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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tipologie_di_inquinamento" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipologie_di_inquinamento"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tipologie di inquinamento</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tipologie_di_inquinamento-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Tipologie di inquinamento</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Tipologie_di_inquinamento-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microparticelle_di_plastica:_microplastiche_e_nanoplastiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microparticelle_di_plastica:_microplastiche_e_nanoplastiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Microparticelle di plastica: microplastiche e nanoplastiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microparticelle_di_plastica:_microplastiche_e_nanoplastiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pellets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pellets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pellets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pellets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effetti_sull'ambiente" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effetti_sull'ambiente"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Effetti sull'ambiente</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effetti_sull'ambiente-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Attiva/disattiva la sottosezione Effetti sull'ambiente</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Effetti_sull'ambiente-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Terra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Oceani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plastisfera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plastisfera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Plastisfera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plastisfera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Animali</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effetti_sugli_umani" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effetti_sugli_umani"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Effetti sugli umani</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effetti_sugli_umani-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politiche_di_riduzione_dell'inquinamento_da_plastica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politiche_di_riduzione_dell'inquinamento_da_plastica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politiche di riduzione dell'inquinamento da plastica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politiche_di_riduzione_dell'inquinamento_da_plastica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Inquinamento causato dalla plastica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 49 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AB_%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%86%D9%8A" title="تلوث لدائني - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تلوث لدائني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik_%C3%A7irkl%C9%99nm%C9%99" title="Plastik çirklənmə - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Plastik çirklənmə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusyon_sa_plastik" title="Polusyon sa plastik - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Polusyon sa plastik" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A3" title="প্লাস্টিক দূষণ - bengalese" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্লাস্টিক দূষণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3_per_pl%C3%A0stics" title="Contaminació per plàstics - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Contaminació per plàstics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zne%C4%8Di%C5%A1t%C4%9Bn%C3%AD_plasty" title="Znečištění plasty - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Znečištění plasty" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llygredd_plastig" title="Llygredd plastig - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llygredd plastig" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastforurening" title="Plastforurening - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Plastforurening" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution - Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Plastic pollution" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umweltverschmutzung_durch_Plastik" title="Umweltverschmutzung durch Plastik - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Umweltverschmutzung durch Plastik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Plastic pollution" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasta_poluo" title="Plasta poluo - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plasta poluo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contaminaci%C3%B3n_por_pl%C3%A1stico" title="Contaminación por plástico - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Contaminación por plástico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastiko_poluzio" title="Plastiko poluzio - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Plastiko poluzio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%AF%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="آلودگی پلاستیک - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آلودگی پلاستیک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollution_par_le_plastique" title="Pollution par le plastique - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pollution par le plastique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gpe mw-list-item"><a href="https://gpe.