_and_cognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_fluid_homeostasis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_fluid_homeostasis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Body fluid homeostasis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_fluid_homeostasis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism_of_action" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism_of_action"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Mechanism of action</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mechanism of action subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism_of_action-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Transactivation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transactivation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Transactivation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transactivation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transrepression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transrepression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Transrepression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transrepression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nongenomic_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nongenomic_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nongenomic effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nongenomic_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pharmacology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pharmacology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pharmacology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pharmacology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Therapeutic use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Therapeutic_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Therapeutic use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Replacement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Replacement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Replacement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Replacement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Therapeutic_immunosuppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Therapeutic_immunosuppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Therapeutic immunosuppression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Therapeutic_immunosuppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-inflammatory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-inflammatory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Anti-inflammatory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anti-inflammatory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hyperaldosteronism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hyperaldosteronism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Hyperaldosteronism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hyperaldosteronism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heart_failure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heart_failure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Heart failure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heart_failure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Side_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Side_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Side effects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Side effects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Side_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Immunodeficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immunodeficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Immunodeficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immunodeficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Withdrawal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Withdrawal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Withdrawal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Withdrawal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Glucocorticoid</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%82%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="هرمون قشري سكري – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هرمون قشري سكري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Глюкокортикоид – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глюкокортикоид" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoide" title="Glucocorticoide – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Glucocorticoide" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoidy" title="Glukokortikoidy – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Glukokortikoidy" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoid" title="Glukokortikoid – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Glukokortikoid" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoide" title="Glucocorticoide – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Glucocorticoide" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8E%DE%B0%DE%8D%DE%AB%DE%86%DE%AF_%DE%86%DE%AF%DE%93%DE%A8%DE%86%DE%AE%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%91%DE%B0" title="ގްލޫކޯ ކޯޓިކޮއިޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ގްލޫކޯ ކޯޓިކޮއިޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCkokortikosteroidid" title="Glükokortikosteroidid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Glükokortikosteroidid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%AE" title="Γλυκοκορτικοειδή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γλυκοκορτικοειδή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoide" title="Glucocorticoide – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Glucocorticoide" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoide" title="Glukokortikoide – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Glukokortikoide" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF" title="گلوکوکورتیکوئید – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلوکوکورتیکوئید" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocortico%C3%AFde" title="Glucocorticoïde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Glucocorticoïde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAcacortac%C3%B3ideach" title="Glúcacortacóideach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glúcacortacóideach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glicocorticoide" title="Glicocorticoide – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Glicocorticoide" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B9%EC%A7%88_%EC%BD%94%EB%A5%B4%ED%8B%B0%EC%BD%94%EC%9D%B4%EB%93%9C" title="당질 코르티코이드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="당질 코르티코이드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoid" title="Glukokortikoid – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Glukokortikoid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoide" title="Glucocorticoide – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Glucocorticoide" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93" title="גלוקוקורטיקואיד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלוקוקורטיקואיד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Глюкокортикоидтер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Глюкокортикоидтер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoidum" title="Glucocorticoidum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Glucocorticoidum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glikokortiko%C4%ABdi" title="Glikokortikoīdi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Glikokortikoīdi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliukokortikoidai" title="Gliukokortikoidai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gliukokortikoidai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BCkokortikoidok" title="Glükokortikoidok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Glükokortikoidok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4" title="Гликокортикоид – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гликокортикоид" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoid" title="Glukokortikoid – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Glukokortikoid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocortico%C3%AFden" title="Glucocorticoïden – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Glucocorticoïden" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%B3%AA%E3%82%B3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%B3%E3%82%A4%E3%83%89" title="糖質コルチコイド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="糖質コルチコイド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoid" title="Glukokortikoid – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Glukokortikoid" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocortico%C3%AFde" title="Glucocorticoïde – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Glucocorticoïde" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyukokortikoidlar" title="Glyukokortikoidlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Glyukokortikoidlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glicocorticoide" title="Glicocorticoide – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glicocorticoide" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Глюкокортикоиды – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глюкокортикоиды" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikosteroidet" title="Glukokortikosteroidet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Glukokortikosteroidet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Glucocorticoid" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoidy" title="Glukokortikoidy – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Glukokortikoidy" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoid" title="Glukokortikoid – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Glukokortikoid" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoid" title="Glukokortikoid – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Glukokortikoid" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikosteroid" title="Glukokortikosteroid – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Glukokortikosteroid" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glukokortikoidit" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoids&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucocorticoids">Glucocorticoids</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Class of corticosteroids</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Glucocorticoid</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cortisol2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cortisol2.svg/250px-Cortisol2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cortisol2.svg/375px-Cortisol2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Cortisol2.svg/500px-Cortisol2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="293" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">Chemical structure</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>), an <a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">endogenous</a> glucocorticoid as well as a medication.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Corticosteroid; Glucocorticosteroid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">Adrenal insufficiency</a>; <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune disorder">autoimmune disorders</a>; <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>; <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplant" class="mw-redirect" title="Organ transplant">organ transplant</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H02AB" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code H02AB">H02AB</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid receptor</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical classification">Chemical class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">Steroids</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422549" class="extiw" title="d:Q422549">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Glucocorticoids</b> (or, less commonly, <b>glucocorticosteroids</b>) are a class of <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroids</a>, which are a class of <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone" title="Steroid hormone">steroid hormones</a>. Glucocorticoids are corticosteroids that bind to the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">glucocorticoid receptor</a><sup id="cite_ref-Pelt_2011_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelt_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that is present in almost every <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrate</a> animal cell. The name "glucocorticoid" is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> (<b>gluco</b>se + <b>cort</b>ex + ster<b>oid</b>) and is composed from its role in regulation of <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolism</a>, synthesis in the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a>, and its <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroidal</a> structure (see structure below). </p><p>Glucocorticoids are part of the <a href="/wiki/Feedback" title="Feedback">feedback</a> mechanism in the <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune system</a>, which reduces certain aspects of immune function, such as <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammation</a>. They are therefore used in <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a> caused by an <a href="/wiki/Autoimmunity" title="Autoimmunity">overactive immune system</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoimmune_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Autoimmune diseases">autoimmune diseases</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>. Glucocorticoids have many <a href="/wiki/Side_effect" title="Side effect">diverse effects</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Pleiotropy_(drugs)" title="Pleiotropy (drugs)">pleiotropy</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Adverse_drug_reaction" title="Adverse drug reaction">potentially harmful side effects</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-RhenNEJM_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RhenNEJM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also interfere with some of the abnormal mechanisms in <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_cell" title="Cancer cell">cells</a>, so they are used in high doses to treat cancer. This includes inhibitory effects on <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocyte</a> proliferation, as in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Lymphoma" title="Lymphoma">lymphomas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemias</a>, and the mitigation of side effects of <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">anticancer drugs</a>. </p><p>Glucocorticoids affect cells by binding to the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">glucocorticoid receptor</a>. The activated glucocorticoid receptor-glucocorticoid complex up-regulates the expression of <a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">anti-inflammatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">proteins</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a> (a process known as <a href="/wiki/Transactivation" title="Transactivation">transactivation</a>) and represses the expression of pro-inflammatory proteins in the <a href="/wiki/Cytosol" title="Cytosol">cytosol</a> by preventing the <a href="/wiki/Protein_targeting" title="Protein targeting">translocation</a> of other <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factors</a> from the cytosol into the nucleus (<a href="/wiki/Transrepression" title="Transrepression">transrepression</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-RhenNEJM_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RhenNEJM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glucocorticoids are distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">mineralocorticoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">sex steroids</a> by their specific <a href="/wiki/Receptor_(biochemistry)" title="Receptor (biochemistry)">receptors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Codocyte" title="Codocyte">target cells</a>, and effects. In technical terms, "<a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">corticosteroid</a>" refers to both glucocorticoids and <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">mineralocorticoids</a> (as both are mimics of <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a>), but is often used as a synonym for "glucocorticoid". Glucocorticoids are chiefly produced in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_fasciculata" title="Zona fasciculata">zona fasciculata</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a>, whereas mineralocorticoids are synthesized in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_glomerulosa" title="Zona glomerulosa">zona glomerulosa</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a> (or hydrocortisone) is the most important human glucocorticoid. It is essential for <a href="/wiki/Life" title="Life">life</a>, and it regulates or supports a variety of important <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular">cardiovascular</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunologic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostatic</a> functions. Increases in glucocorticoid concentrations are an integral part of <a href="/wiki/Stress_(biology)" title="Stress (biology)">stress</a> response and are the most commonly used <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarkers</a> to measure stress.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glucocorticoids have numerous non-stress-related functions as well, and glucocorticoid concentrations can increase in response to pleasure or excitement.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_biology" title="Synthetic biology">synthetic</a> glucocorticoids are available; these are widely utilized in <a href="/wiki/Internal_medicine" title="Internal medicine">general medical practice</a> and numerous <a href="/wiki/Medical_specialty" title="Medical specialty">specialties</a>, either as replacement therapy in <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_deficiency" title="Glucocorticoid deficiency">glucocorticoid deficiency</a> or to suppress the body's immune system. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steroidogenesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/450px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/675px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/900px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">Steroidogenesis</a> showing glucocorticoids in green ellipse at right with the primary example being cortisol<sup id="cite_ref-HäggströmRichfield2014_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HäggströmRichfield2014-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is not a strictly bounded group, but a continuum of structures with increasing glucocorticoid effect.</figcaption></figure> <p>Glucocorticoid effects may be broadly classified into two major categories: <a href="/wiki/Immunology" title="Immunology">immunological</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolic</a>. In addition, glucocorticoids play important roles in fetal <a href="/wiki/Developmental_biology" title="Developmental biology">development</a> and <a href="/wiki/Body_fluid" title="Body fluid">body fluid</a> homeostasis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immune">Immune</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Immune"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids function via interaction with the glucocorticoid receptor:<sup id="cite_ref-Pelt_2011_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelt_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Upregulate the expression of anti-inflammatory proteins.</li> <li>Downregulate the expression of proinflammatory proteins.</li></ul> <p>Glucocorticoids are also shown to play a role in the development and homeostasis of <a href="/wiki/T_lymphocytes" class="mw-redirect" title="T lymphocytes">T lymphocytes</a>. This has been shown in transgenic mice with either increased or decreased sensitivity of T cell lineage to glucocorticoids.<sup id="cite_ref-Pazirandeh_2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pazirandeh_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolic">Metabolic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Metabolic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name "glucocorticoid" derives from early observations that these <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> were involved in <a href="/wiki/Glucose_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucose metabolism">glucose metabolism</a>. In the fasted state, <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> stimulates several processes that collectively serve to increase and maintain normal concentrations of glucose in the blood.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Metabolic effects: </p> <ul><li>Stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>, in particular, in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>: This pathway results in the synthesis of glucose from non-<a href="/wiki/Hexose" title="Hexose">hexose</a> substrates, such as <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> from triglyceride breakdown, and is particularly important in <a href="/wiki/Carnivore" title="Carnivore">carnivores</a> and certain <a href="/wiki/Herbivore" title="Herbivore">herbivores</a>. Enhancing the expression of <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzymes</a> involved in gluconeogenesis is probably the best-known metabolic function of glucocorticoids.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Mobilization of <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a> from <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/extrahepatic" class="extiw" title="wikt:extrahepatic">extrahepatic</a> tissues: These serve as substrates for gluconeogenesis.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Inhibition of glucose uptake in muscle and <a href="/wiki/Adipose" class="mw-redirect" title="Adipose">adipose</a> tissue: A mechanism to conserve glucose<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Stimulation of <a href="/wiki/Fat_breakdown" class="mw-redirect" title="Fat breakdown">fat breakdown</a> in adipose tissue: The fatty acids released by <a href="/wiki/Lipolysis" title="Lipolysis">lipolysis</a> are used for production of energy in tissues like muscle, and the released <a href="/wiki/Glycerol" title="Glycerol">glycerol</a> provide another substrate for gluconeogenesis.</li> <li>Increase in sodium retention and potassium excretion leads to hypernatremia and hypokalemia<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increase in hemoglobin concentration, likely due to hindrance of the ingestion of red blood cell by macrophage or other phagocyte.<sup id="cite_ref-Pelt_2011_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pelt_2011-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increased urinary uric acid<sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_1994_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky_1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Increased urinary calcium and hypocalcemia<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9723618_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9723618-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Alkalosis<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19401723_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19401723-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Leukocytosis<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9683321_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9683321-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Excessive glucocorticoid levels resulting from administration as a drug or <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">hyperadrenocorticism</a> have effects on many systems. Some examples include inhibition of bone formation, suppression of calcium absorption (both of which can lead to <a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>), delayed wound healing, muscle weakness, and increased risk of infection. These observations suggest a multitude of less-dramatic physiologic roles for glucocorticoids.<sup id="cite_ref-Pazirandeh_2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pazirandeh_2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developmental">Developmental</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Developmental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids have multiple effects on fetal development. An important example is their role in promoting maturation of the lung and production of the <a href="/wiki/Surfactant" title="Surfactant">surfactant</a> necessary for extrauterine lung function. Mice with <a href="/wiki/Homozygous" class="mw-redirect" title="Homozygous">homozygous</a> disruptions in the <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticotropin">corticotropin</a>-releasing hormone gene (see below) die at birth due to pulmonary immaturity. In addition, glucocorticoids are necessary for normal brain development, by initiating terminal maturation, remodeling axons and dendrites, and affecting cell survival<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19401723_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19401723-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and may also play a role in <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoids_in_Hippocampal_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucocorticoids in Hippocampal Development">hippocampal development</a>. Glucocorticoids stimulate the maturation of the Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>/ATPase, nutrient transporters, and digestion enzymes, promoting the development of a functioning gastro-intestinal system. Glucocorticoids also support the development of the neonate's renal system by increasing glomerular filtration.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arousal_and_cognition">Arousal and cognition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arousal and cognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YerkesDodsonLawGraph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A graphical representation of the Yerkes–Dodson curve" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/YerkesDodsonLawGraph.png/220px-YerkesDodsonLawGraph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/YerkesDodsonLawGraph.png/330px-YerkesDodsonLawGraph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/YerkesDodsonLawGraph.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption> A graphical representation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerkes%E2%80%93Dodson_curve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yerkes–Dodson curve (page does not exist)">Yerkes–Dodson curve</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Glucocorticoids act on the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frontal_lobes" class="mw-redirect" title="Frontal lobes">frontal lobes</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a>, these enhance the formation of <a href="/wiki/Flashbulb_memories" class="mw-redirect" title="Flashbulb memories">flashbulb memories</a> of events associated with strong emotions, both positive and negative.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9683321_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9683321-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This has been confirmed in studies, whereby blockade of either glucocorticoids or noradrenaline activity impaired the recall of emotionally relevant information. Additional sources have shown subjects whose fear learning was accompanied by high cortisol levels had better consolidation of this memory (this effect was more important in men).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="The cited source is a bit outdated: 1998 (September 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The effect that glucocorticoids have on memory may be due to damage specifically to the CA1 area of the hippocampal formation. </p><p>In multiple animal studies, prolonged stress (causing prolonged increases in glucocorticoid levels) have shown destruction of the neurons in the hippocampus area of the brain, which has been connected to lower memory performance.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid11461709_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid11461709-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sapolsky_1994_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapolsky_1994-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glucocorticoids have also been shown to have a significant impact on <a href="/wiki/Alertness" title="Alertness">vigilance</a> (<a href="/wiki/Attention_deficit_disorder" class="mw-redirect" title="Attention deficit disorder">attention deficit disorder</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cognition" title="Cognition">cognition</a> (memory). This appears to follow the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yerkes%E2%80%93Dodson_curve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yerkes–Dodson curve (page does not exist)">Yerkes–Dodson curve</a>, as studies have shown circulating levels of glucocorticoids vs. memory performance follow an upside-down U pattern, much like the Yerkes–Dodson curve. For example, <a href="/wiki/Long-term_potentiation" title="Long-term potentiation">long-term potentiation</a> (LTP; the process of forming long-term memories) is optimal when glucocorticoid levels are mildly elevated, whereas significant decreases of LTP are observed after adrenalectomy (low-glucocorticoid state) or after exogenous glucocorticoid administration (high-glucocorticoid state). Elevated levels of glucocorticoids enhance memory for emotionally arousing events, but lead more often than not to poor memory for material unrelated to the source of stress/emotional arousal.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid17466428_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17466428-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast to the dose-dependent enhancing effects of glucocorticoids on memory consolidation, these stress hormones have been shown to inhibit the retrieval of already stored information.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid9723618_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid9723618-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Long-term exposure to glucocorticoid medications, such as asthma and anti-inflammatory medication, has been shown to create deficits in memory and attention both during and, to a lesser extent, after treatment,<sup id="cite_ref-Wolkowitz2001_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wolkowitz2001-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sacks2005_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacks2005-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a condition known as "<a href="/wiki/Steroid_dementia_syndrome" title="Steroid dementia syndrome">steroid dementia</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-varney1984_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-varney1984-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_fluid_homeostasis">Body fluid homeostasis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Body fluid homeostasis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids could act centrally, as well as peripherally, to assist in the normalization of extracellular fluid volume by regulating body's action to <a href="/wiki/Atrial_natriuretic_peptide" title="Atrial natriuretic peptide">atrial natriuretic peptide</a> (ANP). Centrally, glucocorticoids could inhibit dehydration-induced water intake;<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21187974_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21187974-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> peripherally, glucocorticoids could induce a potent diuresis.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21737535_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21737535-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism_of_action">Mechanism of action</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Mechanism of action"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transactivation">Transactivation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Transactivation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids bind to the cytosolic <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">glucocorticoid receptor</a>, a type of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_receptor" title="Nuclear receptor">nuclear receptor</a> that is activated by <a href="/wiki/Ligand" title="Ligand">ligand</a> binding. After a hormone binds to the corresponding receptor, the newly formed complex <a href="/wiki/Protein_translocation" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein translocation">translocates</a> itself into the <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">cell nucleus</a>, where it binds to <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_response_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Glucocorticoid response elements">glucocorticoid response elements</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Promoter_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Promoter (biology)">promoter</a> region of the target <a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">genes</a> resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Regulation_of_gene_expression" title="Regulation of gene expression">regulation of gene expression</a>. This process is commonly referred to as transcriptional activation, or <a href="/wiki/Transactivation" title="Transactivation">transactivation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Revollo2009_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revollo2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton2007_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The proteins encoded by these up-regulated genes have a wide range of effects, including, for example:<sup id="cite_ref-Newton2007_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatory</a> – <a href="/wiki/Annexin" title="Annexin">lipocortin I</a>, <a href="/wiki/S100A10" title="S100A10">p11/calpactin binding protein</a>, secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor 1 (<a href="/wiki/SLPI" title="SLPI">SLPI</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Mitogen-activated_protein_kinase" title="Mitogen-activated protein kinase">Mitogen-activated protein kinase</a> <a href="/wiki/Phosphatase" title="Phosphatase">phosphatase</a> (<a href="/wiki/MAPK_phosphatase" title="MAPK phosphatase">MAPK phosphatase</a>)</li> <li>Increased <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a> – <a href="/wiki/Glucose_6-phosphatase" title="Glucose 6-phosphatase">glucose 6-phosphatase</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrosine_aminotransferase" title="Tyrosine aminotransferase">tyrosine aminotransferase</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transrepression">Transrepression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Transrepression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The opposite mechanism is called transcriptional repression, or <a href="/wiki/Transrepression" title="Transrepression">transrepression</a>. The classical understanding of this mechanism is that activated glucocorticoid receptor binds to DNA in the same site where another <a href="/wiki/Transcription_factor" title="Transcription factor">transcription factor</a> would bind, which prevents the <a href="/wiki/Transcription_(genetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcription (genetics)">transcription</a> of genes that are transcribed via the activity of that factor.<sup id="cite_ref-Revollo2009_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revollo2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton2007_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this does occur, the results are not consistent for all cell types and conditions; there is no generally accepted, general mechanism for transrepression.<sup id="cite_ref-Newton2007_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New mechanisms are being discovered where transcription is repressed, but the activated glucocorticoid receptor is not interacting with DNA, but rather with another transcription factor directly, thus interfering with it, or with other proteins that interfere with the function of other transcription factors. This latter mechanism appears to be the most likely way that activated glucocorticoid receptor interferes with <a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a> – namely by recruiting <a href="/wiki/Histone_deacetylase" title="Histone deacetylase">histone deacetylase</a>, which deacetylate the DNA in the promoter region leading to closing of the chromatin structure where NF-κB needs to bind.<sup id="cite_ref-Revollo2009_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revollo2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton2007_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nongenomic_effects">Nongenomic effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Nongenomic effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Activated glucocorticoid receptor has effects that have been experimentally shown to be independent of any effects on transcription and can only be due to direct binding of activated glucocorticoid receptor with other proteins or with mRNA.