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution - Ghanaian Pidgin" lang="gpe" hreflang="gpe" data-title="Plastic pollution" data-language-autonym="Ghanaian Pidgin" data-language-local-name="Ghanaian Pidgin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ghanaian Pidgin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurbacewar_Robobi" title="Gurbacewar Robobi - hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Gurbacewar Robobi" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%A3" title="प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="प्लास्टिक प्रदूषण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%BF%D5%B8%D5%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Պլաստիկ աղտոտում - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պլաստիկ աղտոտում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusi_plastik" title="Polusi plastik - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polusi plastik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mmet%E1%BB%8D_plastik" title="Mmetọ plastik - igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Mmetọ plastik" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastmengun" title="Plastmengun - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Plastmengun" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B9%E3%83%81%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E6%B1%9A%E6%9F%93" title="プラスチック汚染 - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="プラスチック汚染" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polusi_plastik" title="Polusi plastik - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Polusi plastik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B1_%EC%98%A4%EC%97%BC" title="플라스틱 오염 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="플라스틱 오염" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pollutio_plastica" title="Pollutio plastica - latino" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pollutio plastica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contamina_par_plastica" title="Contamina par plastica - Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Contamina par plastica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് മലിനീകരണം - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പ്ലാസ്റ്റിക് മലിനീകരണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%85_%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%8A%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9B%EA%AF%84" title="ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ - manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄ꯭ꯂꯥꯁ꯭ꯇꯤꯛꯁꯤꯡꯅ ꯃꯥꯡꯊꯣꯛꯄ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencemaran_plastik" title="Pencemaran plastik - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pencemaran plastik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plasticvervuiling" title="Plasticvervuiling - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Plasticvervuiling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9_%DA%A9%DA%A9%DA%93%D8%AA%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%BA%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%90" title="پلاستیک ککړتیا اواغیزې - pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پلاستیک ککړتیا اواغیزې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_por_pl%C3%A1stico" title="Poluição por plástico - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Poluição por plástico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Пластиковое загрязнение - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пластиковое загрязнение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Plastic pollution" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastov%C3%A9_zne%C4%8Distenie" title="Plastové znečistenie - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Plastové znečistenie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onesna%C5%BEevanje_s_plastiko" title="Onesnaževanje s plastiko - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Onesnaževanje s plastiko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndotja_plastike" title="Ndotja plastike - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ndotja plastike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Загађење пластиком - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Загађење пластиком" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B7%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%82" title="ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలుష్యం - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ప్లాస్టిక్ కాలుష్యం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik_kirlili%C4%9Fi" title="Plastik kirliliği - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Plastik kirliliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Забруднення пластиком - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Забруднення пластиком" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastik_ifloslanish" title="Plastik ifloslanish - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Plastik ifloslanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / 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data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspetto</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">sposta nella barra laterale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Da Wikipedia, l'enciclopedia libera.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="it" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waste_cocobeach_india.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Waste_cocobeach_india.jpg/310px-Waste_cocobeach_india.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Waste_cocobeach_india.jpg/465px-Waste_cocobeach_india.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Waste_cocobeach_india.jpg/620px-Waste_cocobeach_india.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Inquinamento da plastica a <a href="/wiki/Coco_Beach" class="mw-redirect" title="Coco Beach">Coco Beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'<b>inquinamento causato dalla plastica</b> consiste nella dispersione e nell'accumulo di <a href="/wiki/Materie_plastiche" title="Materie plastiche">materie plastiche</a> nell'<a href="/wiki/Ambiente_naturale" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambiente naturale">ambiente</a>, il che causa problemi all'<a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> di <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a> e <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> selvatica, oltre che a quello <a href="/wiki/Essere_umano" class="mw-redirect" title="Essere umano">umano</a>. Tale tipo di <a href="/wiki/Inquinamento" title="Inquinamento">inquinamento</a> può interessare l'<a href="/wiki/Aria" title="Aria">aria</a>, il <a href="/wiki/Suolo" title="Suolo">suolo</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Fiumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiumi">fiumi</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Lago" title="Lago">laghi</a> e gli <a href="/wiki/Oceani" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceani">oceani</a>. </p><p>La rilevanza del fenomeno deriva dall'economicità della plastica, dalla sua diffusione, dal suo utilizzo capillare in vari settori di attività e dalla sua alta persistenza nel tempo. </p><p>Pioniere del problema della plastica nei mari fu il biologo Edward Carpenter del <i>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</i> che nel <a href="/wiki/1972" title="1972">1972</a> pubblicò su <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">Science</a> due articoli di denuncia della massiccia presenza di particelle plastiche galleggianti nel <a href="/wiki/Mar_dei_Sargassi" title="Mar dei Sargassi">mar dei Sargassi</a>, articoli che furono quasi ignorati per una trentina d'anni<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Nel 2022 l'<a href="/wiki/Ocse" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocse">Ocse</a> ha presentato uno studio che analizzando il periodo tra il 1950 e il 2015 stima che <<solo 9% dei rifiuti di plastica sono stati riciclati in fine, mentre 19% sono stati inceneriti e circa 50% sono finiti in discariche controllate. Il restante 22% è stato abbandonato in discariche selvagge, bruciato a cielo aperto o gettato nell'ambiente>> auspicando uno sforzo per aumentare la quota di riciclo<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>In merito al modesto riciclaggio della plastica influiscono sia i processi onerosi legati a questa attività, sia il ridotto numero di volte che mediamente la plastica può venire riciclata, a differenza di altri materiali come il vetro o i metalli<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tipologie_di_inquinamento">Tipologie di inquinamento</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Tipologie di inquinamento" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Tipologie di inquinamento"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_shreds_of_plastic_adorning_hedge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1117058.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Blue_shreds_of_plastic_adorning_hedge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1117058.jpg/220px-Blue_shreds_of_plastic_adorning_hedge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1117058.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Blue_shreds_of_plastic_adorning_hedge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1117058.jpg/330px-Blue_shreds_of_plastic_adorning_hedge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1117058.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Blue_shreds_of_plastic_adorning_hedge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1117058.jpg/440px-Blue_shreds_of_plastic_adorning_hedge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1117058.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="561" /></a><figcaption>Inquinamento da plastica.</figcaption></figure> <p>L'inquinamento dalla plastica si può verificare in varie forme, tra cui rifiuti abbandonati in terra e in mare, particelle di plastica in acqua e <a href="/wiki/Friendly_Floatees" title="Friendly Floatees">Friendly Floatees</a>. Una grande percentuale di plastica prodotta ogni anno viene <a href="/wiki/Usa_e_getta" class="mw-redirect" title="Usa e getta">utilizzata una sola volta e poi gettata.</a> </p><p>Per l'<a href="/wiki/Agenzia_statunitense_per_la_protezione_dell%27ambiente" title="Agenzia statunitense per la protezione dell'ambiente">Agenzia per la Protezione dell'Ambiente</a> degli <a href="/wiki/Stati_Uniti" class="mw-redirect" title="Stati Uniti">Stati Uniti</a> nel 2011 le plastiche costituivano oltre il 12% dei <a href="/wiki/Rifiuti_solidi_urbani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifiuti solidi urbani">rifiuti solidi urbani</a>. Negli anni sessanta, invece, costituivano meno dell'1%<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microparticelle_di_plastica:_microplastiche_e_nanoplastiche">Microparticelle di plastica: microplastiche e nanoplastiche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Microparticelle di plastica: microplastiche e nanoplastiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Microparticelle di plastica: microplastiche e nanoplastiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r139142988">.mw-parser-output .hatnote-content{align-items:center;display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{flex-shrink:0}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{display:flex}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{font-style:italic}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote{border:1px solid #CCC;display:flex;margin:.5em 0;padding:.2em .5em}body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .hatnote-text{padding-left:.