<sup id="cite_ref-Revollo2009_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revollo2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Newton2007_20-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Newton2007-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, <a href="/wiki/Src_kinase" class="mw-redirect" title="Src kinase">Src kinase</a> which binds to inactive glucocorticoid receptor, is released when a glucocorticoid binds to glucocorticoid receptor, and phosphorylates a protein that in turn displaces an adaptor protein from a receptor important in inflammation, <a href="/wiki/Epidermal_growth_factor" title="Epidermal growth factor">epidermal growth factor</a>, reducing its activity, which in turn results in reduced creation of <a href="/wiki/Arachidonic_acid" title="Arachidonic acid">arachidonic acid</a> – a key proinflammatory molecule. This is one mechanism by which glucocorticoids have an anti-inflammatory effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Revollo2009_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Revollo2009-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pharmacology">Pharmacology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pharmacology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dexamethasone_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dexamethasone_structure.svg/250px-Dexamethasone_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dexamethasone_structure.svg/375px-Dexamethasone_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Dexamethasone_structure.svg/500px-Dexamethasone_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a> – a synthetic glucocorticoid binds more powerfully to the <a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">glucocorticoid receptor</a> than cortisol does. Dexamethasone is based on the cortisol structure but differs at three positions (extra double bond in the A-ring between carbons 1 and 2 and addition of a 9-α-fluoro group and a 16-α-methyl substituent).</figcaption></figure> <p>A variety of synthetic glucocorticoids, some far more potent than cortisol, have been created for therapeutic use. They differ in both <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> (absorption factor, half-life, volume of distribution, clearance) and <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">pharmacodynamics</a> (for example the capacity of <a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">mineralocorticoid</a> activity: retention of <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a> (Na<sup>+</sup>) and <a href="/wiki/Water_(molecule)" class="mw-redirect" title="Water (molecule)">water</a>; <a href="/wiki/Renal_physiology#Maintaining_body_sodium_and_water_balance" title="Renal physiology">renal physiology</a>). Because they permeate the <a href="/wiki/Intestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestine">intestines</a> easily, they are administered primarily <i>per os</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">by mouth</a>), but also by other methods, such as <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topically</a> on <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a>. More than 90% of them bind different <a href="/wiki/Plasma_proteins" class="mw-redirect" title="Plasma proteins">plasma proteins</a>, though with a different binding specificity. Endogenous glucocorticoids and some synthetic corticoids have high affinity to the protein <a href="/wiki/Transcortin" title="Transcortin">transcortin</a> (also called corticosteroid-binding globulin), whereas all of them bind <a href="/wiki/Serum_albumin" title="Serum albumin">albumin</a>. In the liver, they quickly metabolize by conjugation with a <a href="/wiki/Sulfate" title="Sulfate">sulfate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Glucuronic_acid" title="Glucuronic acid">glucuronic acid</a>, and are secreted in the <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Glucocorticoid potency, duration of effect, and the overlapping mineralocorticoid potency vary. <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a> is the standard of comparison for glucocorticoid potency. <a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">Hydrocortisone</a> is the name used for pharmaceutical preparations of cortisol.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The data below refer to oral administration. Oral potency may be less than <a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">parenteral</a> potency because significant amounts (up to 50% in some cases) may not reach the circulation. <a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludrocortisone acetate">Fludrocortisone acetate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Deoxycorticosterone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxycorticosterone acetate">deoxycorticosterone acetate</a> are, by definition, mineralocorticoids rather than glucocorticoids, but they do have minor glucocorticoid potency and are included in this table to provide perspective on mineralocorticoid potency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparative oral corticosteroid potencies<sup id="cite_ref-ChrousosPavlaki2000_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChrousosPavlaki2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Glucocorticoid potency </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoid</a> potency </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Terminal_half-life" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal half-life">Terminal half-life</a> (hours) </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>) </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a> </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>8 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a> </td> <td>3.5–5 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>16–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>16–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Methylprednisolone" title="Methylprednisolone">Methylprednisolone</a> </td> <td>5–7.5 </td> <td>0.5 </td> <td>18–40 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a> </td> <td>25–80 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>36–54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone</a> </td> <td>25–30 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>36–54 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone" title="Triamcinolone">Triamcinolone</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>12–36 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deflazacort" title="Deflazacort">Deflazacort</a> </td> <td>6.5 </td> <td>– </td> <td>1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludrocortisone acetate">Fludrocortisone acetate</a> </td> <td>15 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>24 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Deoxycorticosterone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deoxycorticosterone acetate">Deoxycorticosterone acetate</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>20 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a> </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>200–1000 </td> <td>– </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone" title="Beclometasone">Beclometasone</a> </td> <td>8 sprays 4 times every day equivalent to orally 14 mg prednisone once a day </td> <td>– </td> <td>– </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Characteristics of Synthetic Glucocorticoids </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Synthetic Glucocorticoid </th> <th>Equivalent Dose (mg) </th> <th>Anti-inflammatory Activity<sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Mineralocorticoid Activity<sup>1</sup> </th> <th>Biological Half Life (hrs) </th> <th>References </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><i><b>Short-to medium-acting glucocorticoids</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hydrocortisone </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1 </td> <td>8–12 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Cortisone </td> <td>25 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>0.8 </td> <td>8–12 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prednisone </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>12–36 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prednisolone </td> <td>5 </td> <td>4–5 </td> <td>0.3 </td> <td>12–36 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Methylprednisolone </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0.25–0.5 </td> <td>12–36 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Meprednisone </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><i><b>Intermediate-acting glucocorticoids</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Triamcinolone </td> <td>4 </td> <td>5 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>12–36 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Paramethasone </td> <td>2 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>N/A </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fluprednisolone </td> <td>1.5 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>0 </td> <td> </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><i><b>Long-acting glucocorticoids</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Betamethasone </td> <td>0.6 </td> <td>25–40 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>36–72 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Fietta_2009_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fietta_2009-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dexamethasone </td> <td>0.75 </td> <td>30 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>36–72 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><i><b>Mineralocorticoids</b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fludrocortisone </td> <td>2 </td> <td>10 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>18–36 </td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-Katzung_2012_25-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katzung_2012-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paragliola_2017_26-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paragliola_2017-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Desoxycorticosterone acetate </td> <td> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>20 </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td colspan="6" style="width: 1px;"><sup>1</sup> Activity is relative to hydrocortisone </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Therapeutic_use">Therapeutic use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Therapeutic use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids may be used in low doses in <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">adrenal insufficiency</a>. In much higher doses, oral or inhaled glucocorticoids are used to suppress various <a href="/wiki/Allergy" title="Allergy">allergic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a>, and autoimmune disorders. Inhaled glucocorticoids are the second-line treatment for <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>. They are also administered as post-transplantory immunosuppressants to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Transplant_rejection" title="Transplant rejection">acute transplant rejection</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Graft-versus-host_disease" title="Graft-versus-host disease">graft-versus-host disease</a>. Nevertheless, they do not prevent an infection and also inhibit later <a href="/wiki/Regeneration_(biology)" title="Regeneration (biology)">reparative processes</a>. Newly emerging evidence showed that glucocorticoids could be used in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Heart_failure" title="Heart failure">heart failure</a> to increase the renal responsiveness to diuretics and natriuretic peptides. Glucocorticoids are historically used for pain relief in <a href="/wiki/Inflammation" title="Inflammation">inflammatory</a> conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid22942324_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid22942324-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25908299_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25908299-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25187570_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25187570-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, corticosteroids show limited efficacy in pain relief and potential adverse events for their use in <a href="/wiki/Tendinopathy" title="Tendinopathy">tendinopathies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mohamadi_232–243_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohamadi_232–243-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Replacement">Replacement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Replacement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Any glucocorticoid can be given in a dose that provides approximately the same glucocorticoid effects as normal <a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a> production; this is referred to as physiologic, replacement, or maintenance dosing. This is approximately 6–12 mg/m<sup>2</sup>/day of hydrocortisone (m<sup>2</sup> refers to <a href="/wiki/Body_surface_area" title="Body surface area">body surface area</a> (BSA), and is a measure of body size; an average man's BSA is 1.9 m<sup>2</sup>).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Therapeutic_immunosuppression">Therapeutic immunosuppression</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Therapeutic immunosuppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See section on "Immunodeficiency" below for adverse effects</div> <p>Glucocorticoids cause <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a>, and the therapeutic component of this effect is mainly the decreases in the function and numbers of <a href="/wiki/Lymphocyte" title="Lymphocyte">lymphocytes</a>, including both <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>. </p><p>The major mechanism for this immunosuppression is through inhibition of nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (<a href="/wiki/NF-%CE%BAB" title="NF-κB">NF-κB</a>). NF-κB is a critical transcription factor involved in the synthesis of many mediators (i.e., cytokines) and proteins (i.e., adhesion proteins) that promote the immune response. Inhibition of this transcription factor, therefore, blunts the capacity of the immune system to mount a response.<sup id="cite_ref-RhenNEJM_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RhenNEJM-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glucocorticoids suppress <a href="/wiki/Cell-mediated_immunity" title="Cell-mediated immunity">cell-mediated immunity</a> by inhibiting genes that code for the cytokines <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Interleukin 1">IL-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_2" title="Interleukin 2">IL-2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_3" title="Interleukin 3">IL-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_4" title="Interleukin 4">IL-4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_5" title="Interleukin 5">IL-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_6" title="Interleukin 6">IL-6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interleukin_8" title="Interleukin 8">IL-8</a> and IFN-γ, the most important of which is IL-2. Smaller <a href="/wiki/Cytokine" title="Cytokine">cytokine</a> production reduces the <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cell</a> proliferation.<sup id="cite_ref-LeungBloom_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeungBloom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glucocorticoids, however, not only reduce T cell proliferation, but also lead to another well known effect – glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis. The effect is more prominent in immature T cells still inside in the thymus, but peripheral T cells are also affected. The exact mechanism regulating this glucocorticoid sensitivity lies in the <a href="/wiki/Bcl-2" title="Bcl-2">Bcl-2</a> gene.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glucocorticoids also suppress the <a href="/wiki/Humoral_immunity" title="Humoral immunity">humoral immunity</a>, thereby causing a <a href="/wiki/Humoral_immune_deficiency" title="Humoral immune deficiency">humoral immune deficiency</a>. Glucocorticoids cause <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a> to express smaller amounts of IL-2 and of <a href="/wiki/IL-2_receptor" title="IL-2 receptor">IL-2 receptors</a>. This diminishes both B cell clone expansion and <a href="/wiki/Antibody" title="Antibody">antibody</a> synthesis. The diminished amounts of IL-2 also cause fewer T lymphocyte cells to be activated. </p><p>The effect of glucocorticoids on <a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptor</a> expression in immune cells is complicated. Dexamethasone decreases <a href="/wiki/IFN-gamma" class="mw-redirect" title="IFN-gamma">IFN-gamma</a> stimulated <a href="/wiki/FCGR1A" title="FCGR1A">Fc gamma RI</a> expression in <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a> while conversely causing an increase in <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid2141616_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2141616-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glucocorticoids may also decrease the expression of Fc receptors in macrophages,<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1829095_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1829095-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the evidence supporting this regulation in earlier studies has been questioned.