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon{padding-right:8px}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-icon img{height:auto;width:16px}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new{color:#d73333}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .hatnote a.new:visited{color:#a55858}</style> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Microplastica" title="Microplastica">Microplastica</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Nanoplastica" title="Nanoplastica">Nanoplastica</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Nel 2017 è stato presentato un rapporto redatto con analisi in tutto il mondo, sulla presenza di microparticelle, dette microplastiche o nanoplastiche a seconda delle dimensioni, nelle acque e nell'aria, che per le loro ridotte dimensioni entrano nelle <a href="/wiki/Catena_alimentare" title="Catena alimentare">catene alimentari</a>. Le microparticelle sono prodotte col lavaggio degli indumenti sintetici, con l'usura di pneumatici, col deterioramento delle vernici, con il lavaggio di prodotti estetici<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pellets">Pellets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Pellets" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pellets"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_causato_dai_pellets_in_plastica" title="Inquinamento causato dai pellets in plastica">Inquinamento causato dai pellets in plastica</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Pellet_di_materie_plastiche" title="Pellet di materie plastiche">Pellet di materie plastiche</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Durante il loro trasporto, i pellet possono disperdersi nell'ambiente, in particolare negli ecosistemi fluviali e marini. Siccome le materie plastiche in genere non sono biodegradabili, tali pellet rimangono nell'ambiente per lunghissimi tempi.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> I pellet possono rilasciare nel tempo sostanze tossiche, quali: <a href="/wiki/Policlorobifenili" title="Policlorobifenili">policlorobifenili</a> (PCB), <a href="/wiki/Diclorodifenildicloroetilene" title="Diclorodifenildicloroetilene">diclorodifenildicloroetilene</a> (DDE), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diclorodifenildicloroetano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diclorodifenildicloroetano (la pagina non esiste)">diclorodifenildicloroetano</a> (DDD), <a href="/wiki/DDT_(insetticida)" title="DDT (insetticida)">diclorodifeniltricloroetano</a> (DDT), <a href="/wiki/Esaclorocicloesano" title="Esaclorocicloesano">esaclorocicloesano</a> (HCH) e <a href="/wiki/Nonilfenolo" title="Nonilfenolo">nonilfenoli</a> (NP).<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effetti_sull'ambiente"><span id="Effetti_sull.27ambiente"></span>Effetti sull'ambiente</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Effetti sull'ambiente" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Effetti sull'ambiente"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terra">Terra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Terra" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Terra"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Le plastiche <a href="/wiki/Alogenazione" title="Alogenazione">alogene</a> rilasciano sostanze chimiche nocive al terreno circostante, che penetrano in profondità raggiungendo <a href="/wiki/Falda_acquifera" title="Falda acquifera">falde acquifere</a> o altre fonti d'acqua<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. I danni sono molto seri per le specie viventi che assumono questa acqua inquinata. Le aree utilizzate come <a href="/wiki/Discarica" title="Discarica">discarica</a> sono costantemente colmate da rifiuti di tipo plastico. In queste zone ci sono molti microrganismi che accelerano la degradazione biologica delle plastiche. Per quel che riguarda le plastiche <a href="/wiki/Biodegradabilit%C3%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Biodegradabilità">biodegradabili</a>, non appena vengono gettate, il <a href="/wiki/Metano" title="Metano">metano</a>, pericoloso <a href="/wiki/Gas_serra" title="Gas serra">gas serra</a> che contribuisce significativamente al <a href="/wiki/Riscaldamento_globale" title="Riscaldamento globale">riscaldamento globale</a>, viene rilasciato<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Alcune discariche stanno prendendo l'iniziativa di installare dispositivi per la cattura del metano, che potrebbe essere utilizzato per produrre energia, ma la maggior parte degli stabilimenti non li ha ancora adottati. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceani">Oceani</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Oceani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Oceani"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_marino_causato_dalla_plastica" title="Inquinamento marino causato dalla plastica">Inquinamento marino causato dalla plastica</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Trash_Vortex" title="Pacific Trash Vortex">Pacific Trash Vortex</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>A partire dagli anni Novanta è stato identificato un ammasso di rifiuti galleggianti costituiti prevalentemente da frammenti plastici di dimensioni inferiori ai 5 millimetri, in una zona estesa di almeno un milione di chilometri quadrati nell'<a href="/wiki/Oceano_Pacifico" title="Oceano Pacifico">Oceano Pacifico</a> battezzata <i>Pacific Garbage Patch</i>. Si suppone che l'80% dei detriti provenga da terraferma attraverso i fiumi. L'inquinamento causato dalla plastica non colpisce soltanto l'Oceano Pacifico, ma anche il Mar Mediterraneo<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. A nord ovest dell’isola d’Elba, tra il corno della Corsica e la Capraia, è apparsa un’isola di rifiuti di plastica composta da frammenti più piccoli di 2 millimetri<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Plastisfera">Plastisfera</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Plastisfera" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Plastisfera"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <i><a href="/wiki/Plastisfera" title="Plastisfera">plastisfera</a></i> è quel nuovo ecosistema diffuso in tutti i mari, formato dalle colonie di organismi che si aggregano e sviluppano sulle plastiche in sospensione, del quale per ora si