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The effect of <a href="/wiki/Fc_receptor" title="Fc receptor">Fc receptor</a> expression in <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a> is important since it is necessary for the <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Opsonin" title="Opsonin">opsonised</a> cells. This is because Fc receptors bind <a href="/wiki/Antibodies" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibodies">antibodies</a> attached to cells targeted for destruction by macrophages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Anti-inflammatory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids are potent anti-inflammatories, regardless of the inflammation's cause; their primary anti-inflammatory mechanism is <a href="/wiki/Lipocortin-1" class="mw-redirect" title="Lipocortin-1">lipocortin-1</a> (annexin-1) synthesis. Lipocortin-1 both suppresses <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">phospholipase A2</a>, thereby blocking <a href="/wiki/Eicosanoid" title="Eicosanoid">eicosanoid</a> production, and inhibits various <a href="/wiki/Leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukocyte">leukocyte</a> inflammatory events (<a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial</a> <a href="/wiki/Cell_adhesion" title="Cell adhesion">adhesion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emigration" title="Emigration">emigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemotaxis" title="Chemotaxis">chemotaxis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytosis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_burst" title="Respiratory burst">respiratory burst</a>, etc.). In other words, glucocorticoids not only suppress immune response, but also inhibit the two main products of inflammation, <a href="/wiki/Prostaglandins" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostaglandins">prostaglandins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leukotrienes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukotrienes">leukotrienes</a>. They inhibit prostaglandin synthesis at the level of <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_A2" title="Phospholipase A2">phospholipase A2</a> as well as at the level of <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenase</a>/PGE isomerase (COX-1 and COX-2),<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter effect being much like that of <a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">NSAIDs</a>, thus potentiating the anti-inflammatory effect. </p><p>In addition, glucocorticoids also suppress <a href="/wiki/Cyclooxygenase" title="Cyclooxygenase">cyclooxygenase</a> expression.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Glucocorticoids marketed as anti-inflammatories are often topical formulations, such as nasal sprays for <a href="/wiki/Rhinitis" title="Rhinitis">rhinitis</a> or <a href="/wiki/Inhalers" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalers">inhalers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a>. These preparations have the advantage of only affecting the targeted area, thereby reducing side effects or potential interactions. In this case, the main compounds used are <a href="/wiki/Beclometasone" title="Beclometasone">beclometasone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">budesonide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluticasone" title="Fluticasone">fluticasone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">mometasone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ciclesonide" title="Ciclesonide">ciclesonide</a>. In rhinitis, sprays are used. For asthma, glucocorticoids are administered as <a href="/wiki/Inhalant" title="Inhalant">inhalants</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">metered-dose</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dry_powder_inhaler" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry powder inhaler">dry powder inhaler</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lange6th_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lange6th-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In rare cases, symptoms of <a href="/wiki/Radiation-induced_thyroiditis" title="Radiation-induced thyroiditis">radiation induced thyroiditis</a> has been treated with oral glucocorticoids.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hyperaldosteronism">Hyperaldosteronism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hyperaldosteronism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids can be used in the management of <a href="/wiki/Familial_hyperaldosteronism_type_1" class="mw-redirect" title="Familial hyperaldosteronism type 1">familial hyperaldosteronism type 1</a>. They are not effective, however, for use in the type 2 condition.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heart_failure">Heart failure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Heart failure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids could be used in the treatment of decompensated heart failure to potentiate renal responsiveness to diuretics, especially in heart failure patients with refractory diuretic resistance with large doses of loop diuretics.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid14435747_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid14435747-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid13520608_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13520608-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid13632954_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid13632954-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid18971570_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid18971570-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17876376_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17876376-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid17086096_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid17086096-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid21406321_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21406321-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Resistance">Resistance</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Corticosteroid_resistance_mechanisms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Corticosteroid_resistance_mechanisms.svg/400px-Corticosteroid_resistance_mechanisms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Corticosteroid_resistance_mechanisms.svg/600px-Corticosteroid_resistance_mechanisms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Corticosteroid_resistance_mechanisms.svg/800px-Corticosteroid_resistance_mechanisms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="897" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>Corticosteroid resistance mechanisms</figcaption></figure> <p>Resistance to the therapeutic uses of glucocorticoids can present difficulty; for instance, 25% of cases of severe <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthma</a> may be unresponsive to steroids. This may be the result of genetic predisposition, ongoing exposure to the cause of the inflammation (such as <a href="/wiki/Allergen" title="Allergen">allergens</a>), immunological phenomena that bypass glucocorticoids, pharmacokinetic disturbances (incomplete absorption or accelerated excretion or metabolism) and viral and/or bacterial respiratory infections.<sup id="cite_ref-LeungBloom_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LeungBloom-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Side_effects">Side effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Side effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoid drugs currently being used act nonselectively, so in the long run they may impair many healthy anabolic processes. To prevent this, much research has been focused recently on the elaboration of selectively acting glucocorticoid drugs. Side effects include: </p> <ul><li>Immunodeficiency (see section below)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyperglycemia" title="Hyperglycemia">Hyperglycemia</a> due to increased <a href="/wiki/Gluconeogenesis" title="Gluconeogenesis">gluconeogenesis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insulin_resistance" title="Insulin resistance">insulin resistance</a>, and impaired glucose tolerance ("<a href="/wiki/Steroid_diabetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid diabetes">steroid diabetes</a>"); caution in those with <a href="/wiki/Diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetes mellitus">diabetes mellitus</a></li> <li>Increased <a href="/wiki/Skin" title="Skin">skin</a> fragility, easy <a href="/wiki/Bruise" title="Bruise">bruising</a></li> <li>Negative calcium balance due to reduced intestinal calcium absorption<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8495275_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8495275-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid-induced_osteoporosis" title="Steroid-induced osteoporosis">Steroid-induced osteoporosis</a>: reduced <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> density (<a href="/wiki/Osteoporosis" title="Osteoporosis">osteoporosis</a>, osteonecrosis, higher fracture risk, slower fracture repair)</li> <li>Weight gain due to increased visceral and truncal <a href="/wiki/Adipose_tissue" title="Adipose tissue">fat</a> deposition (<a href="/wiki/Central_obesity" class="mw-redirect" title="Central obesity">central obesity</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Appetite" title="Appetite">appetite</a> stimulation; see <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid-induced_lipodystrophy" title="Corticosteroid-induced lipodystrophy">corticosteroid-induced lipodystrophy</a></li> <li>Hypercortisolemia with prolonged or excessive use (also known as, exogenous <a href="/wiki/Cushing%27s_syndrome" title="Cushing's syndrome">Cushing's syndrome</a>)</li> <li>Impaired memory and attention deficits<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8960717_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8960717-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> See <a href="/wiki/Steroid_dementia_syndrome" title="Steroid dementia syndrome">steroid dementia syndrome</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">Adrenal insufficiency</a> (if used for long time and stopped suddenly without a taper)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">Muscle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tendon" title="Tendon">tendon</a> breakdown (proteolysis), weakness, reduced muscle mass and repair<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mohamadi_232–243_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mohamadi_232–243-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Expansion of malar fat pads and dilation of small <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a> in skin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipomatosis" title="Lipomatosis">Lipomatosis</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Epidural_space" title="Epidural space">epidural space</a><sup id="cite_ref-pmid10707048_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10707048-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Excitatory effect on <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> (euphoria, psychosis)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anovulation" title="Anovulation">Anovulation</a>, irregularity of <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual periods</a></li> <li>Growth failure, <a href="/wiki/Delayed_puberty" title="Delayed puberty">delayed puberty</a></li> <li>Increased plasma <a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid">amino acids</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Urea" title="Urea">urea</a> formation, negative nitrogen balance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">Glaucoma</a> due to increased ocular pressure</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataracts" class="mw-redirect" title="Cataracts">Cataracts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid_withdrawal" title="Topical steroid withdrawal">Topical steroid withdrawal</a></li></ul> <p>In high doses, hydrocortisone (cortisol) and those glucocorticoids with appreciable mineralocorticoid potency can exert a mineralocorticoid effect as well, although in physiologic doses this is prevented by rapid degradation of cortisol by <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid_11-beta-dehydrogenase_isozyme_2" title="Corticosteroid 11-beta-dehydrogenase isozyme 2">11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase isoenzyme 2</a> (<a href="/wiki/Protein:HSD11B2" class="mw-redirect" title="Protein:HSD11B2">11β-HSD2</a>) in mineralocorticoid target tissues. Mineralocorticoid effects can include salt and water retention, <a href="/wiki/Extracellular_fluid" title="Extracellular fluid">extracellular fluid</a> volume expansion, <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> depletion, and <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_alkalosis" title="Metabolic alkalosis">metabolic alkalosis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immunodeficiency">Immunodeficiency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Immunodeficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Glucocorticoids cause <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppression" title="Immunosuppression">immunosuppression</a>, decreasing the function and/or numbers of <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil" title="Neutrophil">neutrophils</a>, lymphocytes (including both <a href="/wiki/B_cell" title="B cell">B cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/T_cell" title="T cell">T cells</a>), <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Skin_barrier" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin barrier">anatomical barrier</a> function of the skin.<sup id="cite_ref-Klein2001_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein2001-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This suppression, if large enough, can cause manifestations of <a href="/wiki/Immunodeficiency" title="Immunodeficiency">immunodeficiency</a>, including <a href="/wiki/T_cell_deficiency" title="T cell deficiency">T cell deficiency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humoral_immune_deficiency" title="Humoral immune deficiency">humoral immune deficiency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutropenia" title="Neutropenia">neutropenia</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Main <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a> of concern in glucocorticoid-induced immunodeficiency:<sup id="cite_ref-Klein2001_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klein2001-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Bacteria</a> </th> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterobacteriaceae" title="Enterobacteriaceae">Enterobacteriaceae</a> including <a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a> species</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Legionella_micdadei" title="Legionella micdadei">Legionella micdadei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium_tuberculosis" title="Mycobacterium tuberculosis">Mycobacterium tuberculosis</a></i></li> <li>Nontuberculous <i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Mycobacteria">mycobacteria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nocardia_asteroides" title="Nocardia asteroides">Nocardia asteroides</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rhodococcus_equi" title="Rhodococcus equi">Rhodococcus equi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Streptococci">Streptococci</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">Fungi</a> </th> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aspergillus" title="Aspergillus">Aspergillus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Blastomyces" title="Blastomyces">Blastomyces</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Candida_(fungus)" title="Candida (fungus)">Candida species</a> including <a href="/wiki/Candida_albicans" title="Candida albicans">Candida albicans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coccidioides_immitis" title="Coccidioides immitis">Coccidioides immitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryptococcus_neoformans" title="Cryptococcus neoformans">Cryptococcus neoformans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusarium" title="Fusarium">Fusarium</a></i> species</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Histoplasma_capsulatum" title="Histoplasma capsulatum">Histoplasma capsulatum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Talaromyces_marneffei" title="Talaromyces marneffei">Talaromyces marneffei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pneumocystis_jirovecii" title="Pneumocystis jirovecii">Pneumocystis jirovecii</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pseudallescheria_boydii" title="Pseudallescheria boydii">Pseudallescheria boydii</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygomycosis" title="Zygomycosis">Zygomycosis</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_virus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenic virus">Viruses</a> </th> <td> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adenovirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenovirus">Adenovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cytomegalovirus" title="Cytomegalovirus">Cytomegalovirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herpes_simplex_virus" title="Herpes simplex virus">Herpes simplex virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Human_papillomavirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Human papillomavirus">Human papillomavirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a></i>/<i><a href="/wiki/Parainfluenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Parainfluenza">parainfluenza</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_syncytial_virus" title="Respiratory syncytial virus">Respiratory syncytial virus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Varicella_zoster" class="mw-redirect" title="Varicella zoster">Varicella zoster</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Other </th> <td> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptosporidiosis" title="Cryptosporidiosis">Cryptosporidiosis</a>/<i><a href="/wiki/Isospora_belli" class="mw-redirect" title="Isospora belli">Isospora belli</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strongyloides_stercoralis" title="Strongyloides stercoralis">Strongyloides stercoralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toxoplasma_gondii" title="Toxoplasma gondii">Toxoplasma gondii</a></i></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Withdrawal">Withdrawal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Withdrawal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Medical_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs more <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Identifying_reliable_sources_(medicine)" title="Wikipedia:Identifying reliable sources (medicine)">reliable medical references</a> for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a> or relies too heavily on <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Primary sources">primary sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please review the contents of the article and <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit">add the appropriate references</a> if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. <small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Glucocorticoid%22">"Glucocorticoid"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Glucocorticoid%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Glucocorticoid%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Glucocorticoid%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Glucocorticoid%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Glucocorticoid%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2018</span>)</i></span></div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/52px-Star_of_life.