conosce ancora poco sulle sue interazioni con l'ambiente<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animali">Animali</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Animali" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Animali"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>L'inquinamento causato dalla plastica è potenzialmente pericoloso per gli animali, il che potrebbe influire negativamente sulle forniture alimentari umane<sup id="cite_ref-Chiras_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiras-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In primo luogo è altamente dannoso nei confronti dei grandi <a href="/wiki/Mammiferi_marini" title="Mammiferi marini">mammiferi marini</a> e nel volume <i>Introduzione alla Marina Biologica</i> è definito la loro "più grande minaccia"<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nello stomaco di alcuni animali marini, come la <a href="/wiki/Tartaruga_marina" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartaruga marina">tartaruga marina</a>, sono stati trovati pezzi di plastica, che ne hanno causato la morte. Quando questo succede, la morte degli animali è generalmente causata dalla fame, poiché questi materiali bloccano il loro tratto digestivo<sup id="cite_ref-Chiras_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiras-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Talvolta, invece, i mammiferi marini rimangono intrappolati in prodotti di plastica, come se fossero reti, rischiando di rimanere uccisi<sup id="cite_ref-Chiras_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiras-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Quando un animale si impiglia, infatti, la sua capacità di movimento è gravemente ridotta, rendendo quindi molto difficile trovare cibo. Se la morte non sopravviene, spesso tra le conseguenze ci sono gravi lacerazioni e ulcere<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Sono circa 260 le specie, tra cui invertebrati, che sono state danneggiate dall'inquinamento causato dalla plastica. È stato stimato che oltre 400.000 mammiferi marini trovano la morte in questo modo negli oceani<sup id="cite_ref-Chiras_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chiras-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Una ricerca condotta nel 2004 ha concluso che i <a href="/wiki/Gabbiano" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabbiano">gabbiani</a> nel <a href="/wiki/Mare_del_Nord" title="Mare del Nord">Mare del Nord</a> hanno una media di trenta pezzi di plastica nel loro stomaco<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effetti_sugli_umani">Effetti sugli umani</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Effetti sugli umani" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Effetti sugli umani"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>I prodotti plastici contengono diversi tipi di sostanze chimiche, a seconda della tipologia. L'aggiunta di <a href="/wiki/Additivi_per_materie_plastiche" title="Additivi per materie plastiche">additivi</a> ne migliora le proprietà meccaniche, tuttavia ciò ha i suoi effetti collaterali. In particolare, alcune delle sostanze chimiche possono essere nocive per l'uomo per assorbimento cutaneo<sup id="cite_ref-Brydson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brydson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, causando <a href="/wiki/Dermatite" title="Dermatite">dermatiti</a> a contatto con la pelle umana<sup id="cite_ref-Brydson_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brydson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, anche se presenti in tracce, rendendole pericolose anche per i lavoratori addetti alla loro produzione<sup id="cite_ref-Brydson_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brydson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Inoltre gli effetti sull'organismo umano di molte di queste sostanze non sono ancora conosciuti. </p><p>Secondo uno studio dei dottori Ragusa, Svelato e De Luca dell’U.O.C. di Ostetricia e Ginecologia dell’ospedale <a href="/wiki/Ospedale_San_Giovanni_Calibita_Fatebenefratelli" class="mw-redirect" title="Ospedale San Giovanni Calibita Fatebenefratelli">Fatebenefratelli</a> dell’isola Tiberina di Roma sono state rinvenute microplastiche all'interno di diversi campioni di <a href="/wiki/Placenta" title="Placenta">placente</a> umane. <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nel 2020, il Biodesign Center for Environmental Health Engineering dell'Arizona State University (ASU) ha confermato che "frammenti microscopici di plastica si sono stabiliti in tutti i principali organi di filtraggio del nostro corpo": iI ricercatori hanno trovato prove di contaminazione da plastica in campioni di tessuto prelevati da polmoni, fegato, milza e reni di cadaveri umani donati. "Abbiamo rilevato queste sostanze chimiche della plastica in ogni singolo organo su cui abbiamo studiato", ha affermato il ricercatore senior Rolf Halden, direttore del centro accademico. Da tempo si teme che le sostanze chimiche nella plastica possano avere una vasta gamma di effetti sulla salute che vanno dal diabete e obesità alla disfunzione sessuale e all'infertilità. <sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politiche_di_riduzione_dell'inquinamento_da_plastica"><span id="Politiche_di_riduzione_dell.27inquinamento_da_plastica"></span>Politiche di riduzione dell'inquinamento da plastica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Politiche di riduzione dell'inquinamento da plastica" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Politiche di riduzione dell'inquinamento da plastica"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r130657691"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Trattato_globale_sull%27inquinamento_da_plastica" title="Trattato globale sull'inquinamento da plastica">Trattato globale sull'inquinamento da plastica</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Con lo scopo di limitare la diffusione