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/77px-Star_of_life.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Star_of_life.svg/103px-Star_of_life.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="192" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In addition to the effects listed above, use of high-dose glucocorticoids for only a few days begins to produce suppression of the patient's <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal glands">adrenal glands</a> suppressing hypothalamic <a href="/wiki/Corticotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Corticotropin-releasing hormone">corticotropin-releasing hormone</a> (CRH) leading to suppressed production of <a href="/wiki/Adrenocorticotropic_hormone" title="Adrenocorticotropic hormone">adrenocorticotropic hormone</a> (ACTH) by the anterior pituitary.<sup id="cite_ref-ChrousosPavlaki2000_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ChrousosPavlaki2000-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With prolonged suppression, the adrenal glands atrophy (physically shrink), and can take months to recover full function after discontinuation of the exogenous glucocorticoid. </p><p>During this recovery time, the patient is vulnerable to <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_insufficiency" title="Adrenal insufficiency">adrenal insufficiency</a> during times of stress, such as illness. While suppressive dose and time for adrenal recovery vary widely, clinical guidelines have been devised to estimate potential adrenal suppression and recovery, to reduce risk to the patient. The following is one example: </p> <ul><li>If patients have been receiving daily high doses for five days or less, they can be abruptly stopped (or reduced to physiologic replacement if patients are adrenal-deficient). Full adrenal recovery can be assumed to occur by a week afterward.</li> <li>If high doses were used for six to 10 days, reduce to replacement dose immediately and taper over four more days. Adrenal recovery can be assumed to occur within two to four weeks of completion of steroids.</li> <li>If high doses were used for 11–30 days, cut immediately to twice replacement, and then by 25% every four days. Stop entirely when dose is less than half of replacement. Full adrenal recovery should occur within one to three months of completion of withdrawal.</li> <li>If high doses were used more than 30 days, cut dose immediately to twice replacement, and reduce by 25% each week until replacement is reached. Then change to oral hydrocortisone or cortisone as a single morning dose, and gradually decrease by 2.5 mg each week. When the morning dose is less than replacement, the return of normal basal adrenal function may be documented by checking 0800 cortisol levels prior to the morning dose; stop drugs when 0800 cortisol is 10 μg/dl. Predicting the time to full adrenal recovery after prolonged suppressive exogenous steroids is difficult; some people may take nearly a year.</li> <li>Flare-up of the underlying condition for which steroids are given may require a more gradual taper than outlined above.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroids" title="List of corticosteroids">List of corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_cyclic_ketals" title="List of corticosteroid cyclic ketals">List of corticosteroid cyclic ketals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">List of corticosteroid esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a> blocks glucocorticoid secretion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GITR" class="mw-redirect" title="GITR">GITR</a> (glucocorticoid-induced TNF receptor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressive drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Membrane glucocorticoid receptor">Membrane glucocorticoid receptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metyrapone" title="Metyrapone">Metyrapone</a> blocks glucocorticoid secretion</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_glucocorticoid_receptor_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist">Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_glucocorticoids" title="Topical glucocorticoids">Topical glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid" title="Topical steroid">Topical steroid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steroid_atrophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroid atrophy">Steroid atrophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_steroid_addiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical steroid addiction">Topical steroid withdrawal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug</a> (NSAID)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Pelt_2011-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pelt_2011_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelt_2011_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pelt_2011_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free 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.id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPelt2011" class="citation book cs1">Pelt AC (2011). <i>Glucocorticoids: effects, action mechanisms, and 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When endocrinology and spinal surgery meet". <i>Trends in Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>11</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">86–</span>90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1043-2760%2800%2900236-8">10.1016/S1043-2760(00)00236-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10707048">10707048</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31233438">31233438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trends+in+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Do+glucocorticoids+cause+spinal+epidural+lipomatosis%3F+When+endocrinology+and+spinal+surgery+meet&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E86-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2000-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31233438%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10707048&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1043-2760%2800%2900236-8&rft.aulast=Koch&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Doppman%2C+JL&rft.au=Patronas%2C+NJ&rft.au=Nieman%2C+LK&rft.au=Chrousos%2C+GP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucocorticoid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein2001-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2001_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2001_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKleinGoCunha2001" class="citation journal cs1">Klein NC, Go CH, Cunha BA (Jun 2001). 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"Glucocorticoids. Mood, memory, and mechanisms". <i>Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>1179</b>: <span class="nowrap">19–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04980.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04980.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19906230">19906230</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222085554">222085554</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Glucocorticoids.+Mood%2C+memory%2C+and+mechanisms&rft.volume=1179&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E19-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.date=2009-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222085554%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19906230&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04980.x&rft.aulast=Wolkowitz&rft.aufirst=OM&rft.au=Burke%2C+H&rft.au=Epel%2C+ES&rft.au=Reus%2C+VI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlucocorticoid" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?name=Glucocorticoids">Glucocorticoids</a> at the U.S. National Library of Medicine <a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">Medical Subject Headings</a> (MeSH)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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<ul><li><i>stomach acid</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">Antacids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H2_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="H2 antagonist">H<sub>2</sub> antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proton-pump_inhibitor" title="Proton-pump inhibitor">Proton-pump inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiemetic" title="Antiemetic">Antiemetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laxative" title="Laxative">Laxatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidiarrhoeal" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidiarrhoeal">Antidiarrhoeals</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antipropulsive" title="Antipropulsive">Antipropulsives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-obesity_medication" title="Anti-obesity medication">Anti-obesity drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes_medication" title="Diabetes medication">Diabetes medication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamin" title="Vitamin">Vitamins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dietary_mineral" class="mw-redirect" title="Dietary mineral">Dietary minerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blood" title="Blood">blood</a> and blood<br />forming organs (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_B" title="ATC code B">B</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antithrombotic" title="Antithrombotic">Antithrombotics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiplatelet_drug" title="Antiplatelet drug">Antiplatelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticoagulant" title="Anticoagulant">Anticoagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">Thrombolytics / fibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihemorrhagic" title="Antihemorrhagic">Antihemorrhagics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Platelet" title="Platelet">Platelets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coagulation" title="Coagulation">Coagulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifibrinolytic" title="Antifibrinolytic">Antifibrinolytics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">cardiovascular<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_C" title="ATC code C">C</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>cardiac therapy / <a href="/wiki/Antianginal" title="Antianginal">antianginals</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_glycoside" title="Cardiac glycoside">Cardiac glycosides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiarrhythmic_agent" title="Antiarrhythmic agent">Antiarrhythmics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiac_stimulant" title="Cardiac stimulant">Cardiac stimulants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihypertensive_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihypertensive drug">Antihypertensives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diuretic" title="Diuretic">Diuretics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasodilation" title="Vasodilation">Vasodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beta_blocker" title="Beta blocker">Beta blockers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_channel_blocker" title="Calcium channel blocker">Calcium channel blockers</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Renin%E2%80%93angiotensin_system" title="Renin–angiotensin system">renin–angiotensin system</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACE_inhibitor" title="ACE inhibitor">ACE inhibitors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angiotensin_II_receptor_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="Angiotensin II receptor antagonist">Angiotensin II receptor antagonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renin_inhibitor" title="Renin inhibitor">Renin inhibitors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypolipidemic_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypolipidemic agent">Antihyperlipidemics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statin" title="Statin">Statins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibrate" title="Fibrate">Fibrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_acid_sequestrant" title="Bile acid sequestrant">Bile acid sequestrants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D" title="ATC code D">D</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emollient" class="mw-redirect" title="Emollient">Emollients</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicatrizant" class="mw-redirect" title="Cicatrizant">Cicatrizants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipruritic" title="Antipruritic">Antipruritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsoriatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipsoriatic">Antipsoriatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D09" title="ATC code D09">Medicated dressings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">genitourinary<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G" title="ATC code G">G</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hormonal_contraception" title="Hormonal contraception">Hormonal contraception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_medication" title="Fertility medication">Fertility agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_estrogen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective estrogen receptor modulator">Selective estrogen receptor modulators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">endocrine<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H" title="ATC code H">H</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hypothalamic%E2%80%93pituitary_hormone" title="Hypothalamic–pituitary hormone">Hypothalamic–pituitary hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glucocorticoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex hormones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thyroid_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Thyroid hormone">Thyroid hormones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antithyroid_agent" title="Antithyroid agent">Antithyroid agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> and<br /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/infestation" class="extiw" title="wikt:infestation">infestations</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_J" title="ATC code J">J</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_P" title="ATC code P">P</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATCvet_code_QI" title="ATCvet code QI">QI</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial" title="Antimicrobial">Antimicrobials</a>: <a href="/wiki/Antibacterial" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibacterial">Antibacterials</a> (<a href="/wiki/Antimycobacterial" title="Antimycobacterial">Antimycobacterials</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifungal_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifungal drug">Antifungals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiviral_drug" title="Antiviral drug">Antivirals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiparasitic" title="Antiparasitic">Antiparasitics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiprotozoal_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiprotozoal agent">Antiprotozoals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthelmintic" title="Anthelmintic">Anthelmintics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ectoparasiticide" title="Ectoparasiticide">Ectoparasiticides</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_immunoglobulin" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous immunoglobulin">Intravenous immunoglobulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">Vaccines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Malignant" class="mw-redirect" title="Malignant">malignant</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L01–L02</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">Anticancer agents</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antimetabolite" title="Antimetabolite">Antimetabolites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alkylating_antineoplastic_agent" title="Alkylating antineoplastic agent">Alkylating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spindle_poison" title="Spindle poison">Spindle poisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineoplastic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antineoplastic">Antineoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoisomerase_inhibitor" title="Topoisomerase inhibitor">Topoisomerase inhibitors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune</a> disease<br />(<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_L" title="ATC code L">L03–L04</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunomodulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunomodulator">Immunomodulators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immunostimulant" title="Immunostimulant">Immunostimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">Immunosuppressants</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bones</a>,<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">joints</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_M" title="ATC code M">M</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-inflammatory" title="Anti-inflammatory">Anti-inflammatories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-steroidal_anti-inflammatory_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug">Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disease-modifying_antirheumatic_drug" title="Disease-modifying antirheumatic drug">Antirheumatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscle_relaxant" title="Muscle relaxant">Muscle relaxants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphosphonate" title="Bisphosphonate">Bisphosphonates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human_brain" title="Human brain">brain</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Nervous_system" title="Nervous system">nervous system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_N" title="ATC code N">N</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analgesic" title="Analgesic">Analgesics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic" title="Anesthetic">Anesthetics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_anaesthetic" title="General anaesthetic">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_anesthetic" title="Local anesthetic">Local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anorectic" title="Anorectic">Anorectics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antihyperkinetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Antihyperkinetic">Anti-ADHD agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Addiction_medicine" title="Addiction medicine">Antiaddictives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anticonvulsant" title="Anticonvulsant">Anticonvulsants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidementia_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidementia drug">Antidementia agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antidepressant" title="Antidepressant">Antidepressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimigraine_drug" title="Antimigraine drug">Antimigraine agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Management_of_Parkinson%27s_disease#Medication" title="Management of Parkinson's disease">Antiparkinson agents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">Antipsychotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anxiolytic" title="Anxiolytic">Anxiolytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aphrodisiac" title="Aphrodisiac">Aphrodisiacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depressant" title="Depressant">Depressants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entactogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Entactogen">Entactogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphoria" title="Euphoria">Euphoriants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelics,_dissociatives_and_deliriants" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychedelics, dissociatives and deliriants">Hallucinogens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_drug" title="Psychedelic drug">Psychedelics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissociative" title="Dissociative">Dissociatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliriant" title="Deliriant">Deliriants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypnotic" title="Hypnotic">Hypnotics</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sedative" title="Sedative">Sedatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mood_stabilizer" title="Mood stabilizer">Mood stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motivation-enhancing_drug" title="Motivation-enhancing drug">Motivation-enhancing drug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroprotective" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroprotective">Neuroprotectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootropic" title="Nootropic">Nootropics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neurotoxin" title="Neurotoxin">Neurotoxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orexigenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Orexigenic">Orexigenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serenic" title="Serenic">Serenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimulant" title="Stimulant">Stimulants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakefulness-promoting_agent" title="Wakefulness-promoting agent">Wakefulness-promoting agents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory<br />system</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_R" title="ATC code R">R</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">Decongestants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronchodilator" title="Bronchodilator">Bronchodilators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cough_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cough medicine">Cough medicines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H1_antagonist" title="H1 antagonist">H<sub>1</sub> antagonists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sense" title="Sense">sensory organs</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_S" title="ATC code S">S</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology" title="Ophthalmology">Ophthalmologicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otology" title="Otology">Otologicals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">other <a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_V" title="ATC code V">V</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antidote" title="Antidote">Antidotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Contrast medium">Contrast media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiopharmacology" title="Radiopharmacology">Radiopharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dressing_(medicine)" title="Dressing (medicine)">Dressings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senotherapeutics" class="mw-redirect" title="Senotherapeutics">Senotherapeutics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Drugs" title="Category:Drugs">Drugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pharmacological_classification_systems" title="Category:Pharmacological classification systems">Pharmacological classification systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:ATC_codes" title="Category:ATC codes">ATC codes</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Medicine" title="Portal:Medicine">Medicine portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Endogenous_steroids141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Template:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steroid_hormones" title="Template talk:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Endogenous_steroids141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">Endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22R-Hydroxycholesterol" title="22R-Hydroxycholesterol">22<i>R</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol" title="20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol">20α,22<i>R</i>-Dihydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2-Hydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β-Hydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">11β-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="21-Hydroxypregnenolone">21-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17%CE%B1,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2,17%CE%B1,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glucocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketoprogesterone" title="11-Ketoprogesterone">11-Ketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisol" title="21-Deoxycortisol">21-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisone" title="21-Deoxycortisone">21-Deoxycortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocortisol" title="5α-Dihydrocortisol">5α-Dihydrocortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1,5%CE%B1-Tetrahydrocortisol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol (page does not exist)">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroaldosterone" title="5α-Dihydroaldosterone">5α-Dihydroaldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydrocorticosterone" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone">11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (21-deoxycorticosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18-Hydroxyprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-Hydroxyprogesterone (page does not exist)">18-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen">Androgens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol" title="Androstenediol">Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione">16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol_glucuronide" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstanediol glucuronide">3α-Androstanediol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydrotestosterone" title="5β-Dihydrotestosterone">5β-Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Etiocholanediol" title="3α-Etiocholanediol">3α-Etiocholanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Etiocholanediol" title="3β-Etiocholanediol">3β-Etiocholanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androstanetriol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androstanetriol (page does not exist)">Androstanetriols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_sulfate" title="Androstenediol sulfate">Androstenediol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenetriol" title="Androstenetriol">Androstenetriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone_glucuronide" title="Androsterone glucuronide">Androsterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone_sulfate" title="Androsterone sulfate">Androsterone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotestosterone_glucuronide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide (page does not exist)">Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotestosterone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotestosterone sulfate (page does not exist)">Dihydrotestosterone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanedione" title="Etiocholanedione">Etiocholanedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone_glucuronide" title="Etiocholanolone glucuronide">Etiocholanolone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epietiocholanolone" title="Epietiocholanolone">Epietiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_glucuronide" title="Testosterone glucuronide">Testosterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_sulfate" title="Testosterone sulfate">Testosterone sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Estranes:</i> <a href="/wiki/Estetrol" title="Estetrol">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Estradiol" title="17α-Estradiol">17α-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">16β-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxyestradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="17α-Epiestriol">17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2,17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="16β,17α-Epiestriol">16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestriol" title="2-Hydroxyestriol">2-Hydroxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestriol" title="4-Hydroxyestriol">4-Hydroxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyestrone" title="16α-Hydroxyestrone">16α-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2-Hydroxyestrone" title="16β-Hydroxyestrone">16β-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestradiol" title="16-Ketoestradiol">16-Ketoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestrone" title="16-Ketoestrone">16-Ketoestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/27-Hydroxycholesterol" title="27-Hydroxycholesterol">27-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Keto-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestrone" title="2-Methoxyestrone">2-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestriol" title="2-Methoxyestriol">2-Methoxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestriol" title="4-Methoxyestriol">4-Methoxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_disulfate" title="Estradiol disulfate">Estradiol disulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_glucuronide" title="Estradiol glucuronide">Estradiol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_3-glucuronide" title="Estradiol 3-glucuronide">Estradiol 3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_3-glucuronide_17%CE%B2-sulfate" title="Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate">Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_sulfate" title="Estradiol sulfate">Estradiol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_17%CE%B2-sulfate" title="Estradiol 17β-sulfate">Estradiol 17β-sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_glucuronide" title="Estrone glucuronide">Estrone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate" title="Estrone sulfate">Estrone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_glucuronide" title="Estriol glucuronide">Estriol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_sulfate" title="Estriol sulfate">Estriol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoidal_estradiol" title="Lipoidal estradiol">Lipoidal estradiol</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_stearate" title="Estradiol stearate">estradiol stearate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_palmitate" title="Estradiol palmitate">estradiol palmitate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="16α-Hydroxyprogesterone">16α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20α-Dihydroprogesterone">20α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20β-Dihydroprogesterone">20β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">5α-DHDOC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanediol" title="Allopregnanediol">Allopregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol" title="Pregnanediol">Pregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol_glucuronide" title="Pregnanediol glucuronide">Pregnanediol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanetriol" title="Pregnanetriol">Pregnanetriol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neurosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Cholestanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/24S-hydroxycholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="24S-hydroxycholesterol">24<i>S</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Pregnanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3α-Dihydroprogesterone">3α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3β-Dihydroprogesterone">3β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrocorticosterone">DHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">DHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipregnanolone" title="Epipregnanolone">Epipregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopregnanolone" title="Isopregnanolone">Isopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">THB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Androstanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstenol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Keto-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7β-Hydroxy-DHEA">7β-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstenol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstenol" title="3β-Androstenol">3β-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstadienol" title="Androstadienol">Androstadienol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstadienone" title="Androstadienone">Androstadienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenone" title="Androstenone">Androstenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estratetraenol" title="Estratetraenol">Estratetraenol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcifediol" title="Calcifediol">Calcidiol/Calcifediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxycholesterol" title="7α-Hydroxycholesterol">7α-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_sulfate" title="Cholesterol sulfate">Cholesterol sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glucocorticoids_and_antiglucocorticoids_(D07,_H02)183" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoids_and_antiglucocorticoids" title="Template:Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glucocorticoids_and_antiglucocorticoids" title="Template talk:Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoids_and_antiglucocorticoids" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glucocorticoids_and_antiglucocorticoids_(D07,_H02)183" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glucocorticoids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiglucocorticoid" title="Antiglucocorticoid">antiglucocorticoids</a> (<a href="/wiki/ATC_code_D07" title="ATC code D07">D07</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATC_code_H02" title="ATC code H02">H02</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Glucocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_product" title="Natural product">Natural</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone_acetate" title="Cortisone acetate">Cortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortodoxone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cortodoxone">Cortodoxone (cortexolone, 11-deoxycortisol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxycortone" class="mw-redirect" title="Desoxycortone">Desoxycortone (deoxycortone, cortexone, 11-deoxycorticosterone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Desoxycortone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Desoxycortone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">Hydrocortisone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">cortisol</a>)<sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Hydrocortisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Hydrocortisone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone_aceponate" title="Hydrocortisone aceponate">Hydrocortisone aceponate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebediolone_acetate" title="Prebediolone acetate">Prebediolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_acetate" title="Pregnenolone acetate">Pregnenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_succinate" title="Pregnenolone succinate">Pregnenolone succinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Synthetic_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Synthetic compound">Synthetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted):</i> <a href="/wiki/Chloroprednisone" title="Chloroprednisone">Chloroprednisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloprednol" title="Cloprednol">Cloprednol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluprednate" title="Difluprednate">Difluprednate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone" title="Fludrocortisone">Fludrocortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone" title="Fluocinolone">Fluocinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone" title="Fluorometholone">Fluorometholone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone_acetate" title="Fluorometholone acetate">Fluorometholone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperolone" title="Fluperolone">Fluperolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluperolone_acetate" title="Fluperolone