di rifiuti di natura plastica, il governo italiano ha vietato dal 1 gennaio <a href="/wiki/2019" title="2019">2019</a> la produzione e la vendita di cotton fioc non biodegradabili<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> e le microplastiche nei cosmetici dal 1 gennaio 2020<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Secondo la <i>Plastic strategy</i> della Commissione Europea, entro il <a href="/wiki/2030" title="2030">2030</a> tutti gli imballaggi di plastica dovranno essere riciclabili o riutilizzabili e la messa al bando delle <a href="/wiki/Microplastica" title="Microplastica">microplastiche</a> dovrà ritenersi definitiva<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>In diversi paesi (fra i quali l'Italia<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ed il <a href="/wiki/Regno_Unito" title="Regno Unito">Regno Unito</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) è inoltre in discussione l'ipotesi di introdurre una speciale tassa sulla plastica (<i>plastic tax</i>) al fine di ridurre all'origine la produzione e l'utilizzo degli imballaggi in plastica non riciclabile e di limitarne così la diffusione, incentivando le aziende a considerare forme diverse di imballaggio dei propri prodotti, aumentandone il costo di produzione mediante l'applicazione di un'<a href="/wiki/Imposta_pigouviana" title="Imposta pigouviana">imposta pigouviana</a>. </p><p>Nel dicembre <a href="/wiki/2017" title="2017">2017</a>, l’Assemblea ambientale delle Nazioni Unite ha adottato un obiettivo globale per fermare lo scarico di plastica in mare<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/220px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/330px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/440px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Oggetti domestici realizzati con vari tipi di plastica.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.178.4062.749">https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.178.4062.749</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ansa.it/canale_ambiente/notizie/rifiuti_e_riciclo/2022/02/22/ocse-neanche-il-10-della-plastica-riciclato-serve-azione-mondiale_5de36d8b-5b16-4733-aae4-6b1f86de4311.html">https://www.ansa.it/canale_ambiente/notizie/rifiuti_e_riciclo/2022/02/22/ocse-neanche-il-10-della-plastica-riciclato-serve-azione-mondiale_5de36d8b-5b16-4733-aae4-6b1f86de4311.html</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.oecd.org/environment/waste/policy-highlights-improving-plastics-management.pdf">https://www.oecd.org/environment/waste/policy-highlights-improving-plastics-management.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.ilpost.it/2020/09/19/plastica-riciclaggio/">https://www.ilpost.it/2020/09/19/plastica-riciclaggio/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.epa.gov/epawaste/conserve/materials/plastics.htm"><span style="font-style:italic;">Plastiche</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">epa.gov</span>. <small>URL consultato il 3 settembre 2012</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170906172409/https://orbmedia.org/stories/Invisibles_plastics"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">orbmedia.org</span>. <small>URL consultato il 18 febbraio 2018</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://orbmedia.org/stories/Invisibles_plastics">url originale</abbr> il 6 settembre 2017)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuat.ac.jp/~gaia/ipw/en/what.html">What's resin pellet? :: International Pellet Watch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuat.ac.jp/~gaia/ipw/en/pollutants.html">Pollutants in Pellet :: International Pellet Watch</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Poonam Aggarwal et al., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=8_d2Wkgq_rYC&pg=PA86#v=onepage&q&f=false">Interactive Environmental Education Book VIII</a>. Pitambar Publishing. p. 86. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/8120913736" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 8120913736</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) David Biello, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/podcast/episode.cfm?id=are-biodegradeable-plastics-doing-m-11-06-05"><span style="font-style:italic;">Are Biodegradeable Plastics Doing More Harm Than Good? (Le plastiche biodegradabili fanno più male che bene?)</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">scientificamerican.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 1º agosto 2013</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Susan L. Dautel, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190715082716/http://assets.wwfit.panda.org/downloads/wwf_mmi_report_2019_stop_the_flood_of_plastic_low.pdf"><span style="font-style:italic;">Transoceanic Trash: International and United States Strategies for the Great Pacific Garbage Patch</span></a> (<span style="font-weight: bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="documento in formato PDF">PDF</abbr></span>), su <span style="font-style:italic;">assets.wwfit.panda.org</span>, 2019. <small>URL consultato il 4 luglio 2019</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://assets.wwfit.panda.org/downloads/wwf_mmi_report_2019_stop_the_flood_of_plastic_low.pdf">url originale</abbr> il 15 luglio 2019)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190704100711/https://verdechiaro.org/isola-di-plastica-ora-anche-nel-mediterraneo/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Isola di plastica, ora anche nel Mediterraneo</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">verdechiaro.org</span>, 7 maggio 2019. <small>URL consultato il 4 luglio 2019</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="https://verdechiaro.org/isola-di-plastica-ora-anche-nel-mediterraneo/">url originale</abbr> il 4 luglio 2019)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221116210742/http://www.ismar.cnr.it/eventi-e-notizie/notizie/the-mediterranean-plastic-soup"><span style="font-style:italic;">Copia archiviata</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">ismar.cnr.