acetate">Fluperolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednisolone" title="Fluprednisolone">Fluprednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Fluprednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Fluprednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loteprednol" title="Loteprednol">Loteprednol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loteprednol/tobramycin" title="Loteprednol/tobramycin">+tobramycin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrysone" title="Medrysone">Medrysone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylprednisolone" title="Methylprednisolone">Methylprednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Methylprednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Methylprednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylprednisolone_aceponate" title="Methylprednisolone aceponate">Methylprednisolone aceponate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednicarbate" title="Prednicarbate">Prednicarbate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol" title="Tixocortol">Tixocortol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol_pivalate" title="Tixocortol pivalate">Tixocortol pivalate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Methasones and related (16-substituted):</i> <a href="/wiki/Alclometasone" title="Alclometasone">Alclometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone" title="Beclometasone">Beclometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Beclometasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Beclometasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Betamethasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Betamethasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasol" title="Clobetasol">Clobetasol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasol_propionate" title="Clobetasol propionate">Clobetasol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasone" title="Clobetasone">Clobetasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocortolone" title="Clocortolone">Clocortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Clocortolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Clocortolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortivazol" title="Cortivazol">Cortivazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoximetasone" title="Desoximetasone">Desoximetasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone</a><sup>#</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Dexamethasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Dexamethasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflorasone" title="Diflorasone">Diflorasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflucortolone" title="Diflucortolone">Diflucortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diflucortolone_valerate" title="Diflucortolone valerate">Diflucortolone valerate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclorolone" title="Fluclorolone">Fluclorolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumetasone" title="Flumetasone">Flumetasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortin" title="Fluocortin">Fluocortin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortolone" title="Fluocortolone">Fluocortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Fluocortolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Fluocortolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednidene_acetate" title="Fluprednidene acetate">Fluprednidene acetate</a></li> <li>Fluticasone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_furoate" title="Fluticasone furoate">Fluticasone furoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate" title="Fluticasone propionate">Fluticasone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halometasone" title="Halometasone">Halometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprednisone" title="Meprednisone">Meprednisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">Mometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone furoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethasone" title="Paramethasone">Paramethasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednylidene" title="Prednylidene">Prednylidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimexolone" title="Rimexolone">Rimexolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone" title="Triamcinolone">Triamcinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulobetasol" title="Ulobetasol">Ulobetasol (halobetasol)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized):</i> <a href="/wiki/Amcinonide" title="Amcinonide">Amcinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">Budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclesonide" title="Ciclesonide">Ciclesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflazacort" title="Deflazacort">Deflazacort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desonide" title="Desonide">Desonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclorolone_acetonide" title="Fluclorolone acetonide">Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludroxycortide" title="Fludroxycortide">Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunisolide" title="Flunisolide">Flunisolide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone_acetonide" title="Fluocinolone acetonide">Fluocinolone acetonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinonide" title="Fluocinonide">Fluocinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formocortal" title="Formocortal">Formocortal (fluoroformylone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcinonide" title="Halcinonide">Halcinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_acetonide" title="Triamcinolone acetonide">Triamcinolone acetonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Triamcinolone_acetonide_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Triamcinolone acetonide esters</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiglucocorticoid" title="Antiglucocorticoid">Antiglucocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antagonists:</i> <a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis_modulator" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis modulator">Synthesis modifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolone" title="Acetoxolone">Acetoxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbenoxolone" title="Carbenoxolone">Carbenoxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoxolone" title="Enoxolone">Enoxolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metyrapone" title="Metyrapone">Metyrapone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitotane" title="Mitotane">Mitotane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators">Glucocorticoid receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mineralocorticoids_and_antimineralocorticoids" title="Template:Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids">Mineralocorticoids and antimineralocorticoids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroids" title="List of corticosteroids">List of corticosteroids</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators752" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Glucocorticoid receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Glucocorticoid_receptor_modulators752" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor">Glucocorticoid receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid_receptor" title="Glucocorticoid receptor"><abbr title="Glucocorticoid receptor">GR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Glucocorticoid receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Cortisol-like and related (16-unsubstituted):</i> <a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9%CE%B1-Fluorocortisone" title="9α-Fluorocortisone">9α-Fluorocortisone (alfluorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydrocorticosterone" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone">11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11-Dehydrocorticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">11-Dehydrocorticosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone (desoxycortone, deoxycortone, desoxycorticosterone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Desoxycortone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Desoxycortone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol (cortodoxone, cortexolone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortifen" title="Cortifen">Cortifen (cortiphen, kortifen)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cortodoxone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cortodoxone acetate (page does not exist)">Cortodoxone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisol" title="21-Deoxycortisol">21-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%947-Prednisolone" title="Δ7-Prednisolone">Δ<sup>7</sup>-Prednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%947-Prednisolone_21-acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Δ7-Prednisolone 21-acetate (page does not exist)">Δ<sup>7</sup>-Prednisolone 21-acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amebucort" title="Amebucort">Amebucort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprednisone" title="Chloroprednisone">Chloroprednisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chloroprednisone_acetate" title="Chloroprednisone acetate">Chloroprednisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloprednol" title="Cloprednol">Cloprednol</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloprednol_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloprednol acetate (page does not exist)">Cloprednol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticosterone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticosterone acetate (page does not exist)">Corticosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corticosterone_benzoate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corticosterone benzoate (page does not exist)">Corticosterone benzoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hydrocortisone" title="Hydrocortisone">hydrocortisone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benzodrocortisone" title="Benzodrocortisone">Benzodrocortisone (hydrocortisone benzoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrocortamate" title="Hydrocortamate">Hydrocortamate (hydrocortisone diethylaminoacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Hydrocortisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Hydrocortisone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone_acetate" title="Cortisone acetate">Cortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deprodone" title="Deprodone">Deprodone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Deprodone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deprodone propionate (page does not exist)">Deprodone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dichlorisone" title="Dichlorisone">Dichlorisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichlorisone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichlorisone acetate (page does not exist)">Dichlorisone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dichlorisone_diacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dichlorisone diacetate (page does not exist)">Dichlorisone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difluprednate" title="Difluprednate">Difluprednate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endrisone" title="Endrisone">Endrisone (endrysone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiprednol" title="Etiprednol">Etiprednol</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Etiprednol_dicloacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Etiprednol dicloacetate (page does not exist)">Etiprednol dicloacetate (etiprednol dichloroacetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone" title="Fludrocortisone">Fludrocortisone (fludrocortone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fludrocortisone_acetate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fludrocortisone acetate">Fludrocortisone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone" title="Fluorometholone">Fluorometholone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorometholone_acetate" title="Fluorometholone acetate">Fluorometholone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluperolone" title="Fluperolone">Fluperolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluperolone_acetate" title="Fluperolone acetate">Fluperolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednisolone" title="Fluprednisolone">Fluprednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Fluprednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Fluprednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halopredone" title="Halopredone">Halopredone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Halopredone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Halopredone acetate (page does not exist)">Halopredone acetate (halopredone diacetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoflupredone" title="Isoflupredone">Isoflupredone (9α-fluoroprednisolone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isoflupredone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isoflupredone acetate (page does not exist)">Isoflupredone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loteprednol" title="Loteprednol">Loteprednol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazipredone" title="Mazipredone">Mazipredone (depersolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrysone" title="Medrysone">Medrysone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylprednisolone" title="Methylprednisolone">Methylprednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Methylprednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Methylprednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prebediolone" class="mw-redirect" title="Prebediolone">Prebediolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prebediolone_acetate" title="Prebediolone acetate">Prebediolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolone" title="Prednisolone">Prednisolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prednazate" title="Prednazate">Prednazate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednazoline" title="Prednazoline">Prednazoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednicarbate" title="Prednicarbate">Prednicarbate (prednisolone ethylcarbonate propionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednimustine" title="Prednimustine">Prednimustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisolamate" title="Prednisolamate">Prednisolamate (prednisolone diethylaminoacetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Prednisolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Prednisolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednisone" title="Prednisone">Prednisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Prednisone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Prednisone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_acetate" title="Pregnenolone acetate">Pregnenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_succinate" title="Pregnenolone succinate">Pregnenolone succinate (pregnenolone hemisuccinate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resocortol" title="Resocortol">Resocortol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tipredane" title="Tipredane">Tipredane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol" title="Tixocortol">Tixocortol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Butixocort" title="Butixocort">Butixocort (tixocortol butyrate)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Butixocort_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butixocort propionate (page does not exist)">Butixocort propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tixocortol_pivalate" title="Tixocortol pivalate">Tixocortol pivalate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Methasones and related (16-substituted):</i> <a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone" title="16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone">16α-Methyl-11-oxoprednisolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alclometasone" title="Alclometasone">Alclometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alclometasone_dipropionate" title="Alclometasone dipropionate">Alclometasone dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelometasone" title="Amelometasone">Amelometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beclometasone" title="Beclometasone">Beclometasone (beclomethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Beclometasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Beclometasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betamethasone" title="Betamethasone">Betamethasone (betametasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Betamethasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Betamethasone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortobenzolone" title="Cortobenzolone">Cortobenzolone (betamethasone salicylate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclometasone" title="Ciclometasone">Ciclometasone (ciclomethasone, cyclomethasone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasol" title="Clobetasol">Clobetasol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasol_propionate" title="Clobetasol propionate">Clobetasol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasone" title="Clobetasone">Clobetasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clobetasone_butyrate" title="Clobetasone butyrate">Clobetasone butyrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clocortolone" title="Clocortolone">Clocortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Clocortolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Clocortolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloticasone" title="Cloticasone">Cloticasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cloticasone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cloticasone propionate (page does not exist)">Cloticasone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cormetasone" title="Cormetasone">Cormetasone (cormethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cormetasone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cormetasone acetate (page does not exist)">Cormetasone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descinolone" title="Descinolone">Descinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoximetasone" title="Desoximetasone">Desoximetasone (desoxymethasone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexamethasone" title="Dexamethasone">Dexamethasone (dexametasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Dexamethasone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Dexamethasone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflorasone" title="Diflorasone">Diflorasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diflorasone_diacetate" title="Diflorasone diacetate">Diflorasone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflucortolone" title="Diflucortolone">Diflucortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diflucortolone_pivalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diflucortolone pivalate (page does not exist)">Diflucortolone pivalate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diflucortolone_valerate" title="Diflucortolone valerate">Diflucortolone valerate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimesone" title="Dimesone">Dimesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dimesone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dimesone acetate (page does not exist)">Dimesone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doxibetasol" title="Doxibetasol">Doxibetasol (doxybetasol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclorolone" title="Fluclorolone">Fluclorolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumetasone" title="Flumetasone">Flumetasone (flumethasone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flumetasone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flumetasone acetate (page does not exist)">Flumetasone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumetasone_pivalate" title="Flumetasone pivalate">Flumetasone pivalate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone" title="Fluocinolone">Fluocinolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortin" title="Fluocortin">Fluocortin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortin_butyl" title="Fluocortin butyl">Fluocortin butyl (fluocortin butylate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocortolone" title="Fluocortolone">Fluocortolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Fluocortolone_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Fluocortolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednidene" title="Fluprednidene">Fluprednidene (fluprednylidene)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluprednidene_acetate" title="Fluprednidene acetate">Fluprednidene acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li>Fluticasone <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_furoate" title="Fluticasone furoate">Fluticasone furoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluticasone_propionate" title="Fluticasone propionate">Fluticasone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halocortolone" title="Halocortolone">Halocortolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halometasone" title="Halometasone">Halometasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icometasone" title="Icometasone">Icometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Icometasone_enbutate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Icometasone enbutate (page does not exist)">Icometasone enbutate (icometasone butyrate acetate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isoprednidene" title="Isoprednidene">Isoprednidene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locicortolone" title="Locicortolone">Locicortolone (locicortone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Locicortolone_dicibate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Locicortolone dicibate (page does not exist)">Locicortolone dicibate (locicortone dicibate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meclorisone" title="Meclorisone">Meclorisone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meclorisone_dibutyrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meclorisone dibutyrate (page does not exist)">Meclorisone dibutyrate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meprednisone" title="Meprednisone">Meprednisone (methylprednisone)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meprednisone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meprednisone acetate (page does not exist)">Meprednisone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Meprednisone_hydrogen_succinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (page does not exist)">Meprednisone hydrogen succinate (methylprednisone hemisuccinate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone" title="Mometasone">Mometasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mometasone_furoate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mometasone furoate">Mometasone furoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramethasone" title="Paramethasone">Paramethasone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paramethasone_acetate" title="Paramethasone acetate">Paramethasone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramethasone_disodium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramethasone disodium phosphate (page does not exist)">Paramethasone disodium phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paramethasone_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paramethasone phosphate (page does not exist)">Paramethasone phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prednylidene" title="Prednylidene">Prednylidene</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prednylidene_diethylaminoacetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate (page does not exist)">Prednylidene diethylaminoacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimexolone" title="Rimexolone">Rimexolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticabesone" title="Ticabesone">Ticabesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ticabesone_propionate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ticabesone propionate (page does not exist)">Ticabesone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timobesone" title="Timobesone">Timobesone</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Timobesone_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timobesone acetate (page does not exist)">Timobesone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone" title="Triamcinolone">Triamcinolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_diacetate" title="Triamcinolone diacetate">Triamcinolone diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulobetasol" title="Ulobetasol">Ulobetasol (halobetasol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulobetasol_propionate" title="Ulobetasol propionate">Ulobetasol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamorolone" title="Vamorolone">Vamorolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Cyclic ketals (16,17-cyclized):</i> <a href="/wiki/Acrocinonide" title="Acrocinonide">Acrocinonide (triamcinolone acroleinide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinafal" title="Amcinafal">Amcinafal (triamcinolone pentanonide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinafide" title="Amcinafide">Amcinafide (triamcinolone acetophenide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amcinonide" title="Amcinonide">Amcinonide (triamcinolone acetate cyclopentanonide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budesonide" title="Budesonide">Budesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclesonide" title="Ciclesonide">Ciclesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cicortonide" title="Cicortonide">Cicortonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflazacort" title="Deflazacort">Deflazacort (azacort)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Descinolone_acetonide" title="Descinolone acetonide">Descinolone acetonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desonide" title="Desonide">Desonide (hydroxyprednisolone acetonide)</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desonide_disodium_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desonide disodium phosphate (page does not exist)">Desonide disodium phosphate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desonide_pivalate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Desonide pivalate (page does not exist)">Desonide pivalate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexbudesonide" title="Dexbudesonide">Dexbudesonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drocinonide" title="Drocinonide">Drocinonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Drocinonide_phosphate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Drocinonide phosphate (page does not exist)">Drocinonide phosphate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluazacort" title="Fluazacort">Fluazacort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluclorolone_acetonide" title="Fluclorolone acetonide">Fluclorolone acetonide (flucloronide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fludroxycortide" title="Fludroxycortide">Fludroxycortide (flurandrenolone, flurandrenolide)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flumoxonide" title="Flumoxonide">Flumoxonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flunisolide" title="Flunisolide">Flunisolide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flunisolide_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flunisolide acetate (page does not exist)">Flunisolide acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinolone_acetonide" title="Fluocinolone acetonide">Fluocinolone acetonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciprocinonide" title="Ciprocinonide">Ciprocinonide (fluocinolone acetonide cyclopropylcarboxylate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluocinonide" title="Fluocinonide">Fluocinonide (fluocinolide, fluocinolone acetonide acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procinonide" title="Procinonide">Procinonide (fluocinolone acetonide propionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formocortal" title="Formocortal">Formocortal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halcinonide" title="Halcinonide">Halcinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Itrocinonide" title="Itrocinonide">Itrocinonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rofleponide" title="Rofleponide">Rofleponide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rofleponide_palmitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Rofleponide palmitate">Rofleponide palmitate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tralonide" title="Tralonide">Tralonide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_acetonide" title="Triamcinolone acetonide">Triamcinolone acetonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flupamesone" title="Flupamesone">Flupamesone (triamcinolone acetonide metembonate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroid_esters#Triamcinolone_acetonide_esters" title="List of corticosteroid esters">Triamcinolone acetonide esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triamcinolone_aminobenzal_benzamidoisobutyrate" title="Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate">Triamcinolone aminobenzal benzamidoisobutyrate (TBI-PAB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triclonide" title="Triclonide">Triclonide</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others/atypical (other expanded steroid ring systems, homosteroids, and non-pregnane steroids):</i> <a href="/wiki/Cortisuzol" title="Cortisuzol">Cortisuzol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortivazol" title="Cortivazol">Cortivazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domoprednate" title="Domoprednate">Domoprednate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naflocort" title="Naflocort">Naflocort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicocortonide" title="Nicocortonide">Nicocortonide</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nicocortonide_acetate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nicocortonide acetate (page does not exist)">Nicocortonide acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nivacortol" title="Nivacortol">Nivacortol (nivazol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxisopred" title="Oxisopred">Oxisopred</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-26988&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-26988 (page does not exist)">RU-26988</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-28362" title="RU-28362">RU-28362</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Non-corticosteroids with some glucocorticoid activity:</i> <a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromoketoprogesterone" title="Bromoketoprogesterone">Bromoketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone" title="Flugestone">Flugestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flugestone_acetate" title="Flugestone acetate">Flugestone acetate (flurogestone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoromedroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate">Fluoromedroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestomet" title="Norgestomet">Norgestomet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestrone" title="Quingestrone">Quingestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesterone_acetate" title="Segesterone acetate">Segesterone acetate (nestorone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nonsteroidal glucocorticoids:</i> <a href="/wiki/AZD-5423" title="AZD-5423">AZD-5423</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-9027&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-9027 (page does not exist)">GSK-9027</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Mixed<br />(<a href="/wiki/Selective_glucocorticoid_receptor_agonists" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists"><abbr title="Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists">SEGRMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective glucocorticoid receptor agonists</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagrocorat" title="Dagrocorat">Dagrocorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosdagrocorat" title="Fosdagrocorat">Fosdagrocorat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mapracorat" title="Mapracorat">Mapracorat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antiglucocorticoid" title="Antiglucocorticoid">Antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="17α-Methylprogesterone">17α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglepristone" title="Aglepristone">Aglepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil" title="Asoprisnil">Asoprisnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asoprisnil_ecamate" title="Asoprisnil ecamate">Asoprisnil ecamate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C108297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C108297 (page does not exist)">C108297</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C113176&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C113176 (page does not exist)">C113176</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CORT-108297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CORT-108297 (page does not exist)">CORT-108297</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dazucorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dazucorilant (page does not exist)">Dazucorilant</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Exicorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Exicorilant (page does not exist)">Exicorilant (CORT-125281)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilopristone" title="Lilopristone">Lilopristone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LLY-2707&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LLY-2707 (page does not exist)">LLY-2707</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapristone" title="Metapristone">Metapristone (RU-42633)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miconazole" title="Miconazole">Miconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone (RU-486)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miricorilant" title="Miricorilant">Miricorilant (CORT-118335)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onapristone" title="Onapristone">Onapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-34116&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-34116 (page does not exist)">ORG-34116</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORG-34517&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORG-34517 (page does not exist)">ORG-34517 (SCH-900636)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Org_34850&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Org 34850 (page does not exist)">ORG-34850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_16%CE%B1-carbonitrile" title="Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile">Pregnenolone 16α-carbonitrile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relacorilant" title="Relacorilant">Relacorilant (CORT-125134)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTI_3021%E2%80%93012" class="mw-redirect" title="RTI 3021–012">RTI 3021–012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RTI_3021%E2%80%93022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RTI 3021–022 (page does not exist)">RTI 3021–022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telapristone" title="Telapristone">Telapristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toripristone" title="Toripristone">Toripristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulipristal_acetate" title="Ulipristal acetate">Ulipristal acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zavacorilant&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zavacorilant (page does not exist)">Zavacorilant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Antisense oligonucleotides:</i> <a href="/wiki/IONIS-GCCRRx" title="IONIS-GCCRRx">IONIS-GCCR<sub>Rx</sub> (ISIS-426115)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Glucocorticoids_and_antiglucocorticoids" title="Template:Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids">Glucocorticoids and antiglucocorticoids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Mineralocorticoid_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators">Mineralocorticoid receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_corticosteroids" title="List of corticosteroids">List of corticosteroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1693" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422549#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Glucocorticoids"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85055358">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Glucocorticoïdes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12234069b">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Glucocorticoïdes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12234069b">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="glukokortikoidy"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph561138&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Glikokortikoīdi"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000334099&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007531311405171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&oldid=1276957738">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Glucocorticoid&oldid=1276957738</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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