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 16 novembre 2022</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.ismar.cnr.it/eventi-e-notizie/notizie/the-mediterranean-plastic-soup">url originale</abbr> il 16 novembre 2022)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2021/08/17/news/plastisfera_segnali_evolutivi-314254808/">https://www.repubblica.it/green-and-blue/2021/08/17/news/plastisfera_segnali_evolutivi-314254808/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://wisesociety.it/ambiente-e-scienza/plastisfera-il-nuovo-ecosistema-di-plastica/">https://wisesociety.it/ambiente-e-scienza/plastisfera-il-nuovo-ecosistema-di-plastica/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0308-0">https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-019-0308-0</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chiras-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Chiras_17-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Chiras_17-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Chiras_17-2">c</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Chiras_17-3">d</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel D. Chiras (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=nC7WQqqBwboC&pg=PA518#v=onepage&q&f=false">Environmental Science: Creating a Sustainable Future</a>. Jones & Bartlett Learning. pp. 517-518. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0763735698" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0763735698</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Knight 2012, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Karleskint, George; (et al.) (2009).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=0JkKOFIj5pgC&pg=PA536#v=onepage&q&f=false">Introduction to Marine Biology</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 536. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0495561975" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0495561975</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Derraik, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Hill, Marquita K. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=A-zaEGx_Y8cC&pg=PA257#v=onepage&q&f=false">Understanding Environmental Pollution</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 257. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/1139486403" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1139486403</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Brydson-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Brydson_22-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Brydson_22-1">b</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Brydson_22-2">c</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Brydson, J. A. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=rka3nPiiRi4C&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false">Plastics Materials</a>. Butterworth-Heinemann. pp. 103-104. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/0750641320" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0750641320</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33395930/">https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33395930/</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webmd.com/a-to-z-guides/news/20200817/autopsies-show-microplastics-in-all-major-human-organs"><span style="font-style:italic;">Autopsies Show Microplastics in Major Human Organs</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">WebMD</span>. <small>URL consultato il 19 gennaio 2022</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/canale_ambiente/notizie/rifiuti_e_riciclo/2018/12/27/dal-primo-gennaio-vietati-cotton-fioc-non-biodegradabili_f7602b4f-27c0-4f3a-911d-26bc1b390bf6.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Dal primo gennaio vietati cotton fioc non biodegradabili</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/ANSA" title="ANSA">ANSA</a></span>, 27 dicembre 2018. <small>URL consultato il 4 novembre 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tg24.sky.it/politica/2017/12/19/manovra-microplastiche-cotton-fioc-italia.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Manovra, dal 2020 stop a cosmetici con microplastiche</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Sky Tg 24</span>, 19 dicembre 2017. <small>URL consultato il 4 novembre 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ansa.it/canale_ambiente/notizie/istituzioni/2018/01/16/-ue-vara-strategia-anti-plastica-100-riciclo-al-2030-_44f490c3-e1f2-444d-903d-773441e43bac.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">Ue vara strategia anti-plastica, 100% riciclo al 2030</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/ANSA" title="ANSA">ANSA</a></span>, 16 gennaio 2018. <small>URL consultato il 4 novembre 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> A. Foderi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.it/attualita/politica/2019/11/04/plastic-tax-cosa-prevede/"><span style="font-style:italic;">Cosa prevede la plastic tax che divide il governo</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Wired_(rivista_italiana)" title="Wired (rivista italiana)">Wired</a></span>, 4 novembre 2019. <small>URL consultato il 4 novembre 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) J. Watts, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/plastic-tax-recyclable-material-single-use-government-environment-business-use-a8358251.html"><span style="font-style:italic;">New 'plastic tax' planned to drive use of unrecyclable material out of existence</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></span>, 19 maggio 2018. <small>URL consultato il 4 novembre 2019</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economia-italia.com/8-cose-da-fare-inquinamento-plastica-oceani"><span style="font-style:italic;">8 Cose da Fare per l'Inquinamento della Plastica negli Oceani</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Economia Italia: lavoro, finanza, borsa, fisco, pensioni, risparmio</span>, 4 maggio 2018. <small>URL consultato il 5 maggio 2018</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> José G.B Derraik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oadoi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5"><span style="font-style:italic;">The pollution of the marine environment by plastic debris: A review</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Marine Pollution Bulletin</span>, vol. 44, n. 9, 2002, pp. 842–52, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0025-326X%2802%2900220-5">10.1016/S0025-326X(02)00220-5</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12405208">12405208</a>.</cite></li> <li><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal"> Jefferson Hopewell, Robert Dvorak e Edward Kosior, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873020"><span style="font-style:italic;">Plastics recycling: Challenges and opportunities</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences</span>, vol. 364, n. 1526, 2009, pp. 2115–26, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2008.0311">10.1098/rstb.2008.0311</a>, <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2873020">2873020</a>, <a href="/wiki/PMID" title="PMID">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19528059">19528059</a>.</cite></li> <li>Knight, Geof (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=oDWq8McAZC8C&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false">Plastic Pollution</a>. Capstone. <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9781432960391" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4329-6039-1</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_marino_causato_dalla_plastica" title="Inquinamento marino causato dalla plastica">Inquinamento marino causato dalla plastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bando_dei_sacchetti_in_plastica" title="Bando dei sacchetti in plastica">Bando dei sacchetti in plastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Trash_Vortex" title="Pacific Trash Vortex">Pacific Trash Vortex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microplastica" title="Microplastica">Microplastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsfere_di_plastica" title="Microsfere di plastica">Microsfere di plastica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomagnificazione" title="Biomagnificazione">Biomagnificazione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquinamento_causato_dalla_gomma" title="Inquinamento causato dalla gomma">Inquinamento causato dalla gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trattato_globale_sull%27inquinamento_da_plastica" title="Trattato globale sull'inquinamento da plastica">Trattato globale sull'inquinamento da plastica</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica" class="extiw" title="q:Inquinamento causato dalla plastica">Wikiquote</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Plastic pollution"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plastic_pollution?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikiquote"><img alt="Collabora a Wikiquote" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/18px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/36px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="q:">Wikiquote</a> contiene citazioni sull'<b><a href="https://it.wikiquote.org/wiki/Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica" class="extiw" title="q:Inquinamento causato dalla plastica">inquinamento causato dalla plastica</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file sull'<b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Plastic_pollution?uselang=it">inquinamento causato dalla plastica</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Inquinamento_causato_dalla_plastica&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Charles Moore, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/plastic-pollution"><span style="font-style:italic;">plastic pollution</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7202090#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li> <li>Ark, Planet. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130629182115/http://plasticbags.planetark.org/about/wildlife.cfm">Plastic Bag Reduction</a>. 1 December 2011. 29 January 2013.</li> <li>Jessica, A. Knoblauch. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.environmentalhealthnews.org/ehs/news/dangers-of-plastic">Environmental Health News</a>. 2 July 2009. 29 January 2013</li> <li>Treacy, Megan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130304162927/http://www.ecogeek.org/component/content/article/3528-biodegradable-plastics-are-adding-to-landfill-meth">"Biodegradable Plastics are Adding to Landfill Methane Emissions"</a>. 10 June 2011. 29 January 2013.</li> <li>Tina, L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.teenink.com/nonfiction/academic/article/297345/Plastic-Pollution-and-Wastefulness/">Plastic Pollution and Wastefulness</a>. 20 February 2011. 29 January 2013.</li> <li><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ROW9F-c0kIQ"><span style="font-style:italic;">How the oceans can clean themselves (Come gli oceani possono pulirsi da soli)</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">youtube.com</span>.</cite></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/">https://www.unep.org/interactives/beat-plastic-pollution/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://plasticoceans.org/the-facts/">https://plasticoceans.org/the-facts/</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://worldrise.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Libretto_Plastica.pdf">https://worldrise.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Libretto_Plastica